Mathematics is a Tool Geometric Patterns

-Mathematics, as a tool, is immensely useful, practical, -consists of a series of shapes that are typically repeated.
and powerful. Patterns Found in Nature
-Mathematics is our sense to decipher patterns, -incorporated in many natural things.
relationships, and logical connections. It is our whole new Plants, flowers, animals, and our bodies.
way to see and understand the modern world. Waves and Dunes
Waves and seaside
Mathematics is Everywhere
Tigers’ Stripes and Hyenas’ Spots
-We use mathematics in their daily tasks and activities.
-These seemingly random designs are believed to be
-There is mathematics wherever we go.
governed by mathematical equations.
The Essential Roles of Mathematics Spirals
-Mathematics helps us to take the complex processes -The spiral patterns exist on the scale of the cosmos to
that is naturally occurring in the world around us and it the minuscule forms of microscopic animals on earth.
represents them by utilizing logic to make things more Symmetry
organized and more efficient. -In mathematics, if a figure can be folded or divided into
two with two halves which are the same, such figure is
The Mathematical Landscape called a symmetric figure.
-The human mind and culture developed a conceptual Kinds of Symmetry
landscape for mathematical thoughts and ideas to flourish • Reflection symmetry sometimes called line symmetry or
and propagate mirror symmetry, captures symmetries when the left half
How Mathematics is Done of a pattern is the same as the right half.
-Mathematics builds upon itself. • Rotations, also known as rotational symmetry, captures
-More complex concepts are built upon simpler symmetries when it still looks the same after some rotation
concepts, and if you do not have a strong grasp of the (of less than one full turn).
fundamental principles, then a more complex problem is Order of Rotation
more likely going to stump you. A figure has rotational symmetry of order n (n-fold rational
symmetry) if I/n of a complete turn leaves the figure
Mathematics is for Everyone unchanged.
-The relationship of the mathematical landscape in the To compute for the angle of rotation, we use the following
human mind with the natural world is so strange that in formula:
the long run, the good math provides utilization and Angle of rotation = 360 degree / n
usefulness in the order of things. • Translations is a Translational symmetry exists in patterns
Patterns that we see in nature and in man-made objects.
-Patterns are regular, repeated, or recurring forms or Symmetries in Nature
designs. The presence of symmetries in nature does not only attract
-Patterns can be found in nature, in humanmade our visual sense, but also plays an integral and prominent
designs, or in abstract ideas. role in the way our life works.
Different Kinds of Pattern Human body
Patterns of Visuals Animal Movement
-Visual patterns are often unpredictable, never quite -When animals move, we can see that their movements
repeatable, and often contain fractals. also exhibit symmetry.
-These patterns are can be seen from the seeds and Honeycombs/Beehive
pinecones to the branches and leaves. -This kind of symmetry is created when a pattern is
Patterns of Flow repeated until it covers a plane.
-Patterns of flow are usually found in the water, stone, Starfish -have a radial fivefold symmetry.
and even in the growth of trees.
Patterns of Movement Fibonacci in Nature
-Human walk -It turns out that the Fibonacci numbers appear from the
-Equally rhythmic pattern smallest up to the biggest objects in the natural world.
Patterns of Rhythm Word Population
-Default pattern Formula for exponential growth is A= Pert, where A is the
-Heartbeat / Breathing size of the population after it grows, P is the initial number
Patterns of Texture of people, r is the rate growth, and t is time, e is euer’s
-It exists as a literal surface that we can feel, see, and constant with an approximate value of 2.718.
imagine.
SEQUENCE • The bigger the pair of Fibonacci numbers, the closer the
-ordered list of numbers, called terms, that may have approximation.
repeated values.
-arrangement of these terms is set by a definite rule. MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS
1, 3, 5, 7, … When we say that “Five added by three is eight”, we could
st nd rd th
(1 term) (2 term) (3 term) (4 term) translate this in symbol as “5 + 3 = 8.”

Different type of sequence The verb in mathematical language are: =, ≠, <, and >
• ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
It is a sequence of numbers that follows a definite pattern; CHARACTERISTICS OF MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
addition -The language of mathematics makes it easy to express
2, 4, 6, 8, 10 , 12 … the kinds of thoughts that mathematicians like to express.
2 2 2 2 2 Precise -able to make very fine distinction
• GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE Concise -able to say things briefly; and
Look for the common ratio; multiplication Powerful -able to express complex thoughts with relative
2, 8, 32, 128 , … cases
4 4 4
CONVENTIONS IN MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
• HARMONIC SEQUENCE
• SETS AND LOGIC
-reciprocal of the terms behaved in a manner like
• BASIC OPERATIONS AND RELATION SYMBOLS
arithmetic sequence; fraction
• SET OF NUMBERS
½ , ¼, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10,…
SOME KNOWN SETS:
• FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
1. Unit Set 6. Equal Set
-named after the Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa,
2. Empty Set 7. Equivalent Set
who was better known by his nickname Fibonacci.
3. Finite Set 8. Universal Set
-He is said to have discovered this sequence as he looked
4. Infinite Set 9. Joint Set
at how a hypothesized group of rabbits breed and
5. Cardinal Number 10. Disjoint Set
reproduced
SET OPERATION
1. Union
2. Intersection
3. Difference
4. Complement
5. Cartesian Product

Ordered Pairs – (a, b) = (c, d) means a = b and c = d

Example:
• If (a, b) = (3, 2), find a and b
by definition that two ordered pairs (a,b) and (c,d) are a
= c and b= d
THE GOLDEN RATIO Hence, a = 3 and b = 2

• Find x and y if (4x + 3, y) = (3x + 5, – 2)

Solution:
Since (4x + 3, y) = (3x + 5, – 2), so 4x + 3 = 3x + 5
Solving for x, we got x = 2 and obviously y = – 2

Relation – set of ordered pairs

Domain -set of x values in the relation
• This golden rectangle shows that the Fibonacci sequence Range -y values in the relation
is not only about sequence of numbers of some sort but it Function -a relation in which every input is paired with
is also a geometric sequence observing a rectangle ratio. exactly one output
IT IS CONSIDERED FUNCTION WHEN:
• The ratio of successive Fibonacci numbers approach the • must use all the x’s
number ϕ (Phi), also known as the Golden Ratio. This is • x value can only be assigned to one y; each x can be only
approximately equal to 1.618. have one y but y can’t have many x
OPERATION ON FUNCTION: -the process of reaching specific conclusion by applying
•Addition: (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) general ideas or assumptions, procedure or principle
• Subtraction: (f-g)(x) = f(x) – g(x) -a process of reasoning logically from given statement to a
• Multiplication: (f·g)(x) = f(x)·g(x) conclusion.
• Division: (f/g)(x) = f(x)/g(x)
• Composition of Function: (f o g)(x) = f(g(x))
(g o f)(x) = g(f(x))
Logic -study of the principles of correct reasoning and it is
not a psychology of reasoning
Formality -represents a clear distinction which is invariant
under changes of context
-stated by Heylighen F. and Dewaele
Definition
-one of the major parts of formality in mathematics is
the definition itself
-formal statement of the meaning of a word or group of
words and it could stand alone
Theorem -statement that can be demonstrated to be true
by accepted mathematical operations and arguments.
Proof -rigorous mathematical argument which
unequivocally demonstrates the truth of a given
proposition
➢ DIFFERENT METHODS OF PROOF:
Example:
o Deductive
First Premise: All positive counting numbers whose unit
o Inductive
digit is divisible by two are even numbers
o Direct Proof
Second Premise: A positive counting number 1,236 has a
o Indirect Proof
unit digit of 6 which is divisible by two
o Proof by Counterexample
Conclusion: Therefore, 1,236 is an even number.
o Proof by Contradiction
Note: Not all arguments are valid!
Proposition -declarative statement that is true or false but
not both.
POLYA’S PROBLEM SOLVING
➢ Different propositions that can be also said as
➢ Step 1: Understand the problem
logical connectives are as follows:
➢ Step 2: Devise a plan
• Negation • Biconditional
➢ Step 3: Carry out the plan
• Conjunction • Corollary
➢ Step 4: Look back or review the solution
• Disjunction • Lemma
• Conditional • Conjecture
George Polya
INDUCTIVE REASONING
-one of the foremost recent mathematicians to make a
-specific to general
study of problem solving
-conclusion formed by using inductive reasoning is often
-born in Hungary and moved to the United States in 1940.
called a conjecture, since it may or may not be correct
-known as “The Father of Problem Solving”
-concluding statement that is reached using inductive
reasoning
-uses a set of specific observations to reach an
Modular Arithmetic
overarching conclusion or it is the process of recognizing or
observing patterns and drawing a conclusion
-process of reaching a general conclusion by examining
specific examples
NOTE: Inductive reasoning does not guarantee a true
result, it only provides a means of making a conjecture

DEDUCTIVE REASONING
-general to specific
-basic form of valid reasoning starts out with a general
statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to
reach a specific, logical conclusion