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Transmission Loss As A Function of Plant Generation

The document discusses how to determine the optimal distribution of load between power plants while accounting for transmission losses. It presents an equation that models total transmission loss (PL) as a function of the power outputs (Pn) from each plant, using loss coefficients (Bmn). This enables coordinating transmission losses when scheduling plant outputs for maximum economic efficiency. The methodology yields penalty factors (Ln) for each plant based on how transmission losses change with its output. Optimal distribution is achieved by equalizing the marginal costs adjusted by each plant's penalty factor.

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734 views5 pages

Transmission Loss As A Function of Plant Generation

The document discusses how to determine the optimal distribution of load between power plants while accounting for transmission losses. It presents an equation that models total transmission loss (PL) as a function of the power outputs (Pn) from each plant, using loss coefficients (Bmn). This enables coordinating transmission losses when scheduling plant outputs for maximum economic efficiency. The methodology yields penalty factors (Ln) for each plant based on how transmission losses change with its output. Optimal distribution is achieved by equalizing the marginal costs adjusted by each plant's penalty factor.

Uploaded by

sharonwg0508
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transmission loss as a function of plant generation

In determining the economic distribution of load between plants, we encounter the


need to consider losses in the transmission lines. Although incremental fuel cost at
one plant bus may be lower than that of another plant for a given distribution of
load between plants, the plant with the lower incremental fuel cost at its bus may
be much further from the load center. The losses in the transmission from the plant
having lower incremental cost may be so great that economy may dictate lowering
load at the plant with the lower incremental cost and increasing it at the plant with
higher incremental cost. To coordinate transmission loss in the problem of
determining economic loading of plants, we need to express the total transmission
loss of a system as a function of plant loadings.
This is illustrated by using below diagram representing a simple system connecting
two generator plants and one load.
P1 P2
I1 I2

RA RB
RC (I1+I2 )

Load

The resistances for the three sections are 𝑅𝑎 , 𝑅𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑐 . The total loss for the
three phase transmission system is:
𝑃𝐿 = 3|𝐼1 |2 𝑅𝑎 + 3|𝐼2 |2 𝑅𝑏 + 3|𝐼1 + 𝐼2 |2 𝑅𝑐
If we assume 𝐼1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 are in phase, then:
|𝐼1 + 𝐼2 | = |𝐼1 | + |𝐼2 |
Then:
𝑃𝐿 = 3|𝐼1 |2 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑐 ) + 3 × 2|𝐼1 ||𝐼2 |𝑅𝑐 + 3|𝐼2 |2 (𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐 )
If 𝑃1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 are the three phase power outputs of plant1 and plant2 at power
factors 𝑝𝑓1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑓2 and if 𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 are the bus voltages at the plants:
𝑃1 𝑃2
|𝐼1 | = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐼2 | =
√3|𝑉1 |𝑝𝑓1 √3|𝑉2 |𝑝𝑓2
Substituting for |𝐼1 | 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐼2 | we get:
𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑐 2 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐
𝑃𝐿 = 𝑃1 2 + 2𝑃 𝑃
1 2 + 𝑃2
|𝑉1 |2 (𝑝𝑓1 )2 |𝑉1 ||𝑉2 |(𝑝𝑓1 )(𝑝𝑓1 ) |𝑉2 |2 (𝑝𝑓2 )2

𝑃𝐿 = 𝑃1 2 𝐵11 + 2𝑃1 𝑃2 𝐵12 + 𝑃2 2 𝐵22


The terms 𝐵11 , 𝐵12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵22 are called loss coefficients or B-coefficients.
The general form of the loss equation for any number of sources is given by:

𝑃𝐿 = ∑ ∑ 𝑃𝑚 𝐵𝑚𝑛 𝑃𝑛
𝑚 𝑛

Where ∑𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒 independent summations to include all sources. For


instance for three sources,
𝑃𝐿 = 𝑃1 2 𝐵11 + 𝑃2 2 𝐵22 + 𝑃3 2 𝐵33 + 2𝑃1 𝑃2 𝐵12 + 2𝑃2 𝑃3 𝐵23 + 2𝑃1 𝑃3 𝐵13
Distribution of load between plants
The method developed to express transmission loss in terms of plant outputs
enables us to coordinate transmission loss in scheduling the output of each plant
for maximum economy for a given system load. The mathematical treatment is
similar to that of scheduling units within a plant except that we shall now include
transmission loss as an additional constraint.
In the equation:
𝑘

𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + ⋯ ⋯ 𝐹𝑘 = ∑ 𝐹𝑛 ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑛=1

𝐹𝑇 is now total cost of all the fuel for the entire system and is the sum of the fuel
costs of the individual plants 𝐹1 , 𝐹2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝐹𝑘 .
The total input to the network from all plants is:
𝑘

𝑃 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + ⋯ ⋯ 𝑃𝑘 = ∑ 𝑃𝑛 ⋯ ⋯ (2)
𝑛=1

Where 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑃𝑘 are the individual plant inputs to the network. The total
fuel cost of the system is a function of the power inputs. The constraining relation
on the minimum value of 𝐹𝑇 is:
𝑘

∑ 𝑃𝑛 − 𝑃𝐿 − 𝑃𝑅 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
𝑛=1

Where 𝑃𝑅 is the total power received by the loads on the system and 𝑃𝐿 is the
transmission loss expressed as a function of the loss coefficients and the power
input to the network from each plant. Since 𝑃𝑅 is constant, 𝑑𝑃𝑅 = 0.
𝑘

∑ 𝑑𝑃𝑛 − 𝑑𝑃𝐿 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (4)


𝑛=1

And since minimum cost means 𝑑𝐹𝑇 = 0, therefore:


𝑘
𝜕𝐹𝑇
𝑑𝐹𝑇 = ∑ 𝑑𝑃 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (5)
𝜕𝑃𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=1

Transmission loss 𝑃𝐿 is dependent upon plant outputs, and 𝑑𝑃𝐿 is expressed by:
𝑘
𝜕𝑃𝐿
𝑑𝑃𝐿 = ∑ 𝑑𝑃 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (6)
𝜕𝑃𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=1

Substituting 𝑑𝑃𝐿 from (6) in (4), multiplying by 𝜆 and subtracting from (5) we get:
𝑘
𝜕𝐹𝑇 𝜕𝑃𝐿
∑( 𝑑𝑃𝑛 + 𝜆𝑑𝑃𝑛 − 𝜆 𝑑𝑃 ) = 0
𝜕𝑃𝑛 𝜕𝑃𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=1

𝑘
𝜕𝐹𝑇 𝜕𝑃𝐿
∑( +𝜆 −𝜆)𝑑𝑃𝑛 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (7)
𝜕𝑃𝑛 𝜕𝑃𝑛
𝑛=1

The equation is satisfied provided that:


𝜕𝐹𝑇 𝜕𝑃𝐿
+𝜆 − 𝜆 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (8)
𝜕𝑃𝑛 𝜕𝑃𝑛
This is for every value of n. rearranging (8) and recognizing that changing the output
of only one plant can affect the cost at only that plant, we get:
𝑑𝐹𝑛 𝜕𝑃𝐿 𝜕𝑃𝐿
=𝜆−𝜆 = 𝜆(1 − ) ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (9)
𝑑𝑃𝑛 𝜕𝑃𝑛 𝜕𝑃𝑛
𝑑𝐹𝑛 1
= 𝜆 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (10)
𝑑𝑃𝑛 1 − 𝜕𝑃𝐿
𝜕𝑃𝑛
𝑑𝐹𝑛
𝐿 = 𝜆 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (11)
𝑑𝑃𝑛 𝑛
1
𝐿𝑛 = ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (12)
𝜕𝑃𝐿
1−
𝜕𝑃𝑛
𝐿𝑛 is the penalty factor of plant 𝑛.
𝑑𝐹1 𝑑𝐹2 𝑑𝐹𝑛
𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = ⋯ ⋯ = 𝐿 = 𝜆 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (13)
𝑑𝑃1 𝑑𝑃2 𝑑𝑃𝑛 𝑛
We got that 𝑃𝐿 = ∑𝑚 ∑𝑛 𝑃𝑚 𝐵𝑚𝑛 𝑃𝑛 . For 𝑘 plants partial differentiation with respect
to 𝑃𝑛 yields:
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
𝜕𝑃𝐿 𝜕
= ∑ ∑ 𝑃𝑚 𝐵𝑚𝑛 𝑃𝑛 = 2 ∑ 𝑃𝑚 𝐵𝑚𝑛 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (14)
𝜕𝑃𝑛 𝜕𝑃𝑛
𝑚=1 𝑛=1 𝑚=1

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