SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

Unit I

BASIC & STATICS OF PARTICLES

INDRODUCTION
Mechanics is that branch of science which deals with the behavior of a body when the body is at root or in motion.

Classification of engineering mechanics on a broad view:

The engineering mechanics is mainly classified into two branches. They are

1. Statics 2. Dynamics

1. Statics: Statics deals with the forces on a body at rest.

2. Dynamics: Dynamics deals with the forces acting on a body when the body is in motion.

Dynamics further subdivided in to two sub branches. They are:

 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

(a) Kinematics: Deals the motion of a body without considering the forces causing the motion.

(b) Kinetics: Deals with the relation between the forces acting on the body and the resulting motion

Rigid body: The rigid body means the body does not deform under the action of force.

Engineering Mechanics deals with Rigid body Dynamics.

Particle: It is an object with its mass concentrated at a point

Force: force is defined as an agency which changes or tends to change the body at rest or in motion . Force is a

vector quantity. So we have to specify the magnitude, direction and point of action. The unit of force is Newton.

1 N = 1 kgm/s2

IMPORTANCE OF MECHANICS TO ENGINEERING:

1) For designing and manufacturing of various mechanical tools and equipments

2) For calculation and estimation of forces of bodies while they are in use.

3) For designing and construing to dams, roads, sheds, structure, building etc.

4) For designing a fabrication of rockets.

Units and dimensions

The following units are used mostly,

1. Centimeter-Gram Second system of unit.

2. Metre-kilogram-second system of units.
3. International system of units.

1. Length is expressed in centimeter, mass in gram and time in second. The unit of force in this system is
dyne. Dyne is defined as the force acting on a mass of one gram and producing an acceleration of one
centimeter per second square.
2. The length is expressed in metre(m), mass in kilogram and time in second. The unit of force is expressed as
kilogram force and is represented as kgf.
3. S.I is abbreviation for “The system International units‟. It is also called the international system of units.
The length is expressed in metre mass in kilogram and time in second. The unit of force in Newton and is
represented N. Newton which is the force acting on a mass of one kilogram and producing as acceleration
of one meter per second square. The relation between Newton (N) and dyne is derived as follows,

One Newton = 1 kilogram mass x 1 meter/S2

= 1000gm x100 cm/S2

=1000x100 x gm x cm/S2

=105 dyne
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

MKS SYSTEM FORCE Unit is Kgf or kg(wt) or simply Kg. All referring the same.

1 Kgf = 9.81 N

The unit of force, kilo-Newton and mega- Newton is used when the magnitude of forces is very large.

1 kN = 103 N

And one Mega- Newton = 106 Newton

The large quantities are represented as below,

Kilo(K) = 103

Mega(M) = 106

Giga(G) = 109

Tera(T) = 1012

The small quantities are represented are below,

Milli(m) = 10-3

micro(μ)=10-6

nano(n)=10-9

pico(p)=10-12

Basic Units

Physical quantity Notation or unit Dimension or symbols

Length Metre m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Electric current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Luminous Intensity Candela cd

Supplementary units

Plane angle Radian rad

Solid angle Steridian sr

Derived units
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

Acceleration metre/second2 m/s2

Angular velocity radian/second rad/s
Angular acceleration radian/second2 rad/s2
Force Newton Nm
Work, Energy Joule J=Nm=kg m2/s2
Torque Newton metre Nm
Power Watt W= J/s
Pressure Pascal Pa=N/m2
Frequency Hertz Hz=s-1

Laws of Mechanics:

Newton‟s first law of Motion:

Everybody continues in a state of root or uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state
by some external force acting on it.

Newton‟s Second Law of Motion:

The net external force acting on a body in a direction is directly proportional to the rate of change of momentum in
that direction.

Newton‟s Third law of motion:

To every action there is always equal and opposite reaction.

Law of Gravitation:

It states that two bodies will be attracted towards each other along their connecting line with a force which is
directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
the centers.

According to law of gravitation

where G is the universal gravitational constant

G = 6.67 x 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

Parallelogram law of forces:

If two forces acting at a point be represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, then their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram
ram passing through that point.

Triangular law of forces:

If two forces acting at a point are represented by the two sides of a triangle taken in order then their resultant force is
represented by the third side taken in opposite order.

Lame‟s Theorem:

If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium each force will be proportional to the sine of angle between the
other two forces.

According to Lami‟s theorem, the particle shall be in equilibrium if

Principle of transmissibility of forces

It states that “ if a force, acting at a point on a rigid body, is shifted to any other point which is on the line of action
of the force, the external effect of the force on the body remains unchanged.

For example a force F is acting at point A on a rigid body along the line of action AB. At point B, apply two equal and opposite
forces F1 and F2 such that F1 and F2 are collinear and equal in magnitude with F. Now, we can transfer F 1from B to A such that F
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

and F1 are equal and opposite and accordingly they cancel each other. The net result is force F2 at B. This implies that a force
acting at any point on a body may also be considered to act at any other point along its line of action without changing the
equilibrium of the body.

There is an important observation. If a force is transferred to a different line of action with the force value a
couple must be accompanied`

Polygon law of Forces:

If a number of forces acting simultaneously on a particle be represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a
polygon taken in order then the resultant of all three forces may be represented in magnitude and direction by the
closing side of the polygon taken in opposite order.

Force and Force system:

Force is defined as the agency which changes or tends to change the position of rest or motion of the body. The
number of forces acting at a point is called force system.
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

Coplanar force system:- When the lines of action of all forces of a system lie on the same plane then the system is
coplanar force system.

Non coplanar force system:- The system in which the forces do not lie on the same plane is called non coplanar
force system.

Collinear forces:- The system in which the forces whose line of action lie on the same line and in same plane is
called collinear force system.
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

Concurrent force system:- The system in which the forces meet at one point and lie in the same plane is called
concurrent force system.

F3 F1 F2

Parallel force system:-

In parallel force system the line of action of forces one parallel to each other.

Parallel forces acting in same direction are called like parallel forces and the parallel forces acting in opposite
direction are called unlike parallel force system. F1 F2 F3 F4

Non concurrent force system:- The system in which the forces do not meet at one point but their lines of action lie
on same plane is called non concurrent force system.

Non coplanar force system:-

NON COPLANNAR NON CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM

The forces which do not meet a point and their lines of action do not lie on the same plane , are called non
coplanar non con current force system.
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

NON COPLANNAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM

The forces which meet at a point but their lines of action lies on different planes , are known as non coplanar
concurrent force system.

Resultant force:

When a number if forces acting on a body are replaced by a single force which has the same effect on the body as
that of those number of forces then such a single force is called resultant force.

Composition of forces:

Combining several forces into a single force is called Composition of forces. The single force is called Resultant.
The effect by component forces and single force remains the same.

Resolution of a force:

Splitting up of a force into components along the fixed reference axis is called resolution of forces. The effect by
single force and component forces remains the same.
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

Algebraic sum of horizontal components

∑Fx = F1cosΘ1-F2cosΘ2-F3cosΘ3+F4cosΘ4

Algebraic sum of vertical components

∑Fy = F1sinΘ1+F2sinΘ2-F3sinΘ3-F4sinΘ4

Resultant R = √ (∑Fx)2 + (∑Fy)2

Angle α mode by the resultant with x axis is given by

tan α = ∑Fy/ ∑Fx

A vertical force has no horizontal component

Θ = 900

Fx = FcosΘ Fy = FSinΘ

= Fcos90 =Fsin90

=0 =F

A horizontal force has no vertical component

Θ = 00

Fx = FcosΘ Fy = FSinΘ

= Fcos0 =Fsin0

=F =0

1. Forces R, S, T, U are collinear. Forces R and T act from left to right. Forces S and U act from right to left.
Magnitudes of the forces R, S, T, U are 40 N, 45 N, 50 N and 55 N respectively. Find the resultant of R, S,
T, U.

Given data:

R=40 N
S=45 N
T=50 N
U=55N
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

R U S T

Resultant= -R-U+T=-40-55+45+50=0
2. Find the resultant of the force system shown in Fig

Given data:
F1=20 KN ; Θ1=60°
F2=26 KN ; Θ2=0°
F3=6KN ; Θ3=00°
F4=20KN ; Θ4=60°
Solution:
Resolve the given forces horizontally and calculate the algebraic total of all the horizontal parts or
Σ H=-20cos60°+26cos0°-6cos0°-20cos60°=0
Resolve the given forces vertically and calculate the algebraic total of all the vertical parts or Σ V.
Σ V=-20sin60°±26sin0°±6sin0°+20 sin60=0

R = √( (∑H)^2+( V)^2 )=0

3.Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of forces acting on the hook shown
In fig

Given data:
F1=250 N ; Θ1=35°
F2=200 N ; Θ2=20°
F3=110 N Θ3=90°
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

F4=90 N ; Θ4=65°
Solution:
Resolve the given forces horizontally and calculate the algebraic total of all the horizontal parts or
Σ H=250cos35°+200cos30°±110cos90°-90cos65°=170.38N
Resolve the given forces vertically and calculate the algebraic total of all the vertical parts or Σ V.
Σ V=250sin35°-200sin20°-110sin90°+90sin65=46.55N

R = √( (∑H)2+(Σ V)2 )=176.62N

Θ=tan¯( ΣV/∑H)=15°

4.An electric light fixture weighting 200 N is supported as shown in Fig. Determine the tensile
forces in the wires and BA and BC

Solution:
Free body diagram(FBD):

TBC TAB
75°

130° 155°

W=200 N

By using lami theorem

TAB/sin130°= TBC/sin155°=200/sin75°
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

TAB=200/sin75°* sin130°=158.61N

TBC=200/sin75°* sin155°=87.50N

5.A sphere weighing 200 N is tied to a smooth wall by a string as shown in Fig. Find the tension T in the string and
reaction R from the wall

Solution: TAC

Free body diagram(FBD): 120°

RB

160° 90°

W=200N

By using lami theorem

TAC/Sin 90°=RB/Sin160°=200/Sin120°

TAC=200/SIN120°* Sin 90°=230.94N

RB=200/Sin120°* Sin160°=78.98N

6. A metal guy rope tied to a peg at P shown in Fig.12 keeps an electric post in equilibrium. The force in the guy
rope is 1.25 kN. Find the components of the force at P and the angles of inclination of the force with the three
rectangular axes
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

Given data:

Tension in guy wire is 1250 N

1)Components Fx,Fy,Fz

Consider the tension in guy wire, acting at P. the force I directed from P to Q.

Let it beTPQ

Co ordinates of P (x1,y1,z1)= (6,0,-2)

Co ordinates of Q (x2,y2,z2)= (0,10,0)

Vector TPQ = TPQ *λPQ

λPQ =PQ/PQ= (X2-X1)i+(Y2-Y1)j+(Z2-Z1)k/√((X2-X1)2+(Y2-Y1)2+(Z2-Z1 ) 2

= (0-6)i+(10-0)j+(0-(-2))k/√((6)2+(10)2+(2 ) 2

= -6i+10j+2k/11.382

Vector TPQ = TPQ *λPQ

Vector TPQ = 1250 *-6i+10j+2k/11.382=-633i+1056j+211k

from above equation

Fx=633i

Fy=1056j

Fz=211k

2)Angle ΘX, ΘY ΘZ

we know force vector F =-633i+1056j+211k

ΘX =COS¯[Fx/F]=633/1250=59°

ΘY =COS¯[FY/F]=1056/1250=32°

ΘZ = COS¯[Fz/F]=211/1250=80°

7.Find the resultant of the force system shown in Fig.13 and its position from A. (Force in „kN‟ and distance in „m‟)
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

Solution:

Magnitude of resultant of force R =-5+6-7-8 =-14KN

(-) sign shows that the resultant forces acts in the negative direction i.e., downwards

Location of the resultant force:

Lt us locate the resulting force with reference to the point A. Hence , taking the moments of given forces and
adding,

Algebraic sum of moments about A,

∑MA = -(6*1)+(7*1.8)+(8*2.5)=26.6 KN-m(clockwise)

Hence acting downwards and to have clock moment, resultant force is taken on the right side of A

Let resultant force acts at a distance of “x” m from A

∑MA = R*x

26.6= 14*x

x =1.9m

8.Find the magnitude and position of the resultant of the system of forces shown in Fig.

Magnitude of resultant of force R =-6-6-4+5+6=-5N

(-) sign how that the resultant forces acts in the negative direction i.e., downwards

Location of the resultant force:

Lt us locate the resulting force with reference to the point A. Hence , taking the moments of given forces and
adding,

Algebraic sum of moments about A,

 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

∑MA = (6*3)+(4*5)-(5*9)-(6*12)= 38-117=-79 KN-m(Counter clockwise)

Hence acting downwards and to have counter clock moment, resultant force is taken on the right side of A

Let resultant force acts at a distance of “x” m from A

∑MA = R*x

79= 5*x

x =15.9 m

9. A system of four forces P, Q, R and S of magnitude 5 kN, 8 kN, 6 kN and 4 kN respectively acting on a body are
shown in rectangular coordinates as shown in Fig.2. Find the moments of the forces about the origin O. Also find the
resultant moment of the forces about O. The distances are in metres.

Solution:

Moment Of P:

Moment of force P about the origin, MP = Force*perpendicular distance from origin

Y = 5*0=0

P=5KN

Moment Of Q :

Moment of force Q about the origin, MQ = sum of the moments of components of the force Q about the origin
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

= -Q COS 45°*10 +Q SIN 45°*6

=-8COS 45°*10 +8 SIN 45°*6

=-42.025N+40.84=-1.185 KN-m( counter clock wise moment)

Moment of force R about the origin, MR = sum of the moments of components of the force R about the origin

R RSIN 60

RCOS60 (10,8)

= -6 COS 60°*10 –6 SIN 60°*8

=--57.14-14.63=-71.77 KN-m( counter clock wise moment)

Moment of force S about the origin, M S = sum of the moments of components of the force R about the origin

(9,7) S COS 70

S
S SIN70

= S COS 70°*7 +S SIN 45°*9

=4COS 70*7 +4 SIN 70°*9

=17.73+27.86=45.59 KN-m(clock wise moment)

10. A wire is fixed at two points A and D as shown in Fig.20.Two weights 10 kN and 30 kN are is 20 0and that of CD
is 500 to the vertical. Determine the tension in the segments AB, BC and CD of the wire and also the inclination of
BC to the vertical. Take Θ = 30 0
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

TBA Free body diagram of joint B and C

20° TCB 50° TCD

C

B
T 30 KN
BC

10KN

At joint B

∑H = -TBACos70+TBCCos Θ = 0

TBCCos Θ = TBACos70

TBA = TBCCos Θ / Cos70

TBA = 2.92 TBCCos Θ -------------(1)

∑V = -TBASin70 - 10 - TBCSin Θ = 0

TBASin70 - TBCSin Θ = 10 -----------(2)

Substitute TBA we get

2.92 TBCCos Θ Sin70 - TBCSin Θ = 10

2.74 Cos Θ TBC - TBCSin Θ =10

TBC(2.74 Cos Θ - Sin Θ) = 10 --------------(3)

TBC = 10/2.74 Cos Θ - Sin Θ

At Joint C

∑H = -TCDCos40 - TCBCosΘ = 0
 SME1101 ENGINEERING MECHANICS COURSE MATERIAL (UNIT 1) 2015 regulations

TCDCos40 = TCBCosΘ

TCD = 1.30 TCBCosΘ ------------(4)

∑V = - TCDSin40 + TCBSinΘ – 30 = 0

Substitute TCD we get

1.30 TCBCosΘ Sin40 + TCBSinΘ = 30

0.835 TCBCosΘ + TCBSinΘ =30

TCB(0.835 CosΘ + SinΘ) = 30 --------------(5)

TCB = 30/0.835 CosΘ + SinΘ

Divide (3) / (5)

TBC(2.74 CosΘ - SinΘ) = 10 / TCB(0.835 CosΘ + SinΘ) = 30

(2.74 CosΘ - SinΘ) 30 = (0.835 CosΘ + SinΘ) 10

82.2 CosΘ - 30SinΘ = 8.35 CosΘ + 10 SinΘ

73.85 CosΘ =40 SinΘ

SinΘ / CosΘ = 1.846

tanΘ = 1.846

Θ = 61.540

TBC = 10/ (2.74 CosΘ - SinΘ)

TBC = 23.44 N

TBA = 2.92 TBC CosΘ

= 32.61 KN

TCD = 1.30 TCB CosΘ

= 14.52 KN