ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:

FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN

ARCH 614
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SPRING 2007
lecture
one
behavior and design
of structures
Introduction 1 Elements of Architectural Structures S2007abn
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Syllabus & Student Understanding

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Course Description
• statics
– physics of forces and reactions on bodies
and systems
– equilibrium (bodies at rest)
• structures
– something made up of interdependent
parts in a definite pattern of organization
• design
– assessing and meeting structural
requirements of parts and the whole
Introduction 3 Elements of Architectural Structures S2007abn
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Course Description
• mechanics of materials
– external loads and effect on deformable
bodies
– use it to answer question if structure meets
requirements of
• stability and equilibrium
• strength and stiffness
– other principle building requirements
• economy, functionality and aesthetics

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Structure Requirements
• stability &
equilibrium
– STATICS

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 Structure Requirements (cont)
• strength &
stiffness
– concerned with
stability of
components

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Structural System Selection
• kind & size of loads
• building function
• soil & topology of site
• systems integration
• fire rating
• construction ($$, schedule)
• architectural form

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Knowledge Required
• external forces
• internal forces
• material properties
• member cross
sections
• ability of a material to resist breaking
• structural elements that resist excessive
– deflection
– deformation
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Problem Solving
1. STATICS:
equilibrium of external forces,
internal forces, stresses
2. GEOMETRY:
cross section properties, deformations and
conditions of geometric fit, strains
3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES:
stress-strain relationship for each material
obtained from testing
Introduction 9 Elements of Architectural Structures S2007abn
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Relation to Architecture
“The geometry and arrangement of the
load-bearing members, the use of
materials, and the crafting of joints all
represent opportunities for buildings to
express themselves. The best
buildings are not designed by
architects who after resolving the
formal and spatial issues, simply ask
the structural engineer to make sure it
doesn’t fall down.” -Onouye & Kane
Statics and Strength of Materials for
Architecture and Building Construction
Introduction 10 Elements of Architectural Structures S2007abn
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Architectural Structures
• incorporates
– stability and equilibrium
– strength and stiffness
– economy, functionality and aesthetics
• uses
– sculpture
– furniture
– buildings

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The “Fist”
Detroit, MI
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 AISC (Steel)
Sculpture
College Station, TX

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 “Jamborie”
Philadelphia, PA
Daniel Barret

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Exploris Mobile
Heath Satow

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 “Telamones”
Chicago, IL
Walter Arnold

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 “Free Ride Home” 1974
Kenneth Snelson
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“Zauber”
Laudenslager, Jeffery

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 Conference
Table
Heath Satow
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Bar Stool
“Stainless Butterfly”
Daniel Barret

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 Chair
Paul Freundt

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 End Tables
Rameu-Richard
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Steel House, Lubbock, TX
Robert Bruno
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 Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
Frank Gehry (1997)
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Tjibaou Cultural Center,
New Caledonia
Renzo Piano

Photographer: John Gollings

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Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church, Italy
Renzo Piano Photographer: Michel Denancé
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Athens Olympic Stadium
and Velodrome
Santiago Calatrava (2004)
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Milwaukee Art Museum
Quadracci Pavilion (2001)
Santiago Calatrava

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Airport Station, Lyon, France
Santiago Calatrava (1994)
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Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris
Piano and Rogers (1978)
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Hongkong Bank
Building (1986)
Foster and Partners
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Meyerson Symphony Center
Dallas, TX
Pei Cobb Freed & Partners

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Crystal Cathedral, LA
Philip Johnson (1980)
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Federal Reserve Bank
Minneapolis, MN
Gunnar Birkerts & Associates
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Hysolar Research Building
Stuttgart, Germany
(1986 -87)
Gunter Behnisch
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Notre Dame Cathedral
Paris, France
Maurice de Sully
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Habitat 67, Montreal
Moshe Safdie (1967)
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Villa Savoye, Poissy, France
Le Corbusier (1929)
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Riola Parish Church
Riola, Italy
Alvar Aalto
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Kimball Museum, Fort Worth
Kahn (1972)
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Architectural Space and Form
• evolution traced to developments in
structural engineering and material
technology
– stone & masonry
– timber
– concrete
– cast iron, steel
– tensile fabrics, pneumatic structures......

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Architectural Space and Form
• structure is a device for channeling
loads that result from the use and/or
presence of the building to the ground
– span a roof
– hold up a floor
– cross a river
– suspend a canopy

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Stone + Masonry
• columns
• walls
• lintels
• arches

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Wood
• columns
• beams
• trusses

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Steel
• cast iron – wrought iron - steel
• cables
• columns
• beams
• trusses
• frames

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Concrete
• columns
• beams
• slabs
• domes

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Structural Components
• bearing walls
• columns
• beams
• flat plates
• trusses
• arches
• shells
• cables
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Bearing Walls

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Bearing Walls
• behavior as “deep beams”

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Beams & Plates

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Beams & Plates

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Building Framing
• Components or Assemblages

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Building Framing

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System Selection
• evaluation of alternatives

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System Selection

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Structural Math
• quantify environmental loads
– how big is it?
• evaluate geometry and angles
– where is it?
– what is the scale?
– what is the size in a particular direction?
• quantify what happens in the structure
– how big are the internal forces?
– how big should the beam be?

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Physical Math
• physics takes observable phenomena
and relates the measurement with rules:
mathematical relationships
• need
– reference frame
– measure of length, mass, time, direction,
velocity, acceleration, work, heat,
electricity, light
– calculations & geometry

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Geometric Math
• Greek architects relied
on proportion
– ratios of dimensions
employed were fixed
• projective geometry
– Renaissance
– allowed perspective &
sections
– intersections & proportion
Introduction 58 Elements of Architectural Structures S2007abn
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Basic Math
• base:
– addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
• descriptive geometry
– relationships existing between geometric
elements such as points, lines & planes
• functions, conversions & graphs
– relationships between quantities of
numerical values
– graphs used to avoid mental sorting and
see relationships quickly
Introduction 59 Elements of Architectural Structures S2007abn
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Language
• symbols for operations: +,-, /, x
• symbols for relationships: (), =, <, >
• algorithms
2 5/ 2 2/ 1
– cancellation × = = =
– factors 5/ 6 6 2/ × 3 3
– signs x 1
– ratios and proportions =
– power of a number
6 3
– conversions, ex. 1X = 10 Y 10 = 1000
3

– operations on both sides of equality 10Y 1X

or =1
1X 10Y
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Geometry
• shapes
– rectangle
– triangle
– right triangle
– equilateral triangle
– rhomboid
– parallelogram

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Geometry
• angles
– right = 90º
– acute < 90º
– obtuse > 90º
–π = 180º
• triangles B
b×h
– area =
2 A C
– hypotenuse
– total of angles = 180º AB 2 + AC 2 = BC 2
Introduction 62 Elements of Architectural Structures S2007abn
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Geometry
• lines and relation to angles
– parallel lines can’t intersect

– perpendicular lines cross at 90º

– intersection of two lines is a point

– opposite angles are equal when

two lines cross β α
α β

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Geometry
– intersection of a line with β α
parallel lines results in identical α β
β α
angles α β

– two lines intersect in the same

way, the angles are identical

α
α α

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Geometry
– sides of two angles are parallel and
intersect opposite way, the angles are
supplementary - the sum is 180°

α β α

– two angles that sum to 90° are said to be

complimentary
β + γ = 90° β
γ

Introduction 65 Elements of Architectural Structures S2007abn

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Geometry
– sides of two angles bisect a right angle
(90°), the angles are complimentary

α + γ = 90°
γ
α

– right angle bisects a straight line,

remaining angles
are complimentary α

Introduction 66 Elements of Architectural Structures S2007abn

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Geometry
– similar triangles have proportional sides
A AB AC BC
= =
C AD AE DE
B E
A′
D α

A
C′ γ AB AC BC
α = =
γ A′B′ A′C ′ B′C ′
C β B β

B′
Introduction 67 Elements of Architectural Structures S2007abn
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Trigonometry
• for right triangles B

opposite side AB
sin = = sin α =
hypotenuse CB α
C
A
adjacent side AC
cos = = cos α =
hypotenuse CB
opposite side AB
tan = = tan α =
adjacent side AC
SOHCAHTOA
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Trigonometry
• cartesian coordinate system
– origin at 0,0

Y
6
– coordinates 5
4
in (x,y) pairs Quadrant II 3 Quadrant I
2
– x & y have 1
0
signs -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
X

-2
-3
Quadrant III -4 Quadrant IV
-5
-6

Introduction 69 Elements of Architectural Structures S2007abn

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 Trigonometry
• for angles starting at positive x
– sin is y side

Y
6
– cos is x side 5
4
3
2
sin<0 for 180-360° 1
cos<0 for 90-270° 0 X
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
tan<0 for 90-180° -2
tan<0 for 270-360° -3
-4
-5
-6

Introduction 70 Elements of Architectural Structures S2007abn

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Trigonometry
• for all triangles
α C
– sides A, B & C are opposite
B
angles α, β & γ β
γ
A
– LAW of SINES
sin α sin β sin γ
= =
A B C
– LAW of COSINES
A2 = B 2 + C 2 − 2 BC cos α
Introduction 71 Elements of Architectural Structures S2007abn
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Algebra
• equations (something = something)
• constants
– real numbers or shown with a, b, c...
• unknown terms, variables
– names like R, F, x, y
• linear equations
– unknown terms have no exponents
• simultaneous equations
– variable set satisfies all equations
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Algebra
• solving one equation
– only works with one variable
– ex: 2x −1 = 0
• add to both sides 2x −1+1 = 0 +1
2x = 1
• divide both sides 2/ x 1
=
2/ 2
• get x by itself on a side x = 12

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Algebra
• solving one equations
– only works with one variable
– ex: 2x −1 = 4x + 5
• subtract from both sides
2x −1− 2x = 4x + 5 − 2x
• subtract from both sides
−1− 5 = 2x + 5 − 5
• divide both sides − 6 − 3 ⋅ 2/ 2/ x
= =
2 2/ 2/
• get x by itself on a side
x = −3
Introduction 74 Elements of Architectural Structures S2007abn
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Algebra
• solving two equation
– only works with two variables
– ex: 2x + 3y = 8
• look for term similarity 12 x − 3 y = 6
• can we add or subtract to eliminate one term?

• add 2 x + 3 y + 12 x − 3 y = 8 + 6
14 x = 14
• get x by itself on a side 14 x 14
= = x =1
14 14
Introduction 75 Elements of Architectural Structures S2007abn
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Physics for Structures
• measures
• vectors
• motion of particles
• center of mass
• equilibrium of bodies
• gravitation
• fluid mechanics
• temperature
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Physics for Structures
• measures
– US customary & SI

Units US SI
Length in, ft, mi mm, cm, m
Volume gallon liter
Mass lb mass g, kg
Force lb force N, kN
Temperature F C

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Physics for Structures
• scalars – any quantity
• vectors - quantities with direction
– like displacements
– summation results in
the “straight line path”
from start to end
y
– normal vector is perpendicular to
something

z
x
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Physics for Structures
• motion of particles
– displacement
– velocity
– acceleration
– rotation
– cause by forces

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Physics for Structures
• gravity
– acceleration of mass toward the earth
– weight or force due to gravity
• center of gravity
– location of mass doesn’t
change with motion

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Physics for Structures
• equilibrium of particles – no movement

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Physics for Structures
• fluid mechanics
– weight of water or fluid causes pressure on
any surface it interacts with
– pressure is force over an area
– air pressure causes forces
– water pressure gets greater as it gets
deeper

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Physics for Structures
• temperature
– atoms respond to heat (physical chemistry)
• with heat solid goes to liquid goes to gas
• excited electrons
move apart
• movement is linear
– base 0 or freezing
at the temperature
water freezes at

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