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UoK - Computer NetWorks

Computer networking refers to interconnected computing devices that can exchange data and share resources. These devices use communication protocols to transmit information over physical or wireless technologies. Common uses of networks include communication, resource sharing, remote access, collaboration, e-commerce, education, and entertainment. Network components include network interface cards, switches, cables, hubs, routers, and modems. Networks can be connected using guided media like cables or unguided wireless transmission. Protocols like TCP and IP are used to establish connections and transmit packets of data between devices on a network. There are different types of networks including personal area networks, local area networks, campus area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks.

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76 views

UoK - Computer NetWorks

Computer networking refers to interconnected computing devices that can exchange data and share resources. These devices use communication protocols to transmit information over physical or wireless technologies. Common uses of networks include communication, resource sharing, remote access, collaboration, e-commerce, education, and entertainment. Network components include network interface cards, switches, cables, hubs, routers, and modems. Networks can be connected using guided media like cables or unguided wireless transmission. Protocols like TCP and IP are used to establish connections and transmit packets of data between devices on a network. There are different types of networks including personal area networks, local area networks, campus area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks.

Uploaded by

aqsaanazir12
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is Computer Networking

Computer networking refers to interconnected computing devices that can


exchange data and share resources with each other. These networked
devices use a system of rules, called communications protocols, to transmit
information over physical or wireless technologies.
Uses of Computer Networks
The most common uses of computer networks include communication,
resource sharing, remote access, collaboration, e-commerce, education, and
entertainment.

Communicating using email, video, instant messaging, etc.


Sharing devices such as printers, scanners, etc.
Sharing files.
Sharing software and operating programs on remote systems.
Allowing network users to easily access and maintain information.
Component of Computer Network
Computer network components are the major parts which are
needed to install the software. Some important network
components are NIC, switch, cable, hub, router, and modem.
Depending on the type of network that we need to install, some
network components can also be removed.
Media of Network
• Network media refers to the communication channels used to interconnect nodes on a
computer network. Typical examples of network media include copper coaxial cable,
copper twisted pair cables and fiber-optic cables used in wired networks, and radio
waves used in wireless data communications networks
• There are two types of transmission media, namely guided and unguided. Guided
transmission media are cables like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic
cables. Unguided transmission media are wireless, such as infrared, radio waves, and
microwaves.
Guided Transmission Media
With Guided Transmission media, the waves are guided along a physical
path; examples of guided media include phone lines, twisted pair cables,
coaxial cables, and optical fibers. Unguided transmission media are
methods that allow the transmission of data without the use of physical
means to define the path it takes.
Unguided/Wireless Transmission Media
An unguided transmission transmits the electromagnetic waves
without using any physical medium. Therefore it is also known
as wireless transmission.
 Satellite Communication.
 Infrared Communication.
 Broadcast Radio.
 Microwave Communication.
 Wi-Fi.
 Mobile Communication Systems.
 Bluetooth Technology.
 All Types of Wireless Communication.
Networking Communication Protocol
HTTP Request / Response
Communication between clients and servers is done by requests and responses:
A client (a browser) sends an HTTP request to the web
A web server receives the request
The server runs an application to process the request
The server returns an HTTP response (output) to the browser
The client (the browser) receives the response

World Wide Web Communication

The World Wide Web is about communication between web clients and
web servers.
Clients are often browsers (Chrome, Edge, Safari), but they can be any type of
program or device.
Servers are most often computers in the cloud.
Networking Communication Protocol
Network protocols are a set of rules outlining how connected devices communicate
across a network to exchange information easily and safely. Protocols serve as a
common language for devices to enable communication irrespective of differences
in software, hardware, or internal processes.
Computer networks can’t exist without communication protocols. A protocol focusing on
communication is one that formally lays out the formats and rules for transferring data
across an infrastructure. Of course, this type is essential for exchanging information
between telecommunications computing systems and applies to hardware and software.
Communication protocols deal with authentication and the detection of errors in
addition to the syntax, synchronization, used by analog and digital communications; both
need communication protocols to function correctly.
Networking Communication Protocol
 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files -- such as text, images, sound, video and
other multimedia files -- over the web. As soon as a user opens their web browser, they are indirectly using HTTP.

 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): A reliable, connection-oriented protocol that helps in the sequential transmission
of data packets to ensure data reaches the destination on time without duplication

 Internet Protocol (IP): Facilitates routing the data packets across networks. IP contains addressing and
control information to deliver packets across a network. It works along with TCP. While it ensures
delivering the packets to the right address, TCP aligns them in the right order.

 User Datagram Protocol (UDP): Unlike TCP, UDP is a connectionless protocol that doesn’t ensure a
connection between the application and server before transmitting a message. It’s effective for use
cases such as broadcasts or multicast connections.

 File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Allows file sharing between servers by establishing two TCP connections, one for data
transfer and the other for control. The data transfer connection transfers the actual files while the control
connection transfers control information such as passwords to ensure data retrieval in case of data loss.
Networking Communication Protocol
Networking Communication Protocol
Steps through the process of transmitting a packet with TCP/IP.
Step 1: Establish connection. When two computers want to send data to each other over TCP, they
first need to establish a connection using a three-way handshake. ...

Step 2: Send packets of data. ... Step 3: Close the connection.


Types of Networks
There are mainly five types of Computer Networks:

1. Personal Area Network (PAN)


2. Local Area Network (LAN)
3. Campus Area Network (CAN)
4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
5. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Personal Area Network (PAN)
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network that connects electronic devices with one
another in an individual’s workspace. That network can include a laptop, a mouse, a printer, and
other devices a person may need for work or play.
You can use a PAN to make your devices communicate with one another or connect to a much more
extensive network, such as your home network to include your smart refrigerator and other
appliances, and the Internet. The size of a PAN ranges from a few centimeters to a few meters. One
of the most common real-world examples of a PAN is the connection between a Bluetooth earpiece
and a smartphone.
Local Area Network (LAN)
A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one
physical location, such as a building, office, or home. A LAN can be small or large,
ranging from a home network with one user to an enterprise network with
thousands of users and devices in an office building or University.
Campus Area Network (CAN)
A campus area network or Corporate Area Network is a group of
interconnected local area networks operating within a limited geographical
area. Campus networks are used in manufacturing, warehousing,
universities, and also in corporate and industrial settings.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• The MAN network (Metropolitan Area Network) is a high-speed network (broadband) that covers larger
geographic area such as city or districts than local area network (LAN) but smaller than wide area network
(WAN) and providing the ability to integrate multiple services through the transmission of data, voice, and
video, on transmission media such as copper, fiber optics, and microwaves.
• They also allow the transmission of voice, data and video traffic with high latency guarantees, which is why it
is necessary to install a metropolitan area network at the corporate level, for corporations that have multiple
dependencies in the same capital area.
• For example, a company can use a MAN to connect the LANs of all its offices scattered around the city. Local
libraries and government agencies often use a MAN to connect to citizens and private industries. It may also
connect MANs within a larger area than LAN. The geographical limit of a MAN may span a city.

Cable TV network.
Telephone networks.
DSL line.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A wide-area network (WAN) is the technology that connects your offices, data centers, cloud
applications, and cloud storage together. It is called a wide-area network because it spans beyond
a single building or large campus to include multiple locations spread across a specific geographic
area, or even the world.
• What is the purpose of a WAN connection?
• Wide-area networks (WANs) are the backbone of enterprise today. With the digitization of
resources, companies use WANs to do the following:
• Communicate using voice and video.
• Share resources between employees and customers.
• Access data storage and remotely back up data.
• Connect to applications running in the cloud.
• Run and host internal applications.
Network TOPOLOGIES
A Network Topology is the arrangement with which computer systems or network devices
are connected to each other. Topologies may define both physical and logical aspect of the
network. Both logical and physical topologies could be same or different in a same
network.
6 types of network topologies:
1. Bus network topology. ...
2. Ring network topology. ...
3. Mesh network topology. ...
4. Star network topology. ...
5. Tree network topology. ...
6. Hybrid network topology.

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