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Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)
Importance of Computer
Networks
(Preliminary)

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

• In the world of Information Technology (IT) information is building
block for effective communication.

• Communication is medium that helps us to drive our day to day

professional and personal operations.

• Computer networking acts as base of everything as the most

important IT solutions.

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

Things benefited with the help of computer networks:

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

In general, we can see “Communication” and
“Sharing”, that is all networking is about
in simple terms.

It enables everything that we do today. In

the current scenario, the business would
not work without computer networking

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

Why you should go for Networking?

• Networking is the fastest-growing field and the demand for skillful

employees is increasing rapidly in this field.

• Also, factors like – job security, universal certification, etc in this

field have an upper hand in comparison to other domains.

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

Job Profiles

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

Which Networking Certification is good?

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)
Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)
Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)
INTRODUCTION

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

Data Communications:
• When we communicate, we are sharing information. This sharing
can be local or remote.

• Between individuals, local communication usually occurs face to face,

while remote communication takes place over distance.

• The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is

agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data.

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

• Data communications are the exchange of data between
two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a
wire cable.

• Transmission of digital data between two or more computers.

• Effectiveness of a data communications system depends on

four fundamental characteristics:
ØDelivery
ØAccuracy
Ø Timelines
ØJitter.

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

• Delivery. The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must
be received by the intended device or user and only by that device or user.

• Accuracy. The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been
altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.

• Timeliness. The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered
late are useless. In the case of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering
data as they are produced, in the same order that they are produced, and
without significant delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time transmission.

• Jitter. Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven
delay in the delivery of audio or video packets. For example, let us assume that
video packets are sent every 5 ms. If some of the packets arrive with 3-ms delay
and others with 4-ms delay, an uneven quality in the video is the result.

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)
 Information today comes in different forms such as text, numbers, images,
audio, and video. A data communications system has five components:

• Message. The message is the information (data) to be communicated. Popular forms of

information include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
• Sender. The sender is the device that sends the data message. It can be a computer, workstation,
telephone handset, video camera, and so on.
• Receiver. The receiver is the device that receives the message. It can be a computer, workstation,
telephone handset, television, and so on.
• Transmission medium. The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels
from sender to receiver. Some examples of transmission media include twisted-pair wire, coaxial
cable, fiber-optic cable, and radio waves.
• Protocol. A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. It represents an agreement
between the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not
communicating, just as a person speaking French cannot be understood by a person who speaks only
Japanese.

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

Communication between two devices can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

• Simplex: In simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way
street. Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only receive.
Keyboards and traditional monitors are examples of simplex devices. The keyboard
can only introduce input; the monitor can only accept output.

• Half-Duplex: In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but
not at the same time. When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and
vice versa. Walkie-talkie and CB (citizens band) radios are both half-duplex systems.

• Full-Duplex: In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive

simultaneously. One common example of full-duplex communication is the
telephone network. When two people are communicating by a telephone line, both
can talk and listen at the same time.

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

NETWORKS

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

• A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected
by communication links so that various devices can interact with each
other through a network.

• A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of

sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network.

• The aim of the computer network is the sharing of data &

resources among various devices.

• Most networks use distributed processing, in which a task is

divided among multiple computers. Instead of one single large
machine being responsible for all aspects of a process, separate
computers handle a subset.
Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)
 A network must be able to meet certain criterias, these are mentioned
below

Performance: Performance can be measured in many ways, including transit time and response
time. Transit time is the amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another.
Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response. Performance is often
evaluated by two networking metrics: throughput and delay.

Reliability In addition to accuracy of delivery, network reliability is measured by the frequency of

failure, the time it takes a link to recover from a failure, and the network's robustness in a
catastrophe.

Security Network security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access, protecting data
from damage and development, and implementing policies and procedures for recovery from
breaches and data losses.

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

 Important uses Of Computer Network are:
• Resource sharing: Resource sharing is the sharing of resources such as programs, printers, and data
among the users on the network without the requirement of the physical location of the resource
and user.

• Server-Client model: Computer networking is used in the server-client model. A server is a central
computer used to store the information and maintained by the system administrator. Clients are the
machines used to access the information stored in the server remotely.

• Communication medium: Computer network behaves as a communication medium among the users.
For example, a company contains more than one computer has an email system which the
employees use for daily communication.

• E-commerce: Computer network is also important in businesses. We can do the business over the
internet. For example, amazon.com is doing their business over the internet, i.e., they are doing their
business over the internet.

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

Computer Network Architecture
It defines how tasks are allocated to the computer. The
two types of network architectures are Peer-To-Peer
network and Client/Server network.

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

Peer-To-Peer network Client/Server Network
Ø Peer-To-Peer network is a network in Ø Client/Server network is a network model
which all the computers are linked together designed for the end users called clients, to
with equal privilege and responsibilities for access the resources such as songs, video, etc.
processing the data. from a central computer known as Server.
Ø Peer-To-Peer network is useful for small Ø The central controller is known as a server
environments, usually up to 10 computers. while all other computers in the network are
Ø Peer-To-Peer network has no dedicated called clients.
server. Ø A server performs all the major operations
Ø Special permissions are assigned to each such as security and network management.
computer for sharing the resources, but this can Ø A server is responsible for managing all the
lead to a problem if the computer with the resources such as files, directories, printer, etc.
resource is down. Ø All the clients communicate with each
other through a server. For example, if client1
wants to send some data to client 2, then it first
sends the request to the server for the
permission. The server sends the response to
the client 1 to initiate its communication with
the client 2.
Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)
Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)
A link is a communications pathway that transfers
data from one device to another.

For communication to occur, two devices must be

connected in some way to the same link at the
same time.

There are two possible types of connections: point-

to-point and multi-point.

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

 Ø Point-to-Point A point-to-point
connection provides a dedicated
link between two devices. The
entire capacity of the link is
reserved for transmission between
those two devices.

Ø Multipoint A multipoint
connection is one in which more
than two specific devices share a
single link. In a multipoint
environment, the capacity of the
channel is shared.

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)

Dr.Sushruta Mishra (CN lecture notes)