IC-741 Pin Configuration:

 An OP-AMP has a two-input terminal, one output terminal and two supply voltage
terminals.
 The input terminal marked with negative (-) sign is called an inverting terminal. If we
connect the input signal to this terminal, then the amplified output signal is 180º out
of phase with respect to input.
 The input terminal marked with positive (+) sign is called a non-Inverting terminal. If
the input is applied to this pin, then the amplified output is in phase with the input.
 Offset null is used to nullify the offset voltage and pin no 8 is dummy pin.

Manufacturer’s Designation for Linear ICs:

Fairchild -µA, µAF

National Semiconductor -LM,LH,LF,TBA
Motorola -MC,MFC
RCA -CA,CD
Texas Instruments - SN
Signetics - N/S,NE/SE
Burr- Brown - BB
 Features of OP-AMP:
• The OP-AMP characteristics(parameters) are important in practice because we can
use them to compare the performance of various op amp ICs and select the best
suitable from them for the required application.

• Open loop voltage gain-It is the differential gain of an OP-AMP in the open loop
mode of operation.

• Input resistance-It is defined as the equivalent resistance which can be measured at

either at inverting or non- inverting terminal with the other terminal connected to
ground.

• Output resistance-It is the resistance measured by looking into the output terminal of
OP-AMP, with the input source short circuited.

• Bandwidth-It is the range over which all signal frequencies are amplified almost
equally.

• Common mode rejection ratio-It is defined as the ratio of differential gain to

common mode gain.

• Slew rate-It is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage per
unit time.

• Power supply rejection ratio-It is the change in an OP-AMPs input offset voltage
caused by variation in the supply voltage.

OP-AMP characteristics:

OP-AMP characteristics are classified into two categories.

1. DC characteristic
2. AC characteristic.

DC characteristic:
1.Input offset current

The difference between the bias currents at the input terminals of the op- amp is called as
input offset current. The input terminals conduct a small value of dc current to bias the input
transistors. Since the input transistors cannot be made identical, there exists a difference in
bias currents.

It is denoted as Ios = | Ib1 – Ib2 |

For op-amp 741C the input offset current is 200nA

2.Input offset voltage

A small voltage applied to the input terminals to make the output voltage as zero when the
two input terminals are grounded is called input offset voltage.

It is denoted as Vios. For an op-amp 741C the input offset voltage is 6mV.

3.Input bias current

Input bias current IB as the average value of the base currents entering into terminal of an op-
amp.

IB =

For 741C the maximum value of I B is 500nA

4.Thermal drift

Bias current, Offset current and Offset voltage change with temperature. A circuit carefully
nulled at 25oc may not remain so when the temperature rises to 35 oc. This is called thermal
drift. Often current drift is expressed in nA/0 C and offset voltage drift in mV/0C..

5. Differential Input Resistance

It is the equivalent resistance measured at either the inverting or non-inverting input terminal
with the other input terminal grounded. It is denoted as RI. For 741C it is of the order of
2MΩ.

6.Input capacitance:

It is the equivalent capacitance measured at either the inverting or non- inverting input
terminal with the other input terminal grounded.

It is denoted as Ci, for 741C it is of the 1-4 pF

7. Open loop Voltage gain

It is the ratio of output voltage to the differential input voltage, when op-amp is in open loop
configuration, without any feedback. It is also called as large signal voltage gainIt is denoted
as AOL. For 741C it is typically 200,000

AOL=Vo / Vd

8. CMRR:

It is the ratio of differential voltage gain Ad to common mode voltage gain Ac, For op-amp
741C CMRR is 90 dB. CMRR is typically infinite.

CMRR =│ Ad / Ac │
Ad is open loop voltage gain AOL

Ac = VOC / Vc

9. Output Voltage swing

The op-amp output voltage gets saturated at +Vcc and – VEE and it cannot produce output
voltage more than +Vcc and –VEE. Practically voltages +Vsat and –Vsat are slightly less than
+Vcc and –VEE,For op-amp 741 IC the saturation voltages are + 13V for supply voltages +
15V

10. Output Resistance

It is the equivalent resistance measured between the output terminal of the op-amp and
ground It is denoted as Ro, For op-amp 741 it is 75Ω

11. Power supply rejection ratio

PSRR is defined as the ratio of the change in input offset voltage due to the change in supply
voltage producing it, keeping the other power supply voltage constant.It is also called as
power supply sensitivity (PSV), The typical value of PSRR for op-amp 741C is 30µV/V

PSRR= (ΔVios / ΔVcc)|constant VEE

PSRR= (ΔVios / ΔVEE)|constant Vcc

12. Gain – Bandwidth product

It is the bandwidth of op-amp when voltage gain is unity (1).

It is denoted as GB. The GB is also called unity gain bandwidth (UGB) or closed loop
bandwidth.It is about 1MHz for op-amp 741C

AC characteristics
1.Frequency Response

HIGH FREQUENCY MODEL OF OPAMP

Ideally an OP-AMP should have an infinite band width it means the gain of the OP-AMP is
unique for all frequencies from 0 to ∞.

But practically the gain of OP-AMP is assumed to be constant instead of it decreases at high
frequencies.

The reduction in gain with respect to frequencies is called Roll of rate.

2. Slew rate:

It is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage with time. The slew rate is
specified in V/µsec.

It is specified by the op-amp in unity gain condition.

The slew rate is caused due to the limited charging rate of the compensation capacitor and
current limiting and saturation of the internal stages of op-amp, when a high frequency large
amplitude signal is applied.

It is given by dVc /dt = I/C, For large charging rate, the capacitor should be small or the
current should be large.

For 741 IC the charging current is 15 µA and the internal capacitor is 30 pF. S= 0.5V/ µsec
Comparison of ideal and practical OP- AMP:

characteristics Practical value Ideal value

Voltage gain 2 ×105 ∞

Input resistance 2MΩ ∞

Output resistance 75Ω 0

Bandwidth 1 MHz ∞

CMRR 90 dB ∞

Slew rates 0.5V/µs ∞

PSRR 150µV/V 0

Input offset voltage 2mV 0

Input bias current 50 nA 0

Input offset current 6 nA 0