A SEMINAR

REPORT ON

TOPIC NAME :- ELECTRIC VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

GURME VISHAL UMAKANT

T. E.

ELECTRICAL

PRN NO.:-

72291568D

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof.M.P.BHAJEKAR

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

303145: SEMINAR AND TECHNICAL

COMMUNICATION
T. E. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE

UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-24

Department of Electrical Engineering

P. E. S’S MODERN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

SHIVAJINAGAR, PUNE 411 005

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 P. E. S’s
Modern College of Engineering,
Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005
Department of Electrical
Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “ Battery Electric Vehicle ”, submitted by
Gurme Vishal Umakant, PRN no 72291568D is record of bonafide work carried out by
him/her, under the guidance, in partial fulfillment of requirement of T. E. Electrical Engineering
of Savitribai Phule Pune University, during the academic year 2023-24.

Date:30-10-2023

Place:P.E.S.Modern College Of Engineering , Pune.

Prof. Dr. (Mrs.) N. R. KULKARNI Prof. M. P.BHAJEKAR

(H. O. D.) (GUIDE)

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering

External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It gives me great pleasure on bringing out the seminar entitled “Solar

Power Satellite

I express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere regards to my guide

Prof. M. P. BHAJEKAR . His timely guidance and friendly discussion had helped me in
selecting this current topic and completing my seminar work.

I would like to thank Head of the dept. Dr. N.R. Kulkarni for providing
all the facilities in the department which helped me during my seminar work.

I would also like to thank all those who directly or indirectly helped me during
my seminar work.

Name of Student :- Gurme Vishal Umakant,

Roll No:- 36022

PRN No:-72291568D

T.E. (Electrical)

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 ABSTRACT

The Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising technology for achieving a sustainable
transport sector in the future, due to their very low to zero carbon emissions, low noise,
high efficiency, and flexibility in grid operation and integration. This abstract includes an
overview of electric vehicle technologies as well as associated energy storage systems
and charging mechanisms. Different types of electric-drive vehicles are presented. These
include battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles
and fuel cell electric vehicles. The topologies for each category and the enabling
technologies are discussed. Various power train configurations, new battery technologies,
and different charger converter topologies are introduced. Electrifying transportation not
only facilitates a clean energy transition, but also enables the diversification of
transportation’s sector fuel mix and addresses energy security concerns. In addition, this
can be also seen as a viable solution, in order to alleviate issues associated with climate
change. Furthermore, charging standards and mechanisms and relative impacts to the grid
from charging vehicles are also presented.

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 INDEX

Sr. No. Topic Page No.

1 Introduction 6
2 Literature Survey 7
3 History 8
4 Block Diagram 9
5 Circuit Diagram 10
6 Working Principle 11
7 Components 12-13
8 Design 14-16
9 Advantages and 17
Disadvantages
10 Project Implemented Till 19
Date
11 References 20

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 1. INTRODUCTION
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either partially or
fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have less moving parts
for maintaining and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or
diesel). While some EVs used lead acid or nickel metal hydride batteries, the standard for modern
battery electric vehicles is now considered to be lithium ion batteries as they have a greater longevity
and are excellent at retaining energy, with a self discharge rate of just 5% per month. Despite this
improved efficiency, there are still challenges with these batteries as they can experience thermal
runaway, which have, for example, caused fires or explosions in the Tesla model S, although efforts
have been made to improve the safety of these batteries.

 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV)

Compared to an internal combustion engine, battery powered electric vehicles have approximately 99%
fewer moving parts that need maintenance.

 Creates very little noise

 No exhaust, spark plugs, clutch or gears
 Doesn't burn fossil fuels, instead uses rechargeable batteries. BEVs can be charged at home
overnight, providing enough range for average journeys. However, longer journeys or those that
require a lot of hill climbs may mean that the fuel cells require charging before you reach your
destination, although regenerative braking or driving downhill can help mitigate against this by
charging the battery packs.

The choice of batteries depends on the energy density, weight and costs. Electric cycles and low range
mopeds have simple battery units while electric cars deploy a large number of batteries. Traditionally,
most electric vehicles have used lead - acid batteries due to their mature technology, easy availability
and low cost. However, since the 1990s battery technologies have evolved significantly and several new
types of batteries have been developed. More recently, batteries using combinations of lithium ion and
its variations are gaining widespread acceptance due to better efficiency, reduced weight, lower charging
time, better power output, longer lifetime, and reduced environmental implications from battery
disposal.

The typical charging time for an electric car can range from 30 minutes and up to more than 12 hours.
This all depends on the speed of the charging station and the size of the battery.In the real world, range
is one of the biggest concerns for electric vehicles, but is something that is being addressed by industry.

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 2. Literature Survey
 As part of our research, we conducted a comprehensive literature survey and review to gather
insights and knowledge about solar power satellites. This allowed us to understand the current
state of the field and identify the key benefits and challenges associated with this technology.
 Solar power satellite system is a system where large satellite are placed into geostationary orbit
to capture and convert large amount of Sunlight into battery electric energy which is transmitted
to rectify antenna array on earth rectenna receive and convert microwave power into electrical
energy.
1.Ralph H. Nansen
T

“Battery Electric Saftey Vehicle Kit.”

The environmental impact of ICE automobiles in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
Prompted the development of electric vehicles.

2.Freschi, Fabio, Massimo Mitolo, and Riccardo Tommasini

3.”Tatuyko, Pavel, Galina Fedyaeva, and A. Bezzubenko

“Electrical safety of electric vehicles.” In 2017

“IMPROVING THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRIC BATTERIES”

This paper discusses fundamental electrical safety issues, and the protection against electric shock of
persons interacting with electric vehicles.

Advantages of hybrid and fully electric vehicles is a functional block diagram of the power supply
system

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 3.History

 This article is about history of all-electric vehicles. For the history of plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles that use plug-in rechargeable batteries, see history of plug-in
hybrids.
 Modern mass market all-electric passenger cars. Clockwise from upper left: Jaguar I-Pace, Tesla
Model 3, Nissan Leaf, and BMW i3

 Crude electric carriages were first invented in the late 1820s and 1830s. Practical, commercially
available electric vehicles appeared during the 1890s. An electric vehicle held the vehicular land
speed record until around 1900. In the early 20th century, the high cost, low top speed, and
short-range of battery electric vehicles, compared to internal combustion engine vehicles, led to
a worldwide decline in their use as private motor vehicles. Electric vehicles have continued to
be used for loading and freight equipment and for public transport – especially rail vehicles.
 At the beginning of the 21st century, interest in electric and alternative fuel vehicles in private
motor vehicles increased due to: growing concern over the problems associated
with hydrocarbon-fueled vehicles, including damage to the environment caused by
their emissions; the sustainability of the current hydrocarbon-based transportation infrastructure;
and improvements in electric vehicle technology
 The Middle Years (1930 to 1990) Electric vehicles had all but disappeared by 1935. The years
following 1935 until the 1960s were dead years for electric vehicle development and for
personal transportation use. The 1960s and 1970s saw a need for alternative-fueled vehicles to
reduce the problems of exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines and to reduce
dependency on imported foreign crude oil. Many attempts to produce practical electric vehicles
occurred during the years from 1960 to the present.

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 4.Block Diagram

Fig

-Block Diagram Of Ev

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 5.Circuit Diagram

Fig – Circuit Diagram Of Ev

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 6. Working Principle
EV’s are like an automatic car. They have a forward and reverse mode. When you place the vehicle
in gear and press on the accelerator pedal these things happen:Power is converted from the DC
battery to AC for the electric motor.

The accelerator pedal sends a signal to the controller which adjusts the vehicle’s speed by changing
the frequency of the AC power from the inverter to the motorThe motor connects and turns the
wheels through a cogWhen the brakes are pressed or the car is decelerating, the motor becomes an
alternator and produces power, which is sent back to the battery

AC/DC and electric cars: AC stands for Alternating Current. In AC, the current changes direction at
a determined frequency, like the pendulum on a clock.

DC stands for Direct Current. In DC, the current flows in one direction only, from positive to
negative.The key components of a Battery Electric Vehicle are:

• Electric motor

• Inverter

• Battery

• Battery charger

• Controller

• Charging cable

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 7.Components
Electric motor

You will find electric motors in everything from juicers and toothbrushes, washing. Machines and

dryers, to robots. They are familiar, reliable and very durable. Electric vehicle motors use AC

power.

Inverter

An inverter is a device that converts DC power to the AC power used in an electric vehicle motor.

The inverter can change the speed at which the motor rotates by adjusting the frequency of the

alternating current. It can also increase or decrease the power or torque of the motor by adjusting

the amplitude of the signal.

Battery

An electric vehicle uses a battery to store electrical energy that is ready to use. A battery pack is

made up of a number of cells that are grouped into modules. Once the battery has sufficient energy

stored, the vehicle is ready to use. Battery technology has improved hugely in recent years. Current

EV batteries are lithium based. These have a very low rate of discharge. This means an EV should

not lose charge if it isn’t driven for a few days, or even weeks.

Battery charger

The battery charger converts the AC power available on our electricity network to DC power stored

in a battery. It controls the voltage level of the battery cells by adjusting the rate of charge. It will

also monitor the cell temperatures and control the charge to help keep the battery healthy.

Controller

The controller is like the brain of a vehicle, managing all of its parameters. It controls the rate of

charge using information from the battery. It also translates pressure on the accelerator pedal to

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adjust speed in the motor inverter.

Charging cable

A charging cable for standard charging is supplied with and stored in the vehicle. It’s used for
charging at home or at standard public charge points. A fast charge point will have its own cable.

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 8.Design
EV design

Today’s EVs are very different from ICE (internal combustion engine) gasoline-powered vehicles.
The new breed of EVs has benefited from a series of failed attempts to design and build electric
vehicles using traditional methods of production used by manufacturers for decades.

There are numerous differences in how EVs are manufactured when compared to ICE vehicles.
The focus used to be on protecting the engine, but this focus has now shifted to protecting the
batteries in manufacturing an EV. Automotive designers and engineers are completely rethinking the
design of EVs, as well as creating new production and assembly methods to build them. They are
now designing an EV from the ground up with heavy consideration to aerodynamics, weight and
other energy efficiencies.

The single biggest modification of the car is the underbody. While this structure has been very
similar in the past, with EVs there is no engine and there are no exhaust systems needed. There is an
aerodynamically designed full belly pan under the EV that contains trays where the battery pack is
placed. With more and more variations and shapes of battery packs available for different models,
the challenge is to be able to make these variations on one Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS).
Since all EV battery cells are quite heavy, flexible robotic lines are necessary.

In addition, FMS production lines must accommodate many new robotically performed joining
methods. In many instances spot welding is being replaced by an increased use of self-piercing
rivets, gluing, sealing, flow drilling, and laser welding — and are specifically chosen depending on
the tray used for each particular type of battery cell.

The EV’s inner structure is called a “space frame” and is made of strong, lightweight aluminum —
and for additional weight-savings, the wheels are also made of aluminum instead of steel. Using
manufacturers molds, these aluminum parts are poured at a foundry. In addition, the steering wheel
and seat frames are made of magnesium, a strong, lightweight metal. Even the body panels are made
of lightweight aluminum, or an impact-resistant composite plastic. Both materials are recyclable,
providing long-term disposal advantages.

In an effort to reduce weight, the structural frame, seat frames, wheels and body are designed for
high-strength, safety — and the lightest possible weight. New configurations have been developed
that provide support for the components and protection of the vehicle occupants with minimal mass
and use of high-tech materials, including aluminum, magnesium and advanced composite plastics.

The windshield is solar glass that keeps the interior from overheating in the sun and frost from
forming in winter. Materials that provide thermal conservation reduce the energy drain that heating
and air conditioning impose on the batteries.

Some features did have to be eliminated or changed while leaving all the comforts drivers find
desirable and adding new considerations as well. One feature that was removed because of space
restrictions was the spare tire. This was possible because the EV tires contain a sealant to

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repair any leaks automatically. In addition, the tires are rubber and designed to inflate to
higher pressures, so the car rolls with less resistance to conserve energy.
An added safety consideration was a pedestrian warning system, because EVs run so quietly
that pedestrians may not hear them approach.
EV battery

An electric vehicle battery (EVB) is the standard designation for batteries used to power electric
motors of all types of EVs. In most cases, these are rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that are
specifically designed for a high ampere-hour (or kilowatthour) capacity. Rechargeable batteries of
lithiumion technology are plastic housings that contain metal anodes and cathodes. Lithium-ion
batteries use polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte. High conductivity semisolid (gel)
polymers form this electrolyte.

Lithium-ion EV batteries are deep-cycle batteries designed to give power over sustained periods of
time. Smaller and lighter, the lithium-ion batteries are desirable because they reduce the weight of
the vehicle and therefore improve its performance.

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These batteries provide higher specific energy than other lithium battery types. They are typically
used in applications where weight is a critical feature, such as mobile devices, radio-controlled
aircraft and, now, EVs. A typical lithium-ion battery can store 150 watt-hours of electricity in a
battery weighing approximately 1 kilogram.

In the last two decades advances in lithium-ion battery technology has been driven by demands from
portable electronics, laptop computers, mobile phones, power tools and more. The EV industry has
reaped the benefits of these advances both in performance and energy density. Unlike other battery
chemistries, lithium-ion batteries can be discharged and recharged daily and at any level of charge.

There are technologies that support the creation of other types of lighter weight, reliable, cost
effective batteries — and research continues to reduce the number of batteries needed for today’s
EVs. Batteries that store energy and power the electric motors have evolved into a technology of
their own and are changing almost every day.

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 9.Advantages and Disadvantages
 Advantages -

 Eco-friendly: Because electric vehicles do not utilize fuel for combustion, there are no
emissions or gas exhaust. Vehicles that run on fossil fuels contribute significantly to
hazardous gas accumulation in the environment, thus driving an electric car can help
contribute to a cleaner environment.
 Renewable energy source: Electric vehicles run on renewable power, whereas
conventional automobiles function on the combustion of fossil fuels, which reduces the
world’s fossil-fuel stocks.
 Less noise and smoother motion: Driving an electric car is significantly smoother.
Because they lack fast-moving elements, they are quieter and produce less noise.
 Cost-effective: Electricity is far less expensive than fuels such as gasoline and diesel,
which are subject to regular price increases. When solar electricity is utilized at home,
battery recharging is cost-effective.
 Low maintenance: Because electric cars have fewer moving components, wear and
tear is reduced when compared to traditional auto parts. Repairs are also simpler and
less expensive than combustion engines.
 Government support: Governments throughout the world have granted tax breaks to
encourage people to drive electric vehicles as part of a green program.
 Discover the top Electric Vehicles to compare and find the best fit in the List of Electric
Vehicles Blog.

 Disadvantages -

 High initial cost: Electric vehicles continue to be quite expensive, and many buyers
believe they are not as inexpensive as traditional automobiles.
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 Charging station limitations: People who need to travel long distances are
concerned about finding adequate charging stations in the middle of their journey,
which are not always accessible.
 Recharging takes time: Unlike conventional automobiles, which require only a few
minutes to replenish their gas tanks, charging an electric vehicle takes many hours.
 Limited options: Currently, there aren’t many electric car models to pick from in
terms of appearance, style, or customized variations.
 Less driving range: The driving range in an electric vehicle (EV) refers to the
distance that the vehicle can travel on a single charge of its battery. When compared to
conventional automobiles, electric vehicles have a shorter driving range.

10. Projects Implemented Till Date

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 The Japanese SPS 2000 project was the most aspiring wireless power transmission experiment

since before World War I

 The project was designed for France La Reunion to provide electricity for Grand-Bass in

remote areas . The main purpose was to perform an actual demonstration of a viable point-to-

point wireless power transmission.

 Retro-directive Phased Array Antenna/Rectenna Demonstration.The Kobe University

developed a 5.8 GHz retro-directive phased array power system [11]. This system used a solid

state amplifiers which were connected directly to the transmitter to decrease weight

 E. ISPER Project A Japanese space agency conducted an experiment to test new technologies

for a viable space solar power satellite system. The idea was to develop a protoype system

using the retro-directive solid state phased array transmitter integrated with solar cells which

are directly connected to the power amplifiers

11.References
[1] Ralph H. Nansen, “Wireless power transmission: The key to solar power satellites”, IEEE AES
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Systems Magazine, January 1996,pp 33-34.

[2] James O. McSpadden, John C. Mankins, ”Space solar power program and microwave wireless

power transmission technology” IEEE Microwave Magazine, Dec 2002,pp 46-57.

[3] Nikola Tesla, “The transmission of Electrical energy without wires as a means for furthering

peace,” Electrical World and Engineer. Jan. 7, 1905, p. 21.

[4] W.C. Brown, J.R. Mims and N.I. Heenan, “An experimental microwave_x0002_powered

helicopter”, 965 IEEE International Convention Record, Vol

13, Part 5, pp. 225-235.

[5]T-WYoo, K. Chang, “Theoretical and experimental development of 10

and 35 GHz rectennas,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., 1992,

vol. 40, pp. 1259-1266 .

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