10 Years PYQs ?toppers Handbook? Physics Hindi

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1. Science (foKku)
foKku (Science)
foKku ,d 'kCn gS tks ySfVu 'kCn ^lkbafl;k* ls vk;k gS ftldk vFkZ gS KkuA
;g og Kku gS tks euq"; us voyksdu vkSj ç;ksxksa ds ek/;e ls O;ofLFkr fd;k gSA
foKku dh [kkst çfl) oSKkfud xSyhfy;ks xSyhy us dh FkhA
HkkSfrd foKku (Physical Science) tSfod foKku (Biological Science)
og foKku tks futhZoksa ls lacaf/kr gksrh gSA tSls HkkSfrdh] jlk;u] og foKku tks lthoksa ls lacaf/kr gS tSfod foKku gksrh gSA tSls ouLifr’kkL=]
Hkwxksy] T;ksfr"k] [kxksfydh bR;kfn izkf.k foKku] i{kh foKku bR;kfnA
HkkSfrdh (Physics)
foKku dh og 'kk[kk tks izd`fr o izkd`frd ?kVukvksa dks lefiZr gSA
ekbØksLdksfid@ vk/kqfud HkkSfrdh ehtksLdksfid esØksLdksfid@ ijEijkxr HkkSfrdh

(Microscopic/Modern physics) (Mesoscopic Physics) (Macroscopic/classical physics)
blds varxZr ijek.kq] v.kq] ukfHkd] blds varxZr ijek.kq o v.kqvksa ds blds varxZr fuf’pr vkdkj o LFkyh;
bysDs Vªksu o vU; izkFkfed d.kksa ds ckjs lewgksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk [kxksyh; iSekus ij fLFkr oLrqvksa dk
esa v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA blesa v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
vf/kdrj [kkst 1900 ds i'pkr gq;h gSA
DokaVe fl)kar
(Quantum Theory)
;kaf=dh(Mechanics) Å"ekxfrdh oS/kqr xfrdh izdkf'kdh

;kaf=dh xfr vkSj cyds (Thermodynamics) (Electrodynamics) (Optics)
v/;;u ls lacaf/kr gS tks Å"ek ds v/;;u ls lacaf/kr gS vkosf'kr d.k o pqcadh; izdk'k o izdk’kh; midj.kksa
xfr esa ,d 'kjhj ij dk;Z vkSj ;g crkrk gS fd Å"ek dks inkFkksaZ ds fo|qr o pqcd
a h; ls lacaf/kr ?kVukvksa dk
djrk gSA j‚dsV dk ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij xq.kksa dk v/;;u blds varxZr v/;;u blds varxZr fd;k
ç.kksnu, ty rjaxksa dk tkrk gSA
çlkj, /ofu rjaxAsa dSls LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkrk gSA fd;k tkrk gSA
Å"ek ds gLrkarj.k ds rjhds, dqyke] ,Eih;j] QsjkMs ds
Å"ek batu vkSj jsfÝtjsVj dh fu;e] esDlosy lehdj.k
n{krk dks Hkh Å"ekxfrdh esa bR;kfn Hkh blds varxZr vkrs
'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA gSA
(RRB NTPC 16.04.2016)
ek=d vkSj eki (Units and measurement)

HkkSfrd jkf’k;k¡ (Physical Quantities)
os lHkh jkf’k;ka ftu ij HkkSfrdh ds fl)kar vk/kkfjr gksrs gS vr% mudks ekiuk vko’;d gksrk gSA
vfn'k jkf’k;k (Scalar quantity) lfn'k (Vector quantity)

os HkkSfrd jkf'k;k¡ ftuesa dsoy ifjek.k gksrk gS ysfdu os HkkSfrd jkf'k;k¡ ftuesa ifjek.k ds lkFk&lkFk fn'kk Hkh
fn'kk ugha gksrh gSA gksrh gSA
tSls& æO;eku] yackbZ] le;] Z nwjh] xfr] rkieku] dk;Z tSls&foLFkkiu] osx] Roj.k] cy] cyk?kw.kZ] xq#Roh;
vkfnA rhozrk vkfnA
1
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• ek=d
ekiu dk vFkZ gS fdlh vKkr ek=k dh rqyuk fdlh Kkr fuf'pr ek=k ls djuk
(SSC DELHI POLICE CONSTABLE 05.12.2017)
ek=d
HkkSfrd jkf’k;ksa dks ekius ds fy, ek=d iz;ksx gksrs gSA
ewy ek=d O;qRiUu ek=d

og ek=d tks nwljs ek=dksa ij ekiu ds og ek=d tks ewy ek=dksa ls mRiUu
fy, fuHkZj ugha djrs gSa] mUgsa ewy ek=d gksrs gSa] mUgsa O;qRiUu ek=d dgrs gSA
dgrs gSA ;s ek=d ewy ek=dksa ij fuHkZj djrs
og izd`fr esa Lora= gSA gSA
ek=d fu/kkZfjrdjus ds rjhds (System of Units)
fps cgs mks SI (Rationalized mks)

fczfV'k Gaussian International System of unit
yackbZ QqV lseh ehVj
nzO;eku ikm.M xzke fdyksxzke
le; lsd.M lsd.M lsd.M
MKSA MKSQ
One more Fundamental unit is ¼fo|qr /kkjk&,Eih;j½ ¼fo|qr vkos’k&dqyke½
added
vk/kkjHkwrbdkb;k¡ (Fundamental Units) f}rh; bdkbZ;k¡ (Supplementary Units)

Sr. vk/kkjHkwr HkkSfrd jkf’k ek=d n'kkZus gsrq Sr. vk/kkj Hkwr ek=d n'kkZus gsrq
No. iz;qDr fpg~u No. HkkSfrd jkf’k iz;qDr fpg~u
1. nzO;eku fdyksxzke fdxzks(kg) 1. Iysudks.k jsfM;u rad
2. yEckbZ EhVj eh-(m) 2. Bksldks.k LVsjsfM;u sr
3. le; lsd.M ls- (s)
4. Rkieku dsfYou K
(SSC CHSL 10.07.2019)
5. fo|qr /kkjk ,Eih;j A
6. izdk’k dh rhozrk dsUMsyk cd
7. inkFkZ dh ek=k Eksy mol
uksV% ;fn ifjek.k vkSj fn'kk nksuksa leku gks]a rks 2. izdk’k o"kZ% ;g izdk’k }kjk fuokZr esa ,d eh- 1 ukWfVdyehy = 0.9144 eh-
nks lfn'k leku dgykrs gSaA lky es pyh xbZ nwjh gSA 1 ehy = 1.609 1.852 × 103 eh-
(SSC CGL 11.09.2016) 1 ly = 9.46 × 1015 m. × 103 eh-
lery dks.k og ek=d gS ftldk mi;ksx (SSC CHSL 16.11.2014, SSC COMBINED
pki@f=T;k ds O;atd ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA MATRIC LEVEL 30.07.2006,SSC CGL {ks=Qy dks ekius gsrq (For measuring very
small areas)
(SSC CGL 18.04.2022) 26.10.2014, SSC CPO SI, ASI ONLINE
1 cuZ = 10-28 1 ,dM = 4047 1 gsDV;j = 104
ISO 'kCn dk ç;ksx milxZ oSKkfud 'kCn ds fy, EXAM 05.06.2016)
eh-2 eh2- eh-2
fd;k tkrk gS rkfd ;g o.kZu fd;k tk lds fd 3. ikj lsd% lkSj eaMy ds ckgj [kxksyh; fiaMksa
dqN fLFkj gSA dh nwjh dks ekius esa fd;k tkrk gSA nzO;eku dks ekius gsrq (For measuring heavy
(SSC CGL 12.06.2019) (SSC CPO SI,ASI 06.06.2021 & SSC CGL 10.09.2016) masses)
cgqr vf/kd nwjh dks ekius gsrq rhu ek=dksa dk 1par sec = 3.1 × 1016 m 1par sec = 1 Vu ;k 1
1 fDoVau = 100 1 Lyx = 14.57
3.26ly esfVªd Vu =
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS& fdxzk- fdxzk-
yEckbZ dh dqN egRoiw.kZ bdkb;k¡ Some other 1000 fd-xzk-
1. [kxksyh; ek=d [Astronomical unit] Au: nzO;eku dh lcls cMh bdkbZ = pUnz 'ks[kj lhek
useful units of lengths are
i`Foh ls lw;Z rd dh nwjh gSA [CSL]
1 bap = 0.0254 1 QqV = 0.3048 eh- 1 ;kMZ =
1 AU = 1.496 × 1011 eh- ≃ 1.5 × 1011 eh- 1 CSL lw;Z ds nzO;eku dk 1.4 xquk
2
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vR;ar de nzO;eku dks ekius gsrq% ( For S.No. Power of 10 Prefix Symbol mUgsa oxkZdkj dks"Bd [ ] ls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
measuring very small masses) 1. 10–1 Mslh d bl çdkj] yackbZ [L], æO;eku [M], le;
1 ,Vksfed ekl ;wfuV = 1amu = 1.66 × 10- 2. 10–2 lsaVh c [T], fo|qr /kkjk [A], FkeksZMk;ukfed rkieku
27 fd-xzk- 3. 10–3 feyh m [K], nhIr rhozrk [Cd] vkSj inkFkZ dh ek=k
de nzO;eku dks dSjsV bdkbZ esa ekik tkrk 4. 10–6 ekbØks  [mol] }kjk çnf'kZr gksrh gSA
gSA 5. 10–9 uSuks n HkkSfrd ek=k ds vk;ke os 'kfä;k¡ ¼?kkrkad ds
1 dSjsV = 200 mg 6. 10–10 ,xLVªkae Å fy,½ gSa ftuls ml ek=k dh O;qRiUu bdkbZ
le; ds fy, dqN ek=d% (some 7. 10–12 fidks p dk çfrfuf/kRo djus ds fy, vk/kkj ek=k dh
practical units of standard of time 8. 10–15 QsEVksa f bdkb;k¡ mBkbZ tkrh gSaA
are) 9. 10–18 a
,Vks ;kaf=dh esa] lHkh HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa dks [L], [M]
(i) lw;Z fnol% i`Foh dk viuh /kqjh ij ?kweukA 10. 101 da
Msdk vkSj [T] ds vk;keksa ds :i esa fy[kk tk
(yxHkx 24 ?k.Vs)
11. 102 h
gsDVks ldrk gSA
12. 103 k
(ii) lkSjo"kZ% ;g i`Foh }kjk lw;Z dh ,d ifjØek fdyks vk;ru = yackbZ × pkSM+kbZ × Å¡pkbZ
13. 106 M
iw.kZ djus esa fy;k x;k le; gSA esxk vk;ru = [L] × [L] × [L] = [L3]
14. 109 G
1 lkSj o"kZ = 365.25 vkSlru vkSj fnol xhxk pw¡fd vk;ru dks fu:fir djus ds fy,
15. 1012 T
(iii) pUnzekl% ;g pnazek }kjk i`Foh dh ifjØek Vsjk æO;eku vkSj le; dh bdkb;ksa dh
16. 1015 P
iwjk djus esa fy;k x;k le; gSA 17. 1018 isVk E vko';drk ugha gksrh gS] blfy, ge fy[krs
1 pUnzekl = 27.3 fnu ,Dlk gSa
(iv) lsd % le; dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ uksV% vk;ru = [M0 L3 T0], vkSj dgsa fd vk;ru
1 lsd (Shake) = 10-8 S. (i) ,d ekbØksu .001mm ds cjkcj gksrk gSA dk æO;eku esa 'kwU; vk;ke vkSj le; esa
ncko dks ekius gsrq% (For measuring (SSC Cons. (GD) & RIFLEMEN (GD) 22.04.2012) 'kwU; vk;ke ds vykok yackbZ esa 3 vk;ke gSaA
Pressure) (ii) ,d usuksehVj 1/109m ds cjkcj gksrk gSA osx ds fy,]
(i) 1 ckj = 1 ok;qe.Myh; ncko = 105 n/m2 (RRB GROUP-D 16.11.2018) foLFkkiu L
1 ckj = 105 n/m2 = 105 ikLdy (iii) ,d fidksehVj 10-12m ds cjkcj gksrk gSA osx = 
1 feyh ckj = 102 ikLdy
le; T
(RRB GROUP-D 20.09.2018)
1 Vksj = 1 feeh (iv) ,d uSuksehVj 10 ?kkr (–9) ds cjkcj gSA osx = [M0 L1 T–1]
(SSC CGL 07.03.2020) (SSC CHSL 15.01.2017)
(ii) ijek.kq jsfM;ks/kfeZrk (Nuclear (v) ijek.kq f=T;k dks O;ä djus ds fy, ç;qä vk;ke
Radioactivity) bdkbZ vk;keh lw=
1 D;wjh (G) → 3.7 × 1010 (SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE SI 04.07.2017) vk;keh lehdj.k
disintegrations/sec. vk;keh fo'ys"k.k (Dimensional Analysis)
1 Roentgen (R) = 2.58 × 10-4 c/kg. SI esa pquh xbZ lkr ekSfyd ;k vk/kkj jkf'k;k¡
Matric Prefixes HkkSfrd lalkj ds lkr vk;ke dgykrh gSaA
International system of units
ek=d (Quantity) fpUg bdkbZ (Unit) foeh; lw=
Previously asked
(Symbol) (Dimension formula
yackbZ M meter M0L1T0
nzO;eku Kg Kilogram M1L0T0
le; s Second M0L0T1
RRB Group-D 15/11/18,RRB Group –D 01/10/18
rkieku K Kelvin M0L0T0K1
DELHIPOLICE CONSTABLE 02.12.2020
RRB GROUP-D 04/12/18,RRB GROUP-D24/10/18
fo|qr /kkjk A ampere M0L0T0A1
RRB ALP 30/08/18
inkFkZ dh ek=k Mol. Mole M0L0T0 RRB NTPC 28/12/2020,RPFCONSTABLE 05/02/19
T;ksfr rhozrk Cd Candela M0L0T0Cd1 RRB JE 29/08/19, SSC CPO SI, 05.06.2021
dks.k Rad. Radian M0L0T0
Bksl dks.k Sr. Steradian M0L0T0
vkorhZ Hz Hertz M0L0T-1 RRB NTPC 19/01/21
RRB NTPC 08/02/21, RRB NTPC 16/04/16
Hkkj] cy N Newton M1L1T-2
RRB NTPC 30/12/20
RRB SSE 21/12/14
Pascal RRB GROUP-D 04/10/18,RRB GROUP-D 01/10/18
nkc] izfrcy Pa M1L-1T-2
RRB GROUP-D 25/09/18,RRB NTPC 09/04/16
RRB JE 25/05/14,SSC CHSL 04.08.2021
RRB NTPC 28/01/21
SSC CHSL , DEO & PA/SA 06.12.22015
Å"ek] dk;Z] ÅtkZ J Joule M1L2T-2
SSC CHSL 19.10.2020,SSC CHSL 16.11.2014
SSC CAPFS ASI 7 SI DELHI POLICE 05.07.2017)
'kfDr] jsfM;UV] ¶yDl RRB NTPC 11/02/21,RRB JE 24/05/19
W Watt M1L2T-3
Power, radiant, flux RRB Group D 01/10/2018,RRB Group-D 22/10/18
3
RRB ALP 21/08/18,RRB Group-D 02/11/18
SSC CAPFS ASI 7 SI DELHI POLICE 05.07.2017)
fo|qr vkos’k RRB GROUP-D 04/10/18,RRB GROUP-D 26/11/18
Electric charge C Coulomb M0L0T0I1 RRB ALP 31/08/18, RRB ALP 10/08/18
RRB NTPC 28/03/16
laosx RRB ALP 14/08/18, RRB GROUP-D 23/10/18
P Kg*meter/second M1L1T-1
Momentum RRB GROUP-D 19/09/18, SSC CGL 13.08.2021
vk;ru/Volume V M3 M0L3T0
nwjh/Distance D Meter M0L1T0
foLFkkiu/Displacement D Meter M0L1T0
pky/Speed S Meter/second M0L1T-1 RRB group-d 01/10/18
osx/Velocity V Meter/second M0L1T-1
RRB GROUP-D 15/10/18, RRB GROUP-D 24/09/18
Meter /second2
Roj.k/Acceleration A M0L1T-2 RRB GROUP-D 11/10/18, RRB GROUP-D 19/19/18
(SSC CGL 19.08.2017)
SSC CGL 19.08.2017)
eanu/Retardation S Meter/second 2 M0L0T-2 RRB GROUP-D 03/10/18
?kuRo/Density Rho Kg/meter3 M1L-3T0
No unit
(SSC CHSL 15.01.2017 RRB GROUP-D 03/12/18, RRB ALP &
vkisf{kd ?kuRo & SSC CAPFS ASI & Tec.03/12/18
S M0L0T0
Relative density DELHI POLICE SI (SSC CHSL 15.01.2017 & SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI
07.07.2017) POLICE SI 07.07.2017)
oksYVst/Voltage V Volt ML2T-3I-1

/kkfjrk/Capacitance F Farad M-1L-2T4I2 SSC CGL 21.04.2013
RRB JE 28/06/19
izfrjks/k/Resistance SSC CAPFS ASI 7 SI DELHI POLICE 05.07.2017 &
 Ohm ML2I-2T-3
02.07.2017
SSC CHSL 06.12.2015
¶yDl ?kuRo/Flux density T Tesla M1LT-2I-1 SSC CGL 27.04.2014
jsfM;ks/kfeZrk/Radioactivity Bq Becquerel SSC CHSL 09.07.2021
pqcadh; izsj.k/Magnetic induction H Henry M1LT-2A-1
pqcadh; ikjxE;rk ALP 23/01/19
µ Henry per meter M1L1T-2A-2
Magnetic permeability
pqcadh; ¶yDl RRB NTPC 13/03/21, SSC CHSL 20.12.2015
Weber or Maxwell M1L2T-2I-1
Magnetic flux SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE 04.07.2017
';kurk Dynamic viscocity µ Pascal second M1L-1T-1
pqcadh; {ks=h; rhozrk
H Ampere per meter M1T-2I-1
Magnetic Field Strength
fo|qr {ks=/Electric field E Volt per meter M1L1T-3I-1
fo|qrh; izfrjks/kdrk
Ohm meter ML2T-A-2
Electrical resistivity
foHkokarj Potential difference U Volt
pkydrk Conductance Siemens SSC CAPFS NIA SSF CONSTABLE 05.03.2019
dqN egÙoiw.kZ bdkbZ RRB GROUP-D 26/05/19 RRB JE 30/08/19 &

SSC CHSL 21.03.2018 SSC CGL 11.06.2019
(Some Important units)
7. 1 dwyEc/1s = 1 Ampere SSC CPO
1. v’o 'kfDr = 746 watt
RRB GROUP –D 12/10/18 06.06.2016
RRB ALP & Tec. 20/08/18
8. 1 cSjy = 159L izdk'k o"kZ Nwjh RRB NTPC
SSC STENOGRAPHER 11.09.2017 & SSC
SSC STENOGRAPHER 11.09.2017 14/03/21
CGL 03.03.2020
9. 1 fdeh@?kaVk = 5/18 M/S gok dk C;wQksVZ LdSy RRB JE CBT
SSC DELHI POLICE SI , CAPFS SI & CISF
SSC CHSL 05.03.2018 lkeF;Z 28/08/19
ASI 24.11.2020)
2. 1 Mk;ksIVj = 1m-1
dqN egRoiw.kZ vkSj bdkbZ CyM izs’kj KOROTKOFF RRB JE 01/09/19
RRB JE 02/06/19 & SSC JE 29.01.2018)
(Some important quantity with unit ) ds le; dh SOUNDS
3. 1 twy = 1N*1M /ofu
QUANTITY UNIT PREVIOUSLY 'kfDr 1 KWH RRB GROUP-D
RRB GROUP-D 15/10/18
ASKED =3.6*106J 03/10/18
4. 1 kWh = 3.6*106J
RRB GROUP-D 20/09/18 ,18/09/18,
ySal dh Mk;IVj ijek.kq dh NANOMETER RRB JE 30/08/19
27/09/18, RRB GROUP-D 03/10/18
'kfDr f=T;k
/ofu dh Mk;IVj RRB GROUP-D vk;ru xSyu
5. 2 kWh = 7.2 106J
rhozrk 12/11/18
RRB GROUP-D 03/12/18
RRB JE 22/05/19
6. 1 fdyksokV = 1000 Watt
4
2. ;kaf=dh (Mechanics)
;kaf=dh (Mechanics)
foKku dh og 'kk[kk ftlesa oLrqvksa dh xfr dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
LFkSfrd (Statics) dhusesVhDl (Kinematics) xfrdh (Dynamics)

;g ;kaf=dh dh og 'kk[kk gSA ftlesa ;g ;kaf=dh dh og 'kk[kk gS ftlesa bl 'kk[kk esa xfr ds dkjdks dks /;ku
oLrq dh fojkekoLFkk dk v/;;u fd;k oLrqvksa dh xfr dk v/;;u dqN esa j[krs gq, oLrq dh xfr dk v/;;u
tkrk gSA dkjdks tSls cyksa dh izd`fr] fudk;ksa fd;k tkrk gSA
dh izd`fr ls vizHkkfor jgrs gq, fd;k
tkrk gSA
fudk; (Body)
fLFkj (Rest) xfr (Motion)

tc fudk; dh fLFkfr esa le; ds tc fudk; dh fLFkfr le; ds lkFk
lkFk dksbZ ifjorZu u gksA ifjofrZr gksA
xfr (Motion)% 4. nksyu xfr (Oscillatory Motion)- tc foHkh; xfr
fdlh Hkh oLrq dh fLFkfr dk le; ds lkis{k fi.M fLFkfr ds vkxs ihNs xfr djs] rks og
ifjorZu gh xfr dgykrk gSA nksyu xfr dgykrh gSaA
vFkkZr~ ge tkurs gS fd lHkh phts fdlh u tSls& nhokj ?kM+h dk iSaM;wyeA
fdlh izdkj dh xfr djrh gSA tSls gekjh
i`Foh] lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ifjØe.k o vius vU; çdkj dh xfr tks gekjs ikl gS] og
LFkkukUrjh; xfr
v{k ij ?kw.kZu xfr djrh gSA fdlh Hkh oLrq gS&
dk pyuk gh xfr gSA rks ge dg ldrs gS ,dleku xfr & ,d ,slh xfr ftlesa dksbZ
fd oLrq dk le; ds lkFk mldh fLFkfr esa oLrq leku le; varjky esa leku nwjh r;
ifjorZu gh xfr dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSaA djrh gSA (SSC CHSL 04.03.2021)
mnkgj.k- vleku xfr & fdlh oLrq dh xfr ;fn og
vleku xfr
xfr eq[;r% fuHkZj djrh gS& leku le; varjky esa leku nwjh r; ugha
1. le; 2. pky djrh gSA (SSC CHSL 07.03.2018)
3. nwjh 4. iFk
foeh; xfr & ,d gh fn'kk esa xfr ¼v{k ij½
xfr ds izdkj (Type of Motion)% f}foeh; xfr & ,d ls vf/kd fn'kkvksa esa
fuEufyf[kr izdkj dh xfr;ka gSa ftu ij ge xfrA ¼ry ij½
ppkZ djrs gSa& f=foeh; xfr & nks fn'kkvksa ls vf/kd xfrA f}foeh; xfr
1. js[kh; xfr (Linear Motion)- tc fi.M
¼fi.M ij½
,d lh/kh js[kk esa fu;r osx ls xfr djrk gS] LFkkukUrjh; xfr & tc fi.M ds lHkh d.k
mls js[kh; xfr dgrs gSaA leku le; varjky esa leku nwjh r; djs]a
mnkgj.k& ,d f[kykM+h dk lh/kk Vªsd ij mls LFkkukUrjh; xfr dgrs gSaA
nkSM+ukA vko`fÙk xfr& og xfr ftl ij fi.M leku vko`fÙk xfr
2. o`Ùkh; xfr (Circular Motion)- tc fi.M
le; varjky esa viuh fLFkfr dks nksgjkrk
gSA (SSC MULTI TASKING STAFF
,d o`Ùkh; iFk dh ifjf/k ij xfr djrk gS]
17.03.2013)
mls o`Ùkh; xfr dgrs gSaA
tSls& i`Foh dk lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj pDdj
yxkukA
f=foeh; xfr
3. ?kw.khZ; xfr (Rotational Motion)- tc
fi.M o`Ùkh; iFk ij fdlh fu/kkZfjr v{k ds ,d leku xfr
lkis{k xfr djs] og ?kw.khZ; xfr dgykrh gSaA
tSls& i`Foh dk vius v{k ij ?kw.kZu djukA
5
dh VElZ (Key Terms)

okLrfod ekxZ dh nwjh
U;wure nwjh
nwjh (Distance) foLFkkiu foLFkkiu (Displacement)
;g ,d fuf'pr le;kof/k esa fdlh fiaM }kjk ;g nks fcUnqvksa ds e/; U;wure nwjh gSA
r; fd;k x;k okLrfod iFk gSA nwjh ;g ,d lfn’k jkf’k gS vkSj bldk SI ek=d
nwjh ,d vfn'k jkf'k gS vkSj SI ek=d ehVj Hkh ehVj gSA
(m) gSA (RRB GROUP-D 12.10.2018) foLFkkiu /kukRed] _.kkRed ;k 'kwU; gks
nwjh ges'kk /kukRed gksrh gSA ldrk gS ysfdu nwjh lnSo /kukRed gksxhA
oLrq }kjk r; dh xbZ nwjh le; ds lekuqikrh gksrh
gS (SSC CGL Pre. 2022, 01.12.2022 Shift-3)
pky (Speed)
nwjh rFkk le; ds e/; vuqikr dks pky dgrs gSA
njwh D m
pky =  
le; T s
pky ,d vfn’k jkf’k gSA
(RRB GROUP-D 09.10.2018 & 31.10.2018)
(SSC CHSL 16.11.2014)&
le; rFkk nwjh ds e/; dk xzkQ fi.M dh pky iznf’kZr djrk gSA
(SSC CGL Pre. 2022, 06.12.2022 Shift-4) (SSC CGL Pre. 2022, 13.12.2022 Shift-1)
,dleku (Uniform) vleku (Non- Uniform)

;fn oLrq leku le;arjkyksa esa leku nwjh r; djrh gSA ;fn oLrq leku le;arjkyksa esa vleku nwjh r; djrh gSA
(SSC CGL Pre. 2022, 01.12.2022 Shift-4)
Distance 
Distance 
10 m 10 m  10 m  10 m  10 m 7m 12 m 15 m
10 20 30 40
0 10 20 30 sec 40 sec
Time
Time
osx (Velocity)
foLFkkiu rFkk le; ds e/; ds vuqikr dks osx dgrs gSA
foLFkkiu m
osx = 
le; sec
वेग एक सद श र शश है ।
(RRB GROUP-D 25.09.2018, 05.12.2018, 03.10.2018, 29.08.2018,
09.10.2018, 01.11.2018, 04.12.2018, 11.10.2018, 22.09.2018)

;fn oLrq leku le;arjkyksa esa leku foLFkkiu r; djrh gSA ;fn oLrq leku le;arjkyksa esa vleku foLFkkiu r; djrh gSA
osx
foLFkkiu osx
foLFkkiu
le;
le;
6
Roj.k (Acceleration)
osx rFkk le; ds e/; ds vuqikr dks Roj.k dgrs gSA
ox
s m/s m
Roj.k =   = ms–2
le; sec sec2
त्वरण एक सद श र शश है ।
(RRB GROUP-D 13.12.2018 & 15.10.2018, RRB ALP 17.08.2018
SSCCGL 19.04.2022 & (SSC CGL Pre. 2022, 01.12.2022 Shift-2,
(SSC CGL Pre. 2022, 07.12.2022 Shift-1)

;fn oLrq leku le;arjkyksa esa leku ;fn oLrq leku le;arjkyksa esa vleku osx
osx r; djrh gSA r; djrh gSA
osx Roj.k osx Roj.k
le; le;
(RRB GROUP-D 22.10.2018)
tsofyu Fkzks] fØdsV ckWy Fkzks bR;kfn esa

uksV% bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
1. 'kwU; Roj.k dk vFkZ gS fd oLrq dk osx fLFkj (SSC MULTI TASKING 20.02.2011&
gSA RRB GROUP-D 16.11.2018)
(RRB GROUP-D 12/12/18) i`Foh dh lrg ls iz{ksfir ,d iz{ksI; xfr esa]
2. _.kkRed Roj.k dk vFkZ gS osx ds foijhrA blds osx dk {kSfrt ?kVd fLFkj ogrk gSA
(RRB ALP 09/08/18) (SSC CGL 11.09.2016)
3. /kukRed Roj.k dk vFkZ osx ds leku gSA iz{ksi xfr ds mnkgj.k% (Examples of
projectile are)
(RRB GROUP-D 04/12/18)
1. pyrh gqbZ Vªsu dh f[kM+dh ls fdlh oLrq dks
4. tc fi.M fu;r pky ls o`Ùk ij xfr djrk
gS rks mldk osx fLFkj jgrk gSA fxjkuk
(SSC CHSL 16.11.2014)
(SSC CHSL 16.11.2014)
2. mM+rs gq, foeku ls ce fxjkuk
5. tc fi.M fu;r pky ls xfr djrk gS rks
3. iRFkj dk VqdM+k fdlh Hkh fn’kk esa Qsaduk
og Rofjr ugha gksrk gSA
4. ,d ,FkyhV ds }kjk tSofyu vkSj gsej
(SSC CHSL 16.11.2014)
6. ;fn fi.M ,d fu;r Roj.k ls xfr djrk gS Qsd
a kuk
5- ikuh dh Vadh ds ry ds ikl ,d Nsn ls
rks mldk osx = 2 (vkSlr osx – izkjfEHkd
osx) fudyus okyk ikuh dk ,d tsVA
xfr ds lehdj.k (Equations of
(SSC CHSL 06.03.2003) motion): ;s 4 lehdj.k gksrs gS tks oLrq
7. eqDr :i ls fxjrk gqvk fi.M fd xfr leku dh xfr dk v/;;u djus esa mi;ksx esa vkrs
:i ls Rofjr xfr dk mnkgj.k gSA gSA
(SSC CGL Pre. 2022, 01.12.2022
Shift-4)   = u + at (velocity and time equation)
8. fdlh o`Ùkkdkj iFk ij xfr djrk gqvk fi.M RRB ALP 10/08/18
Rofjr xfr dk mnkgj.k gSA(SSC CGL Pre. s = ut + 1/2 at² (position and time)
2022, 07.12.2022 Shift-3) {kSfrt ls iz{ksi dks fn;k x;k iFk ¼,d RRB GROUP-D 22/09/18,28/09/18
iz{ksI;% (Projectile) fdlh oLrq dh og xfr fuf’pr Å¡pkbZ rd½ ijoy;kdkj gksrk gSA  2 = u² + 2as (position and velocity)
ftlesa oLrq dks dqN izkjafHkd osx {kSfrt mM~M;u dky% ;g oks le; gksrk gS tc rd RRB GROUP-D 12/12/18
fn’kk esa fn;k tkrk gS rFkk ckn esa bls ds fy, iz{ksI; mM+ku vFkkZr~ xfr [lrg ij a
Dn = u + (2n – 1)
xq:Ro ds izHkko esa NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS fdlh igq¡pus ls iwoZ] esa jgrk gSA 2
vU; batu ;k bZa/ku }kjk pkfyr fd, fcukA {ksfrt ijkl% mMku ds nkSjku iz{ksI; }kjk r; tgk¡] u = izkjafHkd osx v = vafre osx
iz{ksi }kjk pyk x;k iFk iz{ksi iFk dgykrk dh xbZ {kSfrt nwjh SSC CHSL 10.03.2018
gSA vf/kdre {kSfrt ijkl izkIr djus ds fy, a = oLrq dk Roj.k
(RRB GROUP-D 16/11/18) oLrq dks 450 ds dks.k ls iz{ksfir djuk –a = _.kkRed Roj.k = enau
gksxkA ;g fl)kar ,FkyhVksa }kjk Å¡ph dqn] s = oLrq }kjk r; dh xbZ nwjh
t = oLrq }kjk fy;k x;k le;
7
Dn = nth
lSd.M+ esa r; dh xbZ nwjh og fudk; ftls eq[; izkjafHkd osx ds lkFk 1687 esa lj vkbtSd U;wVu }kjk rhu fu;e
n = nth lSd.M+ uhps fxjk;k tkrk gS rks lehdj.k fn;s x;s gSaA ;s fl)kar vke rkSj ij gekjs
• fdlh oLrq ds eqDr voLFkk esa fxjus ij] , g = +g downwards nSfud thou esa gekjh enn djrs gSaA
blesa oLrq dks fu;r Roj.k g ds lkFk  = u + at = 0 + gt = gt (RRB GROUP-D 27/11/18)
,dleku xfr esa ekuk tkrk gSA 1 1 1
S = ut + at2 = 0 + gt2 = gt2
tgk¡ g = xq:Ro ds dkj.k Roj.k 2 2 2
2 = u2 + 2as = 0 + gs = 2 gs
/kukRed ysaxs _.kkRed ysx
a s uksV% ;fn ,d oLrq Åij dh vksj xfr djrh
(+g) (–g) gS rks vf/kdre ¼mPpLFk½ Å¡pkbZ okys fcanq
ij igq¡pus ij vafre osx = 'kwU;
lkekU;r% og fudk; tks
lkekU;r% og fudk; tks
i`Foh lrg ls Åij dh
i`Foh lrg dh vksj xfr cy rFkk U;wVu ds fu;e
vksj xfr djrk gS - g
djrk gS mls + g ds lkFk
ds lkFk vkrk gSA (Force and Laws of Netwon)
fy;k tkrk gSA
U;wVu ds xfr ds fu;e (Newton’s Laws of Motion)
Ist fu;e
2nd fu;e 3rd fu;e
(tM+Ro dk fu;e)
izfrfØ;k
fojke  fojke esa gh jgsxh
xfr  xfr esa gh jgsxh
;fn fudk; ij cká cy fØ;k
tc cy vkjksfir
'kwU; gS rksA fd;k tkrk gS rks oLrq fØ;k = izfrfØ;k
Rofjr gks tkrh gSA
U;wVu dk igyk fu;e% (RRB GROUP-D 20.09.2018, RRB JE

02.06.2019,RRBALP 17.08.2018)
tM+Ro ges’kk xfr dk fojks/k djrk gSA
ftl fi.M dk nzO;eku T;knk gksxk mldk
tM+Ro Hkh T;knk gksxkA
U;wVu ds igys fu;e dks tM+Ro dk fu;e Hkh
(ii) tc ,d ?kksM+k vpkud pyrk gS rks
dgk tkrk gSA
lokj ihNs dh vksj fxj ldrk gS ['kjhj ds
(RRB NTPC 04.01.2021)
Åijh Hkkx ds tM+Ro ds dkj.k]
rhu izdkj ds tM+Ro gksrs gSA (Three
(iii) dEcy esa Qls /kwy ds d.k bls >kM+us
;fn dksbZ fi.M fojke voLFkk esa gS rks og types of Inertia)
;k ihVus ij gV tkrs gS D;ksafd >kM+us ;k
rc rd fojke voLFkk esa jgsxk] tc rd ml 1. fLFkj tM+Ro 2. xfr'khy tM+Ro
ihVus ds dkj.k dEcy xfr’khy gks tkrk gS
ij cká cy dk;Z ugha djsAa 3. fn’kk dk tM+Ro
tcfd /kwy ds d.k tM+Ro ds dkj.k fLFkj gks
tM+Ro% (Inertia) fdlh oLrq ds nzO;eku 1. fLFkj tM+Ro% (Inertia of Rest) fLFkj
tkrs gSA
}kjk ekik tkrk gSA oLrq ftruh vf/kd Hkkjh voLFkk dks ifjofrZr djus dh oLrq dh
(iv) ;fn ge ,d fpdus xRrs ij flDdk
gksxh mldh fLFkfr ifjorZu esa mruk gh cy vleFkZrk vFkkZr fLFkj oLrq fLFkj jguk
j[ksx
a s o bls ,d fxykl ij j[kasxs rFkk xRrs
yxsxkA pkgsxh tc rd bl ij dksbZ ckg~; cy
dks gkFk ls vpkud /kDdk nsus ij flDdk
tM+Ro ftu oSKkfud }kjk fn;k x;k mudk vkjksfir u gksA
fxykl esa fxj tkrk gS ,slk flDds ds xq:Ro
uke xSyhfy;ks xSfyyh FkkA mnkgj.k ds fy, (For example)
ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
fdlh oLrq dh fLFkj ;k xfr'khy fLFkfr esa (i) ;fn ge fLFkj cl esa [kM+s gS vkSj Mªkboj
(v) ;fn ge vke ds isM+ dh 'kk[kk dks
ifjorZu dk fojks/k djus dh ço`fÙk dks tM+Ro cl dks vpkud pyk nsrk gS rks ge ,d
fgykrs gS rks vke uhps fxj tkrs gS D;ksfd
dgk tkrk gSA >Vds ls ihNs dh vksj jgrs gSA
(RRB GROUP-D 05.11.2018)
8
Mkyh xfr’khy o vke tM+Ro ds dkj.k fLFkj fdlh oLrq ij yxk;s x, cy ml oLrq ds
gksrs gSA nzO;eku vkSj mlesa mRiUu Roj.k ds xq.kuQy
(RRB GROUP-D 04.12.2018) ds lekuqikrh gksrh gS ;fn fdlh oLrq ij
2. xfr’khy tM+Ro% (Inertia of Motion) ;fn yxk;k x;k cy F gS vkSj ml oLrq dk
,d oLrq ,d leku xfr esa gksrh gS rks ;g nzO;eku m rFkk mRiUu Roj.k a gS] rks lw=
vius vke ds }kjk Rofjr ;k eafnr ugha gks gksxk&
ldrh ;g vleFkZrk gh xfr’khy tM+Ro (iii) tc ,d dkj dks vpkud ?kqek;k tkrk
cy  nzO;eku × Roj.k
dgykrh gSA gS rks vanj cSBk gqvk O;fDr foijhr fn’kk dh F  ma
vksj tkrk gS D;ksfa d O;fDr dk 'kjhj fn’kk F = k ma (k = const. = 0)
ds tM+Ro ds dkj.k iwoZor~ fn’kk dh vksj xfr F = ma
djrk gSA m
(iv) fdlh okgu ds ?kqers gq, ifg;s dhpM+ F = kg ×
sec2
dks ckgj dh vksj Qsadkrs gSA [fn’kk ds tM+Ro
F = Newton
ds dkj.k] Li’kZjs[kk ds vuqfn’k]
cy dk SI ek=d U;wVu gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k% (For example) (v) tc fdlh pkdq ij /kkj nh tkrh gS rks
uksV %&
(i) eku yhft, fd ge ,d xfr’khy cl esa fpaxkjh Li’kZjs[kk ds vuqfn’k ckgj vkrh gSA
[kM+s gS MªkbZoj vpkud ls czsd yxkrk gS rks U;wVu dk nwljk fu;e% (i) त्वरण स े ब के स ह है ।
ge >Vds ls vkxs dh vksj fxjrs gSA (ii)xfr dk nwljk fu;e laosx ls lacaf/kr gS
tc cl vpkud :drh gS] gekjs iSj ?k"kZ.k vkSj ;g losx
a ds çHkko dks le>us esa Hkh
ds dkj.k :d tkrs gS o lkisf{kd xfr [iSj enn djrk gSA
o cl ds ry ds e/;] dks jksdrs gSA ysfdu (RRB GROUP-D 27/11/18),
'ks"k 'kjhj tM+Ro ds dkj.k xfr esa jgrk gSA (RRB GROUP-D 30/10/18)
bl dkj.k ge vkxs dh vksj >qdrs gSA (iii) ;fn osx dks nksxquk dj fn;k tk, rks
(ii) iw.kZ xfr ls nkSM+rk gqvk ?kksM+k tc laosx Hkh nksxquk gks tkrk gSA
vpkud :drk gS rks lokj ds vkxs dh vksj (SSC CHSL 28.03.2018)
fxjus dk M+j jgrk gSA mnkgj.k%
(iii) rsth ls pyrs gq, okgu ls dqnus ij 1. ,d fØdsV Iys;j tc ,d xsna dks dSp
laosx% ;g oLrq@fudk; ds nzO;eku o mlds
ge vkxs dh vksj fxjrs gS D;ksafd i`Foh lrg djrk gS rks og vius gkFk uhps dj ysrk gSA
osx dk xq.kuQy gksrk gSA
ij vkus ds i'pkr~ gekjs iSj fLFkjkoLFkk esa ftlls mlds gkFkksa dks xsna dks jksdus ds
(RRB Group-D 25.09.2018 & SSC CHSL
vk tkrs gS ijarq 'ks"k 'kjhj xfr ds tM+Ro ds fy, vf/kd le; feyrk gSA
(10+2) 23.03.2018)
dkj.k vkxs dh vksj xfr djrk gSA laosx = nzO;eku × osx
(iv) yEch dqn ls igys ,d ,FkyhV dqN (RRB GROUP-D 16/11/18)
nwjh nkSM+rk gSA P = mv
D;ksfa d nkSM+ ds le; dk osx] dqnus ds le; (RRB GROUP-D 23/10/18)
ds osx esa tqM+us ij og vf/kd nwjh rd dqn P = laosx
ikrk gSA M = nzO;eku 2. tc ,d O;fDr fuf’pr Å¡pkbZ ls lheaVs dh
(v) tc dksbZ pyrh gqbZ dkj vpkud :d V = osx lrg ij fxjrk gSA
tkrh gS rks ;k=h vkxs dh vksj >qd tkrk gS सवेग क SI क kg  m/secहै । js[kh; laosx esa dqy ifjorZu de le;karjky
D;ksfd czsd yxkus ls O;fDr vkxs dh fn’kk esa (SSC CHSL 30.01.2017) esa mRiUu gksrk gSA blfy, lhesaV dh lrg
c<rk gS vkSj 'ks"k 'kjhj ihNs jg tkrk gSA laosx ,d lfn’k jkf’k gSA ¼ftldk ifjeki o vf/kd cy Mkyrh gSA blfy, O;fDr dks
(SSC CHSL 21.10.2012) fn’kk nksuksa gksrs gS½ pksV vf/kd yxrh gSA nwljh vksj ;fn O;fDr
3. fn’kk dk tkM+Ro% (Inertia of Direction) ;g (RRB GROUP-D 05/11/18, RRB GROUP-D feV~Vh ds <+js ij fxjrk gS rks feV~Vh nc
fdlh oLrq dh xfr dh fn’kk cnyus dh 12/12/18, RRB GROUP-D 26/09/18) tkrh gS rks js[kh; laosx esa dqy ifjofrZu
vleFkZrk gSA fdlh oLrq ds laosx ifjorZu dh nj yxk, vf/kd le; esa gksrk gSA rks feV~Vh ds <+sj
tc rd fdlh oLrq ij ckg~; cy ugha x, cy ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA }kjk yxk;k x;k vkSlr cy de (RRB gksrk NTPC
gS 15/02/2
yxk;k tkrk og mlh fn’kk esa xfr djrh cy  laosx vkSj O;fDr dks pksV de yxrh gSA
gSA xf.krh; :i esa]
FP
F  d/dt mv
dv
Fm
dt
3. phuh feêh ds crZu o Xykl ds crZuksa dks
dv dkxt ;k Hkwls esa yisVdj iSd fd;k tkrk
=a
dt gSA ncko dks bu crZuksa rd igq¡pus esa vf/kd
mnkgj.k% (For example)
(i) ,d Nkrk gesa ckfj’k ls cpkrk gS ;g F  ma le; yxrk gSA vr% bu crZuksa ds VqVus dk
(RRB NTPC 12/02/21 & SSC CGL [krjk de gks tkrk gSA
fn’kk ds tMRo ds xq.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA
20.08.2017) 4. dkj] cl] Vªd bR;kfn okgu 'kkWdj ds lkFk
(ii) ;fn ,d iRFkj dks jLlh ls cka/kdj
bls cy dk fu;e Hkh dgrs gSa& vkrs gSA
?kqek;k tkrk gS rFkk jLlh vpkud MqV tkrh
(SSC CGL 12.04.2022) tc ;s okgu vlery jkWM ij xfr djrs gS
gS rks iRFkj iwoZ o`Ùkkdkj iFk dh Li’kZjs[kk ds
vuqfn’k xfr djsxkA rks jkWM }kjk vkosx’khy cy yxk;k tkrk gSA
9
'kkWdj dk dk;Z izHkko ds le; dks c<+kuk gSA esa xfr ¼fØ;k½ djrh gS o canqd FkksM+k ihNs
;g okgu pkyd ij yxus okys cy ;k gVrh gS ¼izfrfØ;k½
>Vds dks de djrk gSA
5. Vªsu dh cksfx;k¡ ,d mHk;/kehZ ds lkFk gksrh
gSA os Vªsu ds 'kafVax ¼fofHkUu cksfx;ksa esa
'kkfey gksus½ ds nkSjku xaHkhj >Vds ls cprs
gSaA
6. fØdsV xsna dks dSp djuk] Vsful ckWy dks xfr ds fu;e ls lEcf/kr egRoiw.kZ 'kCn
dSp djus ls vf/kd dfBu gSA D;ksfa d fØdsV (SSCCGL 10.09.2016) nzO;eku (Mass)%
xsna vf/kd Hkkjh o vf/kd laosx ;qDr gksrh 4. tsV foeku ;k jkWdsV dh mM+ku es%a bZa/ku ds fdlh fi.M ds vanj inkFkZ dh ek=k ds :i
gSA vkSj blfy, dSp ds nkSjku gkFkksa ij ngu gksus ij ftlls xeZ o vf/kd laihfMr esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA lHkh oLrqvksa ds
vf/kd cy Mkyrh gSA xSls uks ty dh lgk;rk ls ihNs dh fn’kk eas vanj ,d inkFkZ gksrk gS vkSj æO; dk ekiu
7. ,d ,FkyhV dks jsl ds ckn /khjs&/khjs :dus xfr djrh gS ¼fØ;k½ ;stsV foeku ;k jkWdsV æO;eku gksrk gS
dh lykg nh tkrh gSA D;ksfa d :dus dk dks vkxs dh fn’kk esa leku cy ls xfr æO;eku dk SI ek=d fdyksxzke gSA
le; c<+us ij mlds }kjk vuqHko fd;k x;k djkrh gSA ¼izfrfØ;k½ æO;eku dk foeh; lw= gS M1L0T0
cy de gksxkA æO;eku ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA
8. ;fn ,d esVy cky o jcj cky nksuks dk æO;eku vkSj Hkkj nksuksa vyx&vyx 'kCn gSa]
nzO;eku leku gks] rFkk leku osx ls lkekU; æO;eku vkSj Hkkj ds chp ,d laca/k gS&
#i ls ,d nhokj ls Vdjkrh gS rks jcj dh W=m*g (RRB
cky fjckmaM djrh gS vkSj esVy dh ckWy GROUP-D 01/10/18)
(RRB GROUP-D 02.11.2018 & SSC MULTI tgk¡] W = fi.M dk Hkkj
fjckmaM ugh djrh gS rks ;g fu"d"kZ
TASKING 16.02.2014) m = 'kjhj dk æO;eku
fudyrk gS fd jcj dh ckWy dk laosx esa
5. jcj dh xsn
a dk nqckjk mNyuk% tc ,d jcj g = xq#Rokd"kZ.k fLFkjkad
ifjorZu vf/kd gksrk gSA (SSC CHSL
dh xaans dks nhokj ;k lrg ij Qsadk tkrk gS ;gk¡ æO;eku ls tqM+s dqN 'kCn fn, x, gSa&
16.11.2014)
rks ;g nhokj ij ,d cy yxkrh gS ¼fØ;k½A 1- tM+Ro ¾ ;g 'kjhj dh xfr dk fojks/k djrk
rks xans leku cy ls mNyrh gS ¼izfrfØ;k½ gS
U;wVu dk rhljk fu;e%
6. jsr vkSj cQZ ij pyuk eqf’dy gksrk gS% (RRB GROUP-D 11.10.2018)
tc Hkh fdlh fi.M ij dksbZ fØ;k nh tkrh
D;ksfa d jsr ij cy yxkus ij ;g foLFkkfir æO;eku ⌃ tM+rk ⌃
gS rks og mlds izfr viuh izfrfØ;k iznf’kZr
gks tkrh gS vkSj jsrhyh lrg ls gksus okyh nzO;eku tM+Ro dks ekirk gSA
djrh gSA blh fu;e dks U;wVu dh rhljk
izfrfØ;k cgqr de gksrh gSA cQZ esa] izfrfØ;k (SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE SI
fu;e ^^fØ;k o izfrfØ;k** dgk tkrk gSA
cy de gksus ls] iSj vkSj cQZ ds e/; ?k"kZ.k 02.07.2017 & RRB GROUP-D
fofHkUu fi.Mks ij yxk;k x;k cy foijhr
ugha gksus ds dkj.k pyuk eqf’dy gksrk gSA 26.10.2018, 31.10.2018, 11.102018)
fn’kk esa dk;Z djrk gSA (RRB ALP
31.08.2018)
2- ?kuRo ¾ æO;eku çfr bdkbZ vk;ru ?kuRo
fØ;k vkSj izfrfØ;k nksuks foijhr fn’kk esa
dk;Z djrs gSA (SSC CAPFS ASI & gSA
(RRB JE 30.082019, ALP 22.10.2019,
DELHI POLICE 04.07.2017)
tc fØ;k vkSj izfrfØ;k nksuks leku fi.M RRB GROUP-D 05/10/18)
ij dk;Z djrs gS rks ifj.kkeh 'kwU; gks tkrk ?kuRo ¾ æO;eku@vk;ru
gSA (SSC MULTI TASKING 16.09.2017) 7. ydM+h ds CykWd dks idM+s fcuk mlesa dhy mnkgj.k& LVhy dh ckWy ds vanj nzO; dh
mnkgj.k% (For example) Bksduk eqf’dy gS& D;ksfa d tc rd ydM+h ek=k mldk nzO;eku gksrk gSA
dk CykWd fLFkj ugha gksrk] dhy o CykWd (SSC CHSL 15.11.2015)
1. pyus esa% ,d O;fDr tc pyrk gS rks og
nksuksa gh gFkksM+h }kjk ekjus ij vkxs dh vksj cy (Forces)%
lrg ij ihNs dh fn’kk esa cy Mkyrk gS
xfr djrs gSA blfy, tc CykWd dks lgkjk bls HkkSfrd bdkbZ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
¼fØ;k½ rks lrg leku cy }kjk mls vkxs
;k idM+k tkrk gS o fQj dhy dks Bksdk tkrk gS tks fdlh oLrq dks fojke voLFkk ;k
dh fn’kk esa /kDdk nsrh gSA ¼izfrfØ;k½
tkrk gS rks lgk;d }kjk CykWd ds lkis{k ,dleku xfr dh voLFkk esa cny nsrh gSA
izfrfØ;k dk og Hkkx tks {kSfrt fn’kk esa
(RRB ALP 21/08/18)
gksrk gS O;fDr dks vkxs pyus esa enn djrk dhy ij izfrfØ;k dh tkrh gSA`
fdlh oLrq dks /kDdk nsuk ;k [khapuk cy gSA
gSA
(RRB GROUP-D 10/10/18)
2. rSjus es%a ,d rSjkd ikuh dks ihNs dh vksj
F = m *a (RRB ALP 13/08/18)
/kdsyrk gS ¼fØ;k½ ikuh rSjkd dks vkxs dh tgk¡] F = fdlh fiaM ij cy
vksj /kDdk@xfr nsrk gS ¼izfrfØ;k½ (RRB GROUP-D 28/11/18)
m = fi.M dk æO;eku
(RRB GROUP –D 04/10/18)
(SSC CGL 09.08.2017) a = fi.M dk Roj.k
8. uko dks [ksuk% ukfod ikuh dks ihNs dh vksj (RRB GROPU-D 25/09/18)
/kdsyrk gS rks ikuh uko dks vkxs dh vksj cy dk SI ek=d U;wVu gS vkSj ;g ,d
foLFkkfir dj nsrk gSA bl dkj.k uko ikuh lfn'k jkf'k gSA
3. canqd ls xksyh pykus ij% tc ,d canqd ls esa xfr djrh gSA cy dk fofe; lw= M1L1T-2
xksyh nkxh tkrh gS rks xksyh vkxs dh fn’kk cyksa dk mnkgj.k& >aMk Qgjkuk] njoktk
[kksyuk] inkZ mBkuk] yM+ds dks /kDdk nsuk
10
uksV %& Mv izkjafHkd = -mvvafre
1. cy fdlh oLrq dh xfr dks cnyrs gSaA vFkkZr~
(SSC CGL 22.08.2017 & RRB GROUP-D • tc nks fcfy;MZ xsna s ,d nwljs ls Vdjkrh gS
04/10/18) rks laosx laj{k.k dk vuqikyu djrh gSA
2. cy oLrq dh voLFkk esa ifjorZu djrk gSA • tc ,d nq?kZVuk esa nks dkjs Vdjkrh gS rks
( SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE SI laosx laj{k.k ds fu;e dh vuqikyuk gksrh ?k"kZ.k ds izdkj% (Types of Friction)
06.07.2017) gSA 1. LFkSfrdh ?k"kZ.k% tc nks fi.M@lrg fojke
3. ;fn fi.M ij yxk;k x;k cy xfr ds fn’kk ;kn j[kus ds fy, dqN çeq[k fcanq% voLFkk esa gksrs gSa] ml le; dk;Z djus okyk
esa dk;Z djrk gS] rks fi.M dh pky c< tkrh 1. ;fn laosx c<+rk gS rks osx@xfr Hkh c<+ ?k"kZ.k LFkSfrdh gksrk gSA
gSA tkrh gSA 2. lhekUr ;k pje ?k"kZ.k% tc ,d fi.M nwljs
(SSC CGL 19.08.2017) fi.M ij xfr djus okyk gks] rks og pje
(RRB GROUP-D 05/11/18,
cyksa ds xq.k (Properties Of Forces): RRB GROUP-D 26/11/18) eku gh lhekUr ?k"kZ.k gksrk gSA (Max.
(i) nks fudk;ksa ds chp cy leku vkSj foijhr Value)
xfr  osx
ç—fr ds gksrs gSaA 2. ;fn laosx esa o`f) gksrh gS rks mudh xfrt 3. lihZ ?k"kZ.k% og ?k"kZ.k tks oLrqvksa ij dk;Z
(ii) cy nks oLrqvksa ds chp ijLij fØ;k gSA djrk gS tc os lrg ij fQly jgs gksrs gSaA
ÅtkZ nksxquh gks tkrh gSA
(iii) cyksa dk ifjek.k vkSj fn'kk gksrh gSA fQlyus okyk ?k"kZ.k LFkSfrd ?k"kZ.k ls detksj
laosx = 2 × xfrt ÅtkZ
(iv) tc nks leku cy fdlh fiaM ij vkSj gksrk gSA blfy, QuhZpj ds ,d VqdM+s dks
xfr dk vuqç;ksx%
foijhr fn'kk esa dk;Z dj jgs gks]a rks fdlh 1. varfj{k esa j‚dsV mM+kuk laj{k.k ds fl)kar Q'kZ ij f[kldkuk 'kq: djus ds ckn mls
fiaM ij dk;Z djus okyk cy 'kwU; gks tkrk ij dke dj jgk gSA igys LFkku ij ys tkus dh rqyuk esa LykbM
gSA (RRB GROUP-D 12/11/18,RRB GROUP-D djuk vklku gSA fQlyus okyk ?k"kZ.k
(angle is 180°) 17/19/18 & SSC COMBINED MATRIC mi;ksxh gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] tc
LEVEL 05.05.2002, SSC (10+2) LEVEL vki isfa ly ls fy[krs gSa rks vki fQlyus
DATA ENTRY 04.12.2011) okys ?k"kZ.k dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA isafly dh
2- tsV batu Hkh laosx ds laj{k.k ij dk;Z djrk ûksd* dkxt ij vklkuh ls fQly tkrh gS]
(RRB GROUP-D 16/10/18, RRB GROUP –D gSA ysfdu isfa ly vkSj dkxt ds chp ,d fu'kku
28/09/18) (SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE SI NksM+us ds fy, i;kZIr ?k"kZ.k gksrk gSA
(v) tc fdlh fiaM ij dk;Z djus okys nks cy 02.07.2017) 4. yksVuh ?k"kZ.k% og ?k"kZ.k tks oLrqvksa ij dk;Z
leku fn'kk esa gksrs gSa] rks fdlh fiaM ij ?k"kZ.k% tc ,d fudk; fQlyrk gS ;k nwljs djrk gS tc os lrg ij yq<+d jgs gksrs gSaA
dk;Z djus okyk cy lHkh cyksa ij dqy ;ksx fudk; ij yq<drk gS rks og cy tks] lkis{k yksVuh ?k"kZ.k] fQlyus okys ?k"kZ.k ;k LFkSfrd
gksrk gSA xfr dk fojks/k djrk gSA tks fudk;ksa dh ?k"kZ.k dh rqyuk esa cgqr detksj gksrk gSA
lrgksa ds e/; gksrh gS bls ?k"kZ.k cy dgrs ;g crkrk gS fd lkbfdy] dkj] 4&ifg;k]
gSA jksyj LdsV~l] LdwVj vkSj LdsVcksMZ lfgr
(RRB GROUP-D 22/09/018, RRB GROUP-D tehuh ifjogu ds vf/kdka'k :i ifg;ksa dk
(vi) cy dHkh vdsyk dk;Z ugha djrkA 18/09/18, RRB GROUP-D 22/9/18) mi;ksx djrs gSaA
cyksa dks fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr m nzO;eku ds fudk; ds fy,] f fudk; ij uksV% LFkSfrdh ?k"kZ.k > lihZ ?k"kZ.k > yksVuh
fd;k x;k gS& yxk gqvk {kSfrt cy gSA ?k"kZ.k
1- laidZ cy (RRB NTPC 27/04/16)
2- vlaidZ cy
laidZ cy% og cy ftlesa lrgksa vkSj oLrq ?k"kZ.k dks ifjofrZr djus ds rjhds%
ds chp laidZ gksrk gSA (Methods of Changing Friction)
mnkgj.k% ?k"kZ.k cy o lkekU; cy vkfnA 1. ikWfy’k djds% ikWfy’k djus ls lrg fpduh
vlaidZ cy% os cy ftlesa fi.M ;k fdlh gks tkrh gSA
oLrq ds chp dksbZ laidZ ugha gksrk gSA 2. laogd ds }kjk% rsy] xzhl bR;kfnA
mnkgj.k% xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy] bysDVªksLVSfVd 3. inkFkksZ ds mfpr p;u ls% Vk;j jcj ls cus
cy] pqacdh; cy vkfnA gksrs gS D;ksafd jcj o daØhV ds e/; dk
1. Impulse/vkosx rks ?k"kZ.k cy (F) = uN = umg ?k"kZ.k] vk;ju o daØhV ds e/; ?k"kZ.k ls de
,d fuf'pr ek=k esa fuf'pr le; ds lkFk tc N = mg tgk¡ u = ?k"kZ.k fu;rkad gksrk gSA
,d fiaM ij yxk;k x;k cy tks laosx esa gSA
ifjorZu djrk gS ftls vkosx dgk tkrk gSA N = vfHkyEc lrg
vkosx dh SI bdkbZ U;wVu&lsdaM gSA F = yxk;k gqvk cy
vkosx dk foeh; fo'ys"k.k M1L1T-1 gSA mg = Hkkj
(SSC CPO 2022, 11.11.2022 Shift-3)
uksV%
laosx laj{k.k dk fu;e% (Law of
1. ?k"kZ.k] nzo dh nks lrgksa ds e/; lkisf{kd
conservation of Momentum) ;fn
xfr ij Hkh yxrk gS ftls ';ku cy dgrs
fdlh fudk; ij yxus okys lHkh ckg~; cyksa
gSA
dk ;ksx 'kwU; gksrk gS rks fudk; ds laosx esa
ifjorZu Hkh 'kwU; gksrk gSA vFkkZr 2. षण ब वर क ग क स ैव
4. O;ofLFkr dj% fudk; ds vkdkj dks
fudk; dk laosx lajf{kr ;k fu;r gksrk gSA ण त् क ह है ।
O;ofLFkr dj ok;q ds ?k"kZ.k dks de fd;k
m nzO;eku ds fudk; ds fy, 3. [kqjnjh lrg ij ?k"kZ.k vf/kd gksrk gSA
PizkjafHkd = - Pvafre (SSC SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANT 24.11.2017)
11
tkrk gSA tSls foeku] jkWdsV] cqysV Vªsu
bR;kfn dks LVªheykbu vkdkj fn;k tkrk gSA
5. ckWy&fc;fjax ds iz;ksx ls% blesa nks
lg&v{kh; flysM a j A o C gksrs gS ftuds chp
LVhy ckyksa dh mi;qDr la[;k B mifLFkr
gksrh gSA
6. Bksl lrgksa ds e/; gok dk ,d iryk
rfd;k cukukA
uksV%& js[kh; osx o dks.kh; osx esa laca/k%
,d ifg;s esa cky fc;fjax dk dk;Z xfrdh tc ,d lkbZfdy lokj eqM+rk gS rks mls Hkh (Relation between Linear velocity
?k"kZ.k dks yksVuh ?k"kZ.k esa ifjorZu dk gSA dqN vfHkdsUnzh; cy dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA and angular velocity)
(SSC CGL 26.06.201 vxj og eqM+rs le; Lo;a dks yacor~ j[krk =r
?k"kZ.k dks ikfyf’kax o Lusgdks ds iz;ksx ls gSA rks mldk otu lrg dh vfHkyEc dks.kh; Roj.k% (Angular acceleration)
de fd;k tk ldrk gSA izfØ;k }kjk larqfyr gksrk gSA bl ?kVuk esa] dks.kh; osx esa le; ds lkis{k ifjorZu dh
(SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE SI 03.07.2017)
mls vko’;d vfHkdsUnzh; cy izkIr djus ds nj] dks.kh; Roj.k dgykrk gSA
vuqç;ksx%
fy, Vk;j vkSj lM+d ds chp ?k"kZ.k ij fuHkZj Lt w dw
1- dkjksa ds czsfdax iSMA ∝= 
jguk iM+rk gS pwafd ?k"kZ.k dk cy de o t  0 t dt
2- ,d Hkkjh fMCcs dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs
vfuf’pr gksrk gS vr% bl ij fuHkZjrk
LFkku ij ys tkukA dks.kh; Roj.k dk SI ek=d jsfM;u@lS2 gSSA
lqjf{kr ugha gSA
3- dSje [ksyuk vkSj foeh; lw= [M0L0T-2] gSA
vfHkdsUnzh; cy izkIr djus ds fy, lkbZfdy
4- dkap dk fxykl idMuk js[kh; Roj.k o dks.kh; osx ds e/; laca/k%
pkyd dks eqMrs le; FkksM+k vanj dh vksj
(RRB GROUP-D 20/09/18) (Relation between Linear
>qduk iM+rk gSA ,slk djus ls {kSfrt fn’kk
5- njokts dh xfrA Acceleration and Angular
esa vfHkyEc izfrfØ;k dk ,d ?kVd
<kyq lM+d ij dkj dh xfr% (Banking of Acceleratior)
vfHkdsUnzh; cy iznku djrk gSA
Roads) a=r
?kw.kZu xfr (Angular motion)
,dleku o`rh; xfr% (Uniform Circular
motion) tc ,d fcUnq oLrq o`Ùkkdkj iFk
ij fu;r pky ls xfr djrh gS ¼vFkkZr ;s
leku le; varjkyksa esa o`r ds iFk ij leku
nwjh r; djrh gSA½,d leku o`rh; xfr esa
oLrq dk osx ¼fn, x, le; ij o`rh; iFk
ij Li’kZjs[kk ls iznf’kZr½ viuh fn’kk yxkrkj
vf/kdre vko’;d osx ftlls ,d okgu
cnyrk jgrk gSA
<kyq lM+d ij fcuk fQlys /kqe lds] u ij
dks.kh; foLFkkiu% (Angular ,dleku o`Ùkh; xfr esa oLrq dk osx ¼fdlh
fuHkZj djrk gS] tks ?k"kZ.k fu;rkad gSA ¼okgu
Displacement) o`rkdkj iFk ij ?kqers gq, fn, x, {k.k esa o`Ùkkdkj iFk dh Li’kZjs[kk
ds Vk;j o jksM+ ds e/;Au dk eku jksM+ ds
fudk; ds fy, dks.kh; foLFkkiu] fn, x, }kjk fu#fir½ viuh fn’kk ls yxkrkj cny
fpdus gksu]s ;k xhys gksus rFkk Vk;jksa ds f?kls
le; esa f=T;h; lfn’k ds }kjk o`r ds dsUnz jgk gSA blfy, ;g leku #i ls Rofjr xfr
gksus ij de gks tkrk gSAbl izdkj ?k"kZ.k cy
ij cuk;k x;k dks.k gSA djrk gS vkSj mudh xfrt mtkZ Hkh cnyrh
okgu ds y, vko’;d vfHkdsUnzh; cy iznku
gSA
djus ds fy, fo’oluh; ugha gSAblds fy,
(SSC CGL 27.10.2016)
,d lqjf{kr dk;Z ?kqekonkj lM+d ds ckgjh
fdukjs dsk rksM+k Åij mBkuk gksxkA,slk djus
ls lM+d dh vfHkyEch; izfrfØ;k dk ,d
?kVd vfHkdsUnzh; cy iznku djsxkA dkbZokbZ
dk ,d lqjf{kr rjhdk ?kqekonkj lM+d ds
ckgjh fdukjs dks Hkhrjh fdukjs ls Åij
mBkuk gksxkA ,slk djus ls lM+d dh dks.kh; osx% (Algular velocity) fdlh
o`rkdkj iFk ij xfr djrh gqbZ oLrq dk (a) vkorZdky% oLrq ds }kjk o`rkdkj iFk ij
lkekU; izfrfØ;k ds ,d ?kVd dks lsafVªisVy
cy iznku djus ds fy, c['kk tk,xkA dks.kh; osx] dks.kh; foLFkkiu esa le; ds ,d pDdj iqjk djus esa fy;k x;k le;A
lkis{k ifjorZu dh nj ds cjkcj gSA ftls (b) vko`fr% oLrq ds }kjk o`rkdkj iFk ij
?kqekonkj lM+d ds ckgjh fdukjs dks Hkhrjh
fdukjs ls Åij mBkus dh bl ?kVuk dks lkekU;r% w ls iznf’kZr djrs gS vkSj ek=d bdkbZ le; esa fd, x, pDdjksa dh la[;kA
jsfM;u izfr lSd.M+ gksrk gSA bldk foeh; (c) vko`fr o vkorZdky ds e/; laca/k% T =
lM+dksa dk cSafdx dgk tkrk gSA
(SSC CGL 08.08.2017)
lw= [M0L0T-1] gSA 1
; Vt = 1
lkbfdy lokj dk eqM+uk% (Bending of A V
Cyclist) (d) dks.kh; osx] vko`fr o vkorZdky ds e/;
laca/k
 2
=  = 3πr
t T
vfHkdsUnzh; cy% (Centripetal Force) ;g
o`r dsUnz dh vksj yxk cy gS tks o`rkdkj
12
iFk ij oLrq dks cka/ks j[kus ds fy, vko’;d çHkko nsrk gSA bls cy ds ifjek.k vkSj ?kw.kZu 1 2
gSA vfHkdsUnzh; cy dk ifjek.k v{k ls cy dh fØ;k js[kk dh yacor nwjh ?kw.kZu dh xfrt ÅtkZ = I
2
}kjk ekik tkrk gSA ?kqeko@ifjpkyu dh f=T;k% (the radius
vk?kw.kZ dks xzhd v{kj  }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk of gyration) ,d fudk; dh fn, x, v{k
gSA ds lkis{k] v{k ls fcanq P dh yacor~ nwjh gS]
cy ;k cy vk?kw.kZ = cy × yacor nwjh tc fudk; dk lEiw.kZ nzO;weku dsfUnzr gS rks
  r  F  r F sin  n fudk; dk tM+Ro vk?kw.kZ nzO;eku ds
vk?kw.kZ dk SI ekud N.M U;wVu x ehVj gksrk gSA okLrfod forj.k ds tM+Ro vk?kw.kZ ds leku
mv 2 (SSC STENOGRAPHER 11.09.2017) gksrk gSA bl nwjh dks K ls n’kkZrs gSA
FC = gksxkA ;fn vk?kw.kZ 'kwU; gks rks dks.kh; laosx Hkh
r r12  r22  ...rn2
'kwU; gksrk gSA K=
tgk¡ m = oLrq dk nzO;eku n
u = o`rkdkj iFk ij js[kh; osx (SSC CHSL 20.01.2017)
js[kh; xfr o dks.kh; xfr esa rqyuk (Analogy
r = o`rkdkj ekxZ dh f=T;k dks.kh; laosx% (Angular Moments) fdlh
between linear motion and Rotational
fudk; dk fn, gq, v{k ds lkis{k dks.kh;
mv 2 motion)
vkSj FC = m2r = (∵ V = rw) laosx] js[kh; laox
s vkSj ?kw.kZu v{k ls js[kh;
r js[kh; xfr ?kw.kZu xfr
laosx dh dk;Zokgh js[kk ds e/; dh yacor~
 = dks.kh; osx (Linear motion) (Rotational motion)
nwjh gksrh gSA
mnk- lM+d ds ?kqeko@eksM+ ij lM+d ds 1. foLFkkiu (s) ;k nwjh 1. dks.k ;k dks.kh;
L  r P ds foLFkkiu (θ)
ckgjh fdukjs dks mBk@Åij dj fn;k tkrk
2. js[kh; osx] v =
gS ¼vanj ds fdukjs dh rqyuk bldh x.kuk dt 2. dks.kh; osx] w = d
eksesUVl dk fl)kar% (Principle of
dks.k θ Kkr dh tkrh gSaA 3. js[kh; Roj.k] a = dt
moments)
mnkgj.k %& ,d o`Ùkkdkj iFk ij ?kwerh gqbZ eksesUVl ds fl)kar ds vuqlkj] ,d fudk; dv d 2s 3. dks.kh; Roj.k] ∝ =
dkj ij vfHkdsUnzh; cy dk;Z djrk gSA 
?kw.khZ larqyu esa gksxk ;fn fudk; ij dke dt dt 2 dw d 2
(SSC CGL 28.08.2016) 
djus okys lHkh cyksa ds eksesUVl dk 4. nzO;eku (m) dt dt 2
vidsUnzh; cy (Centrifugal Force)% ;g
chtxf.krh; ;ksx] ,d fuf'pr fcanq ds fy, 5. js[kh; laosx] P = mv 4. tMRo vk/kw.kZ (I)
dsUnz ls ckgj dh vksj cy gS tks vfHkdsUnzh;
'kwU; gSA 6. cy] F =ma 5. dks.kh; Roj.k, L = Iw
cy dk foijhr gS ¼ijarq ifjek.k leku gksrk
nzO;eku dsUnz% (Centre of mass) ;fn dP 6. vk?kw.kZ,  = I ∝
gSA½ bls lkekU;r% dkYifud ;k fNik gqvk 7. cy] F =
fdlh oLrq ds Åij yxs lHkh ckg~; cy dt dL
cy ds :i esa dgk tkrk gS ijarq fofHkUu 7. vk?kw.kZ]  = .
blds nzO;eku dsUnz ij yxrs gS rks rks
?kVukvksa dks le>us ds fy, ;g cy ykxw 8. xfrt ÅtkZ (K.E.) dt
oLrq@fudk; dh fLFkfr ¼xfr’khy ;k fLFkj½
fd;k tkrk gSA 1 8. ?kw.khZ xfrt ÅtkZ K.E.
ifjofrZr ugha gksxhA = mv2
tc fudk; ds nzO;eku dsUnz ds :i esa ekuk 2 1
= IW2
x;k gksA (SSC CGL 28.08.2016) 9. fd;k x;k dk;Z] w 2
xq:Ro dsUnz% (Centre of Gravity) fdlh = fs 9. fd;k x;k dk;Z] w = 
oLrq dk og fcanq tgk¡ oLrq ds Hkkj dk izHkko 10. 'kfDr] P = Fv θ
gksrk gS vkSj dqy xq:Roh; cy vk?kw.kZ 'kwU; 11. flLVe ij yxk 10. 'kfDr] P = P W
gksrk gSA js[kh; laosx lajf{kr 11. tc flLVe ij dksbZ
(RRB GROUP-D 18.09.2018) gksrk gS tc dksbZ ckg~; ckg~; cy vk?kw.kZ vkjksfir
?kw.kZu xfr ds lehdj.k% (Equations of cy flLVe ij ugha gksrk gS rks flLVe
vidsUnzh; cy dk ifjek.k FCF = m2r
Rotational Motion) vkjksfir ugha gksrk gSA dk dks.kh; laoxs lajf{kr
tgk¡ w = dks.kh; osx gSA
?kw.kZu xfr ds pjksa ds e/; rhu laca/k fuEu ¼js[kh; laosx laj{k.k jgrk gSA ¼dks.kh; laosx
ngh ls eD[ku dks vyx djuk ¼nq/k ls Øhe
gS& dk fl)kar½ laj{k.k dk fl)kar½
dks vyx djuk½] vidsUnzh; Mªk;j bR;kfn
(i) w = w0 + ∝ t 12. js[kh; xfr ds 12. ?kw.khZ xfr ds lehdj.k
vidsUnzh; cy ds fl)kar ij dk;Z djrs gSA
1 lehdj.k (i) w2 = w1 + ∝t
(SSC CGL 29.08.2016 , SSC HIGHER (ii) θ = w0t + ∝ t2 vkSj (i) v = u + at 1
SECONDARY LEVEL DATA ENTRY 2 (ii) θ = w1t + ∝ t2
OPERATOR & LDC 27.11.2010 , SSC 2 1 2
(iii) w2 - w = 2aθ
0
(ii) s = ut + at2
(10+2) 20.10.2003 & 04.12.2011) 2
(iii) w2  w1 = 2 ∝ θ
2 2
vk?kw.kZ (Torque)% tM+Ro vk?kw.kZ% (Rotational Inertia) og (iii) v2 – u2 = 2as

ek=k tks ?kw.kZu xfr esa tM+Ro dks ekirh gSA 13. n os lSd.M esa r; 13. nosa lSd.M esa cuk
mls tM+Ro v?kw.kZ ;k ?kw.kZu tM+Ro dgrs gSA dh x;h nwjh dks.k
MOI tMRo vk?kw.kZ ] nzO;eku vkSj mlds r
a
forj.k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA Snth = U + [2n - 1] θnth = w1 + 2 [2n - 1]
(SSC CGL 20.07.2014) 2
?kw.kZu dh xfrt ÅtkZ% (Kinetic energy of
Rotation) ,d fudk; }kjk vius v{k ds
lkis{k ?kw.kZu esa iz;qDr ÅtkZ ?kw.kZu dh xfrt
cy dk {k.k ;k cy ds dkj.k Vksd gesa ÅtkZ dgykrh gSA
fuf'pr fcanq/v{k ds ckjs esa cy dk eksM+
13
3. dk;Z ÅtkZ vkSj 'kfDr (Work Energy & Power)

dk;Z (work) ;fn θ vf/kd dks.k gS] rks dk;Z _.kkRed 2. _.kkRed dk;Z% (Negative work): fd;k
tc ,d fudk; dks cy yxkdkj foLFkkfir gksxk x;k dk;Z _.kkRed gksrk gS ;fn θ > 90°
fd;k tkrk gS] rks mls fudk; ij gqvk dk;Z (RRB ALP 21.08.2018) ¼vf/kd dks.k½
ekuk tkrk Gsa dksbZ fudk; cy F yxkus ij CGS iz.kkyh es]a dk;Z dk ek=d vxZ gS mnkgj.kkFkZ%
nwjh ‘S’ ls foLFkkfir gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ 1 twy = 107 vxZ (i) tc fdlh fudk; dks [kqjnjh {kSfrt
rks fd;k x;k dk;Z W = FS (dk;Z = cy × lrg ij ys tk;k tkrk gS] rks xfr dk
nwjh) gSA dk;Z dh izd`fr% (Nature of work done) fojks/k ?k"kZ.k cy }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA blfy,
(RRB GROUP-D 10.12.2018 & SSC CGL ?k"kZ.k cy }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z _.kkRed
17.08.2021) gksxkA
dk;Z dk SI ek=d twy gksrk gSA ;g ,d (ii) tc pyrs gq, okgu ij cszd yxk;s tkrs
vfn’k jkf’k gSA (SSC CGL Pre. 2022, gS rks cszfdax cy }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z
01.12.2022 Shift-1) _.kkRed gksrk gSA
;fn cy dh fn’kk vkSj foLFkkiu dh fn’kk ds (iii) tc ,d /kukRed vkos’k] nwljs /kukRed
chp dks.k θ gS vkos’k ds ikl ys tk;k tkrk gS] rks vkos’kksa
rks fd;k x;k dk;Z W = F.S cos θ gksxkA ds chp izfrd"kZ.k ds oS|qrh; cy }kjk fd;k
(RRB ALP 20.08.2018) 1. /kukRed dk;Z% (Positive work): Lora= x;k dk;Z _.kkRed gksrk gSA
:i ls fxjus okys fi.M ij xq#Rokd"kZ.k }kjk
fd;k x;k dk;Z ldkjkRed gSA
vFkkZr~ tc cy vkSj foLFkkiu ,d gh fn'kk
esa gksa
;fn θ U;wudks.k gS rks dk;Z /kukRed gksxkA fd;k x;k dk;Z /kukRed gksrk gS ;fn θ <
(RRB GROUP-D 19.09.2018) 90° ¼U;wu dks.k½
3. 'kwU; dk;Z% (Zero work)
;fn θ ledks.k gS] rks dk;Z 'kwU; gksxkA (RRB GROUP-D 11.12.2018)
fd;k x;k dk;Z = 0
;fn S = 0 ;fn F = 0 ;fn θ = 90°

foLFkkiu = 0 mnkjg.k & mnkjg.k &
mnkgj.k & ;fn iw.kZ :i ls fpduh {kSfrt (s i) tc ,d dqyh vius flj ij
(i) ;fn ge fdlh nhokj dks Vscy ij ,d CykWd xfr dj dqN j[kdj {kSfrt IysVQkWeZ ij
/kDdk nsrs gS rks gekjs }kjk jgk gS rks dk;Z 'kwU; gksxk xfr djrk gS] rks  = 90° rks
nhokj ij yxk, x, cy }kjk ¼ckg~; cy dk vHkko½ dqyh }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z 'kwU;
fd;k x;k dk;Z 'kwU; gksxkA ¼?k"kZ.k jfgr lrg½ gksxkA
Add D;ksfa d S = 0 (ii) ,d czhQdsl idM+k gqvk
O;fDr {kSfrt jksM+ ij xfr dj
jgk gS] rks O;fDr }kjk fd;k
x;k dk;Z 'kwU; gksxkA
(iii) ,d fudk; tks ,d vksj ls
ca/kk gqvk gS ,d o`Ùk esa ,dleku
xfr dj jgk gS] rks  = 90° vkSj
W = F s cos 90° = 0
uksV% bldk SI ek=d [email protected] ;k okV gksrk 1 esxkokV = 106 okV
;fn cy dh fn’kk o oLrq dh xfr dh fn’kk gSA 1 v’o 'kfDr = 746 okV
,d nwljs ds yacor gS] rks dksbZ dk;Z ugha (SSC CGL 19.10.2014) (RRB GROUP-D 25.10.2018)
gksrk gS vkSj CGS iz.kkyh esa [email protected] gksrk gSA Note:
(RRB Group-D 24.10.2018) (RRB GROUP-D 05.10.2018)
vkSlr 'kfDr = dy
q mi;kxs dh xbZ ÅtkZ
fd;k x;k dk; Z w dyq le;
'kfDr = ⇒P=
fy;k x;k le; t (RRB GROUP-D 25.10.2018& SSC CHSL
(10+2) 21.03.2018)
'kfDr% (Power): dk;Z djus dh nj dks (RRB ALP 14.08.2018 &
ÅtkZ (Energy):
'kfDr dgrs gSA RPF SI 24.12.2018) (RRB Group-D 16.11.2018)
(RRB GROUP-D 15.10.2018) 'kfDr dh dqN vU; bdkbZ;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gS%
;g ,d vfn’k jkf’k gSA 1 fdyksokV = 103 okV
14
;g dk;Z djus dh {kerk gS vkSj blhfy, SHIFT-1 & SSC CGL Pre. 2022, 06.12.2022 (SSCSTENOGRAPHER 12.09.2017)
ÅtkZ fodkl nqfu;k Hkj esa dY;k.k vkSj Shift-4 ÅtkZ dks bySDVªksu oksYV esa Hkh ekik tkrk Gsa
le`fr ls lh/ks tqM+k gqvk gSA ÅtkZ dk uk rks fuekZ.k laHko gS vkSj uk gh (SSC CGL 13.08.2021)
ÅtkZ dk SI ek=d twy gksrk gSA fouk’k laHko gSA bls dsoy ,d :i ls nwljs uksV%
ÅtkZ dk CGS esa ek=d vxZ gksrk gS :i esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA LED ÅtkZ laxzg esa mi;ksx gksrk gSA
ÅtkZ dh commercial unit fdyksokWV-?kaVk (RRB GROUP-D 16.10.2018) (SSC STENOGRAPHER 12.09.2017)
gksrh gSA ÅtkZ dks dSyksjh esa ekik tkrk gSA ÅtkZ ds izdkj% (Types of Energy)
(RRB GROUP-D 18.09.21018 & SSC MTS (SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE SI
18.09.2017& SSC STENO. 18/11/22 1 dSyksjh = 4.2 twy
uksV gksrh gS D;ksfa d xfrt mtkZ xfr esa o`f} ds

xfrt ÅtkZ% (Kinetic Energy) 1. xfrt ÅtkZ xfr@pky ds lkFk c<+rh gSA lkFk c<rh gSA
fdlh fudk; }kjk viuh xfr ds dkj.k (RRB GROUP-D 13.08.2018 (SSC CHSL 11.12.2003)
¼losx ds dkj.k½ O;Dr dh xbZ ÅtkZ dks & SSC CHSL 11.12.2003) 8. ;fn gesa fn;k gqvk dk;Z /kukRed gS] rks gekjh
xfrt ÅtkZ dgk tkrk gSA 2. tc fi.M dh pky vk/kh dj nh tk, rks xfrt ÅtkZ Hkh c<+sxh(RRB Group-D
1 2 p2 mldh xfrt ÅtkZ ,d&pkSFkkbZ gks tkrh gSA 20.09.2018)
KE = mv = (SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE SI fLFkfrt ÅtkZ (Potential energy) :
2 2m 03.007.2017) fdlh fiaM }kjk viuh fLFkfr ds dkj.k O;Dr
As momentum p = mv
3.;fn fdlh fi.M ds nzO;eku vkSj osx nksuksa dh xbZ ÅtkZ dks mldh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ dgk
 KE
dks muds ifjek.k ds nksxqus ds lkFk c<+k;k tkrk gSA
 mv 
2
p 2 tk,] rks mldh xfrt ÅtkZ vkB xquk gksrh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ = mgh
  p  2m KE  (SSC CAPFS SI, CIDF ASI & tgk¡
2m 2m
tgk¡ DELHI POLICE SI EXAM-22.06.2014) g = fudk; dk xq: Rokd"kZ.k Roj.k
4. ;fn laosx nks xquk dj fn;k tk,] rks m = fudk; dk nzO;eku
V = fudk; dk osx
M = fudk; dk nzO;eku
mldh xfrt ÅtkZ pkj xquk gks tkrh gSA h = Å¡pkbZ
(SSC MTS 16.09.2017) jcj cSaM dks [khapuk, f[kykSuk dkj dh pkch
P = laosx
5. xfrt ÅtkZ inkFkZ ds rkieku esa ifjorZu dks ?kqekuk, tc dksbZ oLrq gokbZ tgkt ls
xfrt ÅtkZ nzO;eku o osx ij fuHkZj djrh
ds nkSjku laxzfgr Å"ek ÅtkZ gSA fxjrh gS ,rks ;gk¡ fLFkfrt ÅtkZ vkfn esa
gSA
(SSC CGL 02.09.2016) o`f) gksrh gSA
(RRB ALP 14.08.2008 & SSC CGL
6. inkFkZ dh rhuksa voLFkkvksa esa lokZf/kd (SSC MULTI TASKING STAFF 17.03.2013 &
02.09.2016)
,d nkSM+rk gqvk ,FkyhV] ,d fxjrk gqvk xfrt ÅtkZ xSlksa esa ik;h tkrh gSA RRB GROUP-D 31.10.2018 & SSC MTS
(RRB GROUP-D 12.11.2018 & 26.10.2018) 18.09.2017)
ukfj;y] cgrh gok] mM+rk gqvk foeku vkfn
7. tc ge ,d iRFkj dks Nr ls tehu ij fLFkfrt ÅtkZ ÅapkbZ ds lkFk c<+rh gSA
xfrt ÅtkZ ds mnkgj.k gSA
fxjkrs gSa rks mldh xfrt mtkZ vf?kdre (RRB GROUP-D 23.10.2018)
(RRB NTPC 09.02.2021)
15
thok’e ÅtkZ% (Fossil Energy) ;g ÅtkZ dk v{k; L=ksr gS] tks tSfod ;kaf=d ÅtkZ% (Mechanical Energy)
thok’e bZ/ku] ÅtkZ ds xSj&uohdj.kh; L=ksr L=ksrks ls izkIr vif’k"V inkFkksaZ ls mRiUu xfrt ÅtkZ o fLFkfrt ÅtkZ ds ;ksx dks
gSA ;g tehu esa e`r thoksa ds vi?kVu ds gksrk gSA bldk mi;ksx ehFksu xSl ds ;kaf=d ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA
dkj.k curk gSA thok’e bZ/ku esa dks;yk] mRiknu esa fd;k tkrk gSA xkscj xSl (RRB ALP 30.08.2018, 13.08.2018 &
isVªksfy;e vkSj izkd`fr xSl 'kkfey gSA ehFksu vif’k"V inkFkZ ÅtkZ dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA 10.08.2018)
gkbMªks dkcZu bZ/ku esa ik;k tk ldrk gSA ;kaf=d ÅtkZ = fLFkfrt ÅtkZ + xfrt
oS|qrh; ÅtkZ% (Hydroelectric energy) ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ% (Nuclear Energy) ÅtkZ
ty ds fxjus ;k cgus ds xq: Rokd"kZ.k cy tc U235 ukfHkd nks gYds ukfHkdksa esa U;wVªksuksa (RRB GROUP-D 01.10.2018, 12.11.2018 &
ds mi;ksx ds ek/;e ls oS|qr ÅtkZ dk dh ckSNkj ds dkj.k VqVrk gS rks ÅtkZ dh 19.09.2018)
mRiknu gksrk gSA gekjs ns’k esa] oS|qrh; 'kfDr ,d cM+h ek=k mRiUu gksrh gSA ftls Mnkgj.k ds fy,] mM+rk gqvk tsV xfrt o
mRiknu esa 23% ls vf/kd ikuh dk mi;ksx ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ dgrs gSA fLFkfrt nksuksa ÅtkZ dks n’kkZrk gSA
gksrk gSA ijek.kq fj,DVj ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ dks fo|qr esa (SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE SI
iou ÅtkZ% (Wind Energy) iou dh mPp ifjofrZr djrs gSA ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ dks 03.07.2017)
xfr ds dkj.k blds ikl ekStwn ÅtkZ dks laxzfgr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn dksbZ oLrq eqDr :i ls tehu ij fxjrs
iou ÅtkZ dgk tkrk gSA blhfy, gok esa Hkw&rkih; ÅtkZ% (Geothermal Energy) gh :d tkrh gS] rks mldh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ
xfrt ÅtkZ gksrh gSA bldk mi;ksx fctyh og ÅtkZ tks i`Foh dh lrg ds uhps laxzfgr de gks tkrh gS rFkk xfrt ÅtkZ c<+ tkrh
ds mRiknu esa fd;k tkrk gSA blds Å"ek ls mRiUu gksrh gSA gSA
vuqiz;ksx iou pDdh] iou tujsVj vkSj (SSC CGL 11.06.2019) (SSC STENOGRAPHER 11.09.2017)
iou d`f"k ÅtkZ gSA og ÅtkZ tks i`Foh ds rki ls izkIr gksrh gS]
vif’k"V inkFkZ ÅtkZ% (Wastage mls Hkw&rkih; ÅtkZ dgrs gSa
substance Energy) ( SSC CHSL, 04.12.2011)
16
ÅtkZ laj{k.k dk fu;e% (Law of (RRB GROUP-D 11.10.2018 , 16.10.2018 & ÅtkZ ds mi;ksxh :i ls vuqi;ksxh :i esa
conservation of energy) ÅtkZ laj{k.k 27.11.2018) :ikarj.k dks ÅtkZ dk viO;; dgrs gSA
ds fu;e ds vuqlkj ÅtkZ u rks cukbZ tk ÅtkZ dk :ikUrj.k% (Transformation of Note: VªkWlQkeZj ,d midj.k gS] tks fo|qr
ldrh gS vkSj u gh u"V dh tk ldrh gS] energy) ÅtkZ ds oksYVst Lrj ¼;k rks o`f) ;k deh½
ysfdu bls ,d : i ls nwljs : i esa ÅtkZ dk ,d : i esa nwljs : i esa ifjorZu] dks cnyrk gS vkSj ÅtkZ ds ,d : i dks
ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ% ÅtkZ ds : ikUrj.k ds : i esa tkuk tkrk nwljs : i esa ifjofrZr ugha djrk gSA
tc ,d phdus iRFkj ij pkdw dks jxM+k gSA tSls & ,d LorU= : i ls fxjus okys
tkrk gS] rks ;kaf=d ÅtkZ Å"ek esa cny fdlh fudk; dh i`Foh ds fupys Lrj ij
tkrh gSA tc ,d rhj ls /kuq"k dks [khapk xfr vf/kd gS] tcfd i`Foh ds mPp Lrj ij
tkrk gS] rks ek¡lis’kh; ÅtkZ fLFkfrt ÅtkZ xfr de gSA ,slk blhfy, gS D;ksfa d fdlh
esa cny tkrh gSA fudk; ds fy, fLFkfrt ÅtkZ dks xfrt
ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr fd;k x;k gSA
17
eqDr :i ls fxjrk gqvk fi.M fLFkfrt ÅtkZ dk xfrt ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu (SSC CHSL 22.03.2018)
ekbØksQksu /ofu ÅtkZ dk fo|qr ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu (SSC CGL 11.11.2012 & SSC (10+2)
21.10.2012)
QksVksoksfYVDl lSy lksyj ÅtkZ dk fo|qr ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu (SSC CGL 26.10.2014)
Vjckbu Xfrt ÅtkZ dk ;kaf=d ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu (SSC CGL 13.06.2019)
Mk;ukseksehVj ;kaf=d ÅtkZ dk fo|qr ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu (SSC SECTION OFFICER 05.06.2005, SSC
TAX ASSISTANT 29.03.2009, SSC
CONSTABLE (GD) 22.04.2012, SSC
(10+2) 21.10.2012, SSSC DELHI POLICE
SI 19.08.2012,)
jSDVhQk;j izR;orhZ /kkjk dk fn"V /kkjk esa ifjorZu (SSC CGL 28.08.2016)
gkbMªksbysDVªhd ikojLVs’ku fLFkfrt ÅtkZ dk xfrt ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu
bySDVªhd iEi fo|qr ÅtkZ dk fLFkfrt ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu (SSC MULTI TASKING 17.03.2013)
18
VsyhQksu ykbu esa cgus okyh /kkjk fo|qr djrk gS vkSj bls fo|qr çokg esa ifjofrZr uksV
ÅtkZ dk :i gSA djrk gSA lkSj iSuy lw;Z ds çdk'k ds :i esa 1 ,d lkSj iSuy] ftls ihoh ¼QksVks oksYVkbd
(SSC STENOGRAPHER 14.09.2017) LoPN v{k; ÅtkZ ,d= djrs gSa vkSj ml iSuy½ ;k e‚Mîwy ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk
çdk'k dks fctyh esa ifjofrZr djrs gSa gS] ,d ,slk midj.k gS tks lw;Z ds çdk'k
s % (Work
dk;Z ÅtkZ fl)kar ;k ize; ftldk mi;ksx fo|qr Hkkj ds fy, fctyh dks laxzfgr djrk gS vkSj bls fo|qr çokg esa
Energy Theorem or work energy çnku djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkSj ifjofrZr djrk gSA
principle) iSuyksa esa dbZ vyx-vyx lkSj lsy 'kkfey (SSC CAPFS ASI & SI DELHI POLICE SI
bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj] fdlh fiaM dks gksrs gSa tks Lo;a flfyd‚u Q‚LQksjl ;tks 04.07.2017)
foLFkkfir djus esa 'kq) cy }kjk fd;k x;k udkjkRed pktZ çnku djrk gS ;kuh ih 2 ,d fuf'pr iSVuZ esa ,d lkFk tqM+us okys
dk;Z fiaM dh xfrt ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu ds çdkj dh lkexzh vkSj cksj‚u tks ldkjkRed lkSyj lsy ds lewg dks lksyj lsy iSuy
cjkcj gksrk gSA pktZ çnku djrk gS ;kuh n çdkj dh dgk tkrk gSA
lkexzh dh ijrksa ls cuk gksrk gSA lkSj iSuy (SSC CGL 04.09.2016)
lkSyj dqdj% (Solar cooker) QksV‚u dks vo'kksf"kr djrs gSa vkSj ,slk djus 3 QksVks oksYVkbd lsy ds mi;ksx ls lh/ks
,d dkyh lrg] lQsn lrg ;k vkn’kZ esa fo|qr çokg 'kq: djrs gSaA lkSj iSuy dh fo|qr ÅtkZ dk mRiknu dj ldrs gSA
fLFkfr esa yh xbZ ijkofrZr lrg dh rqyuk esa lrg ls Vdjkus okys QksV‚u ls mRiUu (SSC (10+2) 04.12.2011)
vf/kd Å"ek vo’kksf"kr djrh gSA lkSyj ifj.kkeh ÅtkZ bysDVª‚uksa dks mudh ijek.kq
dqdj vkSj lkSyj okWVj ghVj bldk mi;ksx d{kkvksa ls ckgj fudyus vkSj lkSj Hkkjr esa lkSj ÅtkZ (Solar Energy in
dk;Z fl)kUr ds : i esa djrs gSA dqN dksf'kdkvksa }kjk mRiUu fo|qr {ks= esa NksM+us India): Hkkjr esa lkSj ÅtkZ dk fodkl
lkSyj dqdj lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dks niZ.k ds dh vuqefr nsrh gS tks fQj bu eqä vR;ar ykHknk;d gS D;ksfa d Hkkjr dh
ek/;e ls dsfUnzr dj mPp rkieku izkIr bysDVª‚uksa dks ,d fn'kkRed /kkjk esa [khaprh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;k blesa lgk;d gSA
djrs gSA ijofy;d xrksZ dk mi;ksx /kqi dks gSA bl iwjh çfØ;k dks QksVksoksfYVd çHkko Hkkjr dks viuh ÅtkZ vko’;drkvksa dks iwjk
dsfUnzr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ,d vkSlr ?kj esa djus ds fy, lw;Z ds izdk’k dks fof’k"Vrk esa
ijofy;d xrZ ds lkFk lkSyj dqdj 2900C i;kZIr la[;k esa lkSj iSuyksa ds fy, i;kZIr j[kk x;k gSA lkSj ÅtkZ dk ,d vU; ykHk
rd rkieku izkIr dj ldrk gSA lkSyj lkSj ÅtkZ dk mRiknu djus ds fy, viuh bldh dkcZu eqDr izd`fr gSA
dqdj dk¡p dh ijr ls <+dk gksrk gS vkSj lHkh fctyh dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds Hkkjr o"kZ ds vf/kdre le; esa lkSj ÅtkZ
blfy, gok [kkus ds pkjks vksj jgrh gS vkSj fy, i;kZIr Nr {ks= gksrk gSA mRiUu izkIr djrk gS ,d o"kZ es]a Hkkjr 5000
Å"ek dk Hkh de uqdlku gksrk gS D;ksfa d vfrfjä fctyh jkr esa fctyh ds mi;ksx esa fVªfy;u fdyksokV ?kaVk ds cjkcj ÅtkZ izkIr
dk¡p Å"ek dk dqpkyd gksrk gSA Hkqxrku djrs gq, eq[; ikoj fxzM ij tkrh djrk gSA lkQ ekSle esa nSfud vkSlr 4 ls 7
gSA ,d vPNh rjg ls larqfyr fxzM-dusDVsM kwh/m2 gSA
d‚fUQxjs'ku es,a ,d lkSj lj.kh fnu ds os ?kjsyw o okf.kfT;d xzkgd tks lkSj ÅtkZ
nkSjku fctyh mRiUu djrh gS ftldk ls Lo;a fo|qr mRikfnr djrs gS mUgsa dqy
mi;ksx jkr esa ?kj esa fd;k tkrk gSA ekid vuqefer nsrk gSA
lkSyj iSuy% (Solar panel)

lkSj iSuy ftls ihoh QksVks oksYVkbd iSuy)
;k e‚Mîwy ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS, ,d
,slk midj.k gS tks lw;Z ds çdk'k dks bdëk
19
4. xq:Rokd"kZ.k (Gravitation)
izeq[k oSKkfud (Famous scientists)
xSyhfy;ksa (Galileo) Vkbdks&czkgs (Tycho-Brahe) fl)kar (Theories)

lkjh oLrq, fu;r Roj.k ls i`Foh [kqyh vka[kksa ls xzgksa dk v/;;u
ry dh vksj xfr djrh gS ds ckjs
esa crk;k
U;wVu (Newton) Hkw dsfUnzr (Geocentric) lw;Z dsfUnzr (Helicocentric)
xq:Rokd"kZ.k ds lkoZHkkSfed fu;e (1665) Vksyseh }kjk izLrqr i`Foh dks dkWijfudl }kjk izLrqr lw;Z dks
dsUnz esa j[krs gq, dsUnz esa j[krs gq,
dsiyj ds fu;e (Kepler Laws) (RRB NTPC 20.01.2021)
1stfu;e 2nd fu;e 3rd fu;e

izR;sd xzg lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj nh?kZo`rh; {ks=Qy dk fu;e vkorZ dk fu;e
d{kk esa xfr djrs gSA dks.kh; laosx laj{k.k fl)kar ij T2  R3 tgka T =vkorZdky
;g O;qRØe oxZ fu;e ij vk/kkfjr gSA vk/kkfjr. R=v)Z eq[; v{k
fudVLFk fcUnq&lw;Z lehid (SSC CAPFS SI & ASI, DELHI POLICE SI EXAM
nwjLFk fcUnq& Hkwlehid 20.03.2016)
(RRB NTPC 27.03.2021, 16.04.2016 & 05.04.2016)
(SSC MULTI TASKING STAFF 24.03.2013)
U;wVu ds xq:Rokd"kZ.k fu;e% (Newton’s dh xbZ nwjh ls nksxquk dj nh tk,] rks cy xq:Roh; {ks=% (Gravitational Field)
Law of Gravitation) dk eku ,d&pkSFkkbZ gks tkrk gSA fdlh inkFkZ ds }kjk tks {ks= ?ksjk tkrk gS
nks oLrqvksa ds e/; vkd"kZ.k cy] mlds (SSC CAPFSSI,CISF ASI & DELHI POLiCE SI ftlesa bldk xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy vuqHko fd;k
nzO;ekuksa ds xq.ku ds lekuqikrh rFkk muds EXAM 22.06.2014) tkrk gS og xq:Roh; {ks= dgykrk gSA fdlh
e/; nwjh ds oxZ ds O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk gSA xq:Ro ds dkj.k Roj.k% (Acceleration fcUnq ij xq:Roh; {ks= dh rhozrk ml ij
(RRB GROUP-D 08.10.2018) Due to Gravity) vkjksfir bdkbZ nzO;eku ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
mm Gm1m2 i`Foh }kjk yxk;k x;k vkd"kZ.k cy dks Gm
F ∝ 12 2 ⇒ f = xq:Rokd"kZ.k f[kpkao ;k xq:Ro dgrs gSA tc xq:Roh; {ks= dh rhozrk =
r r2 r2
;g cy fdlh oLrq ij yxrk gS rks mls xq:Rokd"kZ.k foHko% (Gravitational
(RRB GROUP-D 12.10.12 & 05.11.2018)
tgka G = lkoZHkkSfed xq:Rokd"kZ.k fu;arkd = Rofjr dj nsrk gSA Potential)
6.67 × 10-11 U;wVu&eh2@fd-xzk2-
xq:Ro ds dkj.k Roj.k gksrk gSA bls g ls ;g ,d bdkbZ nzO;eku dks vuUr ls ,d
(SSC CHSL 12.03.2018 & SSC CHSL
n’kkZ;k tkrk gS tks 9.8 eh@lS2 gksrk gSA fcUnq rd ykus esa fd;k x;k dk;Z gSA
01.06.2022) (RRB GROUP-D bldk SI ek=d eh@lS2 gksrk gSA nzO;eku m o nwjh r ds lkFk
05.10.2018, 20.09.2018 & 23.10.2018) Gm
G ,d vfn’k jkf’k gSA xq:Rokd"kZ.k foHko ⇒ V = -
r
G dk foeh; lw= M-1L3T-2 gksrk gSA xq:Rokd"kZ.k foHko ÅtkZ% (Gravitational
(SSC CHSL Potential Energy)
10.11.2013 & 16.11.2014) fdlh fcanq ij fdlh fiaM dh xq#Rokd"kZ.k
G dh [kkst dsouMhl (Henry Cavendish)
fLFkfrt ÅtkZ vuar ls mlds orZeku foU;kl
us dh FkhA tgk¡ Me = i`Foh dk nzO;eku, Re = i`Foh dh rd æO;eku ç.kkyh esa fd, x, dk;Z ds
(SSC MTS 09.08.2019)(RRB ALP f=T;k gSA cjkcj gksrh gSA nwjh r ij æO;eku m dh
09.08.2018, RRB GROUP-D 22.10.2018 uksV% GMe m
& 30.10.2018) 1 xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds dkj.k Roj.k ‘m’ ls uhps xq#Roh; fLFkfrt ÅtkZ U = 
xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds mnkgj.k gSa& r
fxjus okyh oLrq ds æO;eku ij fuHkZj ugha m nzO;eku ds d.k dh i`Foh lrg ij foHko
paæek vkSj lw;Z ds dkj.k Tokj HkkVkA djrk gSA
i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj paæek dh xfr GMe m
(RRB GROUP-D 08.10.2018 & 10.10.2018) ÅtkZ U = 
(RRB GROUP-D 01.12.18 &15.10.2018) Re
2 ,d O;fä paæek dh lrg ij i`Foh dh
uksV rqyuk esa vf/kd Åaph Nykax yxk ldrk gS
,d fuf’pr nwjh ij j[ks x;s nks fi.M ,d D;ksfa d paæek esa xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds dkj.k Roj.k
nwljs dks xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy F eglwl djkrs i`Foh dh rqyuk esa de gksrk gSA
gSA vkSj ;fn buds chp dh nwjh igys r; (SSC CGL 16.08.2015) mixzg (Satellite)
tks fdlh xzg ds pkjksa vksj fuf’pr d{kk esa xfr
20
djrs gks] mixzg dgykrs gSA vkbZch] bUlsV] vkbZvkj,l
izkd`frd (Natural) d`f=e (Artificial) uksV%
;s izd`fr }kjk cus • ;s ekuo fufeZr gksrs gSA jsfM;ks rjaxksa dk mi;ksx d`f=e mixzgksa esa
gksrs gSA igyk d`f=e mixzg :l lapkj ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
i`Foh& panzek ,d }kjk Hkstk x;k ¼Liqrfud & (SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE SI
izkd`frd mixzg 4 vDVw- 1957½ 02.07.2017)
c`gLifr& 16 • Hkkjr dk izFke d`f=e
izkd`frd mixzg gSA mixzg & vk;ZHkê& 1975
'kfu & 18 izkd`frd • Hkkjr }kjk Hksts x, vU;
mixzg gSA mixzg&
HkkLdj] jksfg.kh] ,Iiy] vkbZ,]
d{kk ds vk/kkj ij mixzgksa ds izdkj (Types of Satellite)
Hkw&fLFkj@Hkw&rqY;dkfydmixzg /kzqoh; mixzg

(Geo stationary Satellite) (Polar Satellite)
• ;g i`Foh ls ns[kus ij fLFkj fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA • ;s i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj /kqzoh; d{kk esa ifjØek djrs gSA
• ;g i`Foh ds leku dks.kh; osx ls xfr djrs gSA vr% i`Foh • ;s i`Foh lrg ls yxHkx 500 ls 800 fdeh dh Å¡pkbZ ij
ls ns[kus ij budh lkisf{kd pky 'kwU; gksrh gSA fLFkr gksr sgSA
• budk ifjØe.k dky 24 ?kaVs gksrk gSA • budk ifjØe.k dky@ vkorZdky 100feuV gksrk gSA
(RRB NTPC 17.01.2017) • ,d /kqzoh; mixzg i`Foh ij dk fnu esa dbZ ckj ØkWl djrk
• ;s Hkwe/; ls yxHkx 36000 fdeh- dh Å¡pkbZ ij fLFkr gksrs gSA
gSA • i`Foh ij fLFkr dksbZ txg /kzqoh; mixzg }kjk fnu esa nks
• budh d{kh; pky yxHkx 3.1 fdeh-@lS- gksrh gSA ckj fuxjkuh esa vkrh gSA
• bUgsa de nwjh ds lEizs"k.k gsrq iz;qDr fd;k
• vf/kd nwjh ds lEizs"k.k gsrq iz;qDrA
tkrk gSA
vckf/kr Xykscy dojst ds fy, U;wure & i`Foh ds nzO;eku o f=T;k ij fuHkZj djrh mixzg dks mldh d{kk esa vuar rd Hkstus
HkwfLFkj mixzg dh la[;k 2 gSA gSA gsrq vko’;d ÅtkZ ca/ku ÅtkZ dgykrh gSA
(SSC MTS 20.02.2011) lSVsykbV dh d{kh; xfr dh fn'kk ;g mixzg dh d{kk esa ;kaf=d ÅtkZ dk
rkRdkfyd mixzg ds d{kh; iFk ij Li'kZ _.kkRed eku gksrh gSA
esfV;jksyksth% js[kk ds lkFk gksrh gSA • iyk;u osx@pky% (Escape
;g ok;qe.Myh; foKku dh og 'kk[kk gS Velicity/Speed)
ftlesa ok;qe.Myh; HkkSfrdh o jlk;udh dks og U;wure osx ftlls fdlh oLrq dks
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS eq[;r% ekSle iwokZuqeku m/okZ/kj iz{ksfir djus ij og i`Foh ;k fdlh
ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gSA vU; xzg ds xq:Rokd"kZ.k {ks= dks ikj dj
Some key terms tk, o Lo;a ls dHkh okil u vk,A
• d{kh; pky (Orbital Speed): i`Foh dk iyk;u osx 11.2 [email protected]
;g oks U;wure pky gS tks mixzg dks mldh gksrk gSA
d{kk esa LFkkfir djus gsrq vko’;d gSA (SSC CHSL 13.01.2017)
lSVsykbV dh d{kh; pky%
& mixzg ds nzO;eku ij fuHkZj ugha djrhA • vkorZdky% (Time period)
& lSVsykbV dh Å¡pkbZ c<+kus ;k d{kh; • ca/ku ÅtkZ% (Binding Energy) fdlh mixzg }kjk ,d ifjØek iqjk djus esa
f=T;k c<+kus ij ?kVrh gSA fy;k x;k le; ftls T ls n’kkZ;k tkrk gSA
mixzg ls lacfa /kr rF; (Terms Related of satellite)

d{kh; pky ca/ku ÅtkZ iyk;u osx vkorZdky (Time Period)
(Orbital Speed) (Binding Energy) (Escape velocity/speed) i`Foh & 84.6 feuV
tc mixzg i`Foh dh fudVre ca/ku ÅtkZ = –[lSVsykbV dh dqy i`Foh & 11.2 fdeh-@lS-
d{kk esa gks ;kaf=d ÅtkZ] (RRB NTPC 18.01.2017)
V0 = 7.92 fdeh@lS- pUnzek & 2.3 fdeh@lS-
lw;Z & 618 fdeh@lS-
'kqØ=10.36 Km/sec.(minimum)
(SSC STENO. 18.11.2022 SHIFT-3)
g esa ifjorZu (Variation of g)
21
Å¡pkbZ ds lkFk ifjorZu xgjkbZ i`Foh ds vkdkj ds lkFk i`Foh dh ?kw.kZu pky ds lkFk
Å¡pkbZ c<us ij g dk eku de • i`Foh ds vanj xgjkbZ c<us • /kzqoksa ij g dk eku vf/kdre • i`Foh dh ?kw.kZu pky c<us ij g dk
h = i`Foh dh f=T;k ij g dk eku de Hkwe/; ij de eku de ¼/kzqoksa ds vfrfjDr
h = 6400 fdeh- • i`Foh ds dsUnz ij g = 0 (RRB NTPC 02.03.2021 g1 = g – R 2 cos2 
g • g = i`Foh lrg ij vf/kdre & ALP 23.01.2019)  – i`Foh ds ?kw.kZu dh dks.kh; pky
G [h ij g] =
4 Poles g increase = 900 /kzqoksa ij
- 00 Hkwe/; ij
Equator
• vr% ;fn ge Hkwe/; ls /kzqoksa

dh vksj pysaxs rks g dk eku
c<+sxk
g ds eku esa ifjorZu% [g = xq:Roh; Roj.k]

• g dk eku Hkwe/; ij de o /kqzoksa ij vf/kd gksrk gSA ;g i`Foh ds vkdkj ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
vkSj i`Foh ds e/; esa 'kwU; (zero) gksrk gSA
(RRB JE 14.12.2014 & RRB GROUP –D 12.11.2018)
g dk eku i`Foh ds æO;eku vkSj f=T;k ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA i`Foh dk æO;eku fuf'pr gS vkSj f=T;k dk eku ges'kk cnyrk jgrk gS D;ksfa d i`Foh o`Ùk
ugha gS cfYd vkdkj esa xksykdkj gSA (RRB NTPC 02.03.2021)
The variation of g in lift
fy¶V Åij tkrh gS fy¶V uhps tkrh gS fy¶V ,dleku xfr ls pyrh gS fy¶V dh jLlh VwV tkrh gS
tc fy¶V Åij dh vksj tkrh gS] tc fy¶V uhps tkrh gS] rks g tc fy¶V ,d leku xfr ls ;fn fy¶V dh jLlh VwV tkrh gS
rks g vkSj W dk eku c<+ tkrk vkSj W dk eku ?kV tkrk gSA Åij ;k uhps tkrh gS] rks Hkkj ;k rks O;fä eqä 'kjhj dh rjg uhps
gSA Lift down g  W g esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksxkA fxj tkrk gS vkSj Hkkj vkSj g
Lift up g W (SSC CGL 16.08.2015) Uniform No g No W 'kwU; gksrk gSA
(RRB NTPC 07.04.2016) rope (), g = 0, w = 0
uksV% (SSC MULTI TASKING 23.02.2014) (SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE SI
fy¶V ;fn Åij tkrh gS ;k uhps vkrh gS ;k 05.07.2017 & SSC CAPFS SI, DELHI
fQj fojke voLFkk esa [kM+h jgrh gS] rks fi.M dk Hkkj i`Foh ds dsUnz ij 'kwU; gksrk POLICE SI & CISF ASI EXAM
mldk nzO;eku leku gh jgrk gSA ;k fQj gSA 12.12.2019)
nzO;eku ,d ,slk xq.k gS tks fd xq:Rokd"kZ.k (SSC CAPFS CPO SI & ASI, DELHI POLICE SI tc fdlh oLrq dks i`Foh ls pUnzek ij
ls izHkkfor ugha gksrk gSA EXAM 20.03.2016) LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkrk gS] rks mldk nzO;eku
(SSC CHSL 10.11.2013) fdlh fi.M dk Hkkj xq:Ro dsUnz ij dk;Z leku jgrk gSA
djrk gSA (SSC STENOGRAPHER 14.09.2017)
Hkkj (WEIGHT ): (SSC MULTI TASKING 23.02.2014)
fdlh oLrq ij yxus okys xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy ;fn ge Hkwe/; js[kk ls mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh eqDr voLFkk (Free fall):
dks Hkkj dgrs gSaA /kzqoksa dh vksj c<+rs gSa rks Hkkj c<+ tkrk gSA ;g ,d xfr gS ftlesa fi.M ij dsoy
Hkkj = nzO;eku × xq:Rokd"kZ.k Roj.k xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy dk;Z gksrk gSA
W=m×g (RRB GROUP-D 22.10.2018) eqä voLFkk dsoy fuokZr esa gh laHko gSA
W = kg × m/s-2 panzek ij oLrq dk Hkkj% (Weight of Body (RRB GROUP-D 19.09.2018)
W = Newton (kg × m/s-2) at moon) eqDr voLFkk dh fLFkfr esa fi.M Hkkjghu gksrk
Hkkj dk SI ek=d U;wVu (Newton) gksrk g gSA
panzek ij] g1 =
gSA 6 (RRB GROUP-D 10.10.2018)
fdlh fi.M dk vf/kdre Hkkj /kzqoksa ij o w oLrq ds eqDr :i dh fLFkfr ds nkSjku fdlh
Hkkj w1 = fcanq ij fLFkfrt ÅtkZ esa vk;h deh xfrt
U;wure Hkkj Hkwe/; js[kk ij gksrk gSA D;kafs d 6
;g xq:Rokd"kZ.k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA pUnzek ij oLrq dk Hkkj] i`Foh ds Hkkj dk ÅtkZ esa o`f) dks iznf’kZr djrh gSA
(SSC CHSL 04.11.2012) (SSC CHSL 20.03.2018)
1
fi.M dk Hkkj xq:RodsUnz ij dk;Z djrk gSA gks tkrk gSA
6
22
5. xfrd oS|qfrdh (Electrodynamics)

vkos’k dh ladYiuk% (Concept of Charge) fo|qr vkos’k ds xq.k% (Properties of e– e e–
e e e
tSlk fd ge tkurs gS] izR;sd inkFkZ ijek.kq Electric Charge) e e e  e
e
ls cuk gksrk gSA • nks leku vkos’k ,d&nwljs dks izfrdf"kZr o  e
nhokj dksbZ Hkh inkFkZ ¼futhZo½ vleku vkos’k vkdf"kZr djrs gSA
rksM+us ij • vkos’k vpy gksrs gSA
• ,d vkosf’kr oLrq] gYdh q oLrq dks vkdf"kZr
bZVas vafre :i ls curk gS& + e–
djrh gSA
rksM+us ij bysDVªksuksa bysDVªksuksa dk
• fdlh Hkh izfØ;k ds nkSjku] fdlh i`Fkd
iRFkj dk izos'k izLFkku
flLVe dk dqy vkos’k fLFkj@fu;r gksrk gSA
ihlus ij ijek.kq ls • vkos’k laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ ;s tc ,d cSVjh lzksr rkj ls tqM+k gksrk gS
ikmMj ¼bysDVªksu] izkVs ksu] U;wVªksu u gh cuk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj u gh u"V tks ;g bysDVªksuksa ij fuf’pr fn’kk esa xfr
vkos’k –ve +ve thjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA djus gsrq cy yxkrk gS vkSj bysDVªksuksa
v.kq
?kuRo o vkos’k ?kuRo% dh ;g xfr fo|qr /kkjk mRiUu djrh gS
nOz; eku vr% fo/kqr /kkjk vkos’k okgdksa dh xfr ls
?kuRo = n’kkZ;h tkrh gSA
ijek.kq vk; ru
jSf[kd vkos’k ?kuRo i`"Bh; vkos’k (RRB JE 23.05.19)
fo|qr vkos’k% ifjiFk esa fo|qr /kkjk eqDr bysDVªkuksa dh xfr
/kuRovk;ru vkos’k /kuRo &
;g fdlh inkFkZ dk ,d HkkSfrd xq.k gS ftls ls laHko gSA
fdlh ckg~; fo|qr&pqacdh; {ks= dks j[kus ij vko'sk
 lembda) =  ¼flXek½ (RRB ALP 17.08.21,RRB JE 14.12.14,RRB
;g ,d cy dk vuqHko djrk gSA ycakbZ GROUP-D 11.10.18)
fo|qr vkos’k nks izdkj dk gksrk gS vko'sk vko'sk fo|qr /kkjk dk SI ek=d ,Eih;j (A) gksrk gSa
=  (rho)=
/ku vkos’k (+ve) _.k vkos’k (-ve) {ks = Qy vk; ru /kkjk dh fn’kk% & bysDVªku _.kkRed ls
bysDVªkWu dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij ,d inkFkZ vkos'k laj{k.k% Conservation of Charge /kukRed dh vksj izokfgr gksrs gSA
dks +ve or –ve vkos’k izkIr gksrk gSA blds vuqlkj fdlh i`Fkd flLVe dk dqy fo/kqr /kkjk ,d vfn’k jk’kh gSA
;fn fdlh inkFkZ esa bysDVªkWu dh vf/kdrk vkos’k ges’kk fu;r ;k lajf{kr gksrk gSA (SSC CGL 08.08.2017)
gks] rks mls _.kkRed vkos’k dgrs gSA vkblksyVs sM flLVe og flLVe gksrk gS ftl fo/kqr /kkjk dh vko`rh 'kwU; gksrh gSA
;fn fdlh inkFkZ esa bysDVªkWu dh deh gks] rks ij ckg~; okrkoj.k dk mldh vkarfjd (SSC CGL 03.09.2016)
mls /kukRed vkos’k dgrs gSA fo'ks"krkvksa ij izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA ,d rkj tks fo?kqr ys tkr gS og _.kkRed
bysDVªkWu ij vkos’k dk eku _.kkRed gksrk vkos'k dk ;ksxkRedj.k% (additive of #i ls vkosf’kr gSA
gSA charge) (SSC MTS 10.03.2013)
izksVkWu ij vkos’k dk eku /kukRed gksrk gSA fdlh flLVe ij dqy vkos’k] lEiw.kZ flLVe fo/kqr /kkjk dk lw=% (Formula for
fo?kqr vkos’k dk SI ek=d dwyke gksrk gSA ij ekStwn vkos’k dk chtxf.krh; ;ksx izkIr current)
(SSC CGL Pre. 2022, 05.12.2022 Shift-2) dj Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA /kkjk = vkos’k okgdksa dk izokg
q = q1 + q2 + q3 + q4 + ………. + qn = vkos'k okgdksa dh xfr
,d bysDVªksu vkSj izksVksu ij vkos’k e gksrk gS vkos’kksa dks ges’kk fpg~u ds lkFk tksM+k = vkos’k okgdksa dh fLFkfr esa le; ds lkFk
tk,xk & tSls fdlh flLVe esa ;fn q, + 3q, ifjorZu
1e = 1.6 × 10-19 c (dqyke) - 2q, + 3q o + 5q vkos’k gS rks vkos'k
/kkjk =
dqy vkos’k +q + 3q – 2q + 3q + 5q = 10q le;
vkos'k dk DokaVkbts'ku % blds vuqlkj gksxkA Q 1 dyq ke
fdlh oLrq ij vkos’k] vkos’k dh 1 bdkbZ dk * lqij iksth’ku fl)kar%( Superposition I= ;k 1 ,Eih;j =
t 1 ld
s .M
iw.kZ xq.kd gksrk gSA Q = ne; Principle
(SSC CPO 2022, 11.11.2022
tgk¡ n = bysDVªksu dh la[;k e = 1 bysDVªksu blds vuqlkj fdlh vkos’k ij dqy cy
Shift-2
ij vkos’k ¼fLFkjkoLFkk esa vU; vkos’kksa dh la[;k ds & SSC CGL Pre. 2022, 08.12.2022 Shift-2)
;fn ,d ijek.kq ckgj ls 10 bysDVªksu xzg.k dkj.k½] vU; cyksa dk lfn’k ;ksx gksrk gSA Q=I×T (RRB JE 25.05.19)
djrk gS rks ml vkos’k ds lkFk rFkk ,d ckj esa ,d dks lqpkyd/dqpkyd (Conductor/Insulator
vkos’k = - 10 × 1.6 × 10-19 c gh ysrs gq,]A ,dy vkos'k ij cy vU; of Electricity)
Lkeku o vleku vkos'k vkos'kksa dh mifLFkfr ;k vuqifLFkfr ls os inkFkZ tks fo|qr /kkjk dks lqxerk ls izokg
    vizHkkfor jgrk gSA djkrs gS mUgs lqpkyd dgk tkrk gSA
 izfrd"k.Zk  vkd"k.Zk F0  F01  F02  F03  .......  F0n tSls & rkack] ,Y;wfefu;e] ftad] lksuk]
   
ukbØkse] pkanh vkfn
Electric current fo|qr /kkjk
(RRB GROUP-D 02.11.18)
leku vkos'k ,d nwljs dks çfrdf"kZr djrs gSa
os inkFkZ tks fo|qr /kkjk dks izokfgr ugha
foijhr vkos'k ,d nwljs dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSa
djkrs gS vkSj ;fn djkrs gS rks ux.; ek=k
;g ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA
/kkjk izokfgr djrs gS ftUgsa dqpkyd dgk
23
tkrk gSA tSls & lw[kh ydMh] cSdsykbV] vkSlr foJke&dky% (Average (SSC CHSL 05.07.2019)
,LcsLVl] fljkfed] Mk;e.M] dkxt] ehdk Relaxation) vkse ds fu;e vuqlkj]
(Mica),dkVZt (quartz), ukbVªkstu] byDsVªksu ds fy, eDqr ekxZ R = V/I
vkDlhtu] lYQj vkfnA (RRB ALP 21.08.18)
byDsVªkus dh /kkjk xfr ¼fMª¶V LihM½
(RRB JE 29.05.19,RRB ALP 29.08.18,RRB 1oksYV@1 ,Eih;j
fMª¶V osx% (Drift velocity)
GROUP-D 16.11.18)
fo|qr /kkjk ds izdkj% (Types of Electric og vkSlr osx ftlls eqDr bysDVªksu ckg~; 1. R  l (lekuqikrh)¼pkyd rkj dh yEckbZ ds½
Current)
fo|qr {ks= dh mifLFkfr esa pkyd rkj ds
/kukRed fljs dh vksj xfr djrs gSA A B
ifjek.k o fn’kk ds vk/kkj ij ;g nks izdkj
dh gksrh gS& bysDVªksuksa dk fMª¶V osx 10-4 eh@ls- ds Øe e  
AC o DC nksuksa oksYVst izokg ds #i gSA dk gksrk gS o bls Vd }kjk n’kkZ;k tkrk gSA
;gka e– dks A ls B rd pyus esa de nwjh r;
(RRB NTPC 30.04.16) vkse dk fu;e Ohm's Law
djuh gksxh rks ekxZ esa ck/kk de mRiUu gksxhA
1. fn"V /kkjk (DC)% (Direct current) 1827 es teZu HkkSfrd foKkuh tktZ lkbZeu
R = de gksxkA
og fo|qr /kkjk ftldk ifjek.k o fn’kk vkse us] fdlh /kkrq ds rkj esa izokfgr fo|qr
le; ds lkFk ifjofrZr u gksrk gks] fn"V /kkjk I rFkk mlds fljks ds chp foHkkarj esa A B
/kkjk dgykrh gSA ijLij laca/k dk irk yxk;kA ,d fo|qr e  e  e–
ifjiFk esa /kkrq ds rkj ds nks fljks ds chp els A rd igqapus esa vf/kd
;gka bysDVªksu dks B
foHkkUrj mlesa izokfgr fo|qr /kkjk ds
nwjh pyuh gksxhA vr% ck/kk vf/kd mRiUu
lekuqikrh gksrk gSA ijUrq rkj dk rki leku
gksxhA vr% R = vf/kd gksxkA
gksuk pkfg, bls vkse dk fu;e dgrs gSA
(RRB JE 14.12.14 , RRB GROUP-D
11.10.18,10.10.18, 26.11.18, 13.12.18 , 1
2. R  (O;qRØekuqikrh)¼pkyd rkj ds
15.10.18 , & SSC CAPF 05.06.2016) A
mnkgj.k% ,d lsy] Mh-lh- Mk;useksa bR;kfn vuqizLFk dkV ds {ks=Qy ds½
nwljs 'kCnks esa]
fn"V /kkjk ds lzkrs gSA
VI e–
2. izR;korhZ /kkjk (AC)% (Alternating 
Current)
V
= fu;rkad A 
I 
og fo|qr /kkjk ftldk ifjek.k yxkrkj o
fn’kk vkorhZ :i ls le; ds lkFk ifjofrZr V
= R ⇒ V = IR ⇒ V = A ×  bysDVªksu ds ikl Økal djus ds fy, vf/kd
gksrs gS] izR;korhZ /kkjk dgykrh gSA mnkgj.k% I
txg gS rks ck/kk de gksxh vr% R = de gksxkA
,lh Mk;useksa izR;korhZ /kkjk dk lzksr gSA
A e–  e 
–
bysDVªksu ds ikl Økal djus ds fy, de txg

gS rks ck/kk, vf/kd gksxh] R = vf/kd gksxkA
 3. inkFkZ dh iz—fr ij
/kkjk ?kuRo (J) Current Density  (SSC CHSL 06.06.2012) R l
pkyd esa fdlh fcUnq ij /kkjk ?kuRo] izfr tgk¡] R1/A
bdkbZ {ks=Qy esa izokfgr /kkjk dk eku V= foHkkarj Then, R  l/A
gksxkA¼{ks=Qy] /kkjk ds yEcor~ fn'kk esa gksuk R = izfrjks/k R = l length of wire
pkfg,A½ l = fo|qr ifjiFk A
fo|qr /kkjk = I, vuqizLFk dkV dk {ks=Qy = vkse dk fu;e lqpkyd ij dk;Z djrk gSA Area of wire
A (SSC CHSL 10.11.2013)
I q izfrjks/k% (Resistance) resistivity
J= 
A t .A e e RA
+
  e
– =
e  e
l
I = J.A. cos θ = J . A.
 S ¼jks½ vuqikfrdrk fLFkjkad gS ftls inkFkZ dh
pkyu% (Mobility)
oS/kqr izfrjks/k dgrs gSA
vkos’k okgdksa dk pkyu (μ), izfr bdkbZ
 izfrjks/kdrk dk SI ek=d  ¼vkse ehVj½ gSA
fo|qr {ks= ij vkos’k ds fMª¶V osx dk
izfrjks/kdrk ?kVrs Øe esa] fo|qrizfrjks/kh >
ifjek.k gksxkA fo|qr ifjiFk esa izfrjks/k /kkjk izokg ds fojks/k
feJ/kkrq,s > pkyd
fM¶ªV oxs V dk eki gSA
μ=  d /kkrq o feJ/kkrq dh izfrjks/kdrk de gksrh gS
fo|r q {ks= E fdlh inkFkZ esa] izokfgr oksYVst o fo|qr /kkjk
blh otg ls ;s fo|qr ds pkyd gksrs gS
ds vuqikr dks izfrjks/k ds #i esa tkuk tkrk
tgk¡ Vd = fMª¶V osx] rkj esa mifLFkr tcdh fo|qrjks/kh dh izfrjks/kdrk T;knk gksrh
gSA
bysDVªksuksa }kjk izkIr osx tc rkj dks ckg~; gS blfy, ;s fo|qr ds nqcZy pkyd gksrs gSA
(RRB ALP 21.08.18)
fo|qr {ks= [E] esa j[kk tkrk gSA
izfrjks/k dk SI ek=d  vkse gSA
24
• /kkjk fu;a=d = og ;qfDr tks ifjiFk ds uksV %& ifjiFk iw.kZ ugha gS] bl dkj.k /kkjk izokfgr
izfrjks/k dks ifjofrZr djus ds fy, iz;ksx • ekuo 'kjhj dk izfrjks/k 104 gksrk gSA ugha gksxhA ifjiFk iw.kZ gS] bl dkj.k /kkjk
gksrh gSA (SSC CGL 19.10.2014) izokfgr gksxhA
• izfrjks/kd = og vo;o tks ifjiFk esa /kkjk • 'kq) flfydkWu dk rkieku c<kus ij izfrjks/k
dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gS mls dk eku ?kVrk gSA fo|qr pkydrk% (Electrical Conductivity
izfrjks/kd dgrs gSA (SSC (10+2) 21.10.2012) ¼½
• fofo/k izdkj ds midj.kksa rFkk ;qfDr;ksa esa ge • ;fn fo|qr izfrjks/k dk eku ?kVrk gS] rks og fo|qr pkydrk fdlh pkyd rkj ds fy,
izfrjks/kdks dk la;kstu ns[krs gSA ik’oZØe esa tqMk jgrk gSA izfrjks/kdrk dk O;qRØe gksrh gS] bls  ls
(SSC CGL 31.08.2016) n’kkZrs gSA
izfrjks/kd Js.kh o ik’oZØe esa % • izfrjks/k izfrjks/kdrk] rkj dh yackbZ c 1
(RRB GROUP-D 12/11/18) {ks=Qy ij fuHkZj djrk gSA =

(i) Js.kh Øe (SSC JE 22.01.2018 & SSC JE 24.01.2018)
fo/kqr pkydrk fuEu dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djrh
(ii) ik’oZØe Øe • ftruk vf/kd inkFkZ dk izfrjks/k gksxk] mruk
gS&
gh de mldh pkydrk gksxha
(i) pkyd inkFkZ dh izd`fr ij% bysDVªksuksa dk
Js.khØe lekukUrj Øe izfrjks/k rkieku ij] inkFkZ ij] pkyd dh
yackbZ ij o {ks=Qy ij fuHkZj djrk gSA la[;k ?kuRo vyx&vyx gksrk gS vkSj 
fo/kqr /kkjk leku gksxh foHkkrjALP
(RRB leku
09.08.18)
n¼,d pkyd rkj esa la[;k ?kuRo½ blfy,
tc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd tc nks ;k nks ls (RRB GROUP-D 03.12.18, 17.09.18,
12.12.18)
vyx&vyx inkFkksZ dh pkydrk fHkUu&fHkUu
izfrjks/kd dks Js.kh Øe vf/kd izfrjks/k gksrh gSA
esa tksMk tkrk gS rks ik’oZØe esa tksMk • izfrjks/k ds eku dk ekiu djus ds fy,
OghVLVksu fJt mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA (ii) pkyd ds rki ij % pkyd dk rki c<kus
mues izokfgr fo|qr /kkjk tkrk gS rks muesa
(RRB JE 14.12.14) ij foJkafr dky  de gks tkrk gS pw¡fd 
leku gksrh gS ijarq izokfgr foHkkarj rks
• djaV daVªksyj (current controller) dk blfy, rki c<+kus ij pkydrk de gksrh
oksYVst dk eku izR;sd leku jgrk gS ijarq
mi;ksx ifjiFk esa izfrjks/k dks ekius us fd;k gSA
izfrjks/kd esa vyx gksrk fo|qr /kkjk dk eku
tkrk gSA Symbol unit
gS vkSj ;fn dksbZ ifjiFk izfrjks/kdks es
(RRB GROUP-D 11.10.18) Current I Ampere (A)
esa =qfV vk tk, rks lai.w kZ vyx&vyx izkIr
fo|qr ifjiFk Electrical Circuit Charge Q Columb (C)
ifjiFk can gks tkrk gSA gksrk gSA ;fn dksbZ
fo|qr ifjiFk esa fo|qr ds vo;o] rkj] lSy Resistance R Ohm ()
=qfV vk Hkh tk, Conductance G Siemens or mho
ifjiFk esa rks mls ¼cSVjh½ vkSj dqath vkfn yxs gksrs gS
(RRB GROUP-D 12.11.18) (Ʊ)
vklkuh ls lgh fØ;k
,d lrr iFk ftlesa rkj] izfrjks/k vkSj ,d
tk ldrk gSA fLFkj&oS|qrdh; ifjj{k.k% (Electrostatic
lSy ;k cSVjh ds nks VfeZuyksa ds chp ,d
dqy izfrjks/k dqy izfrjks/k Shielding)
fLop ftlesa fo|qr izokg gks] mldks
R = R 1 + R2 + R3 (RRB
1 GROUP-D
1 1 27.11.18)
1 ;g fdlh inkFkZ ;k vU; ds ifjHkkf"kr @dqN
   fo|qrifjiFk dgrs gSA
R R1 R2 R3 {ks= dks ckg~; fo|qr {ks= ls cpkus dh ;qfDr
,d can o lrr iFk ftlesa fo|qr /kkjk
mnkgj.k& LVªhV ykbV mnkgj.k& fo|qr cYc izokfgr gksrh gS mldks fo|qr ifjiFk dgk gSA
vkSj fo|qr ghVj tkrk gSA foJkafr dky (Relaxation time) og le;
(RRB JE 27.05.19) gS tks ,d pkyd esa fo/kqr /kkjk ds izokfgr
[kqyk ifjiFk% (Open circuit) tc cSVjh ls gksus ij bysDVªksuksa dh Øfed VDdjksa ds e/;
dksbZ yksM ugha tqM+k gks can ifjiFk% foJke dk le; gksrk gSA
(Closed circuit) tc /kkjk yksM ls izokfgr
gksA vfr pkydrk% (Super Conductivity)
Temperature effect on Resistance rki ?kVkus ij inkFkZ dk izfrjks/k Hkh ?kV
Pkyd (Conductor) v)Zpkyd (Semi tkrk gS ysfdu rkieku tSls gh fuf'pr
rkieku ↑, R ↑ conductor) Økafrd eku rd igqaprk gS rks inkFkZ dk
¼fLFkj vk;uksa dk daiu rkieku ↑, R ↓ izfrjks/k
c< tkrk gS½ ¼D;ksfa d vkos’k okgdksa ux.; gks tkrk gS vkSj ;g 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA
dh la[;k c<+ tkrh gS½ (SSC CGL 20.07.2014)
vr% vfr pkydrk og xq.k gS ftlesa feJ
izfrjks/k cukus ds fy, iz;qDr inkFkZ% /kkrq ;k vkWDlkbM bR;kfn vfr fuEu rki ij
(Materials used for making 'kwU; izfrjks/k n’kkZrs gSA
Resistance) (SSC CGL 19.10.2014)
(i) Manganin – dkWij] eSXuht o fudy dh ySM cgqr de rkieku ij vfrpkyd dh
feJ /kkrq rjg O;ogkj djrk gSA
Eurika: It is in an alloy of Copper and (SSC CGL 06.09.2016)
Nickel vfrpkyd dh igyk fl)kar yanu fl)kar
(ii) Constantan – fudy o dkWij ls cuh feJ Fkk
/kkrq (SSC CPO 06.06.2016)
25
vfr pkydksa ds vuqiz;ksx% (Application of dk;Z I 2Rt de
super conductors) 'kfDr =  = I2R +q -q
le; t nwjh ij
(i) budk mi;ksx vf/kd etcqr fo|qr&pacq d ( SSC JE 22.01.201 & SSC CAPFS , NIA,
cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA SSF CONSTABLE & ASSAM RIFLES vkn'kZ f}/kzqo → vkos’k vf/kd gksrk gSA
(ii) vfr pkydrk dk mi;ksx mPp xfr ds lqij RIFLEMEN 05.03.2019) → nwjh cgqr de gksrh gSA
dEI;wVj cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA V V f}/kqzo vk/kw.kZ (P): (Dipole moment)
(iii) vfr pkyd fo|qr ÅtkZ ds gLrkarj.k esa As V = 1R,I = ,R= P = VI
R I ;g f}/kzqo dh {kerk dks crkrk gSA
iz;qDr gksrs gSA 2 ;g ,d lfn’k jkf’k gSA
V  V2
(iv) vfr pkydrk inkFkZ foKku vuqla/kku esa o So, P = I2R =   R  bysDVªksu izksVksu
R
  R
mPp ÅtkZ HkkSfrdh esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vkos’k = - 1.6 × 10-19 C + 1.6 × 10-19 C
1 Watt = 1 ampere volt
fuHkkrh gSA nzO;eku = 9.1 × 10-31 kg 1.6 × 10-27 kg.
V 
fo|qr /kkfjrk% (Electrical Capacity) P = I2R = I 2   = VI. fn'kk&
I
;g xf.krh; :i ls ,d pkyd ds foHko dks fo|qr /kkjk → +ve ls – ve
1 Kilowatt = 103 W
bdkbZ rd ykus esa iz;qDr vkos’k gSA ;g ,d
V2 fo|qr {ks= → +ve ls –ve
/kukRed ek=k gSA /kkfjrk dh bdkbZ QSjM (f) So, P = I2R = VI =
gSA R f}/kzqo vk?kw.kZ → -ve ls +ve
1 Megawatt = 106 W fo|qr /kkjk = vfn’k jkf’k
1C
1 farad (f) = 1 horse power (hp) = 746 Walt /kkjk /kuRo = lfn’k jkf’k
1V
484  dk ,d cYc izdk’k nsrk gS tc ;g
vFkkZr ,d pkyd dh /kkfjrk 1 QSjM+ gksxh 220V lzksr ls tqM+k gSA cYc dh fo|qr la/kkfj=% (Capacitor)
tc 1 dqykEc vkos'k dk foHko 1 oksYV rd 'kfDr D;k gksxh\ la/kkfj= fo|qr vkos’k o fo|qr ÅtkZ dh
c<+k;k tk,A vf/kd ek=k dks ¼de LFkku½ esa lax`ghr djus
V 2 220  220
;fn nks fi.M tks leku #i ls vkosf’kr gS P=  = 100 okV dh O;oLFkk gSA
R 484
muesa cgus okyh /kkjk izokg ugh gksrh gSA
fo|qr ÅtkZ% (Electrical Energy)
(RRB GROUP-D 28.09.18)
;g fn, x, le; esa fo|qr ifjiFk esa fo|qr
fo|qr {ks= dh rhozrk% (Electric intensity)
/kkjk dks fu;fer j[kus ds fy, fd;k x;k
izfr bdkbZ /ku vkos'k ij vkjksfir fLFkj
dqy oS|qr dk;Z vFkok ÅtkZ gksrh gSA
oS|qr cy dks gh fo|qr {ks= dh rhozrk dgrs
ÅtkZ E = VIt = fo|qr 'kfDr × le;
gSA
SI bdkbZ% twy
F fLFkj fo|r q cy
E=  1 twy = 1 oksYV × 1 oksYV × 1 lsd.M
q0 bdkbZ /ku vko'sk fo|qr dh okf.kfT;d bdkbZ = kwh la/kkfj= cgqr ls fo|qr midj.kksa tSls ia[ks]
U;Vwu (fdyksokWV izfr ?kaVk)= Board of Trade bysfDVªd eksVj] jsfM;ksa V~;wfuax] nksfy=
bdkbZ = E = = NC–1 Unit (BOT) ifjiFkksa esa] fQYVj ifjiFk es]a okguksa ds batu
dyq ke
1 kwh = 1000 okWV × 1 ?kaVk esa bfXu'ku flLVe esa bR;kfn mi;ksx esa vkrs
izfr bdkbZ {ks= ls xqtjus okyh fo|qr {ks= blfy, 1 kwh og dqy mi;ksx esa yh xbZ gSA orZeku ekbØksLdksfid ;qx esa dEI;wVj ds
dh js[kk,] fo|qr {ks= dh rhozrk dgykrh gSA ÅtkZ gS tc dksbZ fo|qr midj.k (1 kw eSeksjh cSad ds :i esa Hkh iz;qDr gksrs gSA
'kfDr dk) 1 ?kaVs rd dk;Z djrk gSA MhQkbfczysVj% (Defibrillator)
fo|qr foHko% (electrical potential) 1 kwh = 3.6 × 106 twy ;g ,d midj.k gS tks àn;k?kkr ls ihfMr
bdkbZ vkos’k (q0) dks vuUr ls ,d fcanq rd mi;ksx esa yh xbZ fo|qr ds ;wfuV O;fDr dh tku cpkus esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA
ykus esa fd;k x;k dk;Z] fo|qr foHko àn; dh ekalisf’k;ksa dh rhoz o vl;afer
dgykrk gSA okWV  ?kV
a s
= ,sBa u ds dkj.k àn; fuy;h Qkbfczys’ku ls
1000
fd;k x;k dk;Z W xqtjrk gSA O;fDr dh tku cpkus ds fy,]
V=  mnkgj.k% 100 okWV dk ,d cYc 6 ?kaVs rd
vkos'k q0 q0 tyrk gS] rks 7 fnu esa fdrus ;wfuV [kpZ àn; dh /kMdu dks fu;fer djus gsrq
gksx
a s& MhfQfczysVj ls àn; dks ,d >Vdk fn;k
RRB GROUP-D 11.12.18) tkrk gSA
tyq = 'kfDr × le;
bdkbZ = = 100 × (6 × 7) = 4200 wh
fo|qr {ks=% (Electric Field) vkos'k ds pkjksa
dy
q ke vksj dkYifud {ks= tgk¡ bldh mifLFkfr
4200
foHkkarj dh SI ek=d oksYV (V) gS] ftldk ;wfuV = 1 kwh = = 4.2 kwh = 4.2 vuqHko dh tk ldrh gSA
uke ,yslsMks oksYV tks ,d bVyh ds HkkSfrd 1000
oSKkfud Fks ds uke ij fn;k x;k A ;wfuV
1 V = 1 twy@ 1 dwykEc ?kjks]a m|ksxksa vkfn esa ge ftruh fctyh dh
1V = 1JC-1
[kir djrs gSa] og fdyksokV ?kaVs esa O;ä dh
foHkkarj dks oksYVehVj ;a= dh lgk;rk ls tkrh gSA
ekik tkrk gSA ;g lnSo gh ik’oZØe esa tqMk (RRB GROUP-D 13.12.18)
jgrk gSA f}/kzqo% (Dipole)
fo|qr 'kfDr% (Electrical power) fo|qr f}/kzqo esa cjkcj fdarq foijhr fcanq
vkos’k] de nwjh ij j[ks gksrs gSA
26
vuqHko dk rkRi;Z nwljs vkosf'kr d.k dks cukuk pkfg,A izk;% cYcksa esa jklk;fud n`f"V
blds ikl ykus ;k blds {ks= esa ykus ij og ls vfØ; ukbVªkstu rFkk vkxZu xSl Hkjh
dqN izfrfØ;k nsxkA ¼vkd"kZ.k ;k izfrd"kZ.k½ tkrh gS ftlls mlds rarq dh vk;q esa o`f)
fo|qr {ks= o mlh fn'kk Kkr djus gsrq ge gks tkrh gSA rarq }kjk miHkqDr ÅtkZ dk
fo|qr {ks= js[kk,a cukrs gSA ¼dkYifud js[kk,a½
+ vf/kdka’k Hkkx Å"ek fd :Ik esa izdV gksrk gS]
iajrq bldk ,d vYi Hkkx fodfjr izdk’k ds
;fn ge ijek.kq ls bysDVªksu dk :Ik Eksa Hkh n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA
vknku&iznku djrs gS] rks bls vkosf'kr djrs ¶;wt &&&& tks fo|qr /kkjk ds çokg dks
gSA ijek.kq dh ckgjh d{kk esa mifLFkr jksddj gekjs fo|qr midj.kksa dh j{kk djrk
bysDVªksu f'kfFky ca/ks gq, gksrs gS bl dkj.k gSA ¶;wt dks fMokbl ds lkFk J`[a kyk esa j[kk
ijek.kq dks de ek=k esa ÅtkZ nsus ij ;g - tkrk gSA blesa mi;qä fi?kyus fcanq ds /kkrq
vkosf'kr gks tkrk gSA ;k feJ /kkrq ¼fVu vkSj lhlk dh feJ /kkrq½
;fn ijek.kq ,d bysDVªksu nsrk gS rks ;g ls cus rkj dk ,d VqdM+k gksrk gS] mnkgj.k
/kukosf'kr gks tkrk gS pwfa d ukfHkd esa ds fy, ,Y;wehfu;e] rkack] yksgk] lhlk
mifLFkr izksVksu dh la[;k bysDVªksu dh vkfnA ¶;wt rkj gS cgqr de xyukad dk
la[;k ls vf/kd gksrh gS blfy, /ku vkos'k fo/kqr {ks= js[kk,a /kukRed ls +_.kkRed dh
cuk gksrk gSA fdlh ?kjsyw fo|qr ifjiFk esa
dk izHkko c<+ tkrk gSaA vksj lrr~ oØ cukrs gq, xfr djrh gSaA
ç;qä ¶;wt dh jsfVax /kkjk ds vk/kkj ij
• nks leku vkos'kksa ds fy, (For 2 Like
;fn ijek.kq dks bysDVªksu iznku fd;k tkrk çnku dh tkrh gSA
Charge)
gS rks ckgjh d{kk esa bysDVªksuksa dh la[;k (SSC MTS 30.04.2017 , RRB GROUP –D
ukfHkd esa mifLFkr izksVksuksa dh la[;k ls c<+ 24.09.18 , RRB NTPC 05.01.2021 , SSC
tkrh gS bl dkj.k ijek.kq ij _.k vkos'k JE 23.01.2018, SSC CHSL 04.12.2011 ,
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA SSC CGL 06.09.2016
• /ku vkos'k gsrq (For Positive Charge) SSC STENOGRAPHER 09.01.2011 & SSC
CGL 09.03.2020)
;fn djaV c<+rk gS rks lfdZV ds ek/;e ls
fufnZ"V eku çokfgr gksrk gS] ¶;wt dk
rkieku Hkh c<+ tkrk gSA blls ¶;wt rkj
fi?ky tkrk gS vkSj lfdZV VwV tkrk gSA
+ fo/kqr {ks= js[kkvksa dh fo'ks"krk,a% (Electric ¶;wt rkj vkerkSj ij /kkrq ds fljksa ds lkFk
Field Intensity) phuh feêh ds cjru ;k blh rjg dh lkexzh
lrr~ js[kk,a dh ,d xkM+h esa layXu gksrk gSA ?kjsyw mís';
ds fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys ¶;wt dks 1A]
can iFk dk fuekZ.k ugha djrh gS 2A] 3A] 5A] 10A vkfn ds :i esa jsV fd;k
izfrPNsn ugha djrh gS tkrk gSA
pkyd lrg ij ges'kk yEcor~ gksrh gSa ,d bysfDVªd vk;ju ds fy, tks 2220V ij
fo/kqr {ks= js[kk,a ckgj fudyrh gq;h gksrh fo/kqr {ks= dk ifjek.k fo/kqr {ks= js[kkvksa ds lapkfyr gksus ij 1KW fctyh dh [kir djrk
gSA ?kuRo ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS gS] lfdZV esa ¼1000/220½A dk djaV çokfgr
• _.k vkos'k gsrq (For negative Charge) gksxk tks fd 4-54A gSA bl ekeys esa] 95A
twy dk ghfVax izHkko ;k /kkjk dk Å"eh; dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
izHkko% lko/kkfu;k¡ %&
tc fdlh pkyd esa ls fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr  ¶;wt lnSo ifjiFk esa tqMk jguk pkfg,a
gksrh gS rks ;g dqN le; i'pkr~ xeZ gks
 cgqr lkjs midj.kksa dks ,d ifjiFk esa ugha
tkrk gSA lkekU;r% Å"ek dks gVkus ds fy,
tksMuk pkfg,A
ge 'khryd dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
mRikfnr Å"ek = H = I2Rt twy  nks"kiw.kZ midj.kksa dks ifjiFk esa ugha tksMuk
pkfg,A
I 2Rt
= dSyksjh
4.2
dqyke dk fu;e% (Columb’s Law)
fo/kqr {ks= js[kk,a vanj dh vksj vkrh gq;h tgk¡ I = /kkjk] R = izfrjks/k t = le; nks fLFkj vkos’k ,d nwljs dks vkdf"kZr ;k
gksrh gSaA Å"ek = dk;Z = ÅtkZ izfrdf"kZr] ,d cy }kjk djrs gS&
• /ku o +_.k vkos'k dks ,d lkFk j[kus ij ¶;wt
1 qq
(For positive and Negative Kept ;gk¡ fo|qr /kkjk ds rkih; çHkko ds cgqr lkjs f=  1 2
4 0 r 2
Together) mnkgj.k gSa tks fo|qr vk;ju] fo|qr VksLVj]
fo|qr vksou] fo|qr dsryh] fo|qr ghVj vkfn tgk¡ f ∝ q1q2 [vkos’kksa ds ifjek.k ds
gSaA lekuqikrh]
bysfDVªd ghfVax çdk'k iSnk djrk gS] tSlk
1
fd ge bysfDVªd cYc esa ns[ksaxsA ;g ,d f ∝ [vkos’kksa ds e/; nwjh ds oxZ ds
fQykesaV ls cuk gS tks VaxLVu ls cuk gS r2
ftldk fi?kyus fcanq dk vuqekfur ewY; O;qRØekuqikrh]
3880 fMxzh lsfYl;l gSA fo?kqrjks/kh Vsd dk (RRB JE 14/12/14)
mi;ksx djds rarq dks ;FkklaHko rki foyfxr
27
tgk¡ 0 = 8.85 × 10-12 bdkbZ ¼ 0= + V1 - Resistivity ohm m (ohm
ikjxE;rk½ R1 metre)
0 dh bdkbZ → + Conductivity mho or siemens
+ V2
1 qq V4 - R2 - Impedence Z Ohm ()
F=  1 2 Susceptance Y Mho
4 0 r 2 R3
2
Capacitance C Farad
1 qq C - V3 + Inductance L Henry
0 =  122 
F 4  r N  M2 V4 = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 Inductive Reactance XL Ohm
V4 = iR1 + iR2 + iR3 Capacitive Reactance Ohm
1
= 9 × 109 Nm2/c2 XC
4 0
lsy%(Cell) Frequency hertz
,dy bdkbZ dks lsy dgrs gSA
+ –
lsyksa ds lewg dks cSVjh dgrs gSA

fdjpkWQ ds fu;e% (Kirchhoff s law)
(SSC SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANT 25.11.2017)
fdjpkWQ dk /kkjk fu;e [KCL]/ laf/k fu;e%
(Kirchhoff s current Law (KCL)/ + –
Junction law)
;g vkos’k laj{k.k ds fu;e ij vk/kkfjr gSA ,d 'kq"d lsy vkerkSj ij /kkrq ds csyu ls
blds vuqlkj fdlh fo|qr ifjiFk esa fdlh cuk gksrk gSA blesa ,d likV vk/kkj vkSj
laf/k ij dqy fo|qr /kkjk 'kwU; gksrh gSA 'kh"kZ ij /kkrq dh Vksih gSA 'kh"kZ ij /kkrq dh
Vksih lsy dk ldkjkRed (+) var gSA lsy
ds udkjkRed ¼&½ var dk vk/kkjA ,d lsy
vkerkSj ij 1.5V djaV iSnk djrk gSA
(SSC DELHI POLICE 05.12.2017)
,d fo?kqr ys tkus okyk lqpkyd ,d
bysDVªksLVSfVd {ks= ls tqM+k gksrk gSA
(SSC MTS 16.02.2014)
fo|qr&jklk;fud lsy ds izdkj (Types)

(SSC CHSL (10+2) 22.01.2017 & SSC CPO 2022, izkFkfed lsy f}rh;d lsy@lapkyd lsy
10.11.2022 Shift-2) (Primary cell) (Secondary
vFkkZr fdlh laf/k ij laf/k ls izos’k djus cell/storage
okyh fo|qr /kkjkvksa dk ;ksx] bl laf/k ls cell/Accumulator’s)
fudyus okyh fo|qr /kkjkvksa ds ;ksx ds • vuqRØe.kh; • mRØe.kh;
cjkcj gksrk gSA • ,d ckj iz;ksx esa • bls ckj&ckj vkosf’kr
laf/k O ij dqy fo|qr /kkjk ysus ds ckn fd;k tk ldrk gSA
i 1 – i2 + i 3 – i4 + i 5 – i6 = 0 vkosf’kr ugha dj • jklk;fud ÅtkZ ⇌ fo|qr
i 1 + i3 + i5 = i2 + i4 + i6 ldrsA ÅtkZ
vkus okyh /kkjk = tkus okyh /kkjk • jklk;fud ÅtkZ lsy (Pb + ruq H2So4)
fdjpkWQ dk ywi fu;e@okWYVst fu;e ⇒ fo|qr ÅtkZ & ,Mhlu lsy ;k ,Ydyh
[KVl]: (Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL) mnk- oksfYVd lsy lapk;d lsy (NI - fe)
;g ÅtkZ laj{k.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA blds ysDyka’kh lsy • vkjafHkd ykxr vf/kd
vuqlkj] can ifjiFk] ftlesa izfrjks/kd rFkk • vkjafHkd ykxr ysfdu ifjpkyu ykxr de
lsy lfEefyr gksrs gS] esa foHko esa ifjorZuksa de ijarq ifjpkyu
dk chtxf.krh; ;ksx 'kwU; gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ykxr vf/kd
can ifjiFk esa /kkjk o izfrjks/k ds xq.kuksa dk
;ksx ifjiFk ds izR;sd Hkkx ds fy, og dqy
fo|qr okgd cy ds cjkcj gksrk gSA ChargeQ C – Columb
ΣiR = ΣE CurrentI A–Ampere
VoltageV V – Volt
Magnetic Flux wb - weber
Magnetic Flux Intensity Tesla
H
ResistanceR ohm
28
Magnets and Magnetic Field

pqacd% (Magnet) pqacdh; {ks= dh fn’kk nf{k.kkorZ gks tkrh gSA ds fy, ;g bruk {kh.k gksrk gS fd
;g ,d VqdM+k gS tks yksgs ds NksVs&NksVs * i`Foh dk pqacdh; {ks= bldh lrg ij% vuqpqacdRo ,oa ykSg pqacdRo tSls izHkko bl
VqdM+ksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrk gSA 3.5 × 10-5 T ¼yxHkx½ ij gkoh gks tkrs gSaA
blesa fuEu fØ;k, gksrh gS& pqacd ds izdkj (Types of magnet) lcls vf/kd vlkekU; izfrpqacdh; inkFkZ gSa
vkd"kZ.k ¼vleku /kzqoksa ds e/;½ LFkk;h vLFkk;h (Termporary vfr pkydA ;s ,slh /kkrq,¡ gSa] ftudks ;fn
izfrd"kZ.k ¼leku /kqzokas ds e/;½ (Permanent Magnets) cgqr fuEu rki rd BaMk dj fn;k tkrk gS
fdlh Hkh pqacd esa nks /kzqo gksrs gS Mganets) • Solenoid rks ;s iw.kZ pkydrk ,oa iw.kZ izfrpqacdRo nksuksa
mÙkjh /kzqo (N), nf{k.kh /kzqo (S) N S • ckj eSXusV iznf'kZr djrh gSaA
,d eqDr voLFkk dh pqacd mÙkj o nf{k.k (ii) vuqpqacdRo%
fn’kk dks iznf’kZr djrh gSA vuqpacq dh; inkFkZ ,sls gksrs gSa tks cká
(RRB NTPC 27.01.21 & 16.04.16) • Toroid pqacdh; {ks= esa j[ks tkus ij {kh.k pqacdRo
• Horse Shoe
pqacdh; {ks=% (Magnetic field) izkIr dj ysrs gSaA muesa {kh.k pqacdh; {ks= ls
;g ,d dkYifud Hkkx gS tgk¡ bldh l'kDr pqacdh; {ks= dh vksj tkus dh izo`fÙk
mifLFkfr vuqHko dh tkrh gSA ;g ,d gksrh gS vFkkZr~ ;s pqacd dh vksj {kh.k cy
lfn’k jkf’k gSA • o`rh; eSXusV }kjk vkdf"kZr gksrs gSaA
(RRB GROUP-D 26.11.2018) dqN vuqpqacdh; inkFkZ gSa& ,syfq efu;e]
pacq dh; {ks= dh js[kk,% (Magnetic field lksfM;e] dSfY'k;e] vkWDlhtu (STP ij) ,oa
lines) dkWij DyksjkbMA iz;ksxkRed :i ls fdlh
;s os dkYifud js[kk, gS ftUgsa pqacdh; {ks= vuqpqacdh; inkFkZ dk pqacdu yxk, x,
dk v/;;u djus ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gSA pqacd ds izdkj (Magnets) pqacdh; {ks= ds vuqØekuqikrh ,oa ije rki
izkd`frd (Natural d`f=e (Artificial) T ds O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk gSA
• izd`fr ls izkIr gksrh gSA • ekuo fufeZr
BO
• vkdkj esa vfu;fer • fu;fer vkdkj M= C
N S T
O
;k nwljs lerqY; :i esa] = C
T
;g blds 'kks/kdrkZ fi;js D;wjh ¼1859&1906½
N → S → pqacd ds ckgjh {ks= esa (SSC JE ds lEeku esa ;g D;wjh dk fu;e dgykrk
25.01.2018) gSA fu;rkad C dks D;wjh fu;rkad dgrs gSaA
S → N → pqacd ds vkarfjd Hkkx esa xkml dk fl)kar (Gauss Theorem) (iii) ykSg pqacdRo%
fLFkj oS|qr ds fy, pacq dRo ds fy, ykSg pqacdh; inkFkZ ,sls gksrs gSa tks cká
pqacdh; {ks= dh bdkbZ (In Electrostatics) (In Magnetism) pqacdh; {ks= esa j[ks tkus ij 'kfDr'kkyh
pqacdh; ¶yDl ,d can dqy pqacdh; ¶yDl pqacd cu tkrs gSaA muesa pqacdh; {ks= ds
i`"B ds fy, ¼fdlh can lrg ds {kh.k Hkkx 'kfDr'kkyh Hkkx dh vksj pyus dh
q fy,½ 'kwU; gksrk gSA rhoz izo`fÙk gksrh gS vFkkZr~ os pqacd dh vksj
E  E.ds  Hkkjh vkd"kZ.k cy dk vuqHko djrs gSaA ,d
Eo B   B.ds  O
ykSg pqacdh; inkFkZ esa pqcadh; {ks= js[kk,a
tgk¡ ¶yDl = pacq dh; {ks= dh js[kkvksa dh cgqr vf/kd ladsfUnzr gks tkrh gSaA ykSg
la[;k tks ,d fuf’pr {ks= ls xqtjrh gSA pqacdh; gSa( tSls& yksgk] dksckYV] fudy]
xkml (cgs ek=d)
inkFkksaZ ds pqacdh; xq.k% (Types of xSMksfyfu;e vkfnA
VsLyk (T) (SI ek=d)
Magnetic Materials) ykSg pqacdh; xq.k Hkh rki ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
(SSC CGL 13.06.2019)
(i) izfrpqcadRo% i;kZIr mPp rki ij ,d ykSg pqcad]
IT = 104 xkml
izfrpqacdh; inkFkZ og gksrs gSa ftuesa cká vuqpqacd cu tkrk gSA og rki ftl ij
;g ,d lfn’k jkf’k gSA
pqacdh; {ks= esa vf/kd rhozrk okys Hkkx ls dksbZ ykSg pqcad] vuqpqacd esa ifjofrZr gks
pqacdh; {ks= dh fn’kk] nk,a gkFk ds fu;e ls
de rhozrk okys Hkkx dh vksj tkus dh izo`fÙk tkrk gS D;wjh rki (TC) dgykrk gSA ;g nks
;k eSDlosy ds LØq fu;e ls Kkr dh tkrh
gksrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks pqacd yksgs izdkj ds gksrs gS& lkW¶V ¼os ykSg pqEcdh;
gSA
tSlh /kkrqvksa dks rks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr inkFkZ ftu ij ckg~; pqEcdh; {ks= gVkus ij
nk, gkFk ds fu;ekuqlkj ;fn ge ekus dh
djrk gS] ijarq ;g izfrpqacdh; inkFkks± dks pqEcdRo dk xq.k fo|eku ugha jgrk gSA½ o
pkyd rkj nkfgus gkFk esa idMk gS rks
vfrdf"kZr djsxkA izfrpqcadh; inkFkZ os gksrs gkMZ¼os ykSg pqEcdh; inkFkZ ftu ij ls ckg~;
vaxqBk & fo|qr /kkjk dh fn’kk dks crkrk gSA
gSa ftuesa ijek.kq esa ifj.kkeh pqacdh; vk?kw.kZ pqEcdh; {ks= gVkus ij pqEcdRo dk xq.k
vaxqfy;k & pqacdh; {ks= dh fn’kk dks bafxr
'kwU; gksrk gSA fo|eku jgrk gSA½
djrh gSA
dqN izfrpqacdh; inkFkZ gSa& fcLeFk] rk¡ck]
tc fo|qr /kkjk c<+rh gS rks pqcdh; {ks= dh
lhlk] flfydu] ukbVªkstu (STP ij), ikuh uksV %&
fn’kk
,oa lksfM;e DyksjkbMA izfr pqacdRo lHkh 1. fuokZr dks vpqacdh; inkFkZ ekuk tkrk gSA
okekorZ gks tkrh gSA o tc /kkjk de gksrh
inkFkks± esa fo|eku gSA ijarq] vf/kdka'k inkFkks± (RRB JE 14.12.2014)
gSA rks
29
2. eSxusV LVksu esa LFkk;h pqacd dh rjg xq.k bdkbZ /ku vkos'k }kjk vuqHko fd, x, cy
ugh gksrs gSA ds cjkcj gksrh gS tks pqEcdh; {ks= dh
(RRB NTPC 31.03.2016) yEcor~ fn'kk esa bdkbZ osx ls xfr dj jgk
3. lk/kkj.k pqacd }kjk dkaL; vkdf"kZr ughas gksrk gSA
gSA pqEcdh; ikjxE;rk()
(RRB NTPC 19.01.2017) ;g inkFkZ dh og {kerk gS tks pqEcdh; cy
dh js[kkvksa dks ikfjr gksus dh vuqefr iznku
D;wjh rkieku (Curie tempratature) djrh gSaA
tc fdlh pqacd dks xeZ fd;k tk, rks og lkisf{kd pqEcdh; ikjxE;rk
viuk pqacdRo [kks nsrh gS] og rkieku ftl bls inkFkZ dh pqEcdh; ikjxE;rk o eqDr
ij ykSgpqacdh; inkFkZ vuqpqacdh; inkFkZ gks LFkku dh pqEcdh; ikjxE;rk ds vuqikr ds
tkrk gSA mls D;wjh rkieku dgrs gSaA :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSaA
(SSC CGL 16.05.2010 & 30.08.2016)
D;wjh rkieku
ykSgpqcadRo  Å"ek vuqpqacdh;
pqEcdh; 'kSfFkY; ik'k ¼B-H oØ½
;g fdlh inkFkZ dks pqEcfdr djus ij
mldh izd`fr dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA ftls
pqEcdh; 'kSfFkY; oØ ls n'kkZ;k tkrk gS&
• ladh.kZ o cM+k
• pkSM+k o NksVk
• fgLVsfjfll gkfu de
• fgLVsfjfll gkfu de
• VªkalQkWejZ dksj o oS|qr
• LFkk;h pqEcd cukus esa
pqEcdRo cukus esa
mi;ksxh
mi;ksxh.
Hkw&pqacdRo%
i`Foh ds pqcadh; {ks= dh rhozrk] bldh lrg
ij] fHkUu LFkkuksa ij fHkUu gksrh gS] ij bldk
eku 10–5 T dh dksfV dk gksrk gSA ;g /kqzo
tks i`Foh ds Hkhrj HkkSxksfyd mÙkjh /kqzo ds
fudV gS mÙkjh pqacdh; /kzqo dgykrk gSA
blh izdkj i`Foh ds HkkSxksfyd nf{k.k /kqzo ds
fudV fLFkr /kqzo nf{k.kh pqacdh; /kqzo
dgykrk gSA
bl {ks= dh {kerk i`Foh lrg ds fudV
yxHkx 0.9 xkml ;k 10-5 VsLyk gksrh gSA
;g {ks= dsoy i`Foh dh lrg rd gh lhfer
ugha gS] ;g i`Foh dh f=T;k ls yxHkx 5
xquk vf/kd Hkkx rd foLr`r gSA( 5 × 6400
km = 32000 km).
Li’kZjs[kk xsYosuksehVj%
cgqr de fo|qr /kkjk ds eku dks ekius ds
fy, iz;qDr midj.k tks pqacdRo ds Li’kZjs[kk
fu;e ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
cksj eSXusVksu(μB)
;g ijek.kq dh igyh fLFkj d{kk esa ,d
bysDVªksu dh d{kh; xfr ds dkj.k ijek.kq ls
tqMk U;wure pqEcdh; f}/kqzo vk?kw.kZ gSA
pqEcdh; {ks= dh {kerk

pqEcdh; {ks= dh {kerk ;k pqEcdh; {ks= dk
izsj.k ;k pqEcdh; {ks= dk ¶yDl ?kuRo ,d
30
Magnetism from Electricity

izR;sd /kkjk okgd pkyd rkj vius pkjksa (SSC CGL 19.01.2017)
vksj pqacdh; {ks= mRikfnr djrk gS ;g pqcadh; QyDl ?kuRo (Magnetic Flux
bysDVªksu dh fLiu ds dkj.k gksrk gSA Density)
,dkad {ks=Qy ls xqtjus okyh pqacdh; cy
js[kkvksa dks pqcadh; QyDl ?kuRo dgrs gSaA
pqacdh; ¶yDl ?kuRo dh bdkbZ VsLyk gSA
;g ,d lfn’k jk’kh gSA
 ocsj
B  = Vslyk
Ykkajs st cy = fo|qr {ks= dk cy + pqacdh; A ehVj 2
{ks= dk cy fo|qr pqacdh; izsj.k gsrq QsjkM+s dk fu;e%
F = qE + qv × B (Faraday’s Laws of Electro Magnetic
;g q vkos'k dk d.k tks fo|qr {ks= E o Induction) (RRB NTPC 28.04.2016)
fLFkj vkos’k → fo|qr {ks= mRiUu djrk gSA pqEcdh; {ks= B esa v osx ls xfr dj jgk gS tc fdlh dqaMyh esa pqacdh; ¶yDl le; ds
xfreku vkos’k → paqcdh; {ks= o fo|qr {ks= ij vkjksfir cy gSA lkFk ifjofrZr gksrk gS rc dqaMyh esa fo|qr
nksuksa mRiUu djrk gSA izsj.k (Induction) okgd cy izsfjr gksrk gSA
vkosf’kr d.k dks fo|qr {ks= o pqacdh; {ks= foijhr fudk;ksa ij mifLFkr vleku izd`fr
esa j[kus ij yxus okyk cy% ds vkos'k okLrfod :i ls laidZ esa vk,
,d leku fo|qr {ks= fcuk gh izsfjr gks tkrs gSaA
(In uniform Electric field)
dqN le;
i'pkr
izsj.k
mnklhu xsan
Electricity from Magnetism

• ijcy;kdkj iFk ij xfr tc Hkh fdlh pkyd rkj ds pqacdh; ¶yDl
• Vsyhfotu dh CRT(dSFkksM js V~;wCl)esa iz;qDr esa ifjorZu vkrk gS rks ,d fo|qr okgd cy
,d leku fo|qr o pqacdh; {ks= mRiUu gksrk gSA pqacdh; ÅtkZ ls fo|qr
(In uniform magnetic field + electric field) ÅtkZ dk ;g izsj.k pqacdh; izsj.k dgykrk
gSA
;fn pkyd ,d can ifjiFk esa gksrk gS rks izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy dk ifjek.k pqacdh;
fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr gksrh gSA ¶yDl esa le; ds lkFk gksus okys ifjorZu
uksV fo|qr /kkjk ges'kk can ifjiFk esa izokfgr dh nj ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
gksrh gS [kqys ifjiFk esa ughaA
pacq dh; ¶yDl% (Magnetic flux)
• gsfydy iFk ij xfr
pqacdh; {ks= dh dqy js[kk, tks ,d lrg dks
ikj djrh gSA
pqacdh; {ks= (Meganetic Field only)
 = B. A
= B A cos θ
pqacdh; ¶yDl dk ek=d = oscj (SI)
= esDlosy (cgs)
1 oscj = 108 esDlosy
;gk¡ ,d pkyd ds pkjks vkSj pqacdh; izokg
¼{ks=@{ks=½ esa ifjorZu gksrk gS] lqpkyd esa
• o`rh; iFk ij xfr
,d EMF izsfjr gksrk gS pqcdh; mTkkZ ls
yksja st oØ% (Lorentz force) fo|qr mtkZ ds bl izsj.k dks fo|qr pqacdh; xf.krh; :i esa izsfjr fo|qr /kkjk cy dks
ml {ks= esa tgk¡ fo|qr o pqacdh; {ks= nksuksa izsj.k (EMF) dgk tkrk gSA d B
mifLFkr gks vkosf’kr d.k }kjk vuqHko fd;k ;fn pkyd ,d can ifjiFk esa gS rks] mlesa e=
tkus okyk cy dt
ls /kkjk izokfgr gksrh gS vkSj bls izsfjr /kkjk _.k fpà e dh fn'kk rFkk ifj.kker% can ywi
ds #i esa tkuk tkrk gSA esa /kkjk dh fn'kk O;Dr djrk gSA
,d lery eas pqacdh; QyDl pqcdh; ikl&ikl yisVs gq, N Qsjksa okyh fdlh
QyDl ?kuRo vkSj lrg ds {ks=Qy ds dqaMyh ds izR;sd Qsjs ls lac) ¶yDl esa
xq.kuQy ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
31
,dleku ifjorZu gksrk gSA blfy, dqy 6. pqacdh; dhij (Magnetic keeper) yksgs ds
izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy dk O;atd gksxk& VqdMs gksrs gS ftUgsa ckj pqacd ;k gks’kks pqacd
d B ds /kqzoksa ij j[kk tkrk gSA
e = –N
dt 7. bUgsa Lo&pqacdh; izsdj.k ls cpkus ds fy,
can dqaMyh esa Qsjksa dh la[;k N c<+k dj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy dks c<+k;k tk ldrk (SSC MTS 16.02.2014 & 10.03.2013)
gSA tSEl eSDlosy James Maxwell
yst a dk fu;e% (lenz’s law) tSEl eSDlosy LVkdyS.M ds xf.krK vkSj
;g fu;e izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy dh /kzqork HkkSfrdh ds oSKkfud Fks mUgksus 1856 esa fo|qr
¼fn'kk½ dk Li"V ,oa laf{kIr :i esa o.kZu pqacdh; fl)kr dk izLrko j[kk] ftlds
djrk gSA dkj.k jsfM;k vkSj Vsfyohtu dk vfo"dkj
izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy dh /kzqork bl izdkj gqvkA mUgksus crk;k dh izdk’k ,d fo|qr
gksrh gS fd og ml fn'kk esa /kkjk izokg djs pqcdh; rjax gS tks fo|qr] pqcdRo vkSj
tks mls mRiUu djus okys dkjd ¼pqacdh; UkksV%& izdk’k ds la;kstu ls cuh gSA
{ks= ifjorZu½ dk fojks/k djsA 1. pqcadh; {ks= esa ifjorZu /kkjk dks izsfjr djrk
gSA fo|qr pqacdh; izsj.k (Electromagnetic
(SSC JE 23.01.2018) induction) (SSC JE 24.01.2018
;fn mrjh /kqzo dks ikl yk;k tkrk gS rks 2. izsfjr /kkjk dk eku vf/kdre gksrk gS tc & RRB GROUP-D 16.10.2018)
dqaMyh bldk fojks/k djrh gS vr% dqaMyh ds dq.Myh dh fn’kk esa xfr 900 gksrh gSA tc fdlh can ifjiFk ls xqtjus okyh cy
bl vksj mRrjh /kqzo cuk,A (RRB GROUP- D 18.09.2018) dh pqacdh; js[kk,sA
;fn mrjh /kqzo dks nwj ys tk;k tkrk gS rks 3. tc dq.Myh dh fn’kk pqcadh; {ks= ds fdlh pkyd dks fdlh ifjorhZ pqEcdh; {ks=
dqaMyh nf{k.kh /kqzo cukdj bl xfr dk yaEccr~ gksrh gS] ml le; izsfjr /kkjk dk esa j[kus ij ml pkyd ds fljks ds chp
fojks/k djrh gS vr% dqaMyh ds bl vksj eku vf/kdre gksrk gSA fo|qrokgd cy mRiUu gksus dks fo|qr
nf{k.kh /kqzo cuk,A (SSC JE 27.01.2018) pqacdh; izsj.k dgrs gSA mRiUu fo|qrokgd
;fn nf{k.kh /kqzo dks ikl yk;k tkrk gS rks 4. pqacdh; {ks= esa Lora= #i ls xfr djus ij cy dk eku xfr.krh; #i ls QSjkMs dk
dqaMyh bldk fojks/k djrh gS vr% dqaMyh ds izksVksu dh xfr ugh cnyrh gSA fu;e }kjk fn;k tkrk gSA
bl vksj nf{k.kh /kqzo cuk,A (SSC JE 25.01.2018)
;fn nf{k.kh /kqzo dks nwj ys tk;k tkrk gS rks 5. lksyus ksbM (solenoid) es a,d fljs ls nwljs
dqaMyh mrjh /kqzo cukdj bl xfr dk fojks/k fljs rd tkus ij pqacdh; {ks= leku jgrk
djrh gS vr% dqaMyh ds bl vksj mRrjh /kqzo gSA
cuk;k tkrk gSA (SSC JE 24.01.2018)
izsj.k (Induction)
Lo izsj.k (Self Induction) vU;ksU; izsj.k (Mutual Induction)
tc Lo isjz .k mlh dqaM+yh ;k midj.k esa gksrk gS rks ;g baMDVj dh rjg fo-ok-cy nwljh dqaM+yh esa izsfjr gksrk gS¼izFke dqaMyh ds /kkjk esa ifjorZu ds
dk;Z djrk gSaA dkj.k½
ehluj dk izHkko (Meissner Effect) ¶ysfeax ds nkfgus gkFk dk fu;e%

ehluj dk izHkko crkrk gS dh laØe.k rki (Fleming’s Right hand rule)
;k lØe.k rki ls de] dksbZ pqacdh; {ks= ;k (RRB GROUP-D 17.09.2018)
pqacdh; QyDl ?kuRo vfrpkyd ds vanj ;g ges]a pqacdh; {ks= esa pkyd dh xfr ij
ugh ik;k tkrk gS tc rd dh uewus dks ,d izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy o /kkjk dh fn’kk nsrk
pqacdh; {ks= esa ugh j[kk tk,A gSA
ÅtkZ laj{k.k (Law of energy) (SSC CGL 19.10.2014)
pqacd dks xfreku cukus esa iz;qDr ;kaf=d
ÅtkZ daqMyh dh fo|qr ÅtkZ esa cny tkrh
gSA
;fn pqacd dh xfr ugha gksrh gS rks ÅtkZ
:ikarj.k u gksus ls dqy izsfjr fo|qr okgd
cy 'kwU; gksrkA
32
ifjiFk esa tqMs gq, fdlh yksM }kjk vf/kdre
'kfDr rc nh tkrh gS tc yksM izfrjks/k cSVjh
;k lsy ds vkarfjd izfrjks/k ds cjkcj gksA
;fn yksM izfrjks/k lsy ;k cSVjh ds vkarfjd
izfrjks/k ds cjkcj gksrk gS rks vkmViqV ikoj
vf/kdre gksrh gSaA
muds çokg iSVuZ ikuh esa ?kwers gq, /kkjk, ds
v¡xyq h= pqacdh; {ks= dh fn’kk leku gksrs gSaA blfy, bUgsa Hk¡oj /kkjk, dgrs
• chp dh v¡xqyh = izsfjr /kkjk gSaA budh [kkst QkSd‚YV us o"kZ 1895 esa dh
• v¡xBw k = pkyd dh xfr Fkh vkSj blfy, bUgsa QkSd‚YV /kkjk,a dgk
(RRB JE 14.12.2014) tkrk Gsa
• ;g fl)kar tujsVj ij dk;Z djrk gS ;akf=d uksV %&
ÅtkZ &fo|qr ÅtkZ
 pkyd ij yxus okyk cy pqacdh; {ks= ds
¶ysfeax ds ck,a gkFk dk fu;e% (Fleming
lkeF;Z dh ifjeki o fn’kk ij fuHkZj djrs
Left Hand Rule)
gSaA (SSC JUNIOR ENGINEER
tc ,d /kkjk okgd pkyd dks ckg~;
22.01.2018)
pqacdh; {ks= esa j[kk tkrk gS rks ;g ,d cy
vuqHko djrk gS  tc fdlh ckj eSXusV dks nks cjkcj fgLlksa esa
q h= pqacdh; {ks= dh fn’kk
v¡xy
(SSC CGL 06.09.2016 & SSC JE 25.01.2018)
dkVk tkrk gS] ml le; izR;sd fgLls /kqzo
chp dh v¡xqyh = fo|qr /kkjk dh fn’kk
dk lkeF;Z leku gksrk GSA
(SSC MTS 08.08.2019
(SSC CPO 28.08.2011)
v¡xBw k = pkyd esa cy dh fn’kk
 pqacdRo dh fof/k lh/ks gh /kkjk dks izokfgr
;g fl)kar eksVj ij dk;Z djrk gS fo|qr
djkrh gSA(SSC MTS 10.03.2013)
ÅtkZ & ;kaf=d ÅtkZ
Hk¡oj /kkjk, (Eddy currents of foucault
currents)
izsj.k (Induction)
Lo izsj.k (Self Induction) vU;ksU; izsj.k (Mutual Induction)
tc Lo isjz .k mlh dqaM+yh ;k midj.k esa gksrk gS rks ;g baMDVj fo-ok-cy nwljh dqaM+yh esa izsfjr gksrk gS¼izFke dqaMyh ds /kkjk esa
dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSaA ifjorZu ds dkj.k½
q1q2 1 q1q2
F=K tgk¡ K = P.E. =
lw= (Formula’s) r2 4 E0 4 E0r
1. vkos’k ds dkj.k mRiUu fo|qr {ks=
3. vkos’k ds dkj.k mRiUu foHko V
q N f = qE ,E = , la/kkfj= ds
E= → c/m2 ;k q I
4 E0r 2 C V=
4 E0r fy, = Q = CV
2. dqyke dk fu;e 4. nks vkos’kksa ds e/; fLFkfrt ÅtkZ
33
6. fo|qr midj.k (Electrical Devices)

izrhd (Symbols)
Battery DC Power Supply AC Power Supply

Cell
Voltmeter Ammeter Motor Generator
Diode LDR
Filament Lamp
LED
Fuse
Fixed Resistor Variable Resistor
Thermistor
Switch Open
Heater
Loud Speaker Switch Closed
Neutral (white)
Live (Black)
Resistor Inductor
2 Pin Plug
3 Pin Plug
Capacitor Solar Cell Transformer Earthing
34
ystj% (Laser) bldk iw.kZ :i eksckby Qksu ds csl LVs’ku ds fy, • AC ifjiFkksa esa fo|qr /kkjk dks fu;af=r djus
LASER = Light Amplification by ekbØksooS fQYVj ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSA esa iz;qDr midj.k gSA
stimulated Emission of Radiation. • vfrpkydksa pqacdksa dk mi;ksx pqacdh; • ¶yksjkslsaV ySEi esa iz;qDr
[fofdj.kksa ds mRrsftr mRltZu }kjk izdk’k vuqukn besftax [MRI] e’khuksa esa] ekl
dk vko/kZu] LiSDVªksehVj esa vkSj d.kksa dks Rofjr djus esa
;g dyk&lc) izdk’k vkSj ,djaxk ds iz;qDr LVh;fjax eSXusV esa djrs gSA
mRltZu dk ,d lzksr gS vFkkZr~ leku vko`fr • vfrpkydksa dh ,d ijr HkqHkkSfrdh o ekSle
dh izdk’k dh ,d xgu fdj.k gSA foKku esa iz;qDr gksrh gSA
;g ikWiqys’ku buotZu fl)kar dk vuqlj.k lkSj lsy%(Solar cell)
djrk gSA QksVks LVsV e’khu% (Photo copier/photo
(SSC CHSL 10.11.2013) state machine)
• ;g fdlh nLrkost dh izfrfyfi cukus esa
vfrpkydrk% (Super conductivity) ;fn iz;qDr midj.k gSA
rkieku ↑, pkyd dk izfrjks/k ↑ • fo|qrh; vkSj izdk’k pkydrk ds fl)kar ij
rkieku ↓, pkyd dk izfrjks/k ↓, /kkjk ↑, dk;Z djrk gSA
pkydrk ↑ • blds vanj ,d izdk’k laosnh xzkgd ik;k
og inkFkZ tks dqN fuEu rki ij 'kwU; tkrk gS tks Vksuj d.kksa dks vkdf"kZr djrk gS
izfrjks/k iznf’kZr djrk gS rks og vfrpkydrk vkSj mUgsa ,d lkekU; dkxt ij LFkkukarfjr
1883 esa pkYlZ fÝfVl us izFke lkSj lsy dk
[pkydrk = 'kwU; izfrjks/k ij cgqr vf/kd] dj nsrk gS ¼nLrkost dh izfrfyfi cukus gsrq½
fuekZ.k fd;kA bUgksua s lsyfs u;e dks lksus dh
iznf’kZr djrk gS rFkk og inkFkZ vfrpkyd Vsi fjdkWMZj@Vsi fMLd@Vsi e’khu% (Tape
iryh ijr ls ysfir fd;kA eqyr% ;g ,d
dgykrk gSA Recorder/Tape Disk/Tape Machine)
P-N laf/k ;qDr midj.k gS tks lkSj ÅtkZ dks
Økafrd@laØe.kh; rkieku% • ;g ,d /ofu fjdkWfMaZx vkSj iqu:Riknu
fo|qr mtkZ esa :ikarfjr djrk gSA mRiUu
(Critical/Transition Temperature) og midj.k gS tks /ofu dks fjdkWMZ djrk gS
fo|qr /kkjk] izdk’k (Lumen) eh2] ds vkSj tks
rkieku ftl ij vfrpkyd inkFkksZ dk rFkk iqu% mRikfnr djrk gSA
lrgh {ks=Qy izdkf’kr gks jgk gS mlds
izfrjks/k 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA • blesa laxzkgd ds :i esa eSXusfVd Vsi dk
vkdkj ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA
mnk-& IyqVksfu;e] iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
• lksyj lsyksa dks Js.khØe esa tksM+us ls lkSyj
dksckYV • ;g ,d vfLFkj vkWfM;ksa flXuy dks fjdkWMZ
iSuy dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA budk iz;ksx
xsfy;e dh ,d feJ /kkrq vfrpkydrk djrk gS Vsi fljs ds lkis{k Vsi dks xfr
mixzgksa dh cSVjh fjpktZ djus esa fd;k tkrk
iznf’kZr djrh gSA djkus ijA
gSA
vfr pkydksa ds vuqiz;ksx% ;g vkWfM;ksa flXuy ds vuqikr esa Vsi esa
• lksyj lsyksa dk iz;ksx lqnwj {ks=ksa esa fo|qr
• vR;f/kd rst xfr ds dEI;wVj cukus esa pqacdh; Mkseus dk /kqzohdj.k djrk gSA
'kfDr mRiknu esa fd;k tkrk gSA
• vf/kd 'kfDr’kkyh oS|qr&pqacdksa ds fuekZ.k esa VSad ifjiFk% (Tank Circuit) ,d LC
uksV% ÅtkZ ;k lkSj rki dk iz;ksx lw;Z dh
• fpfdRldh; vuqla/kku esa ifjiFk] ftls vuqukn ifjiFk Hkh dgrs gS]
fdj.kksa ls Å"ek mRikfnr dj fo|qr mRikfnr
• mPp oksYVst ds izlkj.k gsrq miq;Dr Vsd
a ;k V~;wTM ifjiFk] ,d fo|qr ifjiFk gS
dh tkrh gSA
vfrpkydksa dk iz;ksx fMthVy ifjiFk ftlesa ,d daqMyh ftls L ls iznf’kZr fd;k
pksd dqaMyh Choke Coil:- lkW¶V vk;ju
fuekZ.k esa fd;k tkrk gS tks rhoz ,dy tkrk gS] o ,d la/kkfj= ftls C ls iznf’kZr
dksj ij rkacs ij rkj dks yisVdj pksd
¶yDl DokaVe rduhd] jsfM;ksa vko`fr] vkSj fd;k tkrk gSA lekukarj Øe esa tqM+s gksrs
dqaMyh dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA
gSA
35
laosnd% (Sensors) os midj.k gksrs gS rks

HkkSfrd jkf’k;ksa dk laosnu ¼irk yxkrs gS½ eas
VSd ifjiFk dk eq[; dk;Z U;wure voeUnu iz;qDr gksrs gS rFkk /kkjk o oksYVst dk eku • blesa fLifyV oy;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
ds lkFk nksyu djuk gS bldk mi;ksx iznku djrs gSA gS fLyi oy;ksa ds LFkku ijA
flaxuy cukus ;k fdlh fo’ks"k vko`fr ij AC tujsVj ;k AC Mk;useks%a (A.C. • vkmViqV DC gksxk [;k rks +ve ;k -ve]
vf/kd fefJr flaxuy ls flaxuy Lohdkj ds Generator or A.C. Dynamo)
fy; fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d e’khu gS tks ;kaf=d ÅtkZ ls D.C. eksVj (D.C. motor)
fo|qr jklk;fud lsy% (Electro – izR;korhZ /kkjk mRikfnr djrh gSA
Chemical Cells) og midj.k ftlesa ¶ysfeax ds nkfgus gkFk ds fu;e dk iz;ksx
fo|qr ÅtkZ lsy esa gq;h jklk;fud fØ;kvksa djrs gSA
esa mRiUu jklk;fud ÅtkZ ls mRikfnr dh
tkrh gSA
;g fo|qr ÅtkZ dks ;kaf=d ÅtkZ eas ifjofrZr
djrh gSA
• fl)kar% tc /kkjk pkyd dks ckg~; pqacdh;
{ks= esa j[kk tkrk gS blds }kjk ,d cy dk
vuqHko fd;k tkrk gSA
;fn dqaMyh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks
blds }kjk ?kw.kZu cy dk vuqHko fd;k tkrk
gS ftls cy vk?kw.kZ dgrs gSA
 ykbfVfuax pkyd vkSj vfFkZax% (Lightening • dE;wVsVj ij fLifyV fjaXl ik;h tkrh gSA
Conductor of Earthing) • ;gk ij ¶ysfeax dk ck, gkFk dk fu;e ykxw
;g cM+s Hkouksa dks cknyska ls gksus okys fLFkj fl)kar% fo|qr pqacdh; izsj.k ij vk/kkfjr
gksrk gSA
oS|qrdh; vkos’ku ls cpkrk gSA ;gk rh{.k bls fudksyk VsLyk us fMtkbu fd;kA
fdukjs okys /kkrq rkj dks fcfYMax ds f’k[kj tSlk fd ge tkurs gS fd dqN Hkh mRikfnr
VªkalQkWeZj% (Transformers)
ls ysdj bldh lEiw.kZ yackbZ ds lkFk i`Foh ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS dsoy :ikarfjr
ds uhps j[kk tkrk gSA izsj.k ds dkj.k vkos’k fd;k tkrk gSA
cknyksa ls /kkrq rkj esa gLrkukarfjr gks tkrk ;kf=ad ÅtkZ → fo|qr ÅtkZ
gS vkSj /kkrq rkj ls i`Foh esa vFkkZr ;g • pqacdh; {ks= → mÙkj ls nf{k.k
fctyh ds pedus ls cM+ksa Hkouksa dh lqj{kk • daqMyh okekorZ fn’kk esa ?kqerh gS rks
djrk gSA AB – ckgj CD – vanj dh vksj
• ¶ysfeax ds nkfgus gkFk ds fu;ekuqlkj /kkjk
• og midj.k tks oksYVst dks ,d Lrj ls
dh fn’kk B ls A dh vksj gksxhA
nwljs Lrj rd ifjofrZr djrk gSA
/kkjk ckg~; ifjiFk esa izokfgr gksrh gSA
• buiqV Nksj ij nh xbZ 'kfDr] vkmViqV Nksj
• ;fn dqaMyh fQj ls ?kqerh gS rks /kkjk dh
dh 'kfDr ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
fn’kk foifjr gks tkrh gSA
• dsoy oksYVst c<+rk ;k ?kVrk gSA
vkSj AC /kkjk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA
fl)kar%
VªkalQkWejZ vU;ksU; izsj.k ds fl)kar ij dk;Z
djrs gSA
vU;ksU; izsj.k% ekuk nks pkyd rkjksa eas leku
/kkjk izokfgr gksrh gSA daMq yh (1) esa /kkjk esa
budks fo|qr ds pkydks }okjk tSls dkWij
ifjorZu gksrk gS ifj.kkeLo:i pqacdh;
rh{k.k fdukjs okyh /kkrq ls cuk;k tkrk gSA
¶yDl esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA bl dkj.k
(SSC (10+2) 31.07.2018)
dqaMyh (2) ds pqaecdh; ¶yDl esa Hkh
rki;qXe% (Thermo Couple) ;g ,d
ifjorZu gksrk gS ftl dkj.k dqaMyh (2) esa
fo|qrh; midj.k gS ftlesa nks vleku rkjksa
izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy mRiUu gksrk gSA
dks ,d laf/k cukus gsrq tksM+k tkrk gSA
bls ,d rkieku laosnd ds :i esa rkieku
lajpuk% (Construction)
dks ekius gsrq iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA
,d VªkalQkWeZj esa%
tc dHkh laf/k dks Å"ek nh tkrh gS rks ,d
1. izkFkfed daqMyh% dksey&ykSg&ØksM+ ij rkj
fuf’pr rki ekik tkrk gS vkSj blds lkis{k
D.C. tujsVj% dks yisVk tkrk gSA budh la[;k np gSA
okWYVst dks fjdkWMZ dj fy;k tkrk gSA
36
;g buiqV Nksj gSA V • mPp izfrjks/k
V = IR R=
2. f}rh;d dqaMyh% bles fdlh rkj ds nS Qsjs I xsYosuksehVj
gksrs gSA A
1
;g vkmViqV Nksj gSA R∝
I • /kkjk dks ekirk gSA
3. lkW¶V vk;ju dksj% yksgs ds fy, 'kSfiY; oØ
fo|qr /kkjk o izfrjks/k ,d nwljs ds • U;wu izfrjks/k
cgqr iryk gksrk gS D;ksfa d ;g U;wure
O;qRØekuqikrh gksrs gSA blfy, izkjafHkd xsYosuksehVj
vko’;d {ks= ?ksjrk gSA
voLFkk] vkjafHkd mPp oksYVst tks eksVj dks ¶;wt% (Fuse) ;g ,d fuEu&izfrjks/k dh
bl dkj.k VªkalQkeZj dh ÅtkZ gkfu cgqr
fn;k tkrk gS rFkk fuEu izfrjks/k ds dkj.k /kkrq ls cuk gksrk gS tks ifjiFk dks iw.kZ djus
de gksrh gSA
eksVj esa /kkjk dk eku vf/kd gksrk gSA esa mi;qDr gksrk gSA tc fo|qr /kkjk dh
LFkk;h pqacd dk iz;ksx VªkalQkWeZj ds fy,
vr% twy ds Å"ek fu;e ds vuqlkj vf/kd ek=k ifjiFk ls izokfgr gksrh gS rks
mi;qDr ugha gS D;ksfa d blds }kjk ÅtkZ ãl
H = I2RT
vf/kd gksrk gSA ¶;wt rkj xy dj VqV tkrk gS ftlls
vR;f/kd Å"ek mRiUu gksrh gS ftlls eksVj
VªkalQkWeZj ds izdkj% (Type of ifjiFk [kf.Mr gks tkrk gSA
ty Hkh ldrh gS vr% bl
Transformers)
voLFkk@ifjfLFkfr dks gVkus ds fy, ,d
VªkalQkWeZj ds vuqiz;ksx% (Application of mPp izfrjks/k eksVj ifjiFk esa tksM+k tkrk gSA
Transformers)
vr% izkjafHkd voLFkk esa mRiUu fo|qr /kkjk
yEch nwjh ds ikoj Vªkalfe’ku ¼’kfDr izlkj.k½
de gksrh gS ftlls Å"ek dk izHkko de gks
1. ekuk fd ,d eq[; ikoj LVs’ku gS tgk¡ ls
tkrk gSA
fo|qr 'kfDr fofHkUu fxzM lc&LVs’kuksa dks
Hksth tkrh gS tgk ls fofHkUu ?kjksa esa bldh
xsYosuksehVj% (Galvanometer) ;g ifjiFk
vkiwfrZ dh tkrh gSA
esa fo|qr /kkjk dk irk yxkus o mls ekius ds xksYM yhQ bysDVªksLdksi [GLE]: (Gold
eq[; ikoj LVs’ku ij ,d mPpk;h VªkalQkWeZj
fy, iz;qDr midj.k gSA ;g yxHkx 10-6A Leaf Electro Scope)
yxk gksrk gSA ftlds }kjk oksYVst dks
rd /kkjk dks eki ldrk gSA xsYosuksehVj ds • ;g midj.k vkos’k dh mifLFkfr dks
vkof/kZr rFkk /kkjk dks de fd;k tkrk gSA
Js.khØe esa mPp izfrjks/k tksM+dj bls n’kkZrk gSA
tc /kkjk de gks tkrh gS rks ghfVax dks
oksYVehVj esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA • vkos’k dh /kqzork [+ fpUg]
dkQh gn rd de fd;k tk ldrk gSA fxzM
lc&LVs’ku rd igq¡pkrs – 2 'kfDr àkl dkQh
de gks tkrk gSA fxzM+ lc&LVs’ku ij
vipk;h VªkalQkWejZ iz;qDr fd, tkrs gS ;s
VªkalQkWejZ oksYVst dks de djrs gS rkfd ?kjksa
esa vkiwfrZ dh tk ldsAa
fxzM lc&LVs’ku o ?kjksa ds e/; nwjh vf/kd
o gksus ls 'kfDr ãl Hkh vf/kd ugha gksrk
gSA
2. VªkalQkWejZ dk mi;ksx oksYVst dks fu;fer
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA dbZ midj.kksa
esa oksYVst LFkk;hdjdksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS rkfd oksYVst vfLFkjrk gksus ij
bysDVªksfud midj.kksa dks gkfu u igq¡psA lksysukWbZM vkSj vLFkk;h pqacd%
vehVj% (Ammeter) ;g fo|qr /kkjk dks
ekius dk midj.k gS blds }kjk ekik x;k (Solenoid/Temporary Magnet)
eksVj LVkVZj% (Motor Starter)
eku /kkjk ds okLrfod eku ls de gksrk gSA
oksYVehVj% (Voltmeter) ;g fo|qr ifjiFk ;g ,d yack pkyd rkj gS tks gsfyDl ds
esa nks fcanqvksa ds e/; foHkkokarj ekius dk :i esa f?kjk gksrk gSA
midj.k gSA bls fdlh fo|qr ifjiFk ds bldh yEckbZ >>> O;kl
lekukarj Øe esa tksM+rs gSA bldk eku fl)kar% /kkjk okgd pkyd pqacd dh Hkk¡fr
okLrfod eku ls de gksrk gSA O;ogkj djrk gSA
'kaV% (Shunt) ,d ifjiFk ;k midj.k ds • tc ge bls fLop vkWu djrs gS rks /kkjk
lekukadj Øe U;wu izfrjks/k dks tksM+k tkrk izokfgr gksrh gS] MoF iznf’kZr gksrk gS o
gS] tks blls izokfgr gksus okyh fo|qr /kkjk pacq d dh Hkk¡fr O;ogkj djrk gSA
dh ek=k dks de djrk gS& • tc ge bls fLop vkWQ djrs gS rks /kkjk =
;g Mh-lh- eksVj dks lqjf{kr pkyw djus dk 0, MoF = 0, pqacdrk iznf’kZr ughaA
vehVj (Ammeter) oksYVehVj (Voltmeter)
,d midj.k gS] eksVj ifjiFk esa vf/kd blfy, ;g ,d fo|qr pqacd gSA
izfrjks/k tksM+djA lkekU;r% eksVj dk izfrjks/k A V ↓
de gksrk gS [dkWij {k; dks de djus gsrq]
mPp izfrjks/k :ikarfjr pqacdh;
tgk¡ fo|qr ÅtkZ 
eksVj }kjk izokfgr /kkjk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gS gksrh gS
U;wu izfrjks/k
vr% vkse ds fu;e ds vuqlkj A
ÅtkZ
• oksYVst dks ekirk gSA
37
VksjksbM% (Toroid) lksyus kWbM ds leku] ;g FkfeZLVj% (Thermistor) ;g ,d Å"ek
,d varghu lksyus kWbM gS tks oy; ds :i eas laosnh midj.k gS ftldh izfrjks/kdrk
gSA rkieku ds lkFk cgqr tYnh cnyrh gSA
mi;ksx& de rki ds vkos’kksa dks ekius esa
iz;qDr
vkWxZu xSl vkerkSj ij bLrseky dh tkus
okyh xSl gS ftldk mi;ksx mn~nhIr ySi es
aHkjus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ;g VaxLVu ds
rarq dks [kjkc gksus ls cpkrh gS vU; xSls
tSls & ghfy;e] fu;ksu] ukbVªkstu vkSj
;g ,d [kks[kyh o`rkdkj oy; gS ftlesa fdIVu dk mi;ksx izdk’k esa fd;k tkrk gSaA
pkyd rkj ds vR;f/kd la[;k esa Qsjs gksrs izdk’k cYcks es ai; z qDr xSlks dks vfØ; xSlks
fefu,spj lfdZV csdj% (Miniature Circuit
gSA ds #i esa tkuk tkrk gSA [kir dh x;h
Breakers (MCBs)
vf/kdka’k 'kfDr QyjkslsaV jks’kuh dh #i esa
lkbDyksVªksu% (Cyclotron) fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA.(ssc (10+2) 27.10.2013)
• vusLZ V&vks&yksjl
sa }kjk [kkst dh x;hA ¶yksjkslVsa V~;wc% (Fluorescent Tubes)
• ;g /ku vkosf’kr d.kksa dks Rofjr djus ds blesa fuEu nkc ij edZjh ok"I gksrh gS tks
fy, ,d midj.k gSA tSls izksVksu] M~;sVªksu] vn`’; ijkcSaxuh fdj.ksa mRlftZr djrh gSA
,YQk d.k ;s fdj.ksa V~;wc ds vkarfjd Hkkx ds ¶yksjkslasV
vkoj.k ij iM+rh gS vkSj n`’; izdk’k
mRlftZr djrh gSA
(SSC STENOGRAPHER 11.09.2017)
tc V~;wc esa de ek=k esa Å"ek mRikfnr
gksrh gS vFkkZr yxHkx lEiw.kZ fo|qr ÅtkZ esa
orZeku le; esa ¶;wt rkjksa dks MCB ds }kjk ifjofrZr gskrh gSA ;s V~;wc vf/kd lLrh o
izfrLFkkfir dj fn;k x;k gSA tks ,d n{k gksrh gSA
Lopkfyr fo|qr fLop dh Hkk¡fr dk;Z djrs gS
o ,d fo|qr ifjiFk dks vksojyksM+ ;k dkWEisDV ¶yksjkslUs V ySai% (Compact
dk;Zfof/k% ;gk vkosf’kr d.k yEcor fo|qr y?kq&iFku dh gkfu;ksa ls cpkrs gSA
{ks= o pqacdh; {ks= esa xfr djrs gS ftudk Fluorescent Lamps) mn~nhIr ySai fo/kqr
fVu&ysM dh feJ/kkrq dk iz;ksx /kkrqvksa dks dk vf/kdka’k Hkkx Å"ek ds :i esa {kf;r dj
iFk gsfydy gksrk gSA tksM+us ds fy, lksYMfjax inkFkZ dh rjg
izR;sd ckj rst xfr ls y{; ij izgkj djrs nsrs gS tcfd ¶yksjkslsaV ySai }kjk fo|qr ÅtkZ
iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA dk ãl ugha gksrk gSA lh,Q,y [dkWEiSDV
gq, var esa mPpre osx izkIr djrs gSA Iyax dh vFkZ&fiu dks rqyukRed :i ls ¶yksjkslsaV ySEi] ¶yksjkslsaV V~;wc dk NksVk :i
eksVk o yEck cukrs gSA gS tks leku fl)kar ij dk;Z djrk gSA
okaMs&xzkQtujsVj% (Vande Graaff
Generator) og midj.k tks dqN fefy;u (SSC (10+2) 28.10.2013)
bUoVZj%(Invetor) ;g midj.k DC [fn"V
okWYVl ds Øe dk mPp foHkokUrj ds vkos’kksa /kkjk] dks AC [izR;korhZ /kkjk] esa ifjofrZr
dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, mi;qDr fd;k tkrk djrk gSA bldk mi;ksx cSVjh dks pktZ
gSA djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
mi;ksx bls eq[; ikoj ykbu esa yxk;k tkrk gSA
ikoj Qsfy;j ea]s ;g Lo;a gh fLop vkWu gks
tkrk gS rFkk ?kjsyq midj.kksa esa fo|qr ÅtkZ ;g mn~nhIr ySai ls 4 ls 6 xquk vf/kd n{k
dh vkiwfrZ cSVjh ds ek/;e ls djrk gSA gksrk gSA
tc eq[; vkiwfrZ okil ls vk tkrh gS vFkkZr 15 w dk ¶yksjkslsaV ySEi 60 w ds
bUoVZj vius vki gh can gksdj cSVjh dks mn~nhIr cYc ds leku izdk’k iznku djrk
pktZ djus esa iz;qDr gks tkrk gSA gSA
gkykafd lh,Q,y dk vkajfHkd ewY; vf/kd
mn~nhIr ySai ;k fQykesVa ySai% gksrk gS ysfdu bldk thoudky vU; cYcksa
(Incandescent Lamp or Filament dh rqyuk esa 15 xquk gksrk gSA [¶yksjkslsVa
Lamp) bleas VaxLVu ds fQykesaV dk iz;ksx ySai esa edZjh gksrk gS tks ,d tksf[ke ;qDr
fd;k tkrk gSA tc blesa /kkjk izokfgr gksrh inkFkZ gSA
gS rks ;g xeZ gksdj izdk’k dk mRltZu LCD – fyfDoM+ fØLVy fMLiys
• vkosf’kr d.kksa dks Rofjr djus esa tSls djrk gSA VaxLVu dk xyukad fcanw 34000C LED – ykbZV bfefVax Mk;ksM+
bysDVªksu] izksVªksu vk;u bR;kfnA gksrk gSA VaxLVu ds ok"ihdj.k dks jksdus gsrq Note:-
• ukfHkdh; HkkSfrdh ds iz;ksxksa esa cYc eas xSl Hkjh tkrh gSA tesZfu;e LED ds fy, iz;qDr ugh gksrk gSA
lhek → ;s vukosf’kr d.kksa dks Rofjr ugha (SSC CGL 12.04.2022)
dj ldrs gSA bysfDVªd vk;ju@ghVj@ghfVax jksM%
(Electric Iron/Heater/Heating Rod)
38
fo|qr /kkjk ds rkih; izHkko ij fuHkZj ghfVax  fo|qr eksVj esa n{krk = • ok"ihdj.k djus okyk & ;s dqaMfy;k gksrh gS
,yhesaV & uk;Økse [Ni + Cr dh feJ/kkrq] vkmViV
q ;kfa=d 'kfDr • daizslj& xSl dk vk;ru de djus gsrq
buqiV fo|rq 'kfDr laihfMr djrk gSA
• daMsulj & xSl dks nzo esa ifjofrZr djrk
midj.k dh laons u 'khyrk% (Senstivity of gSA
• ,Dlis’a ku okWYo & Å"ek dks mRlftZr djuk
a device) ;g U;wure HkkSfrd jkf’k gS ftls
ekik tk ldrk gSA xeZ gok buMksj bdkbZ esa fxzy ds }kjk [khaph
mnk- fMokbZl A 0.1 ,Eih;j fo|qr /kkjk tkrh gSA tks ckn esa ok"ihdj.k djus okyh
ekirh gS vkSj fMokbZl B fo|qr /kkjk 0.01 dqaMyh ls gksrs gq, izokfgr gksrh gS ftlesa
(SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE SI
05.07.2017) ,Eih;j ekirh gS rks fMokbZl B vf/kd 'khryd nzo izokfgr gks jgk gksrk gSA
Ni – fudy laosnu 'khy gSA 'khryd nzo Å"ek dks vo’kksf"kr djrk gS
Cr – Øksfe;e
,oa Lo;a izkIr gks tkrk gSA
bysfDVªd vkdZ% (Electric Arc) blesa nks dqaMfy;k vkus okyh gok ls vknzZrk dks gVkrh
dkcZu jkWM ik;h tkrh gS ftuds e/; ,d Air conditioner (AC)
gS tks dejs dks vuknzZ djrh gS vr% bl xeZ
xSi gksrk gSA tc ,d mPp oksYVst [40 ls 'kjhj dk lq[k rkieku ds lkFk vknzZrk ij Hkh jsÝhtjsVa xSl dks dizslj ls izokfgr djk;k
60 oksYV] ykxq fd;k tkrk gS] bl xSi esa ,d fuHkZj djrk gSA lkekU; euq"; ds fy, tkrk gS] disl z j bl xSl dks laihfMr djrk
LikdZ curh gS vkSj ,d pedhyk izdk’k vko’;d n’kk, fuEu gS gS ftlls ;g xeZ gks tkrh gS [laihMu ls
mRlftZr gksrk gSA (i) 230C – 250C ds e/; rkieku xSl dk rkieku c<+rk gS]A bl xeZ] mPp
(ii) lkisf{kd vknzZrk 60 ls 65% rd
nkc dh xSl dks rhljs vo;o daMluj ls
,;j daMh'kuj ;s lHkh n’kk, rki o vknzZrk xqtkjk tkrk gS tks xSl dks la?kfur dj nzo
dks fu;fer dj iznku djrk gSA esa cny nsrk gSA jsÝhtjsV] daMsluj rd ,d
,;j daMh’kuj dh 'khryu {kerk Vu esa xeZ xSl ds :i esa igq¡prk gS ysfdu tYnh
iznf’kZr dh tkrh gS gh ,d 'khr nzo ds :i esa cu tkrk gSA
mnk-1 Vu] 2 Vu bR;kfnA D;ksfa d /kkrq ds ia[kksa ds ek/;e ls xeZ xSl
1 Vu AC 12000 BTU (fczfV’k FkeZy ;wfuV
dh Å"ek vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k esa QSy
fo|qr midj.k dh fn’kk% (Efficiency of gaLrkrfjr djrh gSA (,d ?kaVs esa) [1 BTU = tkrh gSA vr% tc 'khryd daMsluj ls
an electric device) fdlh fo|qr midj.k
1055 twy]
ckgj vkrk gS rks ;g Å"ek {k; djrk gS og
dh vkmViqV ikoj o buiqV ikoj dk ,;j daMh’kuj fn, x, txg ls xeZ gok dks 'khr nzo cu tkrk gSA ;g ,Dlis’a ku okYo
vuqikr gh n{krk dgykrk gSA laxzfgr dj] ml txg esa 'khr gok NksM+rk ls izokfgr gksrk gS tks ok"ihdj.k ls vk,
vkmViqV ikoj gSA ;s izfØ;k 5 vo;oksa dk iz;ksx dj gksrh 'khryd nzo ds izokg dks fu;af=r djrk gS
 
buiqV ikoj gSA vr% 'khryd okil ogha igq¡p tkrk gS tgk¡
• jsÝhtjsUV& 'khryd nzO; ls LVkVZ gksrk gSA
39
7. v)Zpkyd bysDVªksfuDl (Semiconductor Electronics)

fo|qrh; xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij inkFkksZ dks rhu 'kq: dj nsrs gSA ¼D;ksfd fo/kqr {ks= /kukRed (RRB JE 29.05.19,RRB ALP 29.08.18,RRB
Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSA pkyd] v)Zpkyd] ls _.kkRed dh vksj gksrk gS rFkk bysDVªksuksa GROUP-D 16.11.18 & SSC CGL
dqpkydA dh xfr _.kkRed ls /kukRed dh vksj gksrh 27.08.2016).R
pkyd ¼/kkrq½% (Metals Conductors) gSaAblds dkj.k /kkjk izokfgr gksrh gS o /kkrq laLis’ku Vkbi dqpkydks dks mPp foHkkarj ds
pkyd = os inkFkZ ftuls gksdj fo|qr pkyd dh Hkk¡fr O;ogkj djrk gSA fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
ljyrk ls izokfgr gksrh gSA vPNs pkyd fo|qr ys tkus ds nkSjku (SSC STENOGRAPHER 14.09.2017)
mnkgj.k = rkack] ,Y;wfefu;e] tLrk] lksuk] _.kkRed #i ls vkosf’kr gksrs gSA v)Zpkyd%(Semiconductors)
pkanh vkfnA (SSC CGL 19.05.2013) os inkFkZ ftudk eku lqpkyd vkSj nksuks ds
(RRB GROUP-D 02.11.18) dqpkyd% (Insulators) e/; esa gksrk gS og v)Zpkyd gksrs gSA
bl voLFkk es]a fo/kqrh; pkyu ds fy, os inkFkZ ftuls fo|qr dk izokg ugha gksrk mnkgj.k & tesZfu;e] flfydkWu] xSfy;e
mifLFkr bysDVªksuksa dh la[;k vf/kd gksrh gSA og dqpkyd gksrs gSA vkfn
rks ,sls inkFkksZ dk izfrjks/k de o pkydrk mnkgj.k -lw[kh ydM+h ,cSdykbV , vHkzd , (SSC CGL 21.04.2013 & SSC JE 24.01.2018)
vf/kd gksrh gSA ;fn /kkrq ds lkis{k fuEu phuh feêh, ghjk , dkxt , vHkzd vkSj
fo|qr {ks= yxk;k tk, rks ;s eqDr bysDVªksu DokVZ~t, ,ukbVªkstu , v‚Dlhtu , lYQjA
fo|qr {ks= dh foijhr fn’kk esa xfr djuk
dqN 'kCnkoyh cSaM fl)kar ls lacf/kr %& inkFkksZ ds fy, QehZ mtkZ dk eku fHkUu gksrk v’kqf)  1 Part permillion (ppm) ij
 lapksth cSM gSA feyk;h tkrh gSA
,d ijek.kq dh lcls ckgjh d{kk esa cSaM fl)kar & MkWfiax ds rjhds %&
bysDVªkuks dk ,d mtkZ cSaM gSA ,sls  ;g pkyu cS.M vkSj la;kstdrk cS.M esa 1 v)Zpkydks esa v’kq)rk dks xyu voLFkk esa
bysDVªkuksa dks oSyl
sa bysDVªku dgk tkrk gSA bysDVªkuks dh mifLFkfr ;k vuqifLFkfr ds tksMs A
 cSaM vk/kkj ij inkFkZ dk o.kZu djrk gSA 2 v)Zpkydks ij ceckjh djds MksiVsa ijek.kqvksa
ge tkurs gS fd lcls ckgjh d{kk esa bysDVªku fo|qr dk lapkyu pkyu cS.M es djrs ;k v.kqvks dks izR;kjksfir djsAa
bysDVªkuksa dks cSyl
sa bysDVªku dgk tkrk gSA gSA Mksfiax ls v)Zpkydks dh fo|qr pkydrk
 pkyu cSaM gksy (hole) c<k;h tk ldrh gSA
ge tkurs gS fd lcls ckgjh d{kk esa izHkkoh /kukRed vkos’k okyk og fjDr LFkku
bysDVªku ukfHkd ls dldj ca/ks ugh gksrs gS ,d gksy (hole) dgykrk gSA gksy izHkkoh
vkSj bl otg ls os lcls ckgjh d{kk dks /kukRed vkos’k okys ,d vkHkklh eqDr d.k
dejs ds rkieku ij NksM nsrs gS vkSj eqDr dh rjg O;ogkj djrk gSA
bysDVªku d{kk cu tkrs gS ;s eqDr bysDVªku MkWfix (Doping)
pkyd esa fo|qr dk lapkyu djrs gSA MkWfix ,sd ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlesa 'kq}
 QehZ&ysoy & ;g la;kstdrk cS.M vkSj v)Zpkyd esa v’kq)rk dks feyk;k tkrk gS
pkyu cS.M ds chp dk mTkkZ Lrj gS tgk¡ ftlls blds xq.kks dks fu;af=r djds
bysDVªku feyus dh laHkkouk 50% gSA la’kksf/kr fd;k tk ldsA tksMs x,s v’kq)rk
QehZ mtkZ ije 'kwU; rkieku ¼vFkkZr ok½ ij ijek.kqvks dks MksisVa dgk tkrk gSA
fdlh inkFkZ ds eqDr bysDVªkuks }kjk /kkj.k (RRB JE 14.12.2014)
dh x;h vf/kdre laHko mtkZ gSA fofHkUu MkWfix dh 'krsZ %&
40
n – izdkj (N-type semiconductor) P – izdkj (P type semicondcutor)
1- bl izdkj ds viznÒ;h v)Zpkyd esa Si ;k Ge ¼la;kstdrk 4½ rRo ls 1- bl izdkj ds vinzO;h v)Zpkyd esa f=la;ksth v’kqf);k tSls Al,
vifefJr fd;k tkrk gSA B,In vkfn vifefJr dh tkrh gSA
2- v’kq) ijek.kq tks tksMk x;k gS og lajpuk esa ,d vf/kd bysDVªksu 2- v’kq) ijek.kq tks tksMk tkrk og bysDVªksu dh fjDrrk ;k gksy
tksM nsrk gS ftls nkrk ijek.kq dgrs gSaA fodflr djrk gS ,sls ijek.kqvksa dks xzkgh ijek.kq dgrs gSA
3- bysDVªksUl cgqla[;d vkos’k okgd rFkk gksYl vyila[;d vkos’k 3- bysDVªksu vYila[;d vkos’k okgd o gksYl cgqla[;d vkos’k
okgd cu tkrk gSA okgd gksrs gSA
4- bysDVªksu ?kuRo (ne) gksy ?kuRo (nn) ls vf/kd gksrk gSA 4- gksy ?kuRo (nn ) bysDVªksu ?kuRo ls vf/kd gksrk gSA
5- nkrk ÅtkZLrj pkyu cSaM ds fudV o la;kstdrk cSaM ls nwj gksrk 5- xzkgh ÅtkZ Lrj la;kstdrk cSaM ds fudV pkyu cSad ls nqj gksrk
gSA gSaA
6- nkrk mtkZ Lrj o pkyu cSaM ds e/; QehZ ÅtkZ Lrj fLFkr gksrk gSaA 6- QehZ ÅtkZ Lrj] pkyu cSaM o xzkgh ÅtkZ Lrj ds e/; gksrk gSA
uSt v)Zpkyd (Intrinsic semiconductor) vinzO;h v)Zpkyd (Extrinic Semiconductor)

1- 'kq) v)Zpkyd inkFkZ esa dksbZ v’kqf) fefJr ugha dh tkrh gSA 1- ;g 'kq) v)pkyd inkFkZ esa dqN ek=k esa v’kqf) feykus ij izkIr
2- mnkgj.k flfydu o tesfZ u;e ds fØLVyh; :i gksrk gSA
3- bysDVªksuksa dh la[;k ¾ gksYl dh la[;k 2- flfydu o tesZfu;e ds fØLVy QkWLQksjl
4- fo/kqrh; pkydrk fuEu gSA 3- fo/kqr pkydrk mPp
5- fo/kqr pkydrk rkieku dk Qyu gSA 4- fo/kqr pkydrk rki ds ds lkFk&lkFk v’kqf) dh ek=k ij Hkh
fuHkZj djrh gSA
uksV %&
tesZfu;e (eca-silicon) eq[;r% v)Zpkydks Mkafix dh otg ls] QehZ mTkkZ dh fLFkfr v)Zpkydksa ij rki dk izHkko% (Effect of
ds #i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA cnyrh gSA temperature on semiconductors)
(RRB NTPC 19.1.2017 ,17.01.2017 & tc ;g p-Vkbi v)Zpkyd esa la;kstdrk rkieku c<usa ds lkFk%
26.09.2018) cS.M dh rjQ c<rh gSA vkSj n-Vkbi esa (i) /kkfRod pkyd dk izfrjks/k c<rk gSA
tesZfu;e dks ckn es flfydkWu ls cnyk pkyu cS.M dh vksjA (ii) /kkfRod pkyd dh pkydrk de gksrh
x;kA v)Zpkykdks dk izfrjks/k ?kVrk gSA gSA
(RRB GROUP-D 05.10.2018) (iii) v)Zpkykdks dk izfrjks/k ?kVrk gSA
tc p-Vkbi vkSj n-Vkbi v)Zpkydks dks ,d (iv) v)Zpkydksa dh pkydrk bysDVªksu o
lkFk j[kk tkrk gS rks og p-n taD’ku cukrh gksYl dh la[;k esa o`f) ds dkj.k c<rh gSA
gS tks jsfDVQk;j dh rjg dke djrk gSA
(SSC (10+2) 10.11.2013)
41
inkFkZ esa dksbZ vkos’k ugha gksrk gS vkSj og Qydksa ij fodflr bl Lisl&pktZ {ks= dks
mnklhu jgrk gSA gklh {ks= (Depletion region) dgrs gSaA
,d n-Vkbi inkFkZ esa flfydkWu ijek.kq vkSj ;g blfy, gS D;ksfa d bysDVªkWu rFkk gksy
isVa koSysV v’kq) ijek.kq tSls ¼,aVheuh½ lqjek tks laf/k ds vkj&ikj vkjafHkd xfr esa Hkkx
gksrs gS ge tkurs gS dh v’kq) ijek.kq pkj ysrs gS os blds eqDr vkos’kksa ds {ks= dk gkl
flfydku ijek.kqvks ds lkFk ca/kus ij ,d e- dj nsrs gSA bl gklh {ks= dh eksVkbZ
NksMrk gS] blfy, inkFkZ es dksbZ vkos’k ughas ekbØksehVj ds nlosa Hkkx dh dksfV Qyd
gS vkSj og mnklhu jgrk gSA ij _.kkRed Lisl&pktZ {ks= gksus ds dkj.k
;fn uSt v)Zpkyd dk ,d VqdMk Mksi laf/k ij /kukRed vkos’k ls _.kkRed vkos’k
fd;k tkrk gS rkfd ,d fgLlk p-Vkbi vkSj dh vksj ,d fo|qr {ks= mRiUu gks tkrk gSA
nwljk fgLlk n-Vkbi gks rks nks {ks= esa v’kq) bl {ks= ds dkj.k laf/k ds P- Qyd dk
ijek.kqvks ls dbZ gksy gksrs gS vkSj dsoy dqN bysDVªkWu n- Qyd dh vksj rFkk laf/k ds n-
oSD;we Mk;ksM ;k CRSS: (Vacuum Diode gh Å"eh; #i ls mRiUu eqDr bysDVªku gksrs Qyd dk gksy p- Qyd dh vksj xfr djrk
or CRT’s) gSA n {ks= esa v’kq)rk ijek.kqvksa esa dbZ eqDr gSA bl fo|qr {ks= ds dkj.k vkos’k okgdksa
oSD;we V~;wc ¼okWYo½ esa Mk;ksM okWYo dh rjg bysDVªku gksrs gSaA vkSj dsoy dqN gh Å"eh; dh bl xfr dks viokg dgrs gSA
nks bysDVªksM gksrs gS $ ,uksM+ ¼IysV½] dSFkksMA #i ls mRiUu gksy gksrs gSA ck/kk {kerk Barrier Potential:
Vªk;ksM+ okWYo esa rhu bysDVªksM+ gksrs gS & IysV] fo|qr {ks= ds ek/;e ls bysDVªkuks dks
dSFkksM o fxzMA LFkkukarfjr djus ds fy, vko’;d laHkkfor
VsVªksM+ okWYo esa pkj bysDVªksM gksrs gS & IysV] varj dks ck/kk {kerk dgrs gSA
dSFksM o nks fxzMA
isVa ksM okWYo esa ik¡p bysDVªksM gksrs gS& IysV] ck;flax% fdlh midj.k dks dk;Z’khy cukus
dSFkksM o rhu fxzM gsrq 'kfDr lzkrs ls tksMus dh fof/kA
bu oSD;we V~;wcksa esa de Vs’a ku cSVjh dk tksM+us@dusDV djus dh /kzqork ds vk/kkj ij
mi;ksx djs dSFkksM dks xeZ djds bysDVªksu Mk;ksM 2 izdkj dh ck;flax esa gksrs gSA
iznku fd, tkrs gSA bysDVªksM ds e/; oksYVst
ifjofrZr dj bysDVªksuksa dk izokg fu;af=r
fd;k tkrk gSA bysDVªksM+ ds e/; ,d oSD;we
cuk;k tkrk gS rkfd bysDVªksu vius ekxZ esa
xfr djrs le; ok;q ds d.kksa ls Vdjkdj
viuh ÅtkZ {k; u djsaA bu oSD;we V~;wcksa esa
bysDVªksu ,d fn’kk esa gh izokfgr gksrs gSA]
vr% bUgs okWYo Hkh dgk tkrk gSA oSD;we
(i) vxzfnf’k; ck;l% tc fdlh v/kZpkyd
V~;wc midj.k Hkkjh] mPp oksYVst ¼100u ls Mk;ksM ds nks fljksa ds chp dksbZ cká oksYVrk
vf/kd ij½ dk;Z djrs gS] vf/kd 'kfDr dk
V bl izdkj vuqiz;qDr dh tkrh gSA fd
miHkksx djrs gS] lhfer thou o de
cSVjh dk /ku VfeZuy P- Qyd ls rFkk _.k
fo’oluh;rk ;qDr gksrs gSA
VfeZuy n- Qyd ls la;ksftr djrs gS rks
bls vxzkfnf’kd ck;flr dgrs gSA Mk;ksM
can fLop dh Hkk¡fr dk;Z djrk gSA
(RRB JE 14.12.2014)
gklh {kS=% (ii) i’pkfn’kh; ck;r% tc fdlh v/kZpkyd
tc dksbZ bysDVªkWu P ls n dh vkSj folfjr Mk;ksM ds nks fljksa ds chp dksbZ cká
gksrk gs rks og vius ihNs ,d vk;fur nkrk oksyVrk (V) bl izdkj vuqiz;qDr djrs gS fd
PN laf/k% n & Qyd ij NksM nsrk gSA ;g vk;fur cSVjh ds /ku VfeZuy dks n – Qyd ls rFkk
tc vki ,d f=la;kstd v'kq)rk ds lkFk nkrk ¼/ku vkos’k½ pkjksa vksj ds ijek.kqvksa _.k VfeZuy dks P- Qyd ls tksM+rs gSa rks
flfyd‚u vkSj Mksi Hkkx dk ,d Cy‚d ysrs }kjk c¡/kk gksus ds dkj.k fu’py gksrk gSA Mk;ksM dks i’pfnf’kd ck;flr (Reverse
gSa vkSj nwljs Hkkx dks isVa koSyVsa v'kq)rk ds tSls&tSls bysDVªkWu n → p dh vksj folfjr bias) dgrs gSA Mk;ksM [kqys fLop dh rjg
lkFk ysrs gSa, rks ifj.kkeh ih-Vkbi vkSj ,u- gksrs tksrs gSa] laf/k ds n- Qyd ij /kukos’k dk;Z djrk gSA
Vkbi Hkkxksa ds chp ih,u taD'ku uked ,d dh ¼;k /kukRed Lisl&pktZ {ks=½ ,d ijr P- fLFkfr ,uksM dh rjg o n- fLFkfr dsFkksM+
lhek cu tkrh gSA ih,u taD'ku Mk;ksM dqN fodflr gks tkrh gsA blh izdkj] tc dksbZ dh Hkk¡fr gksrh gSA
VªkaftLVj lkSj lsy vkSj vU; midj.kksa dk gksy laknzrk izo.krk ds dkj.k P → n dh vksj folj.k /kkjk% P-n laf/k ds nks {ks=ksa esa vkos'k
vk/kkj gSA bls Mk;ksM ;k tsufjd Mk;ksM folfjr gksrk gS rks og viuh ihNs ,d okgdksa dh lkanzrk esa ifjorZu ds dkj.k]
dgrs gSaA vk;fur xzkgh ¼_.kkRed vkos’k½ NksM nsrk gS vkos'k okgdksa dh xfr ds dkj.k mRiUu /kkjk]
f=la;kstd v’kq)rk okys ijek.kq gksr gS tks fu’py gksrk gSA tSls&tSls gksy folfjr folj.k /kkjk dgykrh gSA
cksjkWu ijek.kq ,d gksy tksMrk gS tc ;g gksrs gSa] _.kkRed vkos’k ¼_.kkRed viokg /kkjk% vkos’k okgdksa dh xfr fo/kqr
flfydkWu ijek.kq ds lkFk ca/krk gSa gkyk¡fd ] Lisl&pktZ½ dh ,d ijr laf/k ds P- Qyd {ks= ds izHkko esa viokg /kkjk mRiUu djrh gS
pw¡fd iwjs inkFkZ esa izksVksu dh la[;k vkSj ij fodflr gksrh tkrh gSA laf/k ds nksuksa ftldh fn’kk folj.k /kkjk ds foijhr gksrh
bysDVªkWu dh la[;k leku gksrh gS] blfy, gSA
42
batsD’ku% bySDVªksuksa o gksYl }kjk gklh ijr izdk’k mRltZd (LED) dks bl izdkj
dks ikj djus dh izfd;k batsDlu dgykrh ck;flr fd;k tkrk gSA fd budh izdk’k
gSA mRltZu n{krk vf/kdre gksA
P-N laf/k Mk;ksM ds vfHky{k.k% LED क ग े क करण
(Characteristics of P-N Junction
क है ए ैसे े व रे
Diode)
(i) vxzfn’kh; vfHky{k.k% (Forward P-N laf/k Mk;ksM ds fof’k"V iz;kStu% रग क त्स कर है ।
Characteristics) (Special Purpose P-N Junction Diodes
(d) lkSj lsy% (Solar Cell)
- vxzkfn’kh; ck;l esa vkjaHk esa /kkjk ml le; (a) tksuj Mk;ksM+% (Zener Diode)
lkSj lsy ewy :i esa ,d ,slh p-n laf/k gksrh
rd cgqr /khjs&/khjs] yxHkx ux.;] c<rh gS ;g ,d fof’k"V iz;kstu v/kZpkyd Mk;ksM+ gS
gS tks lkSj & fofdj.kksd
a s vkifrr gksus ij
tc rd fd Mk;ksM ij oksYVrk ,d fuf’;r ftldk uke mlds vfo"dkjd lh] tsuj ds
emf mRiUu djrh gSA
eku&ls vf/kd u gks tk,A uke ij j[kk x;k gSA bls Hkatu {ks= esa
(e) Schottky diode
(Threshold voltage) i’pfnf’kd ck;l esa izpkfyr djus ds fy,
Schottky Mk;ksM ;teZu HkkSfrd foKkuh
bl vfHkyk{kf.kd oksYVrk ds ckn Mk;ksM fMtkbu fd;k x;k gS rFkk bldk mi;ksx
okYVj ,pA Schottky ds uke ij), ftls S
ck;l oksYVrk esa cgqr FkksM+h&lh gh o`f) oksYVrk fu;a=d ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Schottky barrier diode ;k g‚V-dSfj;j
djus Mk;ksM /kkjk esa lkfFkZd ¼pj?kkrkadh½ tsuj Mk;ksM laf/k ds P – rFkk n – nksuksa
Mk;ksM ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS, ,d
o`f) gks tkrh gSA ;g oksYVrk nsgyh oksYVrk Qydksa dks vR;f/kd vifefJr (Heavily
v/kZpkyd Mk;ksM gS tks ,d /kkrq ds lkFk
(Threshold) voltage) ;k dV&bu doped) dj fodflr fd;k tkrk gSaA blds
v/kZpkyd ds taD'ku ls curk gSA blesa de
oksYVrk dgykrh gSA bl oksYVrk dk eku dkj.k cuus okyk àklh {ks= vR;f/kd iryk
Q‚joMZ oksYVst Mª‚i vkSj cgqr rst fLofpax
tjesfu;e Mk;ksM ds fy, 0-2 oksYV rFkk (<10-6) gksrk gS
,D'ku gksrk gSA Schottky Mk;ksM esa taD'ku
flfydkWu Mk;ksM ds fy, 0-7 oksYV gSA oksYVrk fu;a=d ds :i esa tsuj Mk;ksM%
, n Vkbi lsehdaMDVj ls esVy IysV ds chp
(ii) i’pfn’kh; vfHky{k.k% (Reverse (Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator)
esa gksrk gSA Schottky cSfj;j Mk;ksM esa
Characteristics) fjolZ czsdM+kmu {ks= esa] tsuj Mk;ksM+ ds
taD'ku ds nksuksa vksj cgqla[;d okgd ds :i
े .ए कश र ग रवस ब स
lkis{k oksYVst esa de ifjorZu] ifjiFk ls
esa bysDVª‚u gksrs gSaA vr% ;g ,d/#oh; ;qfä
izokfgr gksus okyh /kkjk esa vf/kd ifjorZu
व े और .ए श र रवस कर के gS
nsrk gSA ysfdu tsuj Mk;ksM ds lkis{k
(g) Vuy Mk;ksM (Tunnel diode)
ब क सब ह। oksYVst fu;r jgrk gSA
Vuy Mk;ksM ,d Hkkjh Mksi fd;k gqvk ih-,u
i’pfnf’kd ck;l esa Mk;ksM ds fy, /kkjk (b) QksVks Mk;ksM% (Photo Diode)
taD'ku Mk;ksM gS ftlesa oksYVst c<+us ij
QksVksMk;ksM ,d ih,u taD'ku gS tks ,d
cgqr de ( A ) gksrh gS rFkk ck;l esa fo|qr çokg de gks tkrk gSA ;g ih-,u
v‚IVksbysDVªksfud midj.k gS ftlesa QksVks
ifjorZu d lkFk yxHkx fLFkj cuh jgrh gSA taD'ku fMokbl gS tks udkjkRed çfrjks/k
mÙkstuk ds ek/;e ls QksVksu }kjk orZeku
bls izrhi larÌr /kkjk (Reverse Saturation çnf'kZr djrk gSA Vuy Mk;ksM esa, fo|qr
okgd mRiUu gksrs gSa, ;kuh çdk'k }kjk
current) dgrs gSA /kkjk "Vufyax"k~ ds dkj.k gksrh gSA Vuy
QksVksd‚UMD'kuA
Mk;ksM dk mi;ksx daI;wVj esa cgqr rsth ls
tc QksVksMk;ksM vius czsdMkmu oksYVst ls
fLop djus okys midj.k ds :i esa fd;k
de oksYVst ds lkFk fjolZ ck;LM gksrk gS
tkrk gSA(RRBJE 14.12.2014)
vkSj blds taD'ku ij dksbZ çdk'k ugha gksrk
gS, rks fjolZ djaV csgn de yxHkx ux.;
dqN lkekU; Mk;ksM ds fpUg% (Symbols of
gksrk gSA bl djaV dks MkdZ djaV dgk tkrk
some common diodes)
gSA
QksVksMk;ksM~l dk mi;ksx fjolZ ck;l
jsfDVQk;j% (Rectifier) ;g ,d fo/kqrh; fLFkfr;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gS D;ksfa d çdk'k
midj.k gS tks ,d ;k vf/kd Mk;ksM ls çokg ;k çdk'k dh rhozrk esa ifjorZu ds
feydj cuk gksrk gS tks izR;korhZ /kkjk dks dkj.k QksVksMk;ksM ds ek/;e ls fjolZ djaV
fn"V /kkjk esa ifjofrZr djrs gSA ,d Mk;ksM esa ifjorZu dks vklkuh ls ekik tk ldrk gS
,d fn’kh; okWYo dh rjg dk;Z djrk gS tks D;ksfa d fjolZ lSpqjs'ku djaV çdk'k çokg ;k
fo/kqr /kkjk dks ,d gh fn’kk esa izokfgr gksus çdk'k dh rhozrk ds lh/ks vkuqikfrd gksrk
nsrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks jsDVhfQds’ku dgrs gSA ysfdu ,slk ugha gS tc QksVksMk;ksM VªkaftLVj% (Transistor)
gSA (RRB NTPC 29.04.2016 & SSC Q‚joMZ ck;LM gksrk gSA ,d taD'ku VªkaftLVj rhu VfeZuy
STENOGRAPHER 14.09.2017) (c) izdk’k mRltZd Mk;ksM+% (LED) (Light lsehdaMDVj fMokbl gksrk gS ftlesa nks ih-
Emitting Diode (LED) ,u taD'ku gksrs gSa tks foijhr çdkj dh nks
;g ,d vR;f/kd vifefJr p-n laf/k Mk;ksM eksVh leku ijrksa ds chp MksIM lsehdaMDVj
gksrk gS tks vxzfnf’kd ck;l esa Lor% ;ih-Vkbi ;k ,u-Vkbi) dh ,d iryh ijr
fofdj.kksa dk mRltZu djrk gSA j[kdj curs gSaA ,d VªkaftLVj esa rhu MksIM
;g Mk;ksM ikjn’khZ vkoj.k esa cna gksrk gS {ks= gksrs gSa tks muds chp nks ih-,u taD'ku
rkfd blds }kjk mRlftZr fofdj.k ¼izdk’k½ cukrs gSaA
ckgj vk ldsA
43
bls ckbiksyj taD'ku VªkaftLVj dgk tkrk gS 1- lsehdaMDVj fMokbZl rkieku ifjorZu ds (SSC CGL 21.04.2013))
D;ksfa d ;g pktZ dSfj;j ds :i esa Nsn vkSj izfr cgqr laons u’khy gksrs gS tcfd oSD;we s lfdZV INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
bUVhxzsVM
bysDVª‚uksa nksuksa dk mi;ksx djrk gSA V~;wc de laosnu’khy gksrs gSA
fg;fjax ,M esa vf/kdrj VªkaftLVj ik, tkrs 2- leku fo’ks"krkvksa okys v)Zpkyd midj.kksa
gSaA (SSC CGL 07.09.2016 dk mRiknu djuk eqf’dy gSA
bldk mi;ksx lfdZV esa ,EiyhQk;j ds :i 3- v)Zpkyd midj.kksa esa 'kksj dk Lrj oSD;we
esa fd;k tkrk gSA V~;wcksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gSA
(SSC CGL 01.09.2016) 4- lsehdaMDVj fMokbZl] oSD;weV~;wc ftruh
'kfDr larqyu ugha dj ikrs gSA
vk/kqfud le; esa] v/kZpkyd midj.k viuh ;g ,d ,dh—r lfdZV] ;k IC, fpi gS tks
fo’ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k oSD;we V~;wcksa dks yxHkx ,EiyhQk;j] vklhysVj] Vkbxj]
cny jgs gSA ekbdksizkslslj ;k ;gk¡ rd dh
rdZ ¼ykWftd xsV½% (Logic Gate) xsV ,d dEI;wVj eseksjh ds #i es adk;Z dj ldrh gSA
,slk vadh; ifjiFk (Digital circuit) gksrk gS ,d IC ,d osQj gksrk gS] tks vkerkSj ij
tks fuos’kh rFkk fuxZr oksYVrkvksa ds chp flfydkWu ls cuk gksrk gS] tks gtkjks
izo/kZd dk fl)akr% (Concept of an
fdlh fuf’pr rkfdZd laca/k dk ikyu djrk VªkaftLVj] jsflLVllZ vkSj dSisflVj rd
Amplifier)
gSA blhfy, O;kid :i esa bUgsa ykWftd xsV cka/k dj j[krk gSA
og midj.k tks izR;korhZ oksYVst] /kkjk]
dgrs gSaA xsV dgus dk dkj.k ;g gS fd ;s IC flfydk ls cuk gksrk gSA
'kfDr ds vk;ke dks vkof/kZr@ c<krk gSA
lwpuk ds izokg dks fu;af=r djrs gSA O;kid (RRB NTPC 28.04.2016 & (SSC MTS
(RRB JE 14.12.2014)
:i esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys ik¡p ykWftd 04.10.2017)
nks vkxr VfeZuy ls izkIr flXuy dks
xsV NOT, AND, OR, NAND rFkk NOR gSA ,d vlrr (discrete) lfdZV mu ?kVdks ls
vkof/kZr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj nks fuxZr VfeZuy
izR;sd ykWftd xsV dks fdlh izrhd }kjk fufeZr gksrk gS tks vyx ls fufeZr gksr gS
ls yksM tqMk gksrk gSA
bafxr djrs gSa rFkk blds dk;Z dks ,d
lR;eku lkj.kh }kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk VªkalQkeZj dks IC esa m=r ugh fd;k tk
v)Zpkyd ;qfDr;ksa ds ykHk% (Advantages
gSA tks lHkh laHko fuos’kh rdZ Lrj la;kstuksa ldrkA
of semiconductor Devices)
rFkk muds vius&vius fuxZr rdZ Lrjksa dks (SSC CGL 08.09.2016)
1- v)Zpkyd ;qfDr;k oSD;we V~;wCl dh rqyuk
esa vkdkj o Hkkj esa de gksrh gSA n’kkZrh gSA lR;eku lkj.kh ykWftd xsVa ks ds
O;ogkj dks le>us esa lgk;rk djrh gSaA bu Name Signification Year Number of Number
2- v)Zpkyd ;qfDr;k bysDVªksu mRltZu ds transistors of logic
ykWftd xsVksa dks v/kZpkyd ;qDr;ksa dk
nkSjku Å"fer ugha gksrh gSA ;s rqjar lapkfyr gates
gks tkrh gSA blls fctyh dh cpr de gks mi;ksx djds cuk;k tk ldrk gSA tkWtZ cwys SSI Small-scale 1964 1 to 10 1 to 12
us ,d izdkj ds chtxf.kr dk vkfo"dkj integration
tkrh gSA
3- VªkaftLVj ;qDr midj.k lapkyu ds nkSjku fd;k tks rkfdZd dFkuksa ls lacf/kr gS ftlesa MSI Medium- 1968 10 to 500 13 to 99
dsoy nks ewY; gksrs gSs vFkkZr ;krks lgh ;k scale
Åf"er ugha gksrs vr% fdlh 'khryu izØe integration
dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSA xyr ewY;A rkfdZd dFkuksa dks cqfy;u pj
LSI large-scale 1971 500 to 20 100 to
4- lsehdaMDVj midj.k oSD;qe V~;wCl dh rqyuk dgrs gSA ,d cqfy;u pj ds lR; ewY; dks
integration 000 9999
esa dBksj o jQ gksrs gsA vr% ;s fdlh Hkh 1 ls vkSj xyr ewY; dks 0 ls n’kkZ;k tkrk VLSI Very large- 1980 20 000 to 10 000
gSMfyax dk lkeuk dj ldrs gSA gSA scale 1 000 000 to 99
integration 999
5- budk thoudky oSD;we V~;wCl dh rqyuk esa
ULSI Ultra-large- 1984 1 000 000 100 000
vf/kd gksrk gSA scale and more and
6- ;s oSD;we V~;wc midj.kksa dh rqyuk esa lLrh integration more
gksrh gSA
7- lsehdaMDVj midj.k fuEu ikoj fMokbZlsl
gSA
v)Zpkyd ;qfD;ksa dh gkfu;k%
(Disadvantages of Semiconductor ,d u‚V xsV dks flaxy VªkaftLVj }kjk ykxw
Devices) fd;k tk ldrk gS
44
8. rjaxs vkSj nksyu (Waves and oscillations)

rd esa HkkSfrd d.k tc lapj.k djrs gS] fcuk fdlh d.k ds LFkkukarj.k ds tc ÅtkZ
buls tks fo{kksHk mRiUu gksrk gS mls rjax o laosx dk LFkkukarj.k ,d LFkku ls nwljs
dgrs gSA rd gksrk gS] rks ;g rjax xfr dgykrk gSA
rjax dh xfr dh fn’kk
rjax xfr (Wave motion)
fdlh {ks= esa HkkSfrd d.k tc nksyu djrs gS]
fcuk fdlh d.k ds LFkkukarj.k ds tc ÅtkZ
vkSj ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku
o laosx dk LFkkukarj.k ,d LFkku ls nwljs
rd gksrk gS] rks ;g rjax xfr dgykrk gSA
rjaxks ds izdkj
rjaxksa ds izdkj (Types of waves)
;kaf=d rjaxs (Mechanical Waves) fo|qrpqacdh; rjaxs nzO; rjaxs¼Mh&czksXyh rjax½

bu rjaxksa dks dsoy Hkksfrd ek/;e esa (Electromagnetic waves) (Matter Waves Or de Broglie
fufeZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu rjaxksa os rjaxs ftUgsa mRiUu djus o lapj.k waves)
dks U;wVu dh xfr ds fu;eksa }kjk ds fy, fdlh ek/;e dh vko’;drk ;s rjaksa xfreku nzO; ls lEcfU/kr gksrh
fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k& ugha gksrh ;s fuokrZ esa Hkh xfr dj gSA tSl& s bysDVªkWu] izksVkWu] U;wVªkWu]
ikuh dh lrg ij ygjs]a rkjks ij ldrh gSA tSls& jsfM;ksa rjax]sa ijek.kq] v.kq bR;kfnA
ygjsa] /ofu rjaxs vkfnA ijkcSaxuh rjaxs] lq{e rjaxs gekjh lHkh
lapkj rjaxs
vuqizLFk rjax xfr (Transverse Wave Motion) vuqnS/;Z rjax xfr (Longitudinal Wave Motion)
blesa vuqizLFk rjax xfr blesa fdlh ek/;e ds d.k vuqnS/;Z rjax xfr vuqnS/;Z rjax xfr esa ek/;e ds d.k
rjax lapj.k dh fn’kk ds yEcor ljy vkorZ xfr rjax lapj.k dh fn’kk ds lekarj ljy vkorZ xfr djrs
djrs gSA mnkgj.k gSA SSC CHSL (10+2) 25.03.2018)
(i) ,d flrkj ds rkj dh xfr mnkgj.k
(ii) rcyk ;k<ksyl dh f>fYy;ksa dh xfr (i) /ofu rjaxksa vuqnS/;Z rjaxksa ds :i esa gok esa lapj.k
(iii) jLlh ij fdad dh xfr djrh gSA
(iv) izdk’k rjaxs vkSj vU; lHkh fo|qr (ii) vax uyh esa ok;q LraEHk dk daiu vuqnS/;Z gSA
pqEcdh; rjaxs Hkh vuqizLFk rjaxs gSA (iii) ,d vuqukn ra= dh uyh esa ikuh dk lrg ls
mranok;q dk daiu vuqnS/;Z gSA
f'k[kj (Crest) xrZ (Through) alihM+u (Compression) fojyu (Rerefaction)

f’k[kj ek/;e dk ,d Hkkx xrZ ek/;e dk ,d fgLlk ;g ek/;e dk ,d Hkkx gS ;g ek/;e dk ,d Hkkx gS
gS tks vLFkk;h :i ls gS tks vLFkk;h :i ls tgk¡ d.k ladqfpr gksrs gSA tgk¡ d.k FkksM+h nwjh ij gksrs
ek/;e ds ckdh d.kksa dh ek/;e ds ckfd d.kksa dh gSA
lkekU; fLFkrh ls Åij lkekU; fLFkfr ls uhps j[kk
mBk;k tkrk gS] tc ,d tkrk gS tc vuqizLFk rjax
vuqizLFk rjax ek/;e ls ek/;e ls xqtjrh gSA
xqtjrh gSA
45
rjax ,oa nksyu (Waves and Oscillations)
vkof/kd xfr (Periodic Motion) nksyr 'khy xfr (Oscillatory Motion)

• bleas,d fuf’pr varjky ds Ckkn iwuZofrZ gksrk gSA
• ftl LFkku ls d.k pyuk izkjEHk djrk gS] mlh LFkku
ij okfil vk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k & blesa d.k ,d fuf’pr fcanq ds lkis{k xfr djrk
gSA
i`Foh dk lw;Z ds pkjks • dk;Z iqu% ,d fuf’pr varjky ds ckn nksgjk;k
Sun rjQ pDdj yxkuk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k & ljy yksyd dh xfr
vkorZ (Harmonic) js[kh; ;k vljy vkoZr (Non-Harmonic)

bldks vkoZrh Qyu dks ,dy Qyu ds T;k vkSj 6 vljy vkoZr xfr og gS ftls ,dy vkoZr Qyu
dksT;k esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA ds :i esa O;Dr ugha fd;k tkrkA ,d vljy
vkoZr xfr nks ;k nks ls vf/kd vkoZrh nksyu dk
la;qXe gksrk gSA
vljy vkoZr xfr dks fuEu rjhds ls O;Dr fd;k
ljy vFkkZr xfr (Simple Harmomonic motion) tk ldrk gS&
F = –k x vU;Fkk  = –C  d2 y
+ w2y = 0
fdlh nksyudkjh fudk; ij tks cy vkjksfir fd;k gS og dt 2
ml fudk; ds foLFkkiuj ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA k
i.e. F  x ;k  ;gk¡ w =
m
vkSj cy ges’kk lkE;oLFkk dh rjQ yxk;k tkrk gSA rks ;g
xfr ljy vFkkZr xfr dgykrh gSA (SH u) ;gk¡ k ,d cy fu;arkd gSA
fu;r ifjek.k vkSj ,dy vkorhZ ds nkSyu dks ljy vFkkZr
nksyu dgrs gSA ljy vkorZ xfr dks fuEu rjhds ls fu:fir
fd;k tkrk gS&
y = a sin  t = a sin 2  t/T ___ (1) ;k
y = a cos  t = a cos 2  t/T ___ (2)
;gk¡ y = ek/; fLFkfr ls fdlh fudk; dk foLFkkiu t le; esa
a = vf/kdre foLFkkiu ;k fudk; ds foLFkkiu ;k vk;keA
2
w = dks.kh; vkofrZ = 2πw =
T
V, T = vkoZrh vksj le; varjky SHM dh lehdj.k & (a) F
= - ky
SHM izR;kLFkk o tM+rk dks /kkj.k djrk gSA
(SSC CAPFS SI, CISF ASI & DELHI POLICE SI EXAM 22.06.2014)
,d lk/kkj.k isM
a qye (SSC CPO SI,ASI 06.06.2021)
ljy vkoZr xfr dh 'krs%Z (Equation of foLFkkiu pj le; ds lkFk nksyu dh vkSlr voLFkkvksa dk ekiu%
SHM) fLFkfr ls mldk fopyu gksrk gSA tc nks deUu'khy d.k ,d gh fn’kk esa ,d
(a)F = -ky (ii) ,d lk/kkj.k nksyu esa & foLFkkiu pj gh le; ij pyrs gq;s viuh ek/;e fLFkfr
(b) d2y/dt2 +ω2y = 0 le; ds lkFk nksyuksa ds nkSjku m/okZ/kj ls dks ikj djrs gS
Here ω = √k/m (k is force constant) bldk dks.kh; fopyu gSA y1 = asinwt y2 =bsinwt
dqN egRoiw.kZ ifjHkk"kk,¡% (Conditions of (iii) gok esa /ofu rjax ds izlkj ds nkSjku&
simple Harmonic Motion) foLFkkiu pj ncko esa LFkkuh; ifjorZu gS]
foLFkkiu% vkof/kd xfr esa le; ds lkFk le; ds lkFkA
HkkSfrd ek=k esa ifjorZu dks foLFkkiu uke (iv) pqEcdh; izlkj ds nkSjku&foLFkkiu pj
fn;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj foLFkkiu≤] fo/kqr vkSj pqEcdh; {ks= gS tks le; ds lkFk
dks.k] ncko] fctyh] pqacdh; {ks= vkfn ds le;≤ ij cnyrs jgrs gSA
lkFk HkkSfrd ek=k esa ifjorZu dk izfrfuf/kRo izkjfEHkd pj.k%
djrs gSA ;g daiu'khy d.kksa dh voLFkk le; t ds
mnkgj.k% (Examples) vuqlkj nksuksa ds e/; voLFkk varjky 'kwU; gSA
(i) ,d fLiax z esa & tc dksbZ fudk; fLiazx When t = 0 (i) tc nks diUu’khy d.k viuh ek/;
dh fØ;k ds rgr nksyu djrk gSA rks  = ϕ0 bldh bdkbZ jsfM;u gSA fLFkfr dks ,d gh le; ij ikj djrs gS
46
foifjr fn’kk ls ,d gh le; ij ikj djrs (e) i`Foh ds dsUnz ij g = 0, rks le; varjky osx] v = gR tan
gS foifjr fn’kk ls vuar gSA • la;qDr nksyu% (Compound pendulum)
y1 = a sin (wt), y2 = asinwt (f) le; vof/k /kzqoksa dh rqyuk esa Hkwe/; js[kk ij
here π rad or 180° vf/kd gksrh gSA
(iii) tc d.k A viuh pje fLFkfr ls xqtjrs (g) i`Foh ds ?kw.kZu ds dkj.k g ds eku esa deh
gq;s ck;ha vkSj tkrk gS vkSj d.k B nk, rjQ gksus ij nksyu dh le;kof/k ¼vkorZdky½ c<+
viuh ek/; fLFkfr ls gksdj tkrk gS tkrk gS D;ksafd i`Foh vius v{kksa ij ?kwerh
 gSA
y1 = asin (wt + ), y2 = bsinwt
2 • nwljk nksyu ¼lsd.M isMwye½% (Second
(iv) tc nks d.kksa dh xfr dk pendulum) lsd.M isMwye og isM a wye
S = og fcanq tgk¡ Bksl oLrq ca/kh gq;h gSA
foLFkkiu≤ xzkQ fp= esa fn[kk, vuqlkj gksrk gS ftldk vkorZdky 2 lsd.M gksrk
C = oLrq dk nzO;eku dsUnz
1
gSA
gS] d.k A daiu }kjk d.k B ls vkxs gSA 1 = S o C ds e/; nwjh
dT = 2 sec
8 I
(FCI ASSISTANT GRADE – T = 2π = I = ML2
rks nks d.kksa dh xfr& mgl
II 22.01.2012)
 So, l = 0.993 ehVj I = tM+Ro vkgw.kZ S ds lkis{;
y1 = asinwt, y2 =bsin (wt - )
4 • vuqukn% (Resoance) ;g ,d ?kVuk gS] tks
 dsoy rc gksrh gS tc vko`fr ftl le; ij
rad or 45°
4 cy yxk;k tkrk gS ml iz.kkyh dks izkd`fr
ljy nksyu% (Simple Rendulum) vko`fr;ksa ds cjkj ;k yxHkx cjkcj gksrh gS
,d ljy nksyu SHM (simple harmonic ftl ij og dk;Z djrk gSA tks iz.kkyh dks
motion) fu"ikfnr djus okys fudk;ks dk cM+s vk;ke ij nksyu djus dk dkj.k curk
lcls vke mnkgj.k gS gS] tc cy vU; vko`fr;ksa ij yxk;k tkrk
,d ljy vkn’kZ nksyu esa ,d nzO;eku gSA
fudk; ,d Hkkjghu yphyh jLlh ls fuyafcr • a wye dh le;kof/k% (Time period
ckj isM • og vko`fr ftl ij iz.kkyh vk;ke vf/kdre
jgrk gS] ;g nzO;eku fudk; nksyu djus ds of bar pendulum) gksrk gS] vuqukn vko`fr dgykrh gSA vuqukn
fy, Lora= gksrk gSA I vko`fr ds utnhd vko`fr gksus ij NksVs
T = 2
ledkfydrk dk fu;e% (Law’s of simple mgl vof/k cyksa esa cM+s vk;ke ds nksyu djkus dh
pendulum) ;g crkrk gS fd ,d lk/kkj.k ;gk¡ 1 ?kw.kZu tM+Ro gS nksyu dkA {kerk gksrh gSA daiu mtkZ ds laj{k.k ds
nksyu dh le;kof/k blds ifjek.k ls vkSj dkj.kA
Lora=rk gSA mnkgj.k (Example)
l
yEckbZ ds fu;e% ;g crkrk gS fd lk/kkj.k T = 2π >qyk (Swing)
g
nksyu dh vof/k lh/ks bldh yEckbZ ds
 k2 
oxZewy ds lekuqikfr gksrh gSA ;gk¡ L =   + l
 l 
T∝ l
• ?kwekonkj nksyu dk vkoZrdky% (Time
xq:Rokd"kZ.k ds dkj.k Roj.k dk fu;e% ;g
period of torsion pendulum)
crkrk gS] ,d lk/kkj.k nksyu dh le;kfo/k
blds Roj.k ds oxZey w ds O;qRØekuqikrh gS] ,d >qyk vuqukn dk ifjfpr mnkgj.k gSA
ml txg ij xq:Rokd"kZ.k ds dkj.kA tc ge >qys dks /kDdk nsrs gS] rks ;g vkxs
1 vkSj ihNs ?kwerk gSA ;fn >qys dks yxkrkj
T∝
g /kDdk fn;k tkrk gS rks bldh xfr c<+ tkrh
rks lk/kkj.k nksyu dk vkoZrdky% gSA tks O;fDr >qys dks /kDdk ns jgk gS] >qys
l ds le; ls rkyesy gksuk pkfg,A /kDdk nsus
T=2 tc fMLd dks {kSfrt ry ij ?kqek;k tkrk
g okys dks >qys ds le; ds ledkfyu gksuk
gS] rks rkj dks ejksM+ fn;k tkrk gS tks fd iM+rk gSA bl dkj.k >qys ds vk;ke esa o`f)
(a) tc fy¶V ds vanj mij dh vkSj Rofjr
foifjr fn’kk esa ,d cy mRiUu djrk gSA gksrh gS] >qyk rst gks tkrk gSA
fd;k tkrk gS] rks nksyu dh le;kof/k ?kVrh
tks fd fMLd dks nksyu xfr iznku djrk gSA vc >qyk viuh izkd`frs vko`fr ij igqp tkrk
gSA
I gS nksyu ds] FkksM+k lk /kDdk nsus ij Hkh ;g
(b) tc fy¶V ds vanj uhps dh vksj Rofjr fd;k T = 2π
C vius ifjek.k dks cuk, j[krk gS] vuqukn ds
tkrk gS rks g dk izHkkoh eku ?kV tkrk gS
I – tM+Ro egRoiw.kZ gS fcanq C ij dkj.k] ge bls ledkyhu vuqukn dgrs gSA
vkSj isaMqye dh le; vof/k c<+ tkrh gSA
C – fu;r foifjr ?kqekonkj xfr ;g vfu;fer /kdk fn;k tk;s rks >qyk
(c) vf/kd Å¡pkbZ ij g dk eku de gksus ds
T - ?kqekonkj fu;arkd ¼rkj dk½ eqf’dy ls diau djsxk vkSj vledkyhu
dkj.k nksyu dh le;kof/k c<+ tkrh gSA
• 'kaDokdkj nksyu% (Conical pendulum) gksus ls vuqukn ugha gksxkA vkSj >qyk rsth ls
(d) i`Foh dh lrg ds uhps nksyu dh le;kof/k
de gks tkrh gS D;ksfa d g dk eku c<+ tkrk le; vof/k ugha >qysxkA
gSA lcos 
T = 2π
g
47
iqy (Bridge) gSA blhfy, tc ,slh lajpuk cuk;h tkrh gS rjax nS/;Z dks vo’kksf"kr djrs gSA daiu
rks bathfu;j ;g lqfuf’pr djrs gS fd djuk izkjEHk dj nsrs gSA ftlls Hkkstu xeZ
?kVdks dh vko`fr vU; nksyu vko`fr ls fHkUu gksrk gS vkSj id tkrk gSA
gSA bldk lcls cM+k mnkgj.k VSdksek fczt jsfM;ks (Radio)
iru gSA ftlesa ok;q dh vko`fr iqy dh tc ge jsfM;ks dh ?kqaMh dks vius ilanhnk
vko`fr ls esy [kk x;h Fkk vkSj iqy VqV x;k pSuy essa cnyrs gSA rks ge fjlhoj dh
FkkA izkd`fr vko`fr dks cny nsrs gSA izk;zd`rk dh
iqy ij ekpZ djrs gq;s lSfudks ds lewg dks ekbØksoos vksou (Microwave Oven) izkd`frd vko`fr jsfM;k dh LFkkukarj.k vko`fr
cgqr ckj vius dne jksdus ds fy, dgk ekbØksoo esa Hkkstu dq’kyrk ls] leku :i ls ls esy [kkrh gSA rc nks vko`fr;ksa dk feyku
tkrk gSa inpki vR;f/kd daiu mRiUu djrs vkSj tYnh cu tkrk gS] vuqukn ds dkj.kA gksrk gS] mtkZ dk LFkkukarj.k gksrk gS rks ge
gS] iqy dh izkd`frd vko`fr ijA ;fn muds ekbØksoos vksou dh ,d fuf’pr rjax yECkkbZ p;fur pSuy dks lqu ldrs gSA
ledkfyu inpki iqy dh izkd`frd vko`fr vkSj vko`fr gksrh gSA ckfd lHkh oLrqvksa dh
ds lkFk vuqukn dj tk;s tks iqy VqV ldrk rjg ikuh ds d.k vkSj olk vuquknh vko`fr
ij gksrs gSA ,d fuf’pr vko`fr ij] d.k
Nksyu (Oscillations)
voeafnr SHM (Damped) iz.kksfnr SHM (Undamped)
;fn ?kVrk gqvk cy yxkrkj yxk;k tkrk gSA rks ;g dgykrk gSA ;fn ljy vkoZr iz.kkyh ,d fu;r vk;ke ds lkFk nksyu djrh gSA le; ds vuql kj
vk;ke le; ds lkFk ?kV tkrk gSA ifjofrZr ugha gksrh rks blds nksyu dks ljy vkoZr nksyu dgrs gSA
voeanu oks izfØ;k gS ftlesa vk;[email protected] ykxkrkj de gksrk tkrk gS] ckg~; cy ¼ogrk gqvk½ dh mifLFkfr esaA
Nksyu (Oscillations)
eqDr nksyu (Free Oscillations) cyiwoZd nksyu (Forced Oscillations) vuquknh nksyu
;fn nksyu viuh izkd`fr vko`fr ij nksyu djrk gS tc fudk; ckgjh cy dh mifLFkfr esa nksyu djrk (Resonant Oscillations)
fcuk fdlh ckgjh cy dsA gS fdlh vko`fr ij rks ;g nksyu cydkjh nksyu tc fudk; viuh izkd`fr vkofr ij nksyu djrk
mnkgj.k% ;fn vki ,d V~;qfuax QksdZ ¼dkaVk½ ij dgykrs gSA gS ckgjh cy dh mifLFkfr esa ftldh vko`fr
izgkj djrs gS] rks vkids }kjk ml ij izgkj djus ds mnkgj.k% ;fn vki fdlh dks >wys ij /kDdk nsrs gS] fudk; dh vko`fr ds lkFk vuqukn esa gksrk gSA rks
ckn ;g dqN le; ds fy, daiu djuk 'kq: dj rks vkidks le;≤ ij mUgsa /kDdk nsrs jguk ;g nksyu vuquknh nksyu dgykrk gSA
nsxkA pkfg, pwafd >wyk de uk gksA mnkgj.k% 'kjkc dk fxykl rksM+rk xk;d
,d ek/;e ls vuqizLFk rjaxksa ds izlkj ds (iii) U;wure ?k"kZ.k% ek/;e ds d.kksa ds e/;e rjaxksa ds izR;sd fcanq ij leku voLFkk esa
fy, vko’;d fLFkfrA fuEure mtkZ dh deh gks ftlls rjaxs yEch daiu djrs gS] leku vko`fr ij vyx&vyx
(Condition required for propagation nwjh rd xfr dj ldsAa vk;ke ds lkFk tks fd muds x v{k dh ij
of Transverse waves through a (iv) ek/;e dk ?kuRo ,d leku gksA tks fLFkrh gS ml ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
medium) LFkk;h rjaxs (Standing or stationary
vuqizLFk rjaxksa ds izdkj ds fy, ek/;e esa wave) rjax xfr ds bl izdkj dks tc lehdj.k esa
fuEufyf[kr pkj fo’ks"krkvksa dk gksuk nks ;k vf/kd rjaxsa vkil esa Vdjkrh gS] O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS rks bls LFkk;h rjax dgk
vko’;d gSA ftudh FkksM+h fHkUu vko`fr;k¡ gksrh gS] rks tkrk gSA D;ksfa d ;g ck¡;h ;k nk¡;h vkSj xfr
(i) yksp% rkfd vlarqfyr gksus ds ckn d.k ifj.kke Lo:i rjax dh rhozrk vf/kdre ;k djrh gq;h fn[kk;h nsrh gSA
viuh iw.kZ fLFkfr ij vk ldsAa U;wure gksrh gSA uksM~l% fLVªx ds lkFk fLFkfr ds nksyu dk
(ii) tM+rk% rkfd d.k mtkZ dk HkaMkj.k dj vf/kdre vkSj U;wure dh la[;k = ,d vk;ke ges’kk 'kwU; jgrk gSA
ldsa vkSj viuh fLFkfr dks ns[k ldsA lSd.M esa ifj.kkeh vko`fr ,fVuksM% og fLFkfr tgk¡ nksyu dk vk;ke
ifj.kkeh vko`fr = f1 – f2 vf/kdre gksrk gSA
48
fLFkj rajxs (Standing or Stationary wave)
vuqnS/;Z fLFkjrjaxs vuqizLFk fLFkj rajxsa

¼vuqnS/;Zrjax $ vuqnS/;Z rjax½ ¼vuqnS/;Zrjax $ vuqnS/;Z rjax½
(Longitudinal stationary (Transverse Stationary Waves)
(Long wave + long waves)
vuqnS/;Z fLFkj rjaxs rc curh gS tc nks vknZ’k vuqnS/;Z (Transverse wave + transverse wave)
rjax foifjr fn’kk esa xfr djrh gq;h v/;kjksfir gksrh gSA vuqizLFk fLFkj rjaxs rc curh gS tc nks vuqizLFk rjaxs foifjr
vuquknh ikbi] vax uyh esa rjaxksa dk cuukA fn’kk ls v/;kjksfir gksrh gSA mnkgj.k& fLFkj rjaxks dk mRiUu
gksuk] JO; rjax ekiu dh fLVªxa ijA
mnkgj.k ds fy,]
lksuksehVj ds daiu rkj ij mRiUu fLFkj rjaxAsa
(SSC CAPFS SI & CISF ASI 23.06.2013)
tc ,d iRFkj dks rkykc ds 'kkar ikuh esa Qsda k tkrk gS rks rkykc esa
ikuh dh lrg ij mRiUu gksus okyh rjaxsa vuqçLFk rjaxsa gksrh gSaA
(SSC (10+2) 27.10.2013)
Bksl esa QSyus okyh /ofu rjaxsa ;k rks vuqnS/kZ~; ;k vuqçLFk gksrh gSaA (SSC STENOGRAPHER 11.09.2017)
Beats
tc nks /ofu rjaxs ftudk ifjek.k leku gks vkSj vko`fr yxHkx leku gks] fdlh ek/;e esa leku fn’kk esa xfr djrh gq;h v/;kjksfir gksrh gS rks mudh
ifj.kkeh rhozrk ,d fuf’pr LFkku ij c<rh o ?kVrh gS le; ds lkFkA
;fn /ofu dh rhozrk vf/kdre gks f = 0 ij] rks chV dk xBu rc fd;k tkrk gS tc rhozrk vf/kdre gks tkrh gS% ,d ckj U;wure gksus ds cknA
vyx&vyx chV~l mRiUu djus ds fy, nks L=ksrksa dh vko`fr de gksuh pkfg, ;k 10 ls de gksuh pkfg,A
49
9. /ofu (Sound & Acoustics)

/ofu ÅtkZ dk gh ,d :i gksrh gS tks lquus fdlh rjax dh vf/kdre Å¡pkbZ mldk ,d pDdj esa rjax }kjk r; dh x;h {kSfrt
dh laosnuk mRiUu djrh gSA vk;ke gSA nwjh
 ;s vuqnS/;Z ;kaf=d rjaxs gksrh gSA (RRB vk;ke fdlh oLrq dks daiu djus ds fy, bls  (lembda) ls n'kkZrs gSA
NTPC 02.04.2017 & RRB GROUP-D vko';d cy ij fuHkZj djrk gS. (RRB JE /ofu rjaxks esa de vko`fr o mPp rjaxnS/;Z
12.12.2018) 24.05.2019) ik;h tkrh gSA (SSC CHSL
 bls ;k=k djus ds fy, ek/;e dh /ofu dh çcyrk ;k dkseyrk vk;ke ij (10+2)01.11.2015)
vko’;drk gksrh gSA fuHkZj djrh g. (SSC CHSL DEO & /ofu] rjax nS/;Z }kjk gok ds rkieku esa
/ofu daiu ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA LDC 16.11.2014)(RRB JE 24.05.2019) ifjorZu ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA (RRB
;s rjaxs fuokZr esa lapkfjr ugha gksrh gSA (SSC STENOGRAPHER 11.09.2017) ALP 31.08.2018)
(RRB NTPC 28.12.2021, 28.04.2016, c = 
ALP13.08.2018, 09.10.2018) (ii) vko`fr () (Frequency (V)) pky=rjaxnS/;Z× vko`fr = rjaxnS/;Z/vkorZdky
/ofu dks Mslhcy es ekik tkrk gSA
mPp vko`fr de vko`fr
(SSC JE 23.01.2018)
NOTE: gVZt
 ;fn ek/;e esa oLrq dk ?kuRo vf/kd gS rks
/ofu dk lapj.k nkc curk gSaA (SSC ,d lSd.M+ esa ,d fcUnq ls xqtjus okyh
CHSL 27.03.2021) rjaxks dh la[;k
 /ofu nkc ij fuHkZj ugha djrhA (RRB 1
NTPC 07.04.2016) vko`fr =
 c"kkZ ds le; /ofu t;knk nwj rd lqukbZ
vkord
Z ky
vko`fr dk ek=d gVZt gS
nsrh gS D;ksfa d /ofu ueh esa rst xfr djrh
(SSC CGL 09.08.2017)
gSA ( SSC CGL 30.08.2015)
bls  (new) ls n'kkZrs Gsa
 /ofu esa fuEu fo’ks"krk,s gksrh gS tSls mPp
/ofu rjaxksa dh vko`rh de o rjaxnS?;Z
?kuRo] fu;fer vkdkj o mPp n`<rkA
vf/kd gksrh gSA
(SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE
(iii) vkorZdky (T) (Time period)
04.07.2017)
mPp vko`fr
T lS-
,d pDdj iqjk djus esa ,d rjax }kjk fy;k
/ofu&’kkL=% (Acoustics) foKku dh og x;k le;
'kk[kk tks /ofu ds xq.kksa ls lacaf/kr gSA vkorZdky = 1/vko`fr (RRB JE
Characteristics of a Wave 24.05.19)
(i) vk;ke (Amplitude) (iv) rjaxnS/;Z () (Wavelength)
mPp vk;ke
U;wu vk;ke
 m, cm, Å
50
/ofu (Sound)
Jo.k ijkl (Audible Range)

de gksus vf/kdgksus
bUÝklksfud 20 Hz – 20 k Hz vYVªklksfud
ij ij
/ofurjax dh fo'ks"krk,a (Characteristics of sound wave)
izcyrk (Loudness) fip (Pitch)

;g rjax ds vk;ke ij fuHkZj djrk • ;g rjax dh vko`fr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
gSA • /ofu dh fpYykgV
vf/kd vk;ke de vk;ke
vf/kd /ofu
efgykvksa dh vkokt iq:"kksa dh vkokt
de vko`fr
vf/kd vko`fr de fip
vf/kd fip
euq"; ds fy, mPpre vko`fÙk 2000 gVZ~t =

vko`fr ds vk/kkj ij] rjaxksa dks fuEu Hkkxksa esa 80db gSA ijkJO; rjaxsa (Ultrasonic Waves):
foHkDr fd;k x;k gS (RRB GROUP-D 08.10.2018 & 03.12.2018) 20000 gVZ~t ls vf/kd vko`fÙk okyh vuqnS/kZ~;
JO; rjaxs @ /ofu (Audible or ekuo }kjk /ofu dh lkekU; vkSj v/fkdre ;kaf=d rjaxksa dks vYVªklksfud rjaxsa dgk
Sound Waves): lgu’khyrk lhek 60 db to 80 db gksrh gSA tkrk gSA ekuo dku bu rjaxksa dk irk ugha
vuqnS/kZ~; ;kaf=d rjax]sa tks vko`fÙk jst
a 20 (SSC CGL 21.04.2013) yxk ldrs gSaA ysfdu dqN tho tSls dqÙkk]
gVZ~t ls 20000 gVZ~t rd gksrh gSa] JO; ;k bUÝklksfud rjaxs (Infrasonic Waves): fcYyh] pexknM+] ePNj vkfn bu rjaxksa dk
/ofu rjaxsa dgykrh gSaA ;s rjaxsa ekuo dku 20 gVZ~t ls de vko`fÙk;ksa okyh vuqnS/kZ~; irk yxk ldrs gSaA
ds çfr laosnu'khy gksrh gSaA ;kaf=d rjaxksa dks bUÝklksfud rjaxsa dgk (SSC MTS 22.10.2017 & RRB NTPC
(FCI ASSSITANT 05.02..2012 & SSC tkrk gSA ;s rjaxsa cM+s vkdkj ds lzksrksa tSls 08.03.2021 & 05.04.2016 & SSC CHSL
MULTI TASKING 17.03.2013 SSC CSI Hkwdai] Tokykeq[kh foLQksV] leqæ dh ygjs]a 910+2) 10.07.2019)
IN DELHI POLICE , CAPFS & ASI gkFkh vkSj Ogsy }kjk mRiUu gksrh gSaA uksV% pexknM+ u dsoy irk yxkrk gS cfYd
12.03.2019 & RRB NTPC 23.02.2021 & (RRB GROUP-D 13.12.2018) vYVªklksfud rjaxksa dk mRiknu Hkh djrk gSA
SSC CHSL 910+2) 10.07.2019) bUÝklksfud rjaxksa dh vko`fÙk = 20Hz ls (RRB GROUP-D 09.10.2018 & 05.10.2018)
de (RRB GROUP-D 18.09.2018 & SSC (SSC CPO SI , ASI & INTELLIGENCE
euq"; ds fy, U;wure vko`fÙk 20 gVZ~t gSA CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE SI OFFICER 28.02.2011 & SSC COMBINED
(RRB NTPC 11.03.2021) 06.07.2017) MATRIC LEVEL 16.06.2002)
51
vYVªklksfud rjax dh vko`fÙk 20000 gVZ~t ls ij fuHkZj djrk gSA,d 'kkar vkSj rst vkokt ,dy vko`fÙk ds dkj.k mRiUu /ofu dks Loj
vf/kd gksrh gSA dh vko`fr vf/kd rFkk xaHkhj vkSj ean vkokt dgrs gSaA (RRB ALP 17.08.2018,
(RRB JE 28.05.2019 & 16.10.2018) dh vko`fr de gksrh gSA. RRB GROUP-D 04.10.2018)
pexknM+ ijkJO; /ofu mRiUu djrs gSaA (RRB ALP 10.08.2018 & SSC vusd vko`fÙk;ksa ds feJ.k ls mRiUu /ofu dks
(SSC MTS 22.10.2017) STENOGRAPHER 16.10.2011). uksV dgrs gSaA
pexknM+ vYVªkslksfud rjaxksa dks u dsoy vko`fÙk dks gVZ~t ¼gVZ~t½ esa ekik tkrk gSA rkj okys ok| }kjk mRiUu laxhre; /ofu ds
lqu ikrs gS vfirq mRikfnr Hkh djrs gSA (RRB GROUP-D 20.09.2018) Loj dh xq.koÙkk /ofu ds rjax :i ij fuHkZj
vYVªkslksfud rjaxksa ds vuqiz;ksx% 3. /ofu dh xq.koÙkk vkSj y;% (Quality or djrh gSA
 flXuy izs"k.k esa Timbre of Sound) xq.koÙkk /ofu dh og (SSC CGL 09.09.2016)
 leqnz dh xgjkbZ ekius esa fo'ks"krk gS] tks gesa leku rhozrk vkSj fip 6. /ofu dh pky% (Speed of Sound) ;g
okys nks lzksrksa }kjk mRiUu /ofu ds chp varj eq[;r;k ek/;e dh yksp’khyrk o ?kuRo ij
 ,;jksIysu o ?kfM+;ksa ds ;kaf=d Hkkxksa dh
djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA ;g gkeksZfuDl vkSj fuHkZj djrh gSA ok;q eas /ofu dh pky 332
lQkbZ esa
muds lkis{k Øe vkSj rhozrk ij fuHkZj djrk eh@lS- ikuh esa & 1483 eh-@lS- rFkk yksgs
 QSfDVª;ksa dh fpefu;ksa ls ySEi&'kwV gVkus ds gSA esa 5130 eh@ls- gSA
fy,A /ofu dh xq.koÙk gkeksZfuDl ij fuHkZj djrh ok;q eas /ofu dh pky 332 eh@lS (RRB
 ,d rjy dh ulcanh esaA gSA (SSC CGL 03.09.2016) NTPC 27.02.2021, RRB JE 14.12.2014
vYVªkslksuksxzkQh esa 4. chV% (Beat) & SSC CGL 07.03.2020)
(SSC CHSL 16.11.2014) Beats ikuh esa & 1483 eh-@lS
 lksukj esa tc nks /ofu rjaxs ftudk ifjek.k leku gks yksgs esa 5130 eh@ls- gSA
 /kkrq Cy‚dksa esa njkjsa vkSj [kkfe;ksa dk irk vkSj vko`fr yxHkx leku gks] fdlh ek/;e esa leqæh ty ¾ 1531 eh@ls- (RRB GROUP-
yxkrk gSA (RRB NTPC 19.01.2021) leku fn’kk esa xfr djrh gq;h v/;kjksfir D 25.10.2018)
/ofu dh fo’ks"krk,% gksrh gS rks mudh ifj.kkeh rhozrk ,d /ofu dh xfr lokZf/kd Bksl es ik;h tkrh gSa
1. /ofu dh izcyrk ;k rhozrk% (Intensity or fuf’pr LFkku ij c<rh o ?kVrh gS le; ds (SSC CGL 26.06.2011)
Loudness) /ofu dh rhozrk ls rkRi;Z lkFkA /ofu dh xfr lokZf/kd Bksl] nzo fQj xSlks es
fdlh fcanq ij bdkbZ le; esa izfr bdkbZ ;fn /ofu dh rhozrk vf/kdre gks f = 0 ij] ik;h tkrh gSa (RRB ALP 20.08.2018,
{ks=Qy ls xqtjus okyh ÅtkZdh ek=k ls gSA rks chV dk xBu rc fd;k tkrk gS tc RRB GROUP-D 05.10.2018)
bldk SI ek=d okV@ehVj gSA/ofu dh rhozrk vf/kdre gks tkrh gS% ,d ckj U;wure tc Bksl ls nzo dh vksj tkrs gS rks /ofu dh
izcyrk rhozrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA gksus ds cknA pky ?kVrh gSA (RRB NTPC
(RRB NTPC 27.03.2021) vyx&vyx chV~l mRiUu djus ds fy, nks 23.01.2021, 28.12.2020, 28.04.2016,
izcyrk dh bdkbZ csy (bel) gS vkSj bldk L=ksrksa dh vko`fr de gksuh pkfg, ;k 10 ls 09.10.2018)
de gksuh pkfg,A tc /ofu ,d ek/;e ls nwljs ek/;e esa izos’k
1
ok Hkkx Mslhcsy [dB] gksrk gSA djrh gS rks pky o rjax nS/;Z ifjofrZr gks
10 tkrh gS ijarq vko`fr ifjofrZr ugha gksrhA
(RRB SSE 21.12.2014)
cgqr de /ofu dk rhozrk Lrj 0 db gSA xSl esa /ofu dh pky Kkr djus dk fl)kar
(RRB GROUP-D 12.12.2018)
& dqMaV V~;wc fl)kar
/ofu rajxks dh rhozrk vk;ke ds ixZ ds
ok;q esa /ofu dh pky Kkr djus dk fl)kar
lekuqikrh gksrh gSA
& vuqukn dkWye fl)kar
(SSC CGL 07.09.2016)
uksV% /ofu dh pky xSl dh vis{kk rjy o
2. fip ;k vko`fr% (Pitch or Frequency) 5. Vksu ;k uksV (TONE or NOTE): Bkslksa esa vf/kd gksrh gSA
fip /ofu dh ddZ’krk o xaHkhjrk ds e/;
varj crkus eas iz;qDr gksrk gSA fip vko`fr
HkkSfrd jkf’k;ksa dk /ofu dh pky ij izHkko (Effect of physical parameters on velocity of sound)
rkieku dk izHkko nkc dk izHkko gok dk izHkko vko`fr dk vknzZrk dk izHkko

(Effect of (Effect of Pressure) (Effect of wind) izHkko (Humidity)
Temperature) rkieku ds fu;rjgus ;fn gok /ofu dhfn’kk (Effect of • vknzZ ok;q & ¼fojyek/;e½
rkieku ↑ ij nkc dk /ofu dh esa cg jgh gSrks /ofu wind) pky vf/kd
/ofu dh pky ↑ pky ijdksbZ iHkko ugha dh pky c< tkrh gSA dksbZ izHkko ¼l/ku ek/;e½
iM+rkA ugha • 'kq"d ok;q&pky de
{↑ - c<+uk}
/ofu dk rkieku o vknzZrk ij fuHkZj djrk ue ok;q esa /ofu dk osx 'kq"d ok;q dh rqyuk /ofu dk ijkorZu% (Reflection of sound)
gSA (SSC MULTI TASKING 16.02.2014) esa vf/kd gksrk gS D;ksafd /ofu dh xfr mlds tc /ofu ,d dBksj lrg ls Vdjkrh gS rks
?kuRo ds oxZey w ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA bldk okil ykSVdj vkuk gh /ofu dk
(SSC CGL 09.08.2015) ijkorZu dgykrk gSA
52
Tc /ofu rjaxs ,d daiu djrs gq, lzkrs ls
mRikfnr gksrh gS rks og ek/;e esa QSy tkrh
gSA ;fn ek/;e le:i gS rks fcUnq L=ksr ls
mRiUu ;s rjaxs xksykdkj rjaxkxz ds :i esa
gksrh gSA lzkrs ls nwj tkus ij ;s rjaxkxz
lery gksrs tkrs gS vkSj rjaxkxz dk vkdkj
/ofu ds ijkorZu ds dkj.k /ofu dh iqujko`fr ifjofrZr gksrk tkrk gSA tc /ofu rjax vius
/ofu rjaxksa dk viorZu% (Refraction of
gksus dks bdks ¼izfr/ofu½ dgrs gSA ekxZ esa izkajfHkd fcanq ls fey tkrh gSA bl
Sound Waves) tc /ofu rjax ,d ;kaf=d
/ofu ds lapkyu gsrq ek/;e dh vko’;drk dkj.k /ofu rjax fdukjksa ls eqM+ tkrh gSA
ek/;e ls nwljs ;kaf=d ek/;e esa tkrh gS rks
gksrh gS panzek ij dksbZ ek/;e ugha gksrk vius izkjafHkd LFkku ls /ofu rjaxksa dk ;g
os viofrZr ;k izsf"kr gks tkrh gSA bl ?kVuk
blfy, panzek ij /ofu ugha lquh tk ldrh eqM+uk foorZu dgykrk gSA /ofu rjaxksa dh
dks gh izdk’k dk viorZu dgrs gSA
gSA (RRB JE 27.05.2019) rjaxnS/;Z yxHkx 1 eh- gksrh gS vkSj blh Øe
• viofrZr rjaxs] vkifrr rjaxksa ds ewy iFk ls
fctyh dk peduk igys fn[kk;h nsrk gS esa njoktksa o f[kM+fd;ksa bR;kfn ij Hkh gksrh
fo{ksfir gks tkrh gSA /ofu rjaxksa ds viorZu
rFkk xM+xMkgV dh vkokt ckn esa lquk;h gSA
dk eq[; dkj.k /ofu dh fofHkUu pkyksa dk
nsrh gS D;ksfa d ok;q esa /ofu dh xfr] izdk’k blfy, /ofu rjaxs O;kid :i ls foofrZr
gksuk gS rks vyx&vyx rkiekuksa ij
dh xfr dh vis{kk cgqr de gksrh gSA gksrh gS o ,d O;fDr nwljh O;fDr dh
fHkUu&fHkUu ek/;eksa esa gksrh gSA /ofu dh
Speed of Light = 3 × 108 m/sec,Speed of vkokt vklkuh ls lqu ldrk gSA
ijkl o rkieku ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj djrs
sound = 332 m/sec (RRB NTPC 25.01.2021)
gS&
izfr/ofu% (Echo) ;g /ofu dk ijkorZu gS • izfr/ofu le;% (Reverberation time)
• xeZ fnu es]a lrg ds ikl dh ok;q blls
ftlesa Jksrk dks izR;{k /ofu ds dqN le;
Åij dh ok;q dh vis{kk xeZ gks tkrh gS bl
i'pkr ;g /ofu lqukbZ nsrh gSA
dkj.k lrg ds ikl /ofu dh pky vf/kd
;g foyac] ijkorZd lrg dh lzksr o Jksrk
gksrh gSA ;g /ofu rjaxksa ds i`Foh lrg ls
ls nwjh ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA (RRB JE
Åij dh vksj eqM+us ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
24.05.2019)
• B.Ms fnu esa ;k jkr esa bldk foijhr gksrk
foyac lzksr vkSj Jksrk ls ijkorZd lrg dh
gS D;ksfa d /ofu rjaxs i`Foh lrg dh vksj
nwjh ds lh/ks vkuqikfrd gSA
eqMrh gSA blh dkj.k /ofu vf/kd nwjh rd
,d çfr/ofu lquus ds fy, gesa Jksrk vkSj
lqukbZ nsrh gSA /ofu ds can@:d tkus ds i'pkr ftrus
lzkrs ds chp U;wure nwjh 17-2 ehVj gksuh
pkfg, vkSj /ofu }kjk fy;k x;k le; 0-1s le; rd oks /ofu vofLFkfr jgrh gS ;k
gSA ftrus le; rd oks vkokt jgrh gSA
(RRB GROUP-D 26.11.2018,RRB ALP (RRB NTPC 05.03.2021,16.01.2021
13.08.2018 & SSC CGL 05.08.2017 & RRB ALP 20.08.2018 & RRB JE
SSC JE 27.01.2018) 27.05.2019)
• lsckbu lq=% (Sabine Formula)
mnkgj.k% ;g lq= lsckbu }kjk vkfo"d`r fd;k x;k
• dq,a dh lrg ls mRiUu xq¡t ftlesa fuekZ.k vkSj mi;ksx ls igys
• ,d can dejs dh nhokjksa ls fMtkbujksa dks ,d dejs esa izfr/ofu le;
• ,d [kkyh dejs dh nhokjksa esa dh ;kstuk cukus ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA
• ,d vkn’kZ izfr/ofu /ofu lzksr dk ,dy V 
lq=: = T = 0.049   tgk¡
ijkorZu gksrh gSA A
 
(RRB GROUP-D 22.09.2018 & RRB ALP T = izfr/ofu le;
21.08.2018) V = dejs dk vk;ru
;gk¡ ,d çfr/ofu ds fy, ge bl lw= dk ¼D;qfcd QhV esa½
mi;ksx djrs gSa & A = lsckbu es vo’kks"k.k
r; dh xbZ njwh 2d dk dqy oxZ QqV
s 
ox 
le; t bldk vo’kksf"kr Hkkx lapkfjr gks tkrk gS o
/ofu rjaxksa dk foorZu% (Diffraction of 'ks"k Hkkx ijkofrZr gks tkrk gSA
sound Waves) vo’kks"k.k xq.kkad : - (∝)
= lrg }kjk vo'kkfs"kr /ofu + ÅtkZ
lrg ij dqy vkifrr ÅtkZ
dqy vo’kks"k.k = ∝ ¼lrgh {ks=Qy½
↑
vo’kks"k.k xq.kkad
rjaxksa ds lkFk 'kkfey fofHkUu izfØ;k,% MkWIyj izHkko% (Doppler Effect)
(Different Processes involved with /ofu ds lzksr o Jksrk ds e/; lkisf{kd xfr
waves) ds dkj.k /ofu dh izR;{k fip@vko`fr esa
53
ifjorZu dh ?kVuk gh MkWIyj izHkko dgykrh (RRB GROUP-D 26.11.2018,RRB NTPC M=v/c
gSA 09.042016 & 16.012.2021) eSd la[;k ds vuqlkj fofHkUu çdkj ds çokgksa
MkWIyj izHkko ds vuqlkj tc Hkh /ofu ds ikuh ds vanj oLrqvksa ¼e’khu] iuMqCch] tgkt dks oxhZ—r fd;k tkrk gS-
L=ksr ds e/; lkis{k xfr gksrh gSA rks Jksrk bR;kfn½ dh xfr] fn’kk o nwjh ekius ds fy,] 1- mi lksfud-- oLrq dh xfr tks /ofu dh
}kjk lquh tkus okyh /ofu dh Li"V vko`fr vYVªkslksfud rjaxksa dk mi;ksx djus okyk xfr ls de gSA blds fy, ep la[;k 1 ls
L=ksr }kjk mRlftZr /ofu dh okLrfod midj.k gSA de gSA
vko`fr ls vyx gksxhA (RRB NTPC 08.03.2021,RRB JE 31.05.2019 2- lksfud-/ofu dh xfr tks ep la[;k 1 ds
 v  v0  & 25.05.2019) cjkcj gSA (SSC CAPFS ASI & SI
f = f0   DELHI POLICE SI 05.07.2017)
 v  vs  3-lqij lksfud- /ofu dh xfr ls vf/kd xfr
f = ekih x;h vko`fr (RRB GROUP-D
f0 = okLrfod vko`fr 08/10/18,04/10/18,RRB NTPC
v → ges’kk /kukRed] /ofu dks pky fdlh 17/01/17)
ek/;e esa bl ep ds fy, la[;k 1 ls vf/kd gSA
v0 → ns[kus dk osx 4- gkbijlksfud- blds fy, ep la[;k 05
vs → L=ksr dk osx ls 10 gSA
25 fMxzh lsfYl;l ij fofHkUu ek/;eksa esa
vYVªklksfud /ofu rjaxs tgkt ls leqnz ry
/ofu dh xfr
rd xfr djrh gS o iqu% tgkt rdA nwljs
voLFkk inkFkksZa Pky (in m\s)
'kCnksa esa lksukj izfr/ofu dks iqu% tgkt rd
Gases Hydrogen 1284
igq¡pus esa yxus okys le; dks ekirk gSA bl
helium 965
le; dsna z vk/ks le; esa vYVªklksfud /ofu
Air 346
rjaxs tgkt ls leqnz ry rd xfr djrh gSA
Oxygen 316
,d lksukj esa eq[; ?kVd] ftldk mi;ksx
MkWIyj izHkko ds mi;ksx% (Application of Sulphur dioxide 213
ikuh ds uhps ds fiaM dh nwjh] fn'kk vkSj xfr
Doppler’s Effect) Liquids Water 1498
L=ksr@Jksrk@ fufj{kd ds xfr djus ij dk irk yxkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS]
Seawater 1531
VªkalehVj vkSj fMVsDVj gSa
vko`fr esa tks ifjorZu gksrk gS og MkWIyj Solids Aluminium 6420
(RRB JE 29.05.2019)
f’k¶V dgykrk gSA Nickel 6040
lksukj ds mi;ksx% (Applications of
(i) okguksa dh fuxjkuh ds fy, iqfyl }kjk Steel 5960
Sonar) VkjihMks ds fy, y{; fLFkfr
(ii) foeku dk ekxZn’kZu djus ds fy, gokbZ Iron 5950
fu/kkZfjr djus esa
vM~Mks ij Brass 4700
• [kkuksa esa lalk/ku LFkkuksa fu/kkZfjr djus esa
(iii) nq’eu ds foekukska dk irk yxkus ds Glass 3980
• iuMqCch iFk izn’kZu esa
fy, lsuk esaA uksV%
• foekuksa esa
(iv) xzgksa vkSj rkjksa ds osx dks ekius ds fy, ¼1½ uje vkSj fNnz;qDr lrg dk mi;ksx
• laosnh okguksa esa
[kxksyfonksa }kjkA djds 'kksj dks vo'kksf"kr djus dh rduhd
• okgu dh fLFkfr dk irk yxkus esaA
(v) 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa g~n; dh /kM+du dks /ofu laj{k.k dgk tkrk gSA
eSd la[;k
vkSj jDr izokg dk v/;;u djus esaA (RRB Group-D 10.12.2018)
;g ek/;e esa oLrq dh xfr vkSj ek/;e esa
lksukj% (Sonar) ¼2½ daiu ds dkj.k /ofu mRiUu gksrh gSA
/ofu dh xfr ds chp dk vuqikr gSA ;g
lksukj dk iw.kZ:i & lkmaM usfoxs’ku ,aM (RRB Group-D 08.10.2018 &
,d foekghu ek=k gSA 16.10.2018)
jsftax gSA (SONAR- Sound Navigation
M ¾ ek/;e esa oLrq dh xfr/ek/;e esa /ofu
And Ranging.)
dh xfrA
54
10. izdk'k@LIGHT
çdk'k ,d çdkj dh ÅtkZ gSA vikjn'khZ& os inkFkZ ftuds ek/;e ls oLrqvksa dks /ofu dh pky lokZf/kd xSl esa] fQj æo esa vkSj
çdk'k ,d vuqçLFk vkSj fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax gSA ugha ns[kk tk ldrk gS] vikjn'khZ oLrqvksa ds :i fQj Bksl esa lcls vf/kd gksrh gSA (RRB
( SSC JE 24.01.2018) esa tkus tkrs gSaA ALP 31.08.2018 RRB GROUP-D 01.10.2018)
lHkh fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa dh rjg] çdk'k fuokZr tSls& ydM+h] /kkrq vkfnA xSl > rjy > Bksl
ds ek/;e ls ;k=k dj ldrk gSA fofHkUu ek/;eksa esa çdk'k dh xfr% iznhIr oLrq@viznhIr oLrq,a&
ikjn'khZ@ikjn'khZ@vikjn'khZ& MEDIUM SPEED OF LIGHT (m\s) iznhIr oLrq& ,slh oLrq,¡ ftudk Lo;a dk çdk'k
ikjn'khZ & os inkFkZ ftuds ek/;e ls oLrqvksa dks gh çdk'keku oLrq gSA
VACCUM 3×108
Li"V :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS] ikjn'khZ oLrq (SSC DELHI POLICE CONSTABLE
(RRB ALP 10.08.2018,
dgykrh gSaA 05.12.2017) (RRB GROUP-D
RRB GROUP-D 03.12.2018 &
tSls& dkap] ikuh] gok vkfnA 26.09.2018)
RRB JE 24.05.2019)
(RRB NTPC 16.04.2016) tSls& lw;Z] paæek] çdk'k vkfnA
(SSC CONSTABLE
ikjHkklh & os inkFkZ ftuds ek/;e ls oLrqvksa dks 12.05.2013)
viznhIr oLrq& ftu oLrqvksa dk viuk çdk'k ugha
ns[kk tk ldrk gS ysfdu Li"V :i ls ugha ns[kk WATER 2.25×108
gksrk gS os xSj&pednkj oLrq,a gksrh gSaA
tk ldrk gS] ikjHkklh dgykrs gSaA (RRB GROUP-D 25.09.2018)
tSls& cVj isij] /kwi dk p'ek] ouLifr rsy GLASS 2×108 tSls& cYc] e'kky vkfnA
vkfnA (RRB NTPC 08.03.2021)
niZ.k (Mirror)
lery niZ.k ijoy;kdkj niZ.k xksyh; niZ.k
vory mŸky
⦁ lery niZ.k }kjk cus çfrfcEc dk vkdkj

niZ.k% (Mirror) blesa ,d lrg ikWfy’k dh lnSo oLrq ds vkdkj ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
gq;h gksrh gS tks yxHkx lEiw.kZ izdk’k dks (SSC JE 22.01.2018)
ijkofrZr dj nsrh gSA • tc nks lery niZ.kksa dks ,d nwljs dh vksj
1. lery niZ.k 2. xksyh; niZ.k eqag djds θ dks.k cukrs gq, j[kk tkrk gSA
lery niZ.k ls ijkorZu% (Reflection vkSj muds e/; ,d oLrq j[kh tkrh gS rks
uksV% lery niZ.k dk mi;ksx
from plane Mirror) lery niZ.k esa oLrq izfrfcacks dh la[;k ⇒ n =  3600 
 1 ;fn
 dsfy;ksMksLdksi] isfjLdksi bR;kfn ds fuekZ.k
dk vkdkj o izfrfcac dk vkdkj leku gksrk   
esa fd;k tkrk gSA
gSA niZ.k esa cuk izfrfcac mruh gh nwj 3600
dk eku le gS ;k oLrq lefer gSA
 dsfy;ksMksLdksi izdk'k o niZ.k dk mi;ksx
fn[kk;h nsxk ftruh nwj oLrq gksxhA
izfrfccksa dh la[;k ⇒ n =  3600 
;fn dj oLrqvksa dks ijkofrZr dj lqanj] vkd"kZd
lery niZ.k ls cuus okyk çfrfcEc vkHkklh 
  

nksgjs iSVuZ dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
rFkk ik'oZ mYVk gksrk gSA
3600
fo"ke gS ;k oLrq vlefer gSA xksyh; niZ.k ls ijkorZu% (Reflection
(RRB GROUP-D 31.10.2018, 10.10.2018, 
from Spherical Mirror)
26.09.2018, 24.09.2018, 05.10.2018 &
DELHI POLICE 03.12.2020)
xksyh; niZ.k esa ,d vR;f/kd ikWfy’k dh gq;h
• vxj oLrq dks a nwjh ls niZ.k dh vksj ;k nwj oØ lrg gksrh gS ftldh ijkorZd lrg
izfrLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS rks izfrfcac a nwjh ,d xksys dk Hkkx gksrh gSA nks izdkj ds
ij gh niZ.k dh vksj ;k nwj izfrLFkkfir xksyh; niZ.k gksrs gSA (RRB JE 26.05.2019)
gksxkA 1. mÙky niZ.k% (Convex Mirror) og xksyh;
• izs{kd ds iw.kZ izfrfcac gsrq niZ.k dh U;wure niZ.k ftldk ijkorZd i`"B ckgj dh vksj
yEckbZ izs{kd dh yEckbZ dh vk/kh gksuh >qdk gksrk gS] mÙky niZ.k dgykrk gSA bls
• tc nks lery niZ.k ,d nwljs ds lekukarj
pkfg,A vilkjh niZ.k Hkh dgrs gSaA
j[ks gS o muds e/; ,d oLrq j[kh gS rks
• ;fn lery niZ.k dks vkifrr ry esa dks.k blus vkHkklh] lh/kk vkSj NksVk çfrfcEc
cuus okys izfrfcacks dh la[;k vuar gksxhA
θ ls ?kqek;k tkrk gSA rks ijkofrZr fdj.k 2θ cuk;kA (SSC JE 22.01.2018& RRB JE
(SSC CAPFS ASI 7 DELHI POLICE SI
dks.k ls ?kqerh gSA 28.08.2019, RRB GROUP-D 30.10.2018
03.07.2017)
& 10.10.2018)
• lery niZ.k dh Qksdl nwjh vuar gksrh gSA
lery niZ.k }kjk mRiUu js[kh; vko/kZu 1
gksrk gSA
55
/kqzo% (Pole) ;g niZ.k dk dsUnz gS ftlls ySal dh nks oØrk f=T;k,a gksrh gS ;s nksuksa
eq[; v{k xqtjrk gSA ¼niZ.k dk T;kferh; vleku Hkh gks ldrh gSA
dsUnz½ eq[; v{k% (Principal axis) og js[kk tks
(RRB ALP 31.08.2021, 10.08.2018) (RRB nksuksa oØks ds dsUnzksa dks feykrh gSA
GROUP-D 27.09.2018, RRB NTPC ,ipZj% (Aperture) ,d xksykdkj niZ.k dh
12.01.2021) ijkorZd lrg ds O;kl dks ,ipZj dgk tkrk
oØrk dsUnz% (Centre of curvature) ftu gSA ;g ,d niZ.k dk Li"V {ks= gS ;k çdk'k
Qksdl nwjh% (Focal Length) nks dkYifud xksyksa dk ySal Hkkx gksrk gS ds ek/;e ls ysl a xqtj ldrk gSA (RRB
• niZ.k ds eq[; Qksdl (F) rFkk /kzqo (P) ds muds dsUnz] oØrk dsUnz dgykrs gSA ,d ALP 20.08.2018)
e/; dh nwjh Qksdl nwjh dgykrh gSA ySal ds nks oØ lrg gksus ds dkj.k nks oLrq dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa dk mÙky niZ.k
• ySal ds izdkf’kd dsUnz ls Qksdl ds e/; dh oØrk dsUnz gksrs gSA }kjk izfrfcac fuekZ.k
nwjh Qksdl nwjh dgykrh gSA oØrk f=T;k% (Radii of curvature) ySal (Formation of Image by covex
izdkf'kd dsUnz% (Optical center) ySal dk ftu nks dkYifud xksyksa dk Hkkx gksrk gS mirror for Different Positions of
dsUnz ¼ySal dk T;kferh; dsanz½ mudh f=T;k oØrk f=T;k dgykrh gSA ,d Object)
oLrq dh fLFkfr izfrfcac dh izfrfcac dh fdj.k vkjs[k
fLFkfr izd`fr o
vkdkj
vuar ij Qksdl ij niZ.k • dkYifud
ds ihNs • lh/kk o
• vR;ar NksVk
vuar o niZ.k ds niZ.k ds ihNs • dkYifud

/kqzo ds e/; /kqzo o Qksdl • lh/kk o
(RRB GROUP-D ds e/; • NksVk
22.09.2018)
2. vory niZ.k% (Concave Mirror) og (RRB GROUP-D 28.09.2018) (RRB ALP 17.08.2018)
xksyh; niZ.k tks vanj dh vksj >qdk gqvk ,ipZj & ,d ijkorZd lrg dk O;klA oØrk f=T;k% ySal ftu nks dkYifud xksyksa
gksrk gSA bls vfHklkjh niZ.k Hkh dgrs gSA (RRB ALP 20.08.2018) dk Hkkx gksrk gS mudh f=T;k oØrk f=T;k
(RRB ALP 13.08.2018, 31.10.2018 & RRB Qksdl nwjh% (Focal Length) dgykrh gSA ,d ySal dh nks oØrk f=T;k,a
GROUP-D 10.10.2018) • niZ.k ds eq[; Qksdl (F) rFkk /kzqo (P) ds gksrh gS ;s nksuksa vleku Hkh gks ldrh gSA
e/; dh nwjh Qksdl nwjh dgykrh gSA eq[; v{k% og js[kk tks nksuksa oØks ds dsUnzksa
• ySal ds izdkf’kd dsUnz ls Qksdl ds e/; dks feykrh gSA
dh nwjh Qksdl nwjh dgykrh gSA niZ.k dh Qksdl nwjh vkSj oØrk f=T;k ds
mÙky niZ.k dh Qksdl nwjh /kukRed gksrh chp laca/k gS R=2f.
gSA (RRB GROUP-D 22.10.2018 & 15.10.2018)
(RRB GROUP-D 16.10.2018)
Qksdl nwjh c<+kus ij ySal dk vkdkj
iryk@de gks tkrk gSA
(SSC JE 29.01.2018)
izdkf'kd dsUnz% ySal dk dsUnz ¼ySal dk
vory niZ.k ges'kk ,d çfrfcEc cukrk gS T;kferh; dsna z½
/kqzo% ;g niZ.k dk dsUnz gS ftlls eq[; v{k
tks vkHkklh vkSj lh/kk gksrk gSA
xqtjrk gSA ¼niZ.k dk T;kferh; dsUnz½
( SSC CGL 16.05.2010 & 21.08.2017 & ssc je
29.01.2018)
oØrk dsUnz% ftu nks dkYifud xksyksa dk
Qksdl& og fcanq ftl ij lHkh fdj.ksa ySal Hkkx gksrk gS muds dsUnz] oØrk dsUnz
feyrh gSaA dgykrs gSA ,d ySal ds nks oØ lrg gksus
ds dkj.k nks oØrk dsUnz gksrs gSA
56
vory niZ.k }kjk oLrq dh fHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ij izfrfcEc fuekZ.k%
(Formation of image by concave mirror for Different Postitions of object
oLrq dh fLFkfr izfrfcac dh izfrfcac dh izd`fr o fp=
fLFkfr vkdkj
vuar ij Qksdl ;k • okLrfod
(RRB GROUP-D Qksdl ry ij • mYVk
15.10.2018) • cgqr NksVk fcanq vkdkj
dk
oØrk dsna z ls nwj Qksdl o oØrk • okLrfod

ijar lhfer nwjh ij dsUnz ds e/; • mYVk o
• NksVk
oØrk dsUnz ij oØrk dsUnz ij • okLrfod

(RRB GROUP-D • mYVk o
20.09.2018) • oLrq ds vkdkj dk
(RRB ALP
14.08.2018 &
20.09.2018)
(SSC JE
23.01.2018)
Qksdl o oØrk oØrk dsUnz ds • okLrfod

dsUnz ds e/; ihNs dh vksj • mYVk o
(RRB GROUP-D • cM+k
03.12.2018,
19.09.2018,
03.12.2018,
19.09.2018 &
RRB ALP
21.08.2018)
Qksdl ij vuar ij • okLrfod

(RRB GROUP-D • mYVk o
22.09.2018, • cgqr cM+k
29.08.2018,
22.09.2018
& RRB ALP
29.08.2018)
57
/kzqo o Qksdl ds niZ.k ds ihNs • dkYifud
e/; • lh/kk o
(RRB GROUP-D • cM+k
11.12.2018)
SSC MTS
07.08.2018)
fpg~u ifjikVh% (Sign Conventions) v = dsUnz ls izfrfcac dh nwjh • nwjh dks _.kkRed ysrs gS ;fn ge izdkf’kd
f = Qksdl nwjh dsUnz dks ck, ysdj tkrs gSA
h1 = oLrq dh ÅapkbZ
h2 = izfrfcac dh ÅapkbZ
2f = R = oØrk f=T;k
izfrfcac fuekZ.k gsrq fu;e% (Rules for
image)
nwjh dks /kukRed ysus ;fn ge izdkf’kd dsUnz
u = dsUnz ls oLrq dh nwjh
dks nk, ysdj tkrs gSA
• eq[; v{k ls Åij dh ÅapkbZ dks /kukRed ysaxs rFkk uhps dh ÅapkbZ dks _.kkRed ysaxsA
okLrfod izfrfcac (Real Image) dkYifud izfrfcac (Virtual Image)

tc izfrfcac ds fuekZ.k esa fdj.ksa okLro esa feyrh gSA ;gk fdj.ks okLro esa ugha feyrh gS vfirq mUgas ihNs dh vksj ys tkdj
ml fcanq ls yk;k tkuk izrhr djkrs gSA ;s foLr`r fdj.ksa ftl fcanq ij
feyrh gS ogk izfrfcac dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
vkof/kZr@cM+k izfrfcac (Magnified Image) NksVk@ladqfpr izfrfcac (Diminished Image)

izfrfcac dh ÅapkbZ > oLrq dh ÅapkbZ izfrfcac dh ÅapkbZ < oLrq dh ÅapkbZ
58
lh/kk izfrfcac (Erect Image) mYVk izfrfcac (Inverted Image)
;fn izfrfcac dh fn’kk oLrq dh fn’kk ds leku gSA ;fn izfrfcac dh fn’kk oLrq dh fn’kk ds vleku gSA
• niZ.k lw=% (Mirror Formula) (iv) lery niZ.k dh fLFkfr esa (SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE SI
lHkh nwfj;ksa dks niZ.k ds /kqzo ls ekik tkuk | U | = | V | blfy, m = +1 06.07.2017 & NTPC 08.03.2021)
pkfg,A vFkkZr oLrq o izfrfcac nksuksa lh/ks gksxs vkSj 6. lksyj dwdj esa vory niZ.k iz;ksx gksrk gS
(RRB GROUP-D 06.12.2018) oLrq dk vkdkj = izfrfcac dk vkdkj rFkk ;g vory niZ.k ,d gh fcanq ij
1 1 1 xksyh; niZ.k ds O;ogkfjd vuqiz;ksx% Qksdl dsfa nzr djrk gSA
fn;k x;k gS]   (SSC JE 24.01.2018)
u V f (Practical Application of spherical
Mirror) egRoiw.kZ fcanq% (Important Notes:)
(RRB GROUP-D 11.10.2018) (a) mÙky niZ.k% (Convex Mirrors) 1. fVªd fejj esa lery niZ.k dk mi;ksx
[lHkh xksyh; niZ.kks ds fy, oLrq@fcac dh djrs gSA
1. LVªhV ySai esa mÙky niZ.k dk iz;ksx
lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa ekU;] ijkorZd dh Hkk¡fr fd;k tkrk gS blds dkj.k 2. ijoy;kdkj niZ.k dk iz;ksx fM’k ,aVhuk
tgk¡] f = niZ.k dh Qksdl nwjh ySai ls vkrh gq;h jks’kuh vf/kd nwj rd eas] lSVykbV ls vkus okys ekbØksooS flXuyksa
u = niZ.k dks oLrq dh nwjh dks dsfUnzr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bu
QSyrh gSA
v = niZ.k ls izfrfcac dh nwjh niZ.kksa dk mi;ksx [kxksyh; VsfyLdksi esa
2. mÙky niZ.k dks Mªkboj ds niZ.k vFkkZr
(RRB JE 30.08.2019) xksyh; izfr/ofu dks nwj djus ds fy, fd;k
okguksa esa cxy esa yxs niZ.k ds :i esa Hkh
vko/kZu% (Magnification) ;g niZ.k }kj tkrk gSA
iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds niZ.k esa
fufeZr izfrfcac ds vkdkj dk oLrq ds 3. ;fn okgu ds ihNs ns[kus okys niZ.k esa
vf/kd {ks=Qy dks n’kkZ;k tkrk gS vFkkZr
okLrfod vkdkj ds lkFk vuqikr gSA bls m O;kid {ks= 'kkfey gksrk gS lery o vory oLrq cM+h vkSj myVh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS rc
ls n’kkZrs gSA vory niZ.k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
niZ.k dh vis{kkA niZ.k esa cuk izfrfcac lh/kk
ifzrfcac dk vkdkj (h2 ) A'B' o NksVk gksrk gSA (SSC CGL 10.08.2017)
m= 
oLrq dk vkdkj (h1 ) AB (SSC (10+2) 28.10.2012 ,SSC CAPFS SI, 4. nks fudV oLrqvksa esa Hksn djus dh {kerk
CISF ASI & DELHI POLICE 21.06.2015 fjlksfYoax ikoj dgykrh gSA
(RRB NTPC 17.01.2017)
SSC CPO SI 16.12.2007 SSC COMBINED (SSC CAPFS ASI & SI DELHI POLICE
uksV% 1
MATRIC LEVEL 16.06.2002 & SSC 02.07.2017)
(i) tc m > 1 izfrfcac cM+k cusxkA
MULTI TASKING 27.02.2011 & SSC • ijoy;kdkj niZ.k% (Parabolic Mirrors)
(ii) tc m < 1 izfrfcac NksVk cusxkA
MULTI TASKING STAFF 17.03.2013 & bl niZ.k dh eq[; v{k ds lekukarj vkus
(iii) tc m /kukRed gks] izfrfcac lh/kk RRB NTPC 03.03.2021 & 18.04.201, okyh lkjh izdk’k fdj.ks ,d izfrfcac fcanq dh
cusxk vFkkZr dkYifud RRB GROUP-D 12.10.18 & 16.10.2018 vksj ijkofrZr dj nh tkrh gSA
(RRB GROUP-D 19.09.2018) and RRB JE 30.08.2019) bu niZ.kksa ds vuqiz;ksx%
(iv) tc m _.kkRed gksxk rks izfrfcac uksV% (i) lksyj&FkeZy bysfDVªd IykaV esa lw;Z ls
mYVk cusxk vFkkZr okLrfod izfrfcac ikjk vkSj lksfM;e LVªhV ySai ijek.kq mRltZu vkus okyh dsfUnzr fdj.kksa dk mi;ksx Hkki
(v) vory niZ.k dh fLFkfr esa] vko/kZu (m) ds dkj.k tyrs gSA mRiknu esa fd;k tkrk gS ftlls tujsVj ls
/kukRed ;k _.kkRed gks ldrk gS ijarq (SSC CGL 16.08.2015 ) tqM+k Vjckbu xfr djrk gSA
mÙky niZ.k dh fLFkfr esa vko/kZu dsoy (b) vory niZ.k% (Concave Mirrors) (ii) vkWVkseksckby gSMykbV~l esa] vf/kd
/kukRed gksxkA 1. bl izdkj ds niZ.k dk mi;ksx lksyj rhozrk ;qDr izdk’k tc ijoy;kdkj niZ.k ds
uksV% 2 dqdj] VsfyLdksi] okguksa dh gSMykbV esa] lpZ Qksdl ij vkrk gS rks bls eq[; v{k ds
(i) tc izfrfcac dkYifud gksrk gS ¼lh/kk½] ykbV esa djrs gSA lekukarj dj ,d izHkkoh izdk’k mRikfnr
vko/kZu /kukRed gksxkA tc izfrfcac 2. vory niZ.k dk mi;ksx vkW¶FksyeksLdsi fd;k tkrk gSA
okLrfod gksrk gS ¼mYVk½ rks vko/kZu esa vk¡[k ds jsfVuk ij ijkorZd izdk’k gsrq ySal%
_.kkRed gksrk gSA fd;k tkrk gSA ikjn’kZd viorZu ek/;e dk og Hkkx tks nks
(ii) vory niZ.k es]a izfrfcac dk okLrfod 3. ENT fo’ks"kKksa }kjk iz;qDr niZ.k esa viorZd lrgksa }kjk f?kjk gksrk gS ftuesa ls
;k dkYifud gksuk oLrq dh fLFkfr ij fuHkZj (SSC (10+2) 04.12.2011 , SSC MTS ,d lrg ?kqeh gq;h gksuh pkfg,A
djrk gS rks vory niZ.k esa vko/kZu 17.09.2017) ySal fQ.V Xykl ds cus gksrs gSaA
_.kkRed ;k /kukRed gks ldrk gSA 4. 'ksfoax@esd&vi niZ.k ds :i esa iz;qDr
(SSC CGL 19.06.2011)
(iii) mÙky niZ.k es]a izfrfcac lnSo dkYifud 5. nkarksa dk izfrfcac ns[kus ds fy, nar
cusxkA blfy, mÙky niZ.k esa vko/kZu ges’kk fpfdRld }kjk vory niZ.k dk mi;ksx
/kukRed gksxkA fd;k tkrk gSA
59
ySal (Type of Lens)
vory@vilkjh ySal mŸky @vfHklkjh ySal
;g chp @ e/; Hkkx esa ls o fdukjksa ij ls eksVk gksrk gSA ;g e/; Hkkx esa ls eksVk o fdukjksa ls iyrk gksrk gSA
mHk;kory lerykory mŸkykory mHk;kŸky lerykmŸky vorykmŸky
ySal ls lacaf/kr rF;% (Terms Related to ds lekukarj vkus okyh fdj.ks ySal ls
lens) viorZu ds i'pkr bl fcUnq ls xqtjrh gS
,sijpj ¼}kjd½% (Aperture) ;g ,d ySal vFkok xqtjrh gqbZ izrhr gksrh gSA
ds izdk’k lapj.k {ks= dk izHkkoh O;kl gSA
fcac ¼fp= dh½ fuHkZj izdk’k ¼fcac½ dh fuHkZj
}kjd
ped djrh gSA rhozrk ij djrk gSA
eq[; dsUnz fcUnq% (Principal Focus) ySal

ds nks eq[; dsUnz fcanq gksrs gSA
izFke Qksdl ¼dsUnz fcanq½% (First Focus)
izFke Qksdl ySal ds eq[; v{k ij ,d fcanq
gksrk gSA
blls vkus okyh izdk’k fdj.ksa bl ySal ls
viorZu ds i'pkr eq[; v{k ds lekukarj
izrhr gksrh gSA
f}rh; Qksdl% (Second Focus) ;g eq[;
v{k ij og fcUnq gksrk gS] ftl ij eq[; v{k
ySal ls cuk, x, fp= (Image formed less)
vory ySal }kjk] oLrq dh fHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ij izfrfcac fuekZ.k%
(Formation of image by Concave lens for Different Positions of object)
oLrq dh fLFkfr izfrfcac dh izfrfcac dk vkdkj fp=
fLFkfr o izd`fr
vuar ij Qksdl ij • dkYifud
• lh/kk o
• vR;f/kd NksVk
vuar o niZ.k ds /kqzo /kqzo o Qksdl • dkYifud

ds e/; ¼lhfer nwjh ds e/; • lh/kk o
ij½ • NksVk
60
mÙky ySal }kjk oLrq dh fHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ij izfrfcac fuekZ.k%
(Formaton of Image by convex lens for Different Positions of Object)
oLrq dh fLFkfr izfrfcac dh fLFkfr izfrfcac dk vkdkj o izd`fr fp=
vuar ij Qksdl (F) ;k • okLrfod
Qksdl ry ij • mYVk rFkk
• vR;f/kd NksVk
oØrk dsUnz ls Qksdl (F) o oØrk • okLrfod

ihNs dh vksj dsUnz ds e/; • mYVk o
ij lhfer nwjh • NksVk
ij
oØrk dsUnz ij oØrk dsUnz ij • okLrfod

• mYVk rFkk
• oLrq ds vkdkj dk
Qksdl o oØrk dsUnz ls nwj • okLrfod

oØrk dsUnz ds • mYVk rFkk
e/; • cM+k
Qksdl ij vuar ij • okLrfod

• mYVk rFkk
• vR;f/kd cM+k
/kzqo o Qksdl oLrq ds ihNs • dkYifud

ds e/; • lh/kk rFkk
• cM+k
uksV% ySal lw=% (Lens Formula) v

(i) eSaXuhQkbax Xykl esa mÙky ySal mi;ksx gksrk js[kh; vko/kZu] m= ifzrfcac dk vkdkj =
1 1 1 oLrq dk vkdkj u
gSA (SSC CAPFS ASI & SI DELHI  
f V u ySal fuekZrk dk lw=% (Lens Maker's
POLICE 03.07.2017)
tgk¡ f = ySal dh Qksdl nwjh Formula)
(ii) CySd cksMZ dkys jax dk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS
u = oLrq dh ySal ls nwjh
D;ksfa d ;g lHkh jaxksa dks vo’kksf"kr dj ysrk
v = izfrfcac dh ySal ls nwjh
gSA (SSC CGL 05.08.2017)
61
(RRB GROUP-D 24.10.2018) (RRB ALP 17.08.2018)
mnkgj.k% ikuh dk viorZukad 1.333
(i) ,d isfa ly dk izR;{k foLFkkiu] vkaf'kd ghjs dk viorZukad 2.417
:i ls ikuh esa Mwck gqvkA (RRB GROUP-D 26.09.2018)
(ii) lw;Z lw;ksn
Z ; ls igys çdV gksrk gS
(SSC JE 24.01.2018)
(iii) ikuh dk ,d rkykc viorZu ds dkj.k
de xgjk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
1  1 1  (SSC TAX ASSISTANT 25.11.2007, SSC
fn;k x;k gS = (μ - 1)    CPO SI 16.12.2017, SSC (10+2)
f  R1 R2  11.12.2011)
tgk¡] μ = ysl a ds inkFkZ dk viorZukad] R1 (iv) pEep tks ikuh esa eqM+k gqvk fn[krk gSA viorZukad% (Refractive Index)
vkSj R2 ysl
a dh lrg dh oØrk dh f=T;k,¡ (RRB NTPC 16.04.2016) okLrfod xgjkbZ h
= 
gSaA ;fn ysla dks nks cjkcj Hkkxksa esa dkVk (v) tc ge ikuh dh Vadh dks Åij ls ns[krs vkHkklh xgjkbZ h1
tkrk gS tSlk fd ikl dh vk—fr esa fn[kk;k gS rks og Åij dh vksj fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA uksV% ikuh esa fxjk gqvk flDdk ry ls Åij
x;k gS] rks çR;sd u, ysl a dh Qksdy yackbZ (SSC CGL 10.08.2017) mBk gqvk fn[kk;h nsrk gSA tc ,d isij ij
ewy ySal dh nksxquh gksrh gSA viorZu esa izdk’k dh pky o rjaxnS/;Z cny Xykl iV~Vh j[kh tkrh gS rks fy[kkoV mHkjh
ySal dh 'kfDr% (Power of a Lens) tkrh gS ijarq vko`fr leku jgrh gSA gq;h fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu ds fy, çdk'k dh ,d lkis{k viorZukad% (Relative Refractive
fdj.k dks dkap ls ikuh esa xqtjuk iM+rk gSA Index)
(SSC (10+2) 11.12.2011, SSC CCAPFS SI, ,d ek/;e ls fuokZr esa çdk'k dh xfr ds
CISF ASI & DELHI POLICE SI EXAM chp dk vuqikrA
21.06.2015) (RRB NTPC 22.04.2016)
ySal dh og {kerk ftlls og vkifrr izdk’k ek/;e esa izdk'k dh xfr
viorZu ds fu;e% (Refraction of Light) viorZukad =
fdj.kksa dks vilkfjr ;k vfHklkfjr djrk gSA viorZu ds nks fu;e fuEu gS&
fuokr
Z esa izdk'k dh xfr
ySal dh 'kfDr dgykrh gSA ;g ySal dh fujis{k viorZukad (Absolute refractive
1. vkifrr fdj.k] viofrZr fdj.k vkSj vfHkyac
Qksdl nwjh dk O;qRØe gksrh gSA index)
rhuksa ,d gh ry esa gksus pkfg,A
;g fuEu lq= }kjk n’kkZ;h tkrh gS& fuokZr esa çdk'k dh xfr vkSj ek/;e esa
2. vkifrr dks.k dh T;k o viofrZr fdj.k dh
1 çdk'k dh xfr ds chp dk vuqikrA
ySal dh {kerk] P = T;k dk vuqikr ek/;e ;qXe ds fy, fu;r
f  ehVj  gksuk pkfg,A bl fu;rkad dks lkis{k
fujis{k viorZukad =
viorZukad dgrs gSA vkSj bls 12 ls n’kkZrs fuokZr eas id

z k'k dh xfr
bldk ek=d Mk;IVj gksrk gSA
izdk’k dk viorZu% (Refraction of Light) gS tks ek/;e 2 dk viorZukad gS ek/;e 1 ek/;e eas izdk'k dh xfr
ds lkis{kA fujis{k viorZukad dk eku lnSo 1 ls vf/kd
tc izdk’k fdj.k ,d ikjn’khZ ek/;e ls
sin i
gksrk gSA
nwljs ikjn’khZ ek/;e esa tkrh gS rks fdj.k dk
vFkkZr~ = fu;r (12) (RRB GROUP-D 03.10.2018)
vius iFk ls fopfyr gks tkuk gh izdk’k dk sin r
Økafrd dks.k (C)% (Critical Angle)
viorZu dgykrk gSA bl fu;e dks Lusy dk fu;e Hkh dgrs gSA l?ku ek/;e esa vkiru dks.k ftlds dkj.k
(RRB GROUP-D 27.09.2018) viorZukad% (Refractive Index)
tc çdk'k ,d ek/;e ls nwljs ek/;e esa fojy ek/;e esa viorZu dks.k 90° gks tk,
fuokZr esa izdk’k ds osx (c) rFkk fdlh Økafrd dks.k dgykrk gSA
tkrk gS] rks mldh fn'kk esa ifjorZu dh bl ek/;e esa izdk’k ds osx (v) dk vuqikr
?kVuk dks viorZu dgk tkrk gSA tc izdk’k dh fdj.k fojy ls l?ku ek/;e
viorZukad dgykrk gSA bldk dksbZ esa tkrh gS ml le; vkorZukad 90° gksrk
ek=d ugha gksrkA gSA
(RRB JE 28.08.2019) (SSC JE 27.01.2018)
viorZukad () fdlh ek/;e ds fy,
C
 =
tc çdk'k dh fdj.k l?ku ek/;e ls fojy V
ek/;e esa tkrh gS] vfHkyEc ls fopfyr gks (RRB NTPC 22.04.2016)
tkrh gS] rks çdk'k dh xfr Hkh c<+ tkrh gS tc ,d izdk’k fdj.k l?ku ek/;e ls fojy
tc çdk'k fdj.k fojy ek/;e ls l?ku ek/;e esa tkrh gS rks vfHkyEc ls nwj gV
ek/;e esa tkrh gS] ;g vfHkyac dh vksj tkrh gS blfy, ,d VSad mFkyk fn[kk;h
fopfyr gks tkrh gS vkSj çdk'k dh xfr nsrk gSA
deh gSA viorZu dk dkj.k ;g gS fd (RRB ALP 10.08.2018)
fofHkUu ek/;eksa esa çdk'k dh xfr fHkUu gksrh tc çdk'k fojy ek/;e ls l?ku ek/;e esa
gSA izdk’k ds osx dk vyx&vyx ek/;eksa esa tkrk gS] rks og eqM+ tkrk gSA viorZukad vkSj Økafrd dks.k ds e/; laca/k
vyx&vyx gksuk gh viorZu dk eq[; uksV% (Relation between Refractive index
dkj.k gSA ok;q dk viorZukad 1.003 and Critical angle)
62
1 fçTe dk mi;ksx çdk'k dks mlds ?kVd Less More

l?ku ek/;e dk viorZukad  = LisDVªy jaxksa esa rksM+us ;k fc[ksjus ds fy,
Wavelength Wavelength
sinC More Less
ok;eq.Myh; viorZu% (Atmospheric fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Deviates Deviates
Refraction) (RRB NTPC 18.04.2016)
cSaxuh jax ds çdk'k dh rjaxnS?kZ~; de gksrh
i`Foh ij ÅapkbZ c<us ij ok;qe.Myh; ?kuRo gS tcfd yky jax dh rjaxnS;Z vf/kd gksrh
de gksrk gSA tc lw;Z dk izdk’k i`Foh ds fopyu dks.k% (Angle of Deviation)
vkifrr dks.k dh fn’kk o fuxZr dks.k dh gSA
ok;qe.My esa izos’k djrk gS] rks ;g i`Foh dh cSaxuh jax dk fopyu vf/kd gksrk gS tcfd
fofHkUu ok;qe.Myh; ijrksa }kjk viofrZr fn’kk ds e/; dks.k fopyu dks.k (𝛿)
dgykrk gSA yky jax dk fopyu de gksrk gSA
gksrk gS vkSj oØh; iFk dk vuqlj.k djrk (SSC CHSL (10+2) 21.12.2015)
gSA bl ?kVuk dks ok;qe.Myh; viorZu izdk’k dk fo{ksi.k% (Dispersion of Light)
cSaxuh vkSj yky jax ds pje :i gSaA
dgrs gSA (RRB NTPC 07.01.2021,
ok;qe.Myh; viorZu ds dkj.k gh lw;kZsn; ls RRB JE 01.06.2019)
igys o lw;kZLr ds ckn ¼yxHkx 2 feuV yky jax dk izdk’k Xykl esa U;wure osx ls
rd½ lw;Z fn[kk;h nsrk gSA rkjksa dk xfr djrk gSA
fVefVekuk Hkh ok;qe.Myh; viorZu dk ,d (SSCCHSL (10+2) LDC ,
mnkgj.k gSA tc fdlh dk¡p ds fizTe ij lQsn izdk’k DEO PA/SA EXAM , 15.11.2015)
(RRB NTPC 09.01.2021, 12.01.2021 & RRB tc gjk vkSj yky jax feyrs gS rks og ihyk
vkifrr gksrk gS rks lkr fofHkUu jaxksa esa
JE 25.05.2019SSC CPO SI 03.09.2006 jax cukrs gSA
foHkkftr gks tkrk gSA ;g ?kVuk izdk’k dk
SSC COMBINED MATRIC LEVEL (SSC CGL 10.08.2017)
fo{ksi.k dgykrh gSA
12.05.2002 SSC (10+2) 04.11.2012 ) QksVksxzkQh esa izkFkfed jax yky] uhyk vkSj
(SSC CGL 04.07.1999 & SSC TAX
ASSISTANT 12.11.2006 & SSC JUNIOR ihyk gksrk gSA
ENGINEER 23.01.2018) (SSC (10+2) 04.12.2011)
bu jaxksa dk Øe VIBGYOR gksrk gSA banz/kuq"k ds fuEu nks izdkj gksrs gSA
dk¡p ds fy, vkorZukad cSaxuh jax dk 1. izkFkfed banz/kuq"k% (Primary Rainbow)
lokZf/kd o yky jax dk U;wure gksrk gSA • nks viorZu o ,d iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu
blfy, lw;Z ds izdk’k esa cSaxuh jax lokZf/kd • blds oØ ds vkarfjd Hkkx esa cSaxuh o
fo{ksfir o yky jax lcls de fo{ksfir gksrk ckgjh Hkkx esa yky jax gksrk gSA
gS] • izs{kd dh vk¡[k ls 42° dk dks.k cukrs gSA
vk;rkdkj Xykl dh iV~Vh }kjk viorZu%
banz/kuq"k% (Rainbow) ;g vf/kd pedhyk gksrk gSA
(Refraction of Light Throught a
2. f}rh;d banz/kuq"k% (Secondary Rainbow)
Rectangular Glass Slab)
• nks viorZu o nks iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu
• vkrafjd oØ yky jax dh o ckgjh oØ
cSaxuh jax dh gksrh gSA
• rqyukRed :i ls de pedhyk
• izs{kd dh vk¡[k ls 52.5° dk dks.k cukrs
gSA
izdk’k dk izdh.kZu% (Scattering of Light)
tc lw;Z dk izdk'k i`Foh ds ifjeaMy esa
;g izdk’k ds fo{ksi.k viorZu] iw.kZ vkarfjd xeu djrk gS rks ;g ok;qeM a y ds d.kksa }kjk
fojy ek/;e ls l?ku ek/;e esa tkus ij]
ijkorZu ls lacaf/kr gS tks ok;qe.My esa izdhf.kZr gksrk gSA NksVh rjaxnS/;Z dk izdk'k
izdk’k dh fdj.k vfHkyEc dh vksj eqM+ tkrh
ekStwn tyok"i@ikuh dh cqanksa ls gksrk gSA cM+h rjaxnS/;ks± dh rqyuk esa dgha vf/kd
gS vkSj l?ku ek/;e ls fojy ek/;e esa tkus
izs{kd dks banz/kuq"k dks ns[kus ds fy, lw;Z dh izdh.kZ gksrk gSA ¼izdh.kZu dh ek=k rjaxnS/;Z
ij vfHkyEc ls nwj gV tkrh gSA
vksj ihB djds [kM+k gksuk pkfg,A dh prqFkZ ?kkr ds O;qRØekuqikrh gksrh gSA bls
izdk’k dh izfrorhZrk ds fu;ekuqlkj vusd
(RRB NTPC 31.03.2016) jSys izdh.kZu dgrs gSaA
ijkorZuksa o viorZuksa ds i'pkr~] fdj.k vius bUnz/kuq"k dk fuekZ.k izdk’k ds viorZu vkSj
iwoZorhZ ekxZ ij ykSV tkrh gSA 1
ijkorZu ds dkj.k gksrk gSA l∝ 4
lekukarj Xykl iV~Vh ls xqtjus ij ik’oZ 
(SSC CHSL (10+2) DEO& LDC
foLFkkiu] vkifrr fdj.k o xqtjh gq;h fdj.k mnkgj.k%
09.11.2014 ,SSC COMBINED MATRIC
dh fn’kkvksa ds e/; nwjh ds cjkcj gksrk gSA [krjs ds fu’kkuksa dk yky jax dk gksuk%
LEVEL 05.05.2002 , SSC CGL
,d ikuh dk VSad mFkyk izrhr gksrk gS 16.08.2015)
D;ksfa d yky jax dk izdh.kZu lcls de gksrk
vFkkZr~ bldh okLrfod xgjkbZ ls de xgjk 7 jaxksa ls baæ/kuq"k ?kVd& gS bl dkj.k ;s fu’kku nwj ls fn[kk;h ns
fn[kkbZ nsrk gS [vkHkklh xgjkbZ okLrfod Vibgyor tkrs gSA
xgjkbZ dk 3@4 Hkkx gksrh gS] Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow,
fizTe (Prism) Orange, Red
fçTe lw;Z ds çdk'k dks mlds ?kVd jaxksa esa
vkdk’k ds uhys jax dk dkj.k% LoPN vkdk'k
foHkkftr djrk gSA
esa uhyk o.kZ lokZf/kd izeq[krk n'kkZrk gS]
(RRB NTPC 29.03.2016)
63
D;ksfa d yky o.kZ dh vis{kk uhys o.kZ dh e`xr`".kk gok dh ijrksa }kjk iw.kZ vkarfjd
rjaxnS/;Z de gksrh gS rFkk bldk izdh.kZu ijkorZu ds dkj.k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
vf/kd izcyrk ls gksrk gSA (SSC TAX ASSISTANT 14.12.2008 , SSC
CGL 19.06.2011 , SSC CHSL (10+2)
15.11.2015 , SSC CGL 28.08.216 &
30.08.2016& 10.09.2016)
ikuh ds cus cqycqyksa dk peduk Hkh izdk’k
uksV%
ds iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
ok;qeMa y dh vuqifLFkfr esa vkdk’k dkyk
(SSC CGL 01.09.2016)
fn[kkbZ nsrk gS D;ksfa d izdk’k dks fc[kjus ds izlkjd vkSj izfrfcac ijkorZu% (Specular
fy, dksbZ d.k ugha feyrk gSA and Diffuse Reflection)
(SSC CGL 30.08.2016) • fpduh lrg ls gqvk ijkorZu] ijkorZd
(RRB NTPC 07.04.2021, 03.02.2021 & lw;Z ds }kjk mRlftZr izdk’k lQsn gksrk gS] izfrfcac dgykrk gSA
RRB JE 23.05.2019) mls fizTe dh lgk;rk ls lkr jaxksa esa mnk- ckFk:e niZ.k] unh dk 'kkar ikuh
SSC SECTION ENGINEERE OFFICER foHkkftr dj ldrs gSA bR;kfn ls
05.06.2005 , SSC CGL 19.06.2011 ,SSC (SSC CGL 05.03.2020)
(RRB GROUP-D 22.09.2018 & SSC CHSL
(10+2) 04.12.2011 , SSC CGL izdk’k dk ijkorZu% (Reflection of Light) 03.06.2022)
19.10.2014 SSC MATRIC LEVEL izdk’k dk fdlh lrg tSls lery niZ.k • fdlh [kqjnjh lrg ls gqvk ijkorZu] izlkjd
05.05.2002, SSC CGL 28.08.2016 , SSC bR;kfn ls Vdjkdj mlh ek/;e esa ykSV ijkorZu dgykrk gSA
SI IN DELHI POLICE , CAPFS & ASI tkuk] izdk’k dk ijkorZu dgykrk gSA mnk- ikuh esa mRiUu ygjsa
12.03.2019) dfy;ksMksLdksi izdk’k ds ijkorZu ij dk;Z ijkorZu dk vuqç;ksx% (Application of
lw;Z dk lw;ksnZ ; o lw;kZLr ds le; djrk gSA reflection)
ykfyek;qDr fn[kkbZ nsuk% lw;ksnZ ; rFkk (SSC CAPFS ASI & SI DELHI POLICE 1- niZ.k esa çdk'k dk ijkorZuA
lw;kZLr ds le; lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dks 03.07.2017) 2- xksyh; niZ.k esa çdk'k dk ijkorZuA
ok;qeMa y ls gksdj vis{kkd`r vf/kd nwfj;k¡
3- okWVj iwy esa çdk'k dk ijkorZuA
r; djuh iM+rh gSaA bl izdk'k ls uhyk rFkk
4- i‚fy'M lrg ij çdk'k dk ijkorZuA
NksVh rjaxnS/;Z dk vf/kdka'k izdk'k izdh.kZu
5- çdk'k ds ijkorZu ds dkj.k fn[kkbZ nsus
}kjk i`Fkd gks tkrk gSA vr% izdk'k dk
okyh oLrqA
lcls de izdhf.kZr Hkkx tks gekjh vk¡[kksa
6- rkjksa dk pedukA
rd igqaprk gS] jDrkHk izrhr gksrk gSA ;gh
7- jkf= esa pUæek dk çdk'kA
dkj.k gS fd f{kfrt ds fudV gksus ij lw;Z
8- nhIr oLrq ls ijkorZuA
rFkk iw.kZ panzek izrhr gksrk gSA
ijkorZu ds fu;e% (Laws of Reflection) 9- vnhIr oLrq ls ijkorZuA
(SSC CHSL (10+2) LDC, DEO & PA/SA
(SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE LFkkf;Ro (Persistence)
06.12.2015)
SI 06.07.2017) –f"V dk LFkkf;Ro vka[k dh og ?kVuk gS
f{kfrt ij lw;Z ds okLrfod xqtjus vkSj
1. vkiru dks.k ijkorZu dks.k ds cjkcj gksuk ftlds }kjk jsfVuk ij ,d lsdM a ds yxHkx
i`Foh ij mldh izfrfcac dks ns[kus esa l{ke
pkfg, i = r iPphlosa fgLls rd cuh jgrh gSA
gksus ds chp ds le; dk varjA
nwjnf'kZrk dh LFkkf;Ro flusek ds ihNs dk
(RRB JE 28.08.2019) (RRB ALP 17.08.2018 & SSC JE 25.01.2018)
2. vkifrr fdj.k] ijkofrZr fdj.k o vfHkyEc
fl)kar gSA
(SSC CGL 21.04.2013)
,d gh ry esa gksus pkfg,A
vYcsMks (ALBEDO)
iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu% (Total Internal
;g lkSj ÅtkZ dk va'k gS tks i`Foh ls okil
Reflection)
tc izdk’k dh ,d fdj.k l?ku ek/;e ls varfj{k esa ijkofrZr gksrk gSA ;g i`Foh dh
fojy ek/;e esa xfr djrh gS rks ;fn mlds lrg dh ijkorZu'khyrk dk eki gSA
Vdjkus@vkiru dk dks.k Økafrd dks.k ls cQZ] fo'ks"k :i ls blds 'kh"kZ ij cQZ ds
cknyksa dk lQsn fn[kk;h nsuk% ;g bl lkFk] mPpre vYcsMks gSA
dkj.k gksrk gS D;ksfa d cknyksa esa ikuh dh cwna s vf/kd gksrk gS rks fdj.k mlh ek/;e esa
okil eqM+ tkrh gS ;k ijkofrZr gks tkrh gSA vk¡[k% (The eye)
o /kqyd.k vf/kd ik, tkrs gS tks izdk’k ds
lHkh jaxksa dks leku :i ls izdhf.kZr djrs ;g ?kVuk iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu dgykrh gSA
gSA ,oa izdk’k ds lHkh lkrksa jaxksa dk la;kstu (SSC MTS 10.03.2013)
'osr gksrk gSA bl dkj.k ckny lQsn iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu dh nks vko’;d 'krs%Z
fn[kk;h nsrs gSA (i) izdk’k dh fdj.k l?ku ek/;e ls fojy
(RRB GROUP-D 18.09.2018) ek/;e esa xfr djuh pkg,A
dksy‚bMh foy;u esa mifLFkr d.kksa }kjk (ii) l?ku ek/;e esa vkiru dks.k Økafrd
çdk'k ds çdh.kZu dh ?kVuk dks VkbUMy dks.k ls vf/kd gksuk pkfg,A
çHkko dgrs gSaA
(RRB SSE 21.12.2014 & RRB NTPC
19.01.2017) lajpukRed fo’ks"krk,a%
64
izdk'k] us= esa lkeus ds oØh; i`"B ftls (SSC JE 27.01.2018) (RRB GROUP-D 11.10.2018)
dkWfuZ;k ;k LoPN iVy dgrs gSa] ls izos'k çdk'k vka[k ds lkeus ckgjh] ikjn'khZ lajpuk U;wure nwjh fdlh oLrq dks ns[kus ds fy,
djrk gSA rRi'pkr ;g iqryh ls tks fd ds ek/;e ls vka[k esa ços'k djrk gS ftls 2.5 lseh gksrh gSA
ifjrkfjdk esa dsna zh; fNnz gksrk gS] ls xqtjrk d‚fuZ;k dgk tkrk gSA (FCI ASSISTANT 22.01.2012) (SSC CGL
gSA iqryh ds vkdkj dks isf'k;k¡ fu;af=r (SSC CHSL(10+2) 08.07.2019) 02.09.2016 & 12.08.2017)
djrh gSA us= ysl a bl izdk'k dks vkSj ySal izdk’k dks jsfVuk ij dsfUnzr djrk gSA
Qksdflr djds n`f"ViVy ¼jsfVuk½ ij ( DELHI POLICE 13.12.2020)
izfrfcac cuk nsrk gSA n`f"ViVy raf=dk rarqvksa tc ge fdlh oLrq dks ns[krs gS rks jsfVuk
dh ,d iryh f>Yyh gksrh gS tks us= ds ij cuus okyk izfrfcac okLrfod o mYVk
ihNs ds ofØr i`"B dks <ds j[krh gSA gksrk gSA ;g nks"k mÙky ySal }kjk lgh fd;k tk
n`f"ViVy esa 'kykdk vkSj 'kadq gksrs gSa tks (SSC CGL 02.09.2016) ldrk gSA
Øe'k% izdk'k dh rhozrk rFkk o.kZ ds izfr ekuo vka[k dh laosnu’khyrk lokZf/kd gjs (RRB GROUP-D 05.10.2018) & SSC
laosnu'khy gksrs gSa rFkk n`d~ raf=dkvksa ls jax esa ikbZ tkrh gSA STENOGRAPHER 16.10.2011)
gksdj fo|qrh; flxuyksa dks efLr"d rd (SSC CONSTABLE 12.05.2013) vfcanqdrk% (Astigmatism)
izsf"kr djrs gSa] tks bl lwpuk dks varr% n`f"Vnks"k% (Defects of vision) bl nks"k esa O;fä ,d gh le; esa leku nwjh
lalkf/kr djrk gSA i{ekHkh isf'k;ksa ds }kjk ek;ksfi;k% (Myopia or short ij {kSfrt vkSj Å/kZ~ok/kj js[kkvksa ij /;ku
us= ysl a dh vkd`fr ¼oØrk½ vkSj bldh Sightedness) dsfa ær ugha dj ldrk gSA
Qksdl nwjh dqN&dqN vkiofrZr dh tk (RRB NTPC mik; mi;qä csyukdkj ysl a dk mi;ksx
ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] tc isf'k;k¡ 08.04.2021,18.01.2021,11.04.2016 djds bl nks"k dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
SSC CPO SI 030.09.2006 , SSC o.kkZU/krk% (Colour blindness)
f'kfFky gksrh gSa rks us= ysla dh Qksdl nwjh
COMBINED MATRIC LEVEL bl izdkj ds nks"k esa O;fDr dqN o.kks@ Z jaxksa
yxHkx 2-5 lseh gksrh gS rFkk vuar nwjh ds
21.05.2000, SSC STENOGRAPHER esa varj ugha dj ikrk gSA bldk dkj.k
fiaM n`f"ViVy ij Li"V Qksdflr gksrs gSaA
26.09.2010 , SSC CONSTABLE (GD ) & jsfVuk esa 'kadq dksf’kdkvksa dh vuqifLFkfr gS
tc oLrq dks us= ds fudV yk;k tkrk gS rks]
RIFLEMAN 22.04.2012 & SSC CGL tks dqN jaxksa ds izfr laosnu’khy gksrh gSA
izfrfcac rFkk ysl a ds chp dh nwjh ( 2.5 02.09.2016) ;g nks"k nwj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
cm) ogh cuk, j[kus ds fy, i{ekHkh isf'k;ksa fdlh nwjLFk oLrq ls vkus okys izdk'k dks
dh fØ;k ¼fldqM+us½ }kjk ysl a dh Qksdl nwjh eksfr;kfcan% (Cataract)
us= ysl a n`f"ViVy ls igys gh fdlh fcanq bl nks"k esa ,d vikjn’khZ lQsn esEczsu
de gks tkrh gSA us= ds bl xq.k dks leatu ij vfHklfjr dj ldrk gSA bl nks"k dks dksfuZ;k ij fodflr gks tkrk gSA blds
{kerk dgrs gSaA ;fn oLrq us= ds cgqr fudV fudV n`f"Vnks"k vFkok ek;ksfi;k dgrs gSaA dkj.k ,d O;fDr vius ns[kus dh {kerk
gS rks ysl
a bruk vf/kd ofØr ugha gks ikrk bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd us= vkifrr iqat dks vkaf’kd ;k iw.kZr;k [kks nsrk gSA
fd ml oLrq dk Li"V izfrfcac n`f"ViVy ij vR;f/kd vfHklfjr dj jgk gSA bls bl nks"k dks ltZjh }kjk f>Yyh dks gVkdj
cuk lds] ftlds QyLo:i oLrq dk /kq¡/kyk izfrdkfjr djus ds fy, ge us= rFkk oLrq nwj fd;k tkrk gSA
izfrfcac curk gSA og de ls de nwjh ftl ds chp dksbZ ,slk vory ysl
a lfUudV djrs
ij j[kh oLrq dk lkekU; us= ysal Li"V izslck;ksfivk% (presbyopia (old sight)
gSa fd ftlds vilkjh izHkko ds dkj.k ;fn dksbZ vf/kd vk;q dk O;fDr iqLrd dks
izfrfcac n`f"ViVy ij cuk nsrk gS] mls Li"V izfrfcac n`f"ViVy ij lgh Qksdflr gks
n'kZu] dh vYire nwjh vFkok lkekU; us= us= ls 25 lseh nwjh ij j[kdj i<+uk pkgs rks
tk,A mldks izfrfcac /kq¡/kyk izrhr gksrk gSA ;g
dk fudV fcanq dgrs gSaA lkekU; O;fDr ds
fy, bldk ekud eku 25 lseh fy;k x;k voLFkk tjk nwjnf'kZrk ¼us= dk nks"k½
dgykrh gSA
gSA ¼izk;% fudV fcanq dks izrhd D }kjk
;g nks"k f}Qksdy ySal }kjk nwj fd;k tk
fufnZ"V fd;k tkrk gSA½ ;g nwjh vk;q esa o`f)
ldrk gSA
ds lkFk c<+rh tkrh gS] D;ksfa d vk;q esa o`f)
;g nks"k vory ySal }kjk lgh fd;k tk (SSC CHSL (10+2) 10.07.2019)
ds lkFk i{ekHkh isf'k;k¡ mruh izHkkodkjh ugha
ldrk gSA vdkseksMs’ku (Accommodation)
jg ikrh rFkk lkFk gh ysl a dk yphykiu Hkh
(RRB GROUP-D 04.10.2018) vka[k dh Qksdl nwjh dks lek;ksftr djds
?kV tkrk gSA
gkbij esVªksfi;k% (Hypermetropia or fudV vkSj nwj dh oLrqvksa ij /;ku dsfa ær
nwj rFkk ikl ds fcanq ds chp dh nwjh n`f"V
long sightedness) djus dh {kerk dks vka[k dk vdkseksMs’ku
dh lhek (Range of vision) dgykrh gSA
;g vka[k dk ,d nks"k gS ftlds dkj.k O;fä dgk tkrk gSA
euq"; vka[k dk ySal iqryh ds ihNs gksrk gSA
nwj dh oLrqvksa dks Li"V ns[k ldrk gS (RRB NTPC 11/01/21)
(SSC MATRIC LEVEL 14.05.2017)
ysfdu ikl dh oLrqvksa dks Li"V :i ls ugha o.kkZU/k O;fä yky vkSj gjs jax esa varj ugha
bfjl ekuo vka[k dh iqryh dks fu;af=r
ns[k ldrk gSA bl nks"k esa vka[k dk fudV dj ikrk gSA (SSC CGL 11.09.2016)
djrk gSA
fcanq Li"V –f"V dh U;wure nwjh ls gV tkrk leqæ ds [kksy dk lqugjk –'; /#ohdj.k ds
(SSC JE 22.01.2018)
vka[k esa izos’k djus okyk izdk’k bfjl }kjk gSA bl nks"k esa ysla dh Qksdl nwjh ;k dkj.k gksrk gSA
oØrk f=T;k c<+ tkrh gS ;k ysal dh 'kfä (SSC CHSL (10+2) DEO & LDC 09.11.2014)
fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA
(SSC JE 25.01.2018 & SSC CGL 04.06.2019) de gks tkrh gS ;k us= ysl a vkSj jsfVuk ds
ekuo ySal oLrq dk mYVk o okLrfod chp dh nwjh de gks tkrh gS vkSj jsfVuk ds
izfrfcac cukrk gSA ihNs izfrfcac curh gSA
65
11. Å"ek (Heat)

Å"ek% (Heat) rkieku ,d ifjorZu'khy jkf'k gS tks voLFkk
;g ÅtkZ dk gh ,d :i gS] tks xehZ dk o n'kk ds vuq:i ifjofrZr gksrk gSA vr%
vuqHko djkrk gSA ;g fdlh fudk; dh fofHkUu Ldsyksa dk iz;ksx dj bls ekik tkrk
rkih; n'kkvksa esa ifjorZu ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA
gSA bldk SI ek=d ^twy* rFkk cgs ek=d xSl FkekZehVj nzo FkekZehVj ls T;knk
dSyksjh gSA tc fdlh fudk; dks Å"ek nh laosnu’khy gksrk gS D;ksfa d xSl viuh voLFkk
tkrh gS rks fofHkUu ifjorZu gksrs gS tSls tYnh ls ugha cnyrhA
izlkj.k] ladqpu] voLFkk ifjorZu] (SSC CGL 08.02.2004)
oS|qrh;xq.kksa esa ifjorZu bR;kfnA Å"ek ÅtkZ] FkekZehVj dk mi;ksx rkieku ekius us fd;k
;kaf=d ÅtkZ o fo|qr ÅtkZ rFkk vU; esa tkrk gS
dsfYou Ldsy (K)% (Kelvin Scale) (K)
ifjofrZr gks ldrh gSA (SSC MTS 21.10.2017)
bl Ldsy esa fgekad fcanq o DoFkaukd fcanq
(RRB ALP 22.01.2019) FkekZehVj dk fl)kar Å"ek nsus ij inkFkZ dk
Øe'k% 273 K o 373 K fy, tkrs gSA ;g
Å"ek ds pkyd@dqpkyd (Conductor or foLrkj gSA
Ldsy 100 leku Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k
Insulator of heat) (SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE SI
 pkyd = os inkFkZ tks Å"ek dks lqxerk ls 03.07.2017)
tkrk gSA bldk vkfo"dkj 1724 esa dsfYou us
izokg djk nsrs gS mUgs pkyd dgrs gSA rkih; Ldsy% (Temperature Scales) fd;kA
buesa bysDVªkuks dh mifLFkfr gksrh gS] bl rkieku dks ekius ds fy, nks fLFkj fcanq fy, j;wej Ldsy (R)% (Reaumur Scale (R)
otg ls ;s fo|qr dk lapkyu djrs gSA tkrs gSA ,d ikuh dk fgekad fcUnq o nwljk fgekad fcanq & OR doFkukad fcanq & 80R
(RRB NTPC 17.01.2017) vkfo"dkj 1730 esa vkj , j;wej usA
DoFkaukd fcanq dgykrk gSA
tSls & pkanh ykSgk] rkack] ySM] ,Y;wfefu;e] a kbu Ldsy (Ra)% (Rankine Scale)
jsd
Note
xzsQkbV] VaxLVu] lksuka (Ra)
(RRB NTPC 18.04.2016, 17.01.2017, nzoks ds fcUnq ij] rkieku fLFkj jgrk gSA
(SSC CGL 27.08.2016) fgekad fcanq & 460Ra doFkukad fcanq &
05.04.2016 & 30.03.16)
ikuh dk DoFkaukd fcUnq ok;qe.Myh; nkc ij 672Ra
 /kkrq ds crZuks esa gS.My ydMh dk cuk gksrk vkfo"dkj 1859 esa ts,e jsdkabu usA
gS D;ksfa d ydMh Å"ek dk dqpkyd gksrh gSA fuHkZj djrk gSA
(SSC CGL 27.08.2016) fofHkUu rkih; Ldsyksa ds e/; lac/a k%
(SSC (10+2) 04.12.2011)
lCth cukrs le; ;fn mlesa ,d pqVdh (Relations between various
 vHkzd Å"ek dk pkyd gksrk gS ijarq fo|qr temperature scales)
dk dqpkyd gksrk gSA ued Mky fn;k tk, rks] og tYnh id
tkrh gS D;ksfa d ikuh dk DoFkukad fcUnq c< C F  32 R K  273 Ra  460
(SSC (10+2) 21.10.2012)    
100 180 80 100 212
 dqpkyd & os inkFkZ tks Å"ek dks ikfjr tkrk gSA
ugha gksus nsrs] dqpkyd dgykrs gSaA dqpkyd (SSC MTS 30.04.2017) Note
fo|qr dk lapkyu ugh djrs gSA Hkki batu esa mcyrs gq, ikuh dk rkieku  dejs dk rkieku dsfYou Ldsy ij = 273 k
tSls & ydMh] cksjksflfydsV] fljkfed] T;knk jgrk gS D;ksfa d ck;yj ds vanj nkc  rkjks dk jax rkieku ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
Xykl] dkxt] ikuh] Åu vkfnA  ,d dkyh lrg rc T;knk Å"ek vo’kksf"kr
de gksrk gSa
(RRB NTPC 11.04.2016) djrh gS tc og dkyh vkSj [kqjnjh gksrh gSA
(SSC (10+2) 04.12.2011)
rkieku% (Temperature)  gS.M iEi dk ikuh lfnZ;ksa esa xeZ gksrk gS
lsfYl;l Ldsy (°C)% (Celsius Scale)
D;ksfa d i`Foh ds uhps dk rkieku ikuh dks
;g fdlh fudk; ds rIr o 'khr gksus dh (°C) xeZ j[krk gSaA
ek=k gSA ,d fudk; ls nwljs fudk; esa bl Ldsy esa rkieku 'kwU; ij LFkk;h j[kk  FkeksZikby ,d ,slk midj.k gS tks jsfM;aV
Å"ek dk LFkkukarj.k rki ifjorZu ds dkj.k tkrk gS o Ldsy dks 100 cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ckaV Å"ek dk irk yxrk gSA
gksrk gSA mnkgj.k& ;fn ge fdlh xeZ fn;k tkrk gS ftUgsa fMxzh dgrs gSaA fgekad  Å"ek dh fn’kk rkieku ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
pEep dks B.Ms ikuh esa fxjkrs gS rks Å"ek fcUnq o DoFkaukd fcUnq dks Øe'k% 0°C o  >hy dh lrg te tkrh gS tc >hy ds ry
pEep ls ikuh dh vksj LFkkukarfjr gksxhA - 100°C fy;k tkrk gSA ;g Ldsy ,aMªsl ij ikuh dk rkieku 40c gksrk gSA
rks] ;g lsfYl;l }kjk 1710 esa [kkstk x;k FkkA  ;g Å"ek LFkkukraj.k dk ,d rjhdk gSa
Li"V gS fd rkieku vkSj Å"ek% Z (RRB NTPC 16.04.2016)  lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dk i`Foh rd igqapuk
vyx&vyx phtsa gSaA bls dbZ euekus iSekus Qsjus gkbV Ldsy (°F)% (Fahrenheit fofdj.k dks iznf’kZr djrk gSA
esa ekik tkrk gS% tSls lsfYl;l] QkjsugkbV] Scale) (°F)  'kCn “ISOLATION” dk eryc vkus okyh
dsfYou] jsmeqjA bl Ldsy esa fgekad fcanq vkSj DoFkaukd fcanq lw;Z dh fdj.ks gksrh gSA
rkieku dk ekiu% (Measurement of Øe'k% 32°F o 212°F gksrs gSA bl Ldsy Å"ek dk LFkkukarj.k% (Transmission of
Temperature) dks 180 cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk gSA bls Heat)
xzsfc;y QsjsugkbV us 1717 esa [kkstk FkkA
og midj.k tks fdlh fudk; ds rkieku dks

Å"ek dk ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd
ekirk gS FkeksZehVj dgykrk gSA bldh [kkst
gLrkukarj.k djukA Å"ek LFkkukarj.k dh rhu
xsyhfy;ksa us dh Fkh] ftUgksua s ;g Hkh crk;k
izfØ;k,a gksrh gSA
fd rki nsus ij xSls izlkfjr gksrh gSA
1. pkyu% (Conduction)
66
• xSls ls nzo voLFkk esa ifjorZu & la?kuu xyukad fcUnq  0°C, 1 atm ij
• nzo ls xSlh; voLFkk ifjorZu & ok"ihdj.k fof'k"V Å"ek% (Specific Heat)
• nzo ls Bksl voLFkk ifjorZu & teuk inkFkZ dh 1 xzke ek=k dk rkieku 1°C rd
• Bksl ls nzo voLFkk ifjorZu & xyu c<+kus esa vko';d Å"ek dh ek=k fof'k"V
• Bksl ls xSl voLFkk ifjorZu & Å/oZikru Å"ek dgykrh gSA bls s ls n'kkZrs gSA
;g Å"ek LFkkukarj.k dh og fof/k gS ftlesa • xSls ls IykTek voLFkk ifjorZu & bldk ek=d dSyksjh@xzke°C ;k
Å"ek inkFkZ ,d d.k ls nwljs d.k esa tkrh vk;uhdj.k tqy@xzke°C gSA
gSA d.kksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu fd, fcukA • IykTek ls xSl voLFkk ifjorZu & Q
Bkslksa esa Å"ek LFkkukarj.k pkyu }kjk gksrk s=
iqula;kstu m t
gSA Bksl cQZ% Bksl dkcZu MkbZ&vkWDlkbM dks tgka
/kkrqvksa esa rkih; pkyu ijek.kq o eqDr Bksl cQZ dgrs gS rFkk ;g dejs ds rki ij Q = inkFkZ dks nh xbZ Å"ek
bysDVªksuksa ds daiu ds dkj.k gksrk gSA Å/oZikfrr gskrh gSA m = inkFkZ dk nzO;eku
2. laogu%(Convection) t = rkieku esa ifjorZu
;gka xSl dh nks izdkj dh fof'k"V Å"ek,a
gksrh gSA
1. fu;r vk;ru ij fof'k"V Å"ek (Cv)
fu;r vk;ru ij] ,d xSl ds 1 xzke ek=k
ds rki dks 1°C rd c<+kus esa iz;qDr Å"ekA
IykTek bldk ek=d dSyksjh@xzke°C gSA
;g Å"ek LFkkukarj.k dh og izfØ;k gS
ftlesa inkFkZ ds d.k ,d LFkku ls nwljs 2. fu;r nkc ij fof'k"V Å"ek (Cp)
LFkku rd tkrs gS rFkk vU; d.k mudh fu;r nkc ij] ,d xSl ds 1 xzke dk 1°C
txg vk tkrs gS vFkkZr~ d.k izfrLFkkfir gksrs rd rki c<+kus ds fy, vko';d Å"ek dh
jgrs gSA nzoksa vkSj xSlksa esa Å"ek LFkkaukrj.k ek=kA bldk ek=d dSyksjh@xzke°C gSA
laogu ds ek/;e ls gksrk gSA jlksbZ vkSj xqIr Å"ek% (Latent Heat)
QSfDVª;ksa esa dke vkus okyh fpeuh dk inkFkZ dh pkSFkh voLFkk gS ftldh dksbZ fu;r rki ij] inkFkZ dh 1 xzke ek=k dks
fl)kar Hkh laogu ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] Hkwfe LFkk;h vkd`fr ;k vk;ru ugha gksrk gSA ;g mldh voLFkk ifjorZu djus gsrq nh xbZ
vkSj leqnzh gok,a laogu ds dkj.k gksrh gSA Bkslksa o nzoksa ls de l?ku gksrh gSA Å"ek dh ek=k] ml inkFkZ dh xqIr Å"ek
3. fofdj.k% (Radiation) fVªiy ik¡bV% (Triple Point) dgykrh gSA bls L ls n'kkZrs gSA bldk
fdlh inkFkZ ds og rki vkSj nkc] tc ek=d dSyksjh@xzke gSA
Å"ekxfrdh; lkE; esa inkFkZ dh rhuksa ok"ihdj.k dh xqIr Å"ek rkieku ds
voLFkk,a ¼Bksl] nzo] xSl½ lkFk gksA O;qRØekuqikrh gksrh gS vkSj 0°C ij vf/kdre
;k oks rki o nkc tgka Å/oZikru vkjs[k] gksrh gSA tyok"i dh xqIr Å"ek esa rkieku
Ýhftax vkjs[k o ok"ihdj.k vkjs[k feyrs gSA ds lkFk ifjorZu udkjkRed gksrk gSA
Q = mL [;g fu;r rki ij gksrk gSA]
;g Å"ek LFkkukarj.k dh og izfØ;k gS ikuh dk fVªiy IokbaV & 0.01°C
100
ftlesa ek/;e dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA ;gka ,d fo'ks"k rki o nkc dk la;kstu ;k Latent Heat
Mct
Latent (Steam)
;g Å"ek LFkkukarj.k dh rhoz izfØ;k gSA lw;Z ,d fo'ks"k fcanq gksrk gS tgka rki o nkc Heat
Mct
Water Water
0 0° C Water and Steam
ls i`Foh rd vkus okyh Å"ek blh :i esa nksuksa c<+rs gS] ,oa inkFkZ rjy gS ;k xSl gS –20 Mct
Water all Vapour
–40°C Ice & Ice liquid
vkrh gSA xgjs jax dh oLrq,a] gYds jax dh ;g varj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;g voLFkk 0 20 100 200 740 
oLrqvksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd fofdj.k lqij fØfVdy nzO; dgykrh gS rFkk inkFkZ esa Heat added (k cal)
bl fcanq dks fØfVdy fcanq dgrs gSaA dSyksjhfQd eku ¼Å"eh; eku½%
vo'kksf"kr djrh gSA
voLFkk ifjorZu% (Transformation of
Phase)
s-v  og js[kk tgka inkFkZ esa Bksl o ok"i

nksuksa mifLFkr gksrs gSaA
s-l  og ns[kk tgka Bksl o nzo nksuksa
mifLFkr gksrs gSaA bZa/ku ds ,d xzke }kjk nh xbZ Å"ek dh
l-v  og js[kk tgka ok"i o nzo nksuksa ek=k mldk Å"eh; eku dgykrk gSA lHkh
mifLFkr gksrs gSaA inkFkksaZ esa gkbMªkstu dk Å"eh; eku lokZf/kd
tc inkFkZ ,d fLFkfr ls nwljh fLFkfr esa xyukad o DoFkukad fcUnqvksa dk rki ds lkFk gksrk gSA
tkrk gS] rks bls voLFkk ifjorZu dgrs gSaA ifjorZu% Å"ekfefr ¼dSyksjhfeVªh½%
blesa cgqr&lh izfØ;k,a lfEefyr gksrh gS gekjs pkjksa vksj ds okrkoj.k esa nkc = 1 atm ;g fdlh fudk; esa Å"ek LFkkukarj.k ds
tSls vr% rkieku ds eku dks 1 ok;qe.Myh; nkc dkj.k voLFkk pjksa esa gq, ifjorZu dks ekius
• xSlh; voLFkk ls Bksl voLFkk esa ifjorZu & (atm) ij Kkr djsx a sA dk foKku gSA Å"ek LFkkukarj.k ds izHkko dks
fu{ksi.k DoFkukad fcUnq  100°C, 1 atm ij Kkr djus ds lanHkZ esaA
67
dSyksjhehVj dk fl)kar% (Principle of fofdj.ksa iqu% i`Foh dh vksj ijkofrZr dj nh rkih; foLrkj (Thermal Expansion)
Calorimeter) tkrh gS ftl dkj.k lEiw.kZ i`Foh ds rkieku ;g rkieku esa ifjorZu ds lkFk vius vkdkj]
tc nks vyx&vyx rki dh oLrqvksa dk esa o`f) gksrh gSA bl izHkko dks xzhu gkml {ks=] ?kuRo dks cnyus ds fy, inkFkZ dh
laidZ gksrk gS rks mPp rki dh oLrq ls fuEu izHkko dgrs gS o CO2 dks xzhu gkml xSl ço`fÙk gSA
rki dh oLrq dh vksj Å"ek LFkkukarj.k gksrk dgrs gSaA rkih; foLrkj dk mnkgj.k
gSA ;g izokg rc rd gksrk gS tc rd nksuksa xehZ vkSj lnhZ ds nkSjku VªSd ds foLrkj vkSj
fudk;ksa dk rki leku ugha gks tkrkA ladqpu ds fy, jsyos VªSd ds chp ,d xSi
dkj ds bZatu esa iz;qDr 'khryd% (Car çnku djsAa
Engine coolant) (RRB NTPC 16.04.2016 & (SSC MATRIC
dkj bZatu esa 'khryd ds :i ikuh dk iz;ksx LEVEL 24.10.2003 & S12.05.2002 SSC (
fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd bldh fof'k"V Å"ek 10+2) 21.10.2012, SSC CGL 30.08.2015
vf/kd gksrk gS vkSj ikuh] rkieku eas izR;sd SSC STENOGRAPHER 16.10.2011)
,d fMxzh c<+us ij vf/kd Å"ek vo'kksf"kr rkih; izlkj.k effiel tower dks xfeZ;ksa esa
djrk gSA ;|fi dsoy ikuh dkj bZatu ds yack curk gSA
fy, mi;qDr 'khryd ugha gS] blds U;wVu dk 'khryu dk fu;e% (Newton’s (SSC CGL 04.03.2021)
vfrfjDr bZFkkbfyu XykbdkWy] iksVsf'k;e law of cooling) rkih; pkydrk (Thermal Conductivity)
MkbZØksesV] VªkbZ&lksfM;e QkWLQsV vkSj ;fn ,d oLrq vius pkjksa ds okrkoj.k dh ;g Å"ek lapkj.k dks ekirk gSA
lksfM;e ukbVsªV dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA rqyuk esa vf/kd xeZ gS rks ;g vius pkjksa xSl ds rkieku esa o`f) ds lkFk rkih;
,UVªksih% (Entropy) vksj ds okrkoj.k dks Å"ek LFkkukarfjr djrh pkydrk esa o`f) gksrh gSA
;g flLVe esa vfu;ferrk dh fMxzh gksrh gS gSA ikuh ds rkieku esa o`f) ds lkFk rkih;
vkSj ;g Å"ekxfrdh; dk;Z gksrk gS tks fdlh oLrq ds 'khryu dh nj] oLrq esa pkydrk de gks tkrh gSA
dsoy flLVe ds rkieku ij fuHkZj djrk gSA rkikUrj ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA ¼oLrq ds rki /kkrq ds rkieku esa o`f) ds lkFk rkih;
vo'kkfs"kr Å"ek SQ  o ok;qeaMy ds rki esa½ pkydrk esa deh gks tkrh gSA
,UVªksih (S) = (RRB JE 14.12.2014)
ije rki  T  –
dQ
 (T T0 ) , Å"ek gkfu dh nj [kkuk idkus dh lkexzh ds :i esa mi;ksx dh
dt
Q = TS dQ tkus okyh fdlh Hkh /kkrq esa vf/kd rkih;
fdlh inkFkZ dh ,UVªksih ije 'kwU; rki ij   k(T T0 )
dt pkydrk gksrh gSA
'kwU; gksrh gSA 0° C ij ikuh dh ,UVªksih 'kwU; (SSC 910+2) 21.10.2012)
 ⇒ ms d = k ( – ifjos'k)
gksrh gS vkSj ,UVªksih esa ifjorZu dh x.kuk dt tc dkp ds fxykl esa xeZ nzo Mkyk tkrk
blds rkieku }kjk dh tkrh gSA mnkgj.k% ;fn xeZ ikuh o lkekU; ikuh dks gS rks mlesa njkjs vk tkrh gS D;ksfa d dkap
jkf= 'khryu% (Cooling at the night) Ýht esa j[kk tkrk gS rks xeZ ikuh ds B.Ms Å"ek dk dqpkyd gksrk gSA
gksus dh nj vf/kd gksrh gSA (SSC 910+2) 21.10.2012)
d`".k fiaM (Black Body)% pkanh dh Å"eh; pkydrk lokZf/kd gksrh gSA
fdlh Hkh rjaxnS/;Z dh fofdj.kksa dks iwjh rjg (SSC CGL 30.08.2016 & SSC CAPFS ASI &
ls vo'kksf"kr djus okys fiaM dks vkn'kZ d`".k DELHI POLICE 05.07.2017)
fiaM dgrs gSA ;g fdlh Hkh izdkj ds dqN /kkrq ftUgs Å"eh; pkydrk ds ?kVrs
fofdj.kksa dks ijkofrZr ugha djrk gSA Øe esa fy[kk x;k %&
mRltZd 'kfDr (e)% pk¡nh > rkack > ,Y;wfefu;e > LVhy
lrg ds bdkbZ {ks=Qy }kjk] fn, x, (SSC CGL 05.05.2002,SSC MTS 20.02.2011)
rkieku esa] 1 lSd.M esa mRlftZr Å"ek dh rkih; jks/ku % (Thermal Insulation)
i`Foh vkSj bl ij fLFkr vU; oLrq,a] fnu ds ;g rkih; laidZ esa oLrqvksa ds chp xehZ
le;] lkSj fofdj.k xzg.k dj B.Mh gks tkrh ek=k gSA bldk ek=d twy@eh2 lSd.M
LFkkukarj.k esa deh gSA
gSA ijarq jkf= ds le; os fofdj.k mRlftZr gksrk gSA
IykfLVd] 'kq"d gok] cSdykbV] dkxt]
djrh gS o B.Mh gks tkrh gSA ckny ;qDr vo'kks"kd 'kfDr (a)%
dikl] bcksukbV vkfn rkih; çfrjks/kh gSaA
jkrs lkQ jkrksa ¼ckny jfgr½ dh vis{kk xeZ vo'kksf"kr fofdj.kksa dk vkifrr fofdj.kksa ls
(RRB GROUP-D 16.10.2018)
gksrh gS D;ksafd jkf= esa mRlftZr fofdj.kksa dks vuqikrA
NOTE:
ckny ijkofrZr djrs gS ,ao bls xeZ esa j[krs FkeZl dh flYojhd`r lrg Å"ek dh
Super cooling stands for cooling of a
gSaA vFkkZr~ ckny jtkbZ dh Hkk¡fr O;ogkj vo'kks"kd ugha gksrh gSA ;g ifjos'k ls Å"ek
liquid at freezing point.
djrs gSA dk vo'kks"k.k ugha djrh gSA blh dkj.k
(SSC CGL 11.09.2016 & SSC CGL
xzhu gkml izHkko% (Greenhouse Effect) FkeZl¼¶ykLd½ esa mifLFkr nzo dk rki
16.08.2017)
lkSj fofdj.ksa tc i`Foh lrg ij igqp a rh gS ifjofrZr ugha gksrk gSA
Alcohol is more volatile than water
rks ;s y?kq rjaxnS/;Z dh gksrh gS budk dqN i`Foh ,d vPNh mRltZd o vo’kks"kd gSA
because its boiling point is lower than
(SSC MTS 17.03.2013)
Hkkx i`Foh lrg }kjk vo'kksf"kr fd;k tkrk water. (SSC CGL 11.09.2016)
[kkuk idkus okys crZuks dks vkerkSj ij uhps
gS vkSj dqN Hkkx ijkofrZr dj fn;k tkrk
ls dky NksM fn;k tkrk gS D;ksfa d dkyh
gSA ijkofrZr fofdj.ksa nh?kZ rjaxnS/;Z dh gksrh
lrg Å"ek dk vPNk vo’kks"kd gSA
gSA ftUgsa ok;qe.My eas mifLFkr CO2 v.kqvksa
(SSC CONSTABLE 12.05.2013)
dh ijr }kjk jksd fy;k tkrk gS] rFkk ;s
68
12. Å"ekxfrdh (Thermo Dynamics)

HkkSfrd foKku dh og 'kk[kk ftlesa Å"ek Mk;FkfeZd nhokj (Diathermic wall)% og R = xSl fLFkjkad
mtkZ dk fofHkUu izdkj dh ÅtkZvksa ds lkFk pkyd nhokj tks Å"ek ÅtkZ dks ,d d{k ls vkarfjd ÅtkZ% (Internal Energy)
laca/kksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs esa tkus nsrh gSA fdlh inkFkZ ds v.kqvksa dh dqy ÅtkZ dks
dqN egRoiw.kZ fcUnw% (Some key terms) rkieku% (Temperature) og HkkSfrd jkf’k vkarfjd ÅtkZ dgrs gSA bls U ls n’kkZ;k
Å"eh; ra=% (Thermal system) vR;f/kd tks ;g crkrh gS fd ra= A o ra= B Å"eh; tkrk gSA
ek=k esa d.kksa ¼ijek.kq o v.kqvks½a dk la;kstu] lkE;oLFkk eas gS vFkok ugha] rkieku dgykrk xeZ ikuh dh rqyuk esa Hkki }kjk tyuk
Å"ekxfrdh; ra= dgykrk gSA ,slk ra= gSA ;g ,d vfn’k jkf’k gSA vf/kd izHkkfor djrk gS D;ksfa d Hkki dh xqIr
Bksl] nzo o xSl ;k nks ;k vf/kd voLFkkvksa ;fn nks ra=ksa dk rkieku leku gS rks os Å"ek vf/kd gksrh gSA
ds la;kstu esa gks ldrk gSA rkih; lkE;koLFkk esa gksaxsA cQZ OOC lsfYl;l rki ij] ikuh OOC rki
rkih; lkE;% (Thermal Equilibrium) Å"ekxfrdh; voLFkk pj% ij dh rqyuk esa vf/kd B.Mh gksrh gS D;ksfa d
,d Å"ekxfrdh; ra= dks Å"ekxfrdh; (Thermodynamic state Variables) tc voLFkk ifjorZu gksrk gS cQZ vf/kd xqIr
lkE; esa dgk tk ldrk gS tc LFkwy vpj ;s og fLFkj jkf’k;k gS tks fLkLVe dh rkih; Å"ek mRlftZr djrh gSA
¼tSls nkc] rki] vk;ru] nzO;eku bR;kfn½ voLFkk dks crkrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh pØh; izfØ;k esa vkrafjd ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu
jkf’k;k¡ le; ds lkFk ifjofrZr u gksA xSl dh lkE;koLFkk rki] nkc] nzO;eku tSlh 'kwU; gksrk gSA
fLFkjks"e nhokj ¼Adiabatic wall)% og jkf’k;ksa ls fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA
jks/kd nhokj tks Å"ek mtkZ ds izokg dks ,d voLFkk lehdj.k% (The Equation of
d{k ls nwljs d{k esa tkus ls jksdrh gSA state)
;g ,d flLVe ds voLFkk pjksa ds e/;
laca/kksa dks n’kkZrk gSA ,d vkn’kZ xSl dk
voLFkk lehdj.k fuEu gS&
vk;ru
nkc
PV =  RT rkikeku
= eksyksa dh la[;k
Å"ekxfrdh izfØ;k ds izdkj% (Typesof Thermodynamic Processes)

Å"ekxfrdh izfØ;k (Thermodynamic Processes
lerkfi; fLFkjks"e Lenkc le vk;rfud vk;r fLFkj
rki&fLFkj (Adiabatic) (Isobaric) (Isochoric)
(Isothermal) flLVe esa o mlds pkjks vkSj Å"ek izokfgr ugha gksrh gS V1 V2 P1 P2
P1V1 = P2V2 nkc fLFkj  
PV PV T1 T2 T1 T2
Q = 0 ⇒ 1 1  2 2
T1 T2
PVr = constant ⇒ 1V1r = P2V2r
5 7 C
r= monoatomic gas ⇒ = diatomic gas ⇒ r = P
3 3 CV
lerkih;% lerkih; ifjorZu dh nks T = fLFkj] ΔT = O 2. ok;q o vU; xSlksa esa /ofu rjaxksa dk lapj.k
vko’;d 'krsZ fuEu gS& Q 3. Hkki batu ds flysM a j esa Hkki dk
C= , blfy, C = ∞
(i) daVsuj dh nhokjs iw.kZ :i ls pkyd gksuh m  T  foLrkj@QSyko
pkfg, xSl o mlds okrkoj.k ds e/; Å"ek 4. vkarfjd ngu batu esa xeZ xSlksa dk foLrkj
* lerkih; ifjorZu ds nkSjku xSl dh fof’k"V
eqDr izokg ds fy, PVY = K ¼fLFkjkad½
Å"ek vuUr gksrh gSA
(ii) ladqpu o izlkj.k dh izfØ;k /kheh gksuh fu;r nkc@rki ij xSl dh fof’k"V
fLFkjks"e% ,fM;kcsfVd ¼fLFkjks"e½ ifjorZu ds
pkfg, rkfd Å"ek LFkkukarj.k gsrq i;kZIr Å"ek
fy, nks vko’;d 'krsZ fuEu gS
le; fey ldsA levk;rfud% (Isochoric) levk;rfud
(i) daVsuj dh nhokjs dqpkyd gksuh pkfg, rkfd
mnkgj.k% izfØ;kesa vk;ru (V) fLFkj gksrk gSA
xSl o mlds okrkoj.k ds e/; Å"ek
1. xyu dh izfØ;k ,d lerkih; ifjorZu gS - xSl ds }kjk fd;k dqy dk;Z 'kwU; gksrk gSA
LFkkukarj.k u gksA
D;ksfa d xyu ds nkSjku inkFkZ dk rkieku - xSl ds }kjk vo’kksf"kr Å"ek bldh vkarfjd
(ii) ladqpu o izlkj.k dh izfØ;k vpkud gksuh
fu;r jgrk gSA ÅtkZ o rkieku dks ifjofrZr dj nsrh gS
pkfg, rkfd Å"ek LFkkukarj.k gsrq le; u
2. mcyus dh izfØ;k Hkh ,d lerkih; izfØ;k vkrafjd ÅtkZ = v.kq dh xfrt ÅtkZ $
gksA
gSA v.kqk dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ
fLFkjks"e ifjorZu gsrq dqN mnkgj.k%
PV = Constant
1. lkbZfdy ds Vk;j dh V~;qc dk vpkud
lerkih; ifjorZu ds fy, lehdj.k%
QVukA
lerkih; ifjorZu esa
69
Å"ekxfrdh ds fu;e (Laws of Thermo Dynamics)
'kqU; fu;e izFke fu;e f}rh; fu;e
Q=V+W
xSl }kjk fd;k
ckgj ls nh xbZ Å"ek
vkarfjd ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu x;k dk;Z (+ve)
dsfYou dk dFku DykWf';l dk dFku
Å"ek batu dks ifjHkkf"kr fÝt dks ifjHkkf"kr
lerkih; izfØ;k ,fM;kcsfVd izfØ;k levk;rfud izfØ;k pØh; izfØ;k

(Isothermal Process) (Adiabatic Process) (Isochoric Process) (Cyclic Process)
T = fLFkj bl izfØ;k esa flLVe esa uk V (vk;ru) – fLFkj bl izdkj dh izfØ;k esa
vkarfjd ÅtkZ&fLFkj gh Å"ek nh tkrh gS o uk gh dw = p (dv) = 0 ifjorZuksa ds i'pkr flLVe
yh tkrh gS dQ = du + dw
viuh vkajfHkd voLFkk esa
du = o
dQ = O ykSVrk gSA rks flLVe dh
dQ = du + dw dQ = du
O = du + dw
fdlh jkf’k ;k xq.k esa
dQ = o + dw ;fn flLVe ds }kjk fu;e ifjorZu ugha gksrkA
du = - dw vk;ru ij Å"ek mRlftZr
dQ = dw du = o, dQ = du + dw, dQ =
tc ,d xSlh; fLFkjks"e esa dh tkrh gS rks bldh
lerkih; izfØ;k esa nh Å"ek dw
izlkfjr gksrh gS rks vkarfjd mtkZ esa o`f) gksrh
dk;Z esa mi;qDr gksrh gSA gS] ¼mlh ek=k es½a
dw = + ve vFkkZr~
du = - ve
blfy, flLVe dh vkarfjd
ÅtkZ esa fxjkoV vkrh gS o
xSl B.Mh gks tkrh gSA
Å"ek xfrdh dk 'kwU; fu;e% (Zeroth law Q=V+W

f = Lora= gksus dh fMxzh
of Thermodynamics) ckgj ls nh xbZ Å"ek
(+ve)
xSl }kjk fd;k f = 3 → ,dyijekf.od xSl gsrq
x;k dk;Z (+ve)
;fn nks oLrq, A o B oLrq C ds lkFk vkrfjad ÅtkZ esa f = 5 – f} ijekf.od xSl gsrq
ifjorZu (+ve)
vyx&vyx rkih; lkE; esa gS rks A o B Hkh f = 6 – f= ijekf.od xSl gsrq
;g ÅtkZ laj{k.k ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gS
,d nwljs ds lkFk rkih; lkE; esa gksaxsA f = 7 – mPp rki o fu;r nkc ij
tks Å"ekxfrdh ds izFke fu;e dk xf.krh;
(RRB JE 14/12/14,) f}ijekf.od xSl gsrqA
:i gSA ,d Å"ekxfrdh; fudk; }kjk fd;k
;fn TA = TC vkSj TB = TC
x;k dqy dk;Z&
Rkks TA = TB fofy;e Fk‚elu us Å"ekxfrdh ds igys
(SSC CAPFS SI , CISF ASI & DELHI POLICE SI
Å"ekxfrdh dk izFke fu;e% (First Law of fu;e dks la'kksf/kr fd;k vkSj fu"d"kZ fudkyk
EXAM 21.06.2014 & 05.07.2017 & RRB
Thermodynamics) fd rkieku dk iw.kZ 'kwU; -273.15 fMxzh
SSE 21.21.2014 )
fdlh flLVe dks nh xbZ Å"ek dh ek=k (Q) W=PΔV lsfYl;l gSA blds fy, mUgsa dsfYou
nks rjg mi;ksx esa vkrh gS igyk & vkarfjd tgk¡ P = nkc rkieku iSekus ds ukedj.k ds lkFk lEekfur
ÅtkZ dks c<+kus es]a nwljk & ckgjh dk;Z djus Δ V = vk;ru esa ifjorZu fd;k x;k FkkA
gsrq (SSC CGL 07.06.2019)
f 
Q = u + w mc Δt = n  R  Δt +  pdv Å"ekxfrdh dk f}rh; fu;e% (Second law
2  of Thermodynamics)
↑ = ncv ΔT
fof’k"V Å"ek
70
Å"ekxfrdh dk nwljk fu;e ekuo vuqHko fuEufyf[kr nks dFku bl fu;e dh O;k[;k ifjofrZr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA Å"ek batu
dk ifj.kke gS ftlds rgr Å"ek ÅtkZ dks djrs gS& blh ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSA
;kaf=d ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk 1. dsfYou dk dFku% (Kelvin’s Statement) 2. DykWlh dk dFku% (Clausius Statement)
gSA nwljk fu;e ,UVªkih dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk ,d batu tks pØh; izfØ;k esa lapkfyr gS ,d Lopkfyr e’khu ds fy,] Å"ek Lo;a ls
gSA og laxzg ls Å"ek izkIr djrk gS vkSj bls 'khr ls rIr esa lapkfjr ugha gks ldrh gSA
(RRB SE 21/12/14) iw.kZ :i ls dk;Z esa ifjofrZr ugha dj ikrk fÝt blh fl)kar ij dk;Z djrs gSA
;g ekuo vuqHko dk ifj.kke gS ftlesa Å"ek gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] lEiw.kZ Å"ek dks dk;Z esa
mtkZ] ;kaf=d mtkZ esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA
egRoiw.kZ psrkouh lwpd% (Important Sign Conventions)

1. fd;k x;k dk;Z (dw): - xSl ds ladqfpr gksus ij
- xSl izlkfjr gksus ij - xSl }kjk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
- xSl }kjk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA - dw = - ve
- dw = +ve
2. czkg~; ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu (dQ) - ve
+ ve flLVe ls Å"ek yh tkrh gS
flLVe dks Å"ek nh tkrh gSA
3. vkarfjd ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu (du) - ve
+ ve xSl ds rkieku esa deh
xSl ds rkieku esa o`f)
izfØ;k,a (Process)
mRØe.kh; (Reversible) vuqØe.kh; (Irreversible)

og izfØ;k ftlesa dksbZ flLVe izkjafHkd ls vafre voLFkk blesa vafre voLFkk ls izkjafHkd voLFkk vkuk
rd tkrk gS rFkk okil vafre ls izkjafHkd voLFkk rd vk vlaHko gksrk gSA
ldrk gS] mRØe.kh; izfØ;k dgykrh gSA
mRØe.kh;
okil tkuk laHko
izkjafHkd vafre
voLFkk voLFkk
vuqRØe.kh; ¼okil tkuk laHko ugha½
izfØ;k,a (Types of Process)
pØh; (Cyclic) vpØh; (Non-Cyclic)

blesa ifjorZuksa dh ,d Js.kh gksrh gS ftlesa flLVe blesa ifjorZuksa dh Js.kh tks flLVe esa gS okil izkjafHkd
viuh izkjafHkd voLFkk rd tk ldrk gSA fd;k x;k voLFkk rd ugha tk ldrh gSA
dk;Z% pØh; vkjs[k ds uhps dk {ks=Qy dk;Z] fu/kkZfjr ekxZ o ifjorZu dh Js.kh ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA
 fd;k x;k dk;Z +ve xSl izlkfjr gksrh gSA
 fd;k x;k dk;Z –ve xSl ladqfpr gksrh gSA
;fn Vªsflax nf{k.kkorZ gS rks dqy ;fn Vªsflax okekorZ gS rks dqy
dk;Z& ldkjkRed dqy dk;Z dk;Z& udkjkRed dqy dk;Z
flLVe ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA flLVe ij fd;k tkrk gSA
pØh; izfØ;k% (Cyclic Process) dk;Z = P – V vkjs[k }kjk lajf{kr {ks=Qy Å"ek batu% (Heat Engine) Å"ek batu
P – V vkjs[k ¼can½ dk;Z = +ve, nf{k.kkorZ pØ esa Å"ek ÅtkZ dks ;kaf=d ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr
work (-ve) work (+ve) = - ve, okekorZ pesa esa djrk gSA blds fy, ,d flLVe dks pØh;
-ve
izfØ;k esa gksuk vko’;d gSA
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Å"ek batu eas rhu Hkkx vko’;d :i ls gksrs gS&

Hkki batu  Hkki
1. mPp rkieku ;qDr Å"ek dk lzksr
2. dk;Z’khy Hkkx
3. Å"ek dks vo'kksf"kr djuk fuEu rki ij Mhty batu  ba/Z ku o ok;q dk feJ.k
Ekuk fd Q1 = dk;Z’khy inkFkZ }kjk vo’kksf"kr fd;k x;k dk;Z w Q Q
- dk;Z’khy Hkkx Å"ek dk dqN Hkkx ckg~; ÅtkZ T,OK ,d iw.kZ pØ esaA n=   1 2
nh xbZ dy
q Å"ek Q1 Q1
laxzg ls vo’kksf"kr djrk gS ¼mPp rkieku Q2 = dk;Z’khy inkFkZ }kjk fd, x, ckg~;
ij½ dk;Z dh dqy ek=k Q2 T
=1- =1- 2
- dk;Z’khy Hkkx }kjk fd;k x;k dqy dk;Z dqN ,d pØ esa vo’kksf"kr ÅtkZ dh dqy ek=k Q1 T1
O;oLFkkvksa }kjk okrkoj.k dks gLrkukarfjr dQ = Q1 – Q2 dqN Å"ek flad }kjk ges’kk jksf/kr dj nh
dj fn;k tkrk gSA tc dk;Z’khy inkFkZ viuh izkjafHkd voLFkk esa tkrh gS
mnkgj.k ds fy, tc dk;Z’khy inkFkZ ykSVrk gS rks] vkarfjd ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu = O Q2 ≠ 0
flysMa j ¼pkfyr fiLVu ;qDr½ esa gksrk gS rks vr% du = o vr% dk;Z{kerk ges’kk 1 ls de gksrh gSA
fiLVu lk¶V ds }kjk okgu ds ifg;ksa dks Å"ekxfrdh ds izFke fu;e ds vuqlkj blfy, Å"ek batu dh rkih; n{krk 100%
;kaf=d ÅtkZ iznku djrk gSa ;g izfØ;k tc dQ = du + dw ls de gksrh gSA
rd nksgjk;h tkrh gS rc rd dk;Z iw.kZ ugha dQ = dw n<1
gks tkrkA vr% vo’kksf"kr Å"ek dh dqy ek=k = batu O;ogkfjd vuqHko ;g n’kkZrk gS fd n{krk
dk;Z = Q1 – Q2 }kjk fd;k x;k ckg~; dk;ZA 100% ls de gksxh ;fn ge Å"ek batu dh
lzkrs flad Q1 – Q2 = w lkjh gkfu;ksa dks gVk ns rksA
rkih; laxzg Q1
dk;Z'khy Hkkx Q2 'khr laxzg rkih; n{krk (n)
Lohdkj mRlftZr
T1 T2 = dyq fd;k x;k dk;Z izfr pØ (w)
vo'kksf"kr Å"ek dh dy
q ek=k izfr pØ esa (Q1 )
batu ds izdkj (Types of Engine)
ckg~; ngu batu (External combustion Engine) vkarfjd bZa/ku ngu batu
batu ds eq[; Hkkx ls ckgj fdlh d{k esa ba/Z ku dk (Internal/four Storoke Engine)
ngu gksus ls Å"ek mRikfnr gksrh gSA tSls rki batu batu ds vkarfjd Hkkx esa bZa/ku ds tyus ls Å"ek
mRikfnr gksrh gSA
isVªksy (Petrol) Mhty (Diesel)

;g Hkkj o vkdkj esa NksVk gksrk gSA ;g gokbZ tgkt] dkj bR;kfn esa Hkkjh bZatu vr% Vªd] cl] VªsDVj
mi;qDr gksrk gSA bR;kfn esa iz;qDr
iz'khru% fu;af=r n’kkvksa esa ,d inkFkZ ls ,d jsfÝtjsVa esa tks xq.k gksrs gSa os gSa
Å"ek dks gVk;kA xqIr Å"ek vf/kd gksrh gS
iz’khru dh O;ogkfjd bdkbZ iz’khru ds Vu fgekad de gksuk pkfg,
ds :i esa n’kkZ;h tkrh gSA iz’khru dk ,d Økafrd rkieku vf/kd gksuk pkfg,
Vu 210 KJ/min vFkok 3.5 Kw ds cjkcj jsfÝtjsVa dk rkieku de gksuk pkfg,
gksrk gSA (RRB JE 14/12/14)
jsÝhtjsVj% (Refrigeration) ;g oLrqvksa izn'kZu xq.kd% (Coefficient of
dks B.M+k djus dk midj.k gS tks ,d performance)
ifjorZu 'khy nzo fÝvkWu ds okf"ir gksus ls 'khr laxgz ls Å"ek fudkyuk fdlh Hkh batu dh n{krk dkuksVZ batu ls
Q= vf/kd ugha gksxhA
'khryu djrk gS tks Ýhtj esa ,d rkacs dh flLVe }kjk fd; k x; k dk; Z
dqaMyh ls gksrk gsA dkuksVZ pØ
Q2 Q
• jsÝhtjsVj ,d mRØeh; Å"ek batu ;k Å"ek =  21 lerkih; izlkj (isothermal expansion)
Q1  Q2 W ,sfM;kcsfVd izlkj (adiabatic expansion)
iEi gSA
• ,d lkekU; jsfÝtjsVj esa] 'khr Ýhtj s (Carnot Theorem)
dkuksVZ ize; lerkih; ladqpu (isothermal
dkW;Yl ds vkl&ikl curk gSA ;g 'khr compression)
Ýhtj dh vkarfjd {kerk dks gh ugha ?kVkrk ,sfM;kcsfVd ladqpu (adiabatic
vfirq ;g 'khryu dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA compression)
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13. ryLFkSfrdh o tyxfrdh (Hydrostatics and Hydrodynamics)

nkc (Pressure) nzoksa ij nkc% (Pressure in Liquid) mRiykou cy rSjkdks dks ikuh esa rSjkus esa
nzo ds vanj fdlh Hkh fcanq ij nkc lHkh enn djrk gSA
fn’kkvksa esa yxrk gSA h xgjkbZ ij p ?kuRo (SSC CHSL (10+2) 03.07.2019)
okys nzo ij nkc ?kuRo% (Density) fdlh fudk; ds nzO;eku
p = pgh + P0 tgk¡ o vk;ru dk vuqikr ?kuRo dgykrk gSA
fdlh lrg ds izfr bdkbZ {ks=Qy ij g = xq:Roh; Roj.k ;g ,d vfn’k jkf’k gS ftldk SI ek=d
yxusokyk cy] nkc dgykrk Gsa h = nzo LraHk dh Å¡pkbZ kg/m3 gSA
(RRB GROUP-D 16.10.2018 & P0 = ok;qe.Myh; nkc (RRB JE 14.12.2014)
05.12.2018) P = nzo dk ?kuRo ikuh dk ?kuRo 40C ij 1000 kg/m3 gksrk
gSA
cy F  leqnz ds ikuh essa cguk ;k Lohfeax djuk
nkc [P] = lkQ ikuh dh rqyuk esa blds vf/kd ?kuRo (RRB JE 14.12.2014 & RRB NTPC
s Qy  A
{k= 18.042016 & SSC CHSL 16.1.2014 SSC
¼leqnz ds ikuh½ ds dkj.k vklku gksrk Gsa
(RRB NTPC30.13.2016) vf/kd Å¡pkbZ ij] ok;qe.Myh; nkc leqnz CGL 21.04.2013)
lrg dh rqyuk esa de gksrk gSA nzo;eku m
?kuRo (P) =
;g ,d vfn’k jkf’k gS ftldh SI bdkbZ ikuh ds ry ls xgjkbZ c<kus ij] nzo }kjk vk;ru  v 
N/m2 ;k ikLdy [Pa] gSA yxk;k x;k nkc c< tkrk gSA ckny vkleku esa rSjrs gS D;ksafd mudk
(SSC CHSL 15.03.2021 & 04.07.2019) (RRB GROUP-D 12/12/18) ?kuRo de gSA
nkc dk ek=d “ikLdy” oSKkfud cylh tc ikuh ds ry ls xbjkbZ c<krs gS rc
ikLdy ds uke j[kk x;kA yxk;k x;k nkc ?kVrk gSA (RRB NTPC 28/04/16)
(SSC MTS 05.08.2019) (RRB GROUP-D 10/12/18) Example
iz.kksn (thrust) rFkk {ks=Qy c<krs gS rks nkc vkdZfeM+ht dk fl)kar% (Archimeds’ 1. ,d LVhy ls cuh xksykdkj xsn dks tc ikjk
?kVrk gSA Principle) blds vuqlkj tc dksbZ fudk; Hkjs crZu esa Mkyk tkrk gSA rks og ikjs dh
og inkFkZ ftlesa ckg~; cy ds izHkko esa iw.kZ :i ls ;k vkaf’kd :i ls Mqc tkrk gS lrg ij gh jg tkrh Gsa
izokfgr gksus dk xq.k ik;k tkrk gks mls nzo rks og viuk dqN otu de dj ysrk gSA (FCI ASSISTANT 05.02.2012)
dgrs gSA rjy es fudk; ds Hkkj esa deh fudk; }kjk 2. ;fn ge nw/k ls Øhe fudkyrs gSa rks bldk
Ex1. ;fn ge ,d crZu ds ry ij nkc dh x.kuk foLFkkfir rjy ds Hkkj ds cjkcj gksrk gSA ?kuRo c< tkrk gS D;ksfa d 'kq) nw/k dk ?kuRo
djuk pkgrs gS] rks og ek=k tks bls fu/kkZfjr (RRB JE 14.12.14 & RRB GROUP-D 1.032 gksrk gSa tcdh olk XyksC;wyl dk
djus ds fy, vko’;d ugha gS] og crZu ds 15.10.18 & SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI ?kuRo 0.86 gksrk gS ysfdu vxj ge nw/k esa
ry dk {ks=Qy gSaA POLICE SI 07.07.2021 & SSC MULTI ikuh feykrs gS rks bldk ?kuRo de gks tkrk
(SSC (10+2) 11.12.2011) TASKING STAFF 17.03.2013) gSa (SSC (10+2) 28.10.2012)
2. ,d vkneh tks jsyos LVs’ku ij [kMk gS og uksV% Mqcs gq, fudk; ij ,d rjy inkFkZ 3. euq"; ds fy, unh ds ikuh dh rqyuk esa
,d cy dk vuqHko djrk gS tks dh nkc ds }kjk mRlftZr m/oZxkeh cy dks mRIykod leqnz ds ikuh esa rSjuk vklku gksrk gS D;ksfa d
varj rst xfr ls pyus okyh Vªsu ds cy ;k mNky ;k mRFkku dgk tkrk gSA leqnz ds ikuh dk ?kuRo unh ds ikuh ds
dkj.k mRiUu gqvkA (SSC CGL 31.08.2016) ?kuRo ls vf/kd gksrk gSA
(SSC CGL 02.09.2016) ;fn xq#Ro uk gks] rks iz.kksn Hkh mRiUu ugha (SSC DELHI POLICE SI 19.08.2012)
3. ikuh igkfM;ks ij de rkieku ij mcy gksxkA vkisf{kd ?kuRo %&
tkrk gS D;ksfa d igkfM;ksa ij ok;qnkc esa deh (SSC CGL 31.08.2016) inkFkZ ds ?kuRo rFkk ikuh ds ?kuRo dk
gks tkrh gSA ySDVksehVj] gkbMªksehVj] uko vkSj iuMqCch dh vuqikr dks vkisf{kd ?kuRo dgrs gSA.
(SSC DATA ENTRY OPERATOR fMtkbfuax vkfn vdZfeMht ds fl)kar ij (RRB GROUP-D 22.10.2018 & RRB JE
02.08.2009 & SSC CHSL 910+2) vk/kkfjr gSaA 26.06.2019SSC MULTI TASKING STAFF
20.10.2003& 04.12.2011) (RRB NTPC 06.04.2021) 17.03.2013 & SSC CHSL 17.03.2018)
4. cka/k dh fnokj dks Åij dh rqyuk esa uhps ls /kkrq dh 'kq)rk Hkh vkdZfeMht ds fl)kar bls “s” }kjk iznf’kZr djrs gSaA
eksVk cuk;k tkrk gS D;ksafd nhokj ij yx;k }kjk Kkr dj fy;k tkrk gSA inkFkZ dk ?kuRo
(SSC CAPFS SI, CISF ASI & DELHI POLICE SI s
x;k nkc Å¡pkbZ ds lkFk c<rk gSA ikuh dk ?kuRo
(SSC (10+2) 28.10.2012) 22.06.2014) vkisf{kd ?kuRo dh dksbZ ek=d ugha gksrkA
5. izs’kj dqdj [kkuk tYnh idrk gS D;ksfa d ;g mRiykou fl)kar dks Hkh crkrk gS vkisf{kd ?kuRo dk lw= M0L0T0 gksrk gSA
blesa mPp rkieku tYn gh izkIr gks tkrk ftlls tgkt ikuh esa rSjrk gSA Iyou dk fu;e% (Law floatation) ,d 
gSA (RRB NTPC 30/04/16)
?kuRo] v vk;ru dk fudk; fdlh nzo esa
(SSC CGL 11.11.12 SSC CAPFS SI, CISF ykSsgs dh dhyks ls Hkjh ,d uko ikuh esa rSjrh
¼ftldk ?kuRo U gS½ iw.kZ :i ls Mqck gqvk gS
ASI & DELHI POLICE 21.06.2015) gS] tc ge dhyks dks gVk nsrs gS rks ty dk
rks bl ij nks cy yxrs gSA
6. xSl ls Hkjs xqCckjs dks dhy dh vis{kk lqbZ ls Lrj de gks tkrk gS D;ksfa d ge tkurs gS
QksMuk vklku gksrk gS] D;ksfa d lqbZ xqCckjs ij fdlh fi.M }kjk foLFkkfir Hkkj ds mlds
dhy ls vf/kd nkc yxkrh gSA Hkkj esa vk;h deh ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
(SSC CGL 09.08.2015) (SSC MULTI TASKING 21.10.2017)
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(iii) fudk; lkE;koLFkk esa gksxk ;fn xq:Ro i`"B ruko% (Surface Tension)
dsUnz] mNky dsUnz ds uhps gks vkSj vfLFkj
larqyu esa gksxk ;fn xq:Ro dsUnz] mNky
dsUnz ds yEcor~ Åij dh vksj fLFkr gSA
1. tc ,d crZu esa cQZ dk CykWd ikuh ij rSj
jgk gS rks tc iwjh cQZ ikuh esa fi?ky tkrh
gS rks crZu esa ikuh dk Lrj ugha cnyrk gSA
2. tc ,d crZu esa cQZ dk CykWd nzo ij rSj
jgk gS rks tc iqjh cQZ ikuh esa fi?ky tkrh i`"B ruko rjy inkFkZ dk og xq.k gS ftlds
1. fudk; dk okLrfod Hkkj W [= vpg] xq:Ro gS rks fuEu voLFkk, mRiUu gksrh gS& vk/kkj foJke@foLFkkoLFkk esa nzo U;wure
dsUnz ls yEcor~ uhps dh vksj yxrk gSA (i) ;fn rjy dk ?kuRo ikuh dh rqyuk esa lrgh {ks=Qy j[kus dh izo`fÙk j[krk gS vkSj
2. C;w;aV cy ;k Åij dh vksj yxus okyk cy vf/kd gS vFkkZr pi > pw rks rjy o ikuh dk bl rjg ls O;ogkj djrk gS tSls fd ,d
W [= Vg], foLFkkfir nzo ds Hkkj ds cjkcj Lrj c<+ tk;sxkA QSyh gqbZ f>Yyh ds lkFk doj fd;k x;k
gksrk gSA Buoyancy dsUnz ls yEcor~ Åij (ii) ;fn rjy dk /kuRo ikuh ds /kuRo dh gksA
dh vksj yxrk gSA rqyuk esa de gS vFkkZr pi < pw, ikuh o rjy ikuh esa viektZd feykus ls i`"B ruko de
(RRB GROUP- dk Lrj de gks tk;sxkA gksrk gSA
D15.10.2018,05.10.2018,28.08.19 RRB (iii) ;fn rjy dk ?kuRo ikuh ds ?kuRo ds (SSC CGL 05.05.2002, SSC (10+2)
ALP 21.08.2018,RRB JE 31.05.2019) leku gS vFkkZr pi = pw rks ikuh o rjy dk 04.12.2011)
nzo esa Mqcs gq, fudk; dk ns[kk x;k Hkkj = Lrj ugha jgsxk@vifjofrZr ikuh dh cwan fpduh lrg ij ugha fpid
W – w = Vpg - Vg ok;qe.Myh; nkc% (Atmospheric ldrh i`"B ruko ds dkj.kA
;fn W > w, rks W – w /kukRed gksxk] blesa Pressure) (SSC (10+2) 11.12.2011)
fudk; rjy ds uhps rd Mqc tk,xkA ;fn ,d lwbZ dks ikuh dh lrg ij {kSfrt j[kk
fudk; vanj ls [kks[kyk ugha gS rks Bksl tk, rks og rSjrh gS i`"B ruko ds dkj.kA
fudk; dk /kuRo rjy ds /kuRo ls vf/kd gS (SSC(10+2) 21.10.2012)
[p > ] rjy dh ,d cwan xksykdkj vkdkj esa gksrh gS
• ;fn W < w, W – w _.kkRed gksxkA blesa i`"B ruko ds dkj.k D;ksafd xksys ds vk;ru
fudk; rjy dh lrg ls bl izdkj Åij ds fy, lrg dk {ks=Qy de gksrk gSaA
mBsxk fd fudk; ds folftZr fgLls ¼Åij (SSC (10+2) 21.10.2012)
dh vksj yxk;k cy½ }kjk foLFkkfir rjy dk jsu izwQ dksV o isUV cukus esa mi;ksx inkFkZ
Hkkj fudk; ds Hkkj ds cjkcj gks tkrk gSA lrg ds ruko ds dkj.k vius tyjks/kh xq.kksa
fudk; rSjrk jgsxkA blesa Bksl fudk; dk i`Foh dk ok;oh; vkoj.k ok;qeaMy dgykrk ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
gS vkSj blds }kjk fdlh fudk; ij yxkus (SSC (10+2) 04.11.2012)
/kuRo rjy ds /kuRo ds de gSA [p < ]
okys nkc dks ok;qe.Myh; nkc dgrs gSA nzo ls cus cqycqys i`"B ruko ds dkj.k curs
• ;fn W = w, vr% W – w = 0 vFkkZr rjy esa
• i`Foh lrg ij ok;qe.Myh; nkc vf/kdre gSaA
iw.kZ:i ls Mqcs gq, fudk; dk ifj.kkeh cy
gksrk gS vkSj i`Foh ds ok;qeMa y esa Åij dh (SSC CGL 27.08.2016)
'kwU; gksrk gSA bleas fudk; rjy esa dgha Hkh
vksj tkus ij ?kVrk gSA i`"B ruko dh eki% fdlh nzo ds i`"B ruko
foJkekoLFkk esa gksrk gSA rjy ds Hkhrj lHkh
ok;qeM a yh; nkc cSjksehVj }kjk ekik tkrk gSA dks fdlh iafDr dh bdkbZ yEckbZ ij dk;Zjr
fLFkfr;ksa esa fudk; dk Li"V Hkkj 'kwU; gksrk
csjksehVj dk mi;ksx ekSle iwokZuqeku esa fd;k cy ds :i esa ekik tkrk gS] ftls nzo dh
gSA bl fLFkfr eas fudk; rSjsxk ;fn og iw.kZ
tkrk gSA ;fn cSjksehVj dk eki vpkud lrg ij dgha Hkh ewrZ :i ls [khaps tkus dh
:i ls rjy esa Mqck gqvk gksxk ;fn fudk;
fxjrk gS rks ;g rqQku ds vkus dk ladsr dYiuk dh tkrh gSA i`"B ruko bl js[kk ds
Bksl gS rks fudk; dk /kuRo rjy ds /kuRo
gksrk gS] Øfed fxjkoV vkSj cSjksehVj dh nksuksa vksj ledks.k ij vkSj rjy lrg ij
ds cjkcj gksxkA [P = ]
eki dk c<+uk Øe’k% o"kkZ dh laHkkouk o Li’kZjs[kk ij yxrk gSA
vr% Iyou ds fu;e ds vuqlkj ;fn ,d
lkQ ekSle dks n’kkZrs gSA f
fudk; cy esa rSj jgk gS rks fudk; }kjk S=
1 ok;qe.Myh; nkc = 1.01 ckj = 1.01 × 105 l
Mqcus ij foLFkkfir rjy dk Hkkj] fudk; ds
N/m2 i`"B ruko dk ek=d MkbZu@lseh- cgs esa o
Hkkj ds cjkcj ;k vf/kd gksxk pkfg,A
ikLdy dk fu;e% (Pascal’s law) blds SI eas U;wVu@eh- gSA
vuqlkj ;fn xq:Ro ds izHkko dks uxO; ekuk i`"B ruko dk foeh; lw= [ML0T-2] gSA ;g
tk, rks nzo dh lkE;koLFkk esa izR;sd fcanq ij ,d vfn’k jkf’k gS D;ksfa d nzo dh dksbZ
yxus okyk nkc leku jgsxkA fof’k"V fn’kk ugha gksrh gSA
fuEufyf[kr 'krksZ dks iwjk djus ij rSjrs gq,
ikLdy ds fu;e ds vuqlkj lkE;koLFkk esa i`"B ruko ds mnkgj.k% (Measurement of
fudk; lkE;koLFkk esa gksaxs&
rjy ds ,d fcanq ij nkc esas o`f) rjy ds surface Tension)
(i) ,d fudk; rSjsxk ;fn fudk; ds Mqcs gq,
vU; lHkh fcanqvksa vkSj daVsuj dh nhokjksa ij 1. o"kkZ dh cqans vkdkj esa xksy gksrh gS D;ksfa d
Hkkx }kjk foLFkkfir rjy dk Hkkj fudk; ds
leku :i ls izlkfjr dh tkrh gSA izR;sd cawn lrg ds dkj.k U;wure lrgh {ks=
Hkkj ds cjkcj gksuk pkfg,A
(SSC CHSL 03.07.2019) dk vf/kxzg.k djrh gS] fdlh fn, x,
(ii) ,d fudk; lkE;koLFkk esa gksxk ;fn
¼xq:Ro izHkko dks ux.; ekurs gq,½. vk;ru esa xksykdkj lrg dk {ks= U;wure
fudk; dk xq:Ro dsUnz vkSj mNky dk dsUnz
vFkkZr P1 = P2 gksrk gSA
,d gh m/okZ/kj js[kk esa gksuk pkfg,A
;g nzoksa ij fLFkjrk esa ykxq fd;k tkrk gSA
74
2. lkQ Xykl IysV ij tc edZjh QSyk;k tkrk nzoksa ds ikl fuf’pr vk;ru gksrk gS ysfdu viektZd o i`"B ruko% (Detergent and
gS rks ;g XyksY;wYl ¼NksVk xksyk½ cukrk gSA fuf’pr vkdkj ugha gksrkA blfy, nzoksa esa surface tension) diM+ksa ij xans fpdus
NksVk XyksC;wYl xksykdkj i`"B ruko ds llatd cyksa ds dkj.k fuf’pr vkdkj gksuk nkxksa dks dsoy ikuh esa diM+s /kksus ls lkQ
dkj.k gksrk gS D;ksfa d xq:Ro cy ux.; gksrk pkfg,A xSl ds v.kqvksa ds e/; llatd cy ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,slk blfy, gS
gSA U;wure gksrk gSA edZjh Xykl daVsuj dh D;ksfa d ikuh fpduh xanxh ds laidZ esa ugha
3. tc ,d rsy yxh gq;h yksgs dh lqbZ dks lrg dks fHkxksa ugha ikrk gS D;ksfa d edZjh ds vkrk gS vkSj ,slh lrgksa dks fHkxksa ugha ikrk
fLFkj ikuh dh lrg ij /khjs ls j[kk tkrk gS v.kqvksa ds e/; llatd cy vklatd cy gSA ikuh esa veektZd ;k lkcqu feykdj
rkfd ;g ikuh dh lrg ij pqHku u djs rks edZjh $ Xykl dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrk gS diM+s ls fpduh xanxh dks vklkuh ls lkQ
ikuh dh lrg ij rSjrh gSA RRB NTPC 11.02.2021) fd;k tk ldrk gSA
4 rsy dh cwan ikuh ds vanj QSy tkrh gS lkcqu ds cqycqys xksykdkj vk—fr esa gksrs gS (i) lkcqu ;k veektZd ds v.kq gs;j fiu ds
D;ksfa d rsy ikuh ls gYdk gksrk gSaA i`"B ruko ds dkj.kA vkdkj ds gksrs gSA
( SSC TAX ASSISTANT 11.12.2005, SSC (SSC SI DELHI POLICE , CAPFS & ASI (ii) tc lkcqu ;k viektZd dks ikuh esa
MULTI TASKING 16.02.2014) 12.03.2019 & SSC CGL 09.08.2017) ?kksyk tkrk gS] rks gs;j fiu vkdkj ds v.kq
i`"Bh; ÅtkZ% (Surface Energy) rjy dh ,d lkQ dkap dh IysV ij ikuh dh ,d cwna ikuh dh lrg ls vkdf"kZr gks tkrs gSA
lrg ds v.kqvksa dh xfrt ÅtkZ i`"B ÅtkZ ,d iryh ijr cukus ds fy, QSykrh gS (iii) tc xans fpdukbZ ;qDr diM+ksa dks lkcqu
dgykrh gSA tcfd ikjs dh ,d cwna yxHkx xksykdkj ;k viektZd ds ?kksy esa Mqcks;k tkrk gS rks
i`"Bh; ÅtkZ = T × ΔA jgrh gS D;ksfa d ikjs dk lalatu dkap ds lkFk gs;j fiu ds vkdkj ds v.kqvksa ds fcanq Nksj
tgk¡] T = rjy dk i`"B ruko blds vklatu ls vf/kd gksrk gSA fpdukbZ ;qDr /kCcksa ds v.kqvksa ls tqM+ tkrs
ΔA = c<k gqvk i`"Bh; {ks=Qy (SSC CGL 27.08.2016) gSA ifj.kkeLo:i /kCcksa ds lEidZ esa ikuh
vkrk gS o ikuh&xanxh dk baVjQsl cu tkrk
lrgh fQYe% (Surface Energy) ;g nzo gSA bl dkj.k xanxh dks gVk fn;k tkrk gSA
dh Åijh lrg gksrh gS ftldh eksVkbZ ;g bl dkj.k gksrk gS fd viektZd v.kq
vkf.od ijkl dh gksrh gSA ikuh o xanxh ds e/; i`"V ruko dks de
varj&vkf.od cy& nks izdkj ds varj djrs gSA
vkf.od cy gksrs gSA (iv) tc diMksa dks ikuh esa [kaxkyrs gS rks
(i) vklatd cy% (Force Adhesion or xanxh ikuh esa gh jg tkrh gSA
Adhesive Force) ;g fofHkUu inkFkksZa ds
v.kqvksa ds e/; vkd"kZ.k cy gSA ikuh ,d
Xykl daVsuj dh lrg dks xhyk dj nsrk gSA
fy[kus okyh isfa ly dk xzsQkbV vklatd cy
ds dkj.k dkxt ij fpid tkrk gSA
Qsfodksy] lhesaV bR;kfn nks lrgksa dks tksM+us
esa mi;ksxh gSA
(ii) lalatd cy% (Force of cohesion of
cohesive Force) ;g leku inkFkZ ds
v.kqvksa ds e/; yxus okyk vkd"kZ.k cy gSA
75
z ksx% (Application of
i`"B ruko ds vuqi; (v) feêh esa ueh ds laj{k.k ds fy, [ksr dh fofHkUu vkSj U;wVfu;u vkpj.k%
surface tension) tqrkbZ vko’;d gS tqrkbZ djus ls feêh esa le; Lora= O;ogkj%
1. lkcqu ds ?kksy dk i`"B ruko] ;g vf/kd ekStqn eghu dsf’kdk, VqV tkrh gSaA blls drZu ds vraxZr fo’ks"krk, le; ij fuHkZj
{ks=Qy ij QSy tkrk gSA rks ;g diM+ksa dks feêh ds Hkhrj dk ikuh okf"ir ugha gksxkA ugha gksrh gSA
vPNs ls lkQ djrk gSA xeZ lkcqu dk ?kksy (vi) jsr] Dys dh rqyuk esa lq[kus okyh feêh gS fca?ke&IykfLVd% ,d de drZu ruko dk
vf/kd Bhd gksrk gS D;ksfa d xeZ djus ij D;ksfa d jsr ds d.kksa ds e/; Nsn Dys dh fojks/k djs ijarq vf/kd drZu ruko esa
i`"B ruko de gksrk gSA rqyuk esa Bhd izdkj ls ugha gksrs rkfd os vklkuh ls izokfgr gks mnk- VqFkisLV] Lyjh
2. lHkh laogd rsy o jaxksa dk i`"B ruko de dsf’kdk fØ;k }kjk ikuh [khap ldsaA bR;kfnA
gksrk gSA ihtksehVj% (Piezometer) ,d crZu ;k Nn~e IykfLVd% vf/kdka’k xSj&U;wVfu;u nzo
3. leqnz esa mRiUu Å¡ph ygjksa dks leqnz ds ikuh ikbi ds vanj rjy ds ncko dks ekius gsrq bl lewg esa vkrs gSA osx izo.krk ds c<+us
ij rsy QSykdj 'kkar fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d V~;wc crZu ;k ikbi dh nhokjksa ls tqM+h ij ';kurk de gksrh gS mn- cgqyd foy;u]
4. lksYMfjax es]a ¶yDl tksM+us ij gq, fVu dk gksrh gS rkfd nzo V~;wc esa izokfgr gks ldsA jDr bR;kfnA bUgsa lkekU;r% 'kh;j fFkfuax
i`"B ruko de gksrk gS ftlds dkj.k ;g ftl Å¡pkbZ rd rjy V~;wc esa mBsxk Kkr  dv 
QSyrk gSA djus ds fy, P1 = pgh dk iz;ksx djds rjy nzO; Hkh dgrs gSA fuEu drZu nj ij  
 dy 
5. ,sUVhlsfIVd tSls MhVkWy dk i`"B ruko de ds xst ncko dks ekik tkrk gSA bl rjg
'kh;j fFkfuax nzo U;wVfu;u nzo ls vf/kd
gksrk gS rks ;g tYnh QSyrs gSA dk midj.k ihtksehVj dgykrk gSA dsf’kdk
';ku gksrs gSA vkSj vf/kd drZu nj ij ;s
dsf'kdkRo% (Capillarity) eghu ,dleku izHkko ls cpus ds fy,] ihtksehVj V~;wc
de ';ku gksrs gSA
vuqizLFk dkV {ks=Qy ¼yEckbZ ds vuqfn’k½ yxHkx ½ bap ;k vf/kd dh gksuh pkfg,A
irys nzo [Dilatant Fluids]:- osx izo.krk
okyh V~;wc dks dsf’kdk V~;wc dgrs gSA nzo% (Fluid) ,d nzo og inkFkZ gS tks drZu
c<+us ij ';kurk c<rh gSA os vlkekU; gksrs
dsf’kdk V~;wc esa nzO; ds Åij p<+us ;k fxjus cyksa ds izHkko esa fo:fir gksrk gS gkykafd ;s
gS ijarq LVkpZ vkSj jsr dk fuyacu blh izdkj
dh ?kVuk dks dsf’kdkRo dgrs gSA cy U;wu gks ldrs gSA blds foifjr ;g bl
vkpj.k djrk gSA bl izdkj ds nzoksa dks
dsf’kdk V~;c esa ,d nzo dk Åij mBuk ;k izdkj gS fd&
drZu xk<+k rjy dgrs gSA
fxjuk i`"B ruko ds dkj.k gksrk gSA vkSj nzo ;fn nzo fLFkj gS rks drZu cy ugha yxsxk
vkn’kZ rjy = og rjy tks v’;ku]
ds laltu ds lkis{k ifjek.k ij os crZu dh blfy, ftl ry ij nzo ds lHkh cy
?k"kZ.kjfgr rFkk valaihM~; gS bldk dksbZ i`"B
nhokjksa ds vklatu ij fuHkZj djrk gSA vkjksfir gksrs gS mlds yacor yaxsxsA
ruko ;k n`<rk ekikad Hkh ugha gksrk gS bl
V~;c esa nzo Åij mBrs gS ;fn os xhys gksrs nzO;ksa ds izdkj% (Types of Fluids)
rjg dk rjy fo|eku ugha jgrkA
gS ¼vklatu > llatu½ 1. U;wVfu;u nzO;% os rjy inkFkZ tks U;wVu ds
(RRB SSE 21/12/14)
V~;wc esa nzo fxjrs gS ;fn os xhys ugha gksrs gS ';kurk ds fu;e dk ikyu djrs gS]
nzoksa ds HkSfrd xq.k% (Physical properties
¼laltu > vklatu½ U;wVfu;u rjy dgykrs gS
of fluid)
U;wVu dk ';kurk dk fu;e
1. ';kurk% (Viscosity)
dv  ';kurk = drZu ruko ds varxZr izokfgr
P =
dy gksus ij blds izfrjks/k }kjk ekih tkrh gSA
= nzo dh ';kurk  bls “” }kjk iznf’kZr djrs gSaA
dv  ';kurk dk SI ek=d N.S.M -2 ( Poiseille)
= drZu nj] f[kapok dh nj ;k osx
dy gksrk gSA
xzsfM;aV  ';kurk rkieku ds lkFk ifjorZu gksrh gSA
lHkh xSlksa vkSj vf/kdka’k rjy inkFkksZ esa ljy  ;fn ge xSlks esa] rkieku c<krs gS rks mldh
dsf'kdk fØ;k ds vuqiz;ksx% (Applications vkf.od lq= vkSj fuEu vkf.od Hkkj tSls ';kurk Hkh c< tkrh gSA
of capillary action) ikuh] csta hu] ,fFky ,Ydksgy] cdy, gsDlsu  ;fn ge rjyks esa] rkieku c<krs gS rks
(i) ,d CyksfVax dkxt ds eghu fNnz dsf’kdk vkSj ljy v.kqvksa ds vf/kdka’k foy;u mldh ';kurk de gksrh gSA
ufy;ksa dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSA dkxt ds U;wVfu;u nzo gSA • fgykrk gqvk nzo fLFkj voLFkk esa vk tkrk
lq[k tkus ls muesa L;kgh esa o`f) gksrh gSA 2. xSj&U;wVfu;u nzo% os nzo tks U;wVu ds gSA ';kurk dh otg lsA
(ii) fefÍ dk rsy ckrh ds /kkxks ds chp yach ';kurk ds fu;e dh vuqikyuk ugha djrs gS (SSC GRADUATE 19.05.2013)
'kadjh txg esa jgrk gS D;ksfa d os efgu xSj U;wVfu;u nzo dgykrs gSA lkekU;r% xSj 2. ok"i nkc% (Vapor pressure) ftl nkc
dksf’kdkvksa dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA U;wVfu;u nzo tfVy feJ.k gksrs gS tSls ij rjy mcyuk 'kq: djrk gS og ok"I nkc
(SSC MULTI TASKING 20.02.2011 & RRB Lyjh] isLV] tSy cgqyd feJ.k vkfnA dgykrk gSA ;g nkc] rkieku dk Qyu gS
NTPC 29.04.2016 & 30.13.16) [ok"i nkc rkieku ds c<+us ij c<+rk gS] bl
(iii) fefÍ dk rsy ckrh ds /kkxks ds chp yach lanHkZ esa ge ml rkieku ds ckjs esa lksprs gS
'kadjh txg esa jgrk gS D;ksfa d os efgu ftl ij mcky vkrk gSA mnk- ds fy, ikuh
dksf’kdkvksa dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA 1000C rki ij mcyrk gS [leqnz ds
(RRB NTPC 11.01.2021 & SSC SECTION ok;qe.Myh; nkc ij] [1atm] ok"i nkc ds
OFFICER 05.06.2003 ,SSC CGL lanHkZ esa] ge dg ldrs gS fd ikuh dk
12.05.2002 SSC MULTI TASKING rkieku lkeqfnzd Lrj esa 1000C rd c<+kus
24.03.2013) gsrq] ge ok"i nkc dks ok;qe.Myh; nkc ds
(iv) o"kkZ ds ekSle esa ydM+h Qqy tkrh gS D;ksfa d cjkcj fcanq rd c<krs gS rks mcky vkrk gSA
ydM+h ds fNnzks esa gok dh ueh c<+ tkrh gSA ;g dYiuk djuk vklku gS fd ikuh esa
76
1000C ls uhps mcky vk ldrk gS ;fn ikuh ls P + P rd c<rk gS rks nkc o vk;ru esa b
ds nkc dks ok"i nkc rd de fd;k tk,A ifjorZu dk laca/k inkFkZ ds cYd ekikad ij
mnk- ds fy, 100C ij ok"i nkc 0.01 atm. fuHkZj djrk gSA
a 2, v2
gSA blfy, ikuh dk nkc mlh rkieku ij nkc eas ifjoruZ
cYd ekikad (K) =
ml ewY; ls de fd;k tk, rks ikuh vk;rfud f[kp a ko A
mcysxkA ,slk mcky xfr’khy nzoksa esa vkrk V P
gSA tc bl izdkj dk mcky xfr’khy nzO;ksa vFkkZr = 
V K a 1 , v1
esa vkrk gS rks fuEu nkc {ks= esa ok"i ds izos’k fd, x, rjy dk vk;ru = NksM+s x,
Sv dk _.k fpg~u nkc c<us ij vk;ru ds
cqycqys c<+us yxrs gS vkSj fQj mPp cgko rjy dk vk;ru
de gksus dks iznf’kZr djrk gSA
{ks=ksa esa <g tkrs gSA bl ?kVuk dks xqfgdk;u cYd ekikad dk fl)kar eq[;r% nzoksa ij ykxq a1v1 = a2v2
dgk tkrk gSA a1 = fcanq A ij V~;wc dk {ks=Qy
gksrk gS D;ksfa d xSlksa dh laihMrk bruh
3. laihfMu vkSj cYd ekikad% v1 = fcanq A ij rjy dk osx
vf/kd gksrh gS fd k dk eku fLFkj ugha
(Compressibility and the bulk a2 = fcanq B ij V~;wc dk {ks=Qy
gksrkA
modulus)lHkh inkFkZ Bksl] nzo ;k xSl v2 = fcanq B ij nzo dk osx
fujarjrk dk lehdj.k% (Equation of
laihfMr gksrs gS vFkkZr fn, x, nzO;eku dk
continuity) ikbi dk og vuqizLFk dkV
vk;ru (V), V – v rd de gks tk,xk ;fn
ftlls vlaihfMr nzo izokfgr gksrk gSA
,d cy ,dleku :i ls bldh lrg ij
yxrk gSA ;fn izfr bdkbZ {ks=Qy dk cy P
77
14. Bkslksa ds ;kaf=d xq.k (Mechanical properties of solids)

inkFkZ og gS ftlds ikl nzO;eku o {ks= gSA fod`fr oLrq ds vkdkj esa ifjorZu rFkk oLrq ds okLrfod vk;ru esa ifjorZu o
vyx&vyx inkFkksaZ ds ikl vleku okLfrfod vkdkj ds e?;dk vuqikr gS V
fo’ks"krk, gksrh gS tSls rU;rk] ?kuRo] ';kurk bldk dksbZ ek=d ugha gksrk gSA vkSj u gh okLrfod vk;ru dk vuqikr =
V
bR;kfnA fofe; lw= gksrk gSA cy
izfrcy % (Stress) (SSC CONSTABLE GD 04.10.2015) vk;rfud izfrcy =
{ks = Qy
izfr bdkbZ {ks=Qy esa izR;ku;u cy izfrcy yEckbZ esa ifjorZu ( l)
fod`fr% = V
dgykrk gSA okLrfod yEckbZ  l  vk;rfud fod`fr , E =
V
ek=d & U;wVu@eh2 ;k ikLdy
1. vuqnS/;Z fod`fr% (Longitudinal Strain) yEcor ruko
iRz;ku;u cy  F  cYd ekikad , B =
izfrcy = vk;rfud f[kp
a ko
{ks=Qy  A
F/a
izfrcy ,d lfn’k jk’kh gS =
V / V
(SSC CPO 06.06.2016)
_.kkRed fpg~u dk iz;ksx blfy, fd;k
izfrcy ds izdkj% (Normal stress)
tkrk gS D;ksafd ,d ckj vk;rfud fod`fr
lkekU; izfrcy% (Longitudinal stress)
;g fudk; dh yEckbZ esa ifjorZu o vkjafHkd yxkus ij vk;ru ?kVrk gSA
og izfrcy tks oLrq ds v{k ds yEcor~
yEckbZ ds vuqikr ds cjkcj gksrk gSA (i.e.
yxrk gS] lkekU; izfrcy dgykrk gS ;g nks
ΔL/L). ikWbtUl vuqikr% (Poisson’s Ratio)
izdkj dk gksrk gS&
{ks=Qy A ds yEcor cy dks rc ekusx a s tc
1. laihMu izfrcy% (Compressive Stress)
leku o foijhr cy nksuksa fdukjksa ij yxs o
izfrcy ds dkj.k oLrq esa laihM+u fodflr
yEckbZ esa o`f) gksA
gksrk gSA
vuqnS/;Z izfrcy =
2. rU;rk izfrcy% (Tensile Stress) izfrcy
ds dkj.k oLrq eas o`f) gksrh gS tks rU;rk {ks=Qy ds yEcor ruko F ar
=
dgykrh gSA {ks=Qy {ks=Qy
drZu dk izfrcy o vk;rfud izfrcy% l yEckbZ esa ifjoruZ
vuqnS/;Z fod`fr = 
(Shearing stress and volumetric l vkjfaHkd yEckbZ
tc oLrq dks [khapk tkrk gS rks vk;ru
stress) 2. drZu fod`fr (Shearing Stress)% leku jgrk gS ysfdu yEckbZ esa o`f) o
fdlh oLrq ds v{k ds lkis{k izfrcy] blds oLrq dh foLFkkfir fLFkfr o vkjafHkd fLFkfr {ks=Qy esa deh gks tkrh gSA
v{k ds lekukarj ,d cy yxkus ds dkj.k  x 
mRiUu gksrk gSA vFkkZr bl Li’kZjs[kh; cy ds e/; dk vuqikr  i.e.  l yEckbZ eas ifjoru
Z
 l  vuqnS/;Z izfrcy = 
dks drZu izfrcy dgrs gSA bls Li’kZjs[kh; l okLrfod yEckbZ
cy lrg ds lekukarj yxk;k tkrk gSA
izfrcy Hkh dgrs gSA d O;kl eas ifjoru
Z
drZu izfrcy = ik'oZ izfrcy = 
cy ds dkj.k oLrq esa izfrcy mRiUu gksrk d okLrfod O;kl
{k=
s Qy ds lekukraj yxk cy F
tks lrg ds yacor~ o {ks=Qy ds lekuqikrh  ik'oZ ruko
gksrk gS tc og oLrq nzo esa :ikarfjr gks {k=
s Qy A ikWbtUl vuqikr () = =
x vunq/S;Z ruko
tk, mls vk;rfud izfrcy dgrs gSA E, drZu fod`fr () =  tan 
l d / d
yEckbZ , O;kl 
G, drZu ekikad=
ruko F l F
= × = tan 
l / l
a ko A Δx A
f[kp LVhy ds fy, ikWbtUl vuqikr = 0.30 gksrk
gSA
izR;kLFkk% (Elasticity)
;g inkFkZ dk og xq.k gS ftlesa dksbZ oLrq
fo:i.k cy dks gVk nsus ds i’pkr iqu%
viuh okLrfod voLFkk esa vkus dk iz;kl
djrh gSA
;fn dksbZ oLrq iw.kZ :i ls viuh izkjafHkd
voLFkk esa vk tkrh gS rks bls laiw.kZ yksp’khy
3. vk;ru fod`fr% (Volumetric strain) dgrs gS
’kk¡d - vctkkZcj eq[;r LVhy ds cus gksrs gS
D;ksfa d budh izR;kLFkk mPp gksrh gSaA
fod`fr% (Strain) (SSC CGL 26.06.2011)
tc cyksa dk ,d fudk; fdlh oLrq ij ueuh;rk@<yu’khyrk% (Plasticity)
yxrk gS rks bleas fod`fr mRiUu gksrh gSA ;g og xq.k gS ftlesa inkFkZ fo:i.k cy dks
izfr bdkbZ yEckbZ ij ;g fod`fr fod`fr gVkus ds i'pkr viuh okLrfod voLFkk esa
dgykrh gSA
78
ugha vk ikrk gS o oLrq fo:i.k cy dks ruko
E=
gVkus ds i'pkr Hkh fo:fir gh jgrh gS rks f[kp
a ko
mls laiw.kZ IykfLVd ckWMh dgrs gSA tgk¡] E = yksp dk ekikad ¼lekuqikrh
uksV% LVhy] jcj dh rqyuk esa vf/kd fu;arkd½
yksp’khy gS D;ksfa d fn, x, fod`fr ds fy, blds vuqlkj rkj esa mRiUu foLrkj] ykspnkj
izfrcy dk ifjek.k jcj dh rqyuk eas LVhy lhek ds Hkhrj yxk, x, yksM ds lekuqikrh
esa vf/kd gksrk gSA gksrk gSA
lEiw.kZ IykfLVd% isjkfQu oSDl yksp'khyrk ds ekikad ds rhu izdkj gS&
lEiw.kZ yksp’khy% DokVZt QkWLQj czkWp (There are three modulus of
bykLVksej% (Elastomer) elasticity given as below)
;ax dk yksp ekikad% (Young’s modulus
of elasticity) (Y) • fcnaq A rd → bl xzkQ dk vkuqikfrd lhek
bls vuqnSè;Z izfrcy o vuqnSè;Z Ç[kpko ds <yku ges yksp ekikad nsrk gSA bl {ks= esa
vuqikr ¼ykspnkj lhek ds Hkhrj½ ds :i esa gqd dk fu;e ykxw gksrk gSA
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA • A ls B rd → inkFkZ dh yksp’khyrk dk xq.k
Y ¾ vuqnSè;Z izfrcy@ vuqnSè;Z Ç[kpko iqu% vk tkrk gS vFkkZr izfrcy gVkus ij
os inkFkZ tks fuEu fo’ks"krkvksa ;qDr gks& yksp ds ;ax ekikad dh SI bdkÃ Nm-2 ;k inkFkZ iqu% viuh vkd`fr esa vk tkrk gSA
• izfrcy o fod`fr dk xzkQ lh/kh js[kk ugha ikLdy ¼Pa }kjk fu:fir½ gS vkSj CGS • fcUnq B ij → yksp lhek
gksuh pkfg,A ç.kkyh esa dyne@cm2 gSA • fcUnq B ds i'pkr → ;fn izfrcy c<+k;k
• yksp’khy {ks= cM+k gksuk pkfg, yksp dk cYd ekikad ¼B½% (Bulk Modulus tkrk gS rks fod`fr c<rk gSA
tSls jcj of Elasticity) (B) vksj ;fn izfrcy gVk;k tkrk gS rks inkFkZ
gqd dk fu;e% (Hooke’s law) bls ykspnkj lhek ds Hkhrj ek=kRed Ç[kpko iqu% viuh okLrfod voLFkk esa ugha vk ikrk
bl fu;e ds vuqlkj] yksp’khy lhekvksa esa ds lkekU; izfrcy ds vuqikr ds :i esa gSA
fdlh oLrq esa mRiUu fod`fr] izfrcy ds ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA • fcUnq C ij → oLrq LFkk;h :i ls lsV gks
lekuqikrh gksrk gSA B ¾ lkekU; izfrcy@ek=kRed Ç[kpko tkrh gSA
yksp ds cYd ekikad dh SI bdkÃ Nm-2 ;k • fcUnq D ij → vR;ar lgu 'kfDr bl fcUnq
ikLdy ¼Pa }kjk fu:fir½ gS vkSj CGS ds i’pkr ;fn ge izfrcy de djrs gS rks
ç.kkyh esa dyne@cm2 gSA fod`fr c<rk gSA
dBksjrk dk ekikad ¼½ • fcUnq E → [kafMr fcUnq → oLrq VqV tkrh gSA
bls ykspnkj lhek ds Hkhrj drZu Ç[kpko ds ;fn D o E ds e/; cgqr de ;k ux.;
drZu izfrcy ds vuqikr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr varjky gS rks oLrq & Hkaxqj gSA
fd;k x;k gSA bls dBksjrk dk drjuh ysfdu ;fn D o E ds e/; cM+k varjky gS rks
ekikad Hkh dgk tkrk gSA oLrq yphyh ¼ijr:i esa½ o ueuh; ¼rkj:i½
¼½ ¾ drZu izfrcy@ drZu Ç[kpko esa gksxhA
¼½ dh SI bdkÃ Nm-2 ;k ikLdy ¼Pa }kjk Fe
fu:fir½ gS vkSj CGS ç.kkyh esa dyne@cm2 fod`fr ÅtkZ%
2
gSA
F = oLrq ij yxk;k x;k vf/kdre cy
izfrcy&fod`fr xzkQ% (Modulus of
e = cy ds dkj.k oLrq esa gqbZ o`f)
Rigidity) (n)
ruko  f[kp
a ko
fod`fr ÅtkZ vk;ru =
2
vFkkZr] izfrcy ∝ fod`fr
izfrcy = E × fod`fr
79
15. ukfHkdh; jsfM+;ks/kfeZrk (Nuclear Radioactivity)

jsfM+;ks/kfeZrk] og xq.k gS ftlesa Hkkjh rRo foHkokarj ds dkj.k Rofjr gksdj izkIr djrk ;s os ukfHkd gS ftuds ikl U;wVªksuksa dh la[;k
fdlh ckgjh cy dh vuqifLFkfr esa Lo;a gSA leku gksrh gSA
fo?kfVr gksrk gSAA 1am = 931 Mev (A - Z) = N
og rRo tks ;g xq.k iznf’kZr djrk gS ukfHkdh; ?kuRo% (Nuclear Density) ;g budk ijek.kq Øekad (Z) o nzO;eku la[;k
jsfM;ks,fDVo rRo dgykrk gS ukfHkd ds nzO;eku o mlds vk;ru dk (A) vyx & vyx gksrh gSA
orZeku esa Kkr jsfM;ks,fDVo rRoksa dh la[;k vuqikr gksrk gSA mnk- ds fy, 17Cl37 vkSj 19K39 leU;wVªksfud
40 gSA ijek.kq Øekad 82 ls vkxs ds lHkh nOz; eku gSA
?kuRo =
izkd`frd rRo jsfM;ks,fDVo gksrs gSA buds vk; ru D;ksfa d Dyksjhu esa U;wVªksuksa dh la[;k = 37 –
ukfHkd vLFkk;h gksrs gSA dqN mnkgj.k gS] A A 1 17 = 20
jsfM;e] Fkksfj;e] ,fDVfu;e] iksyksfu;e   ⇒ iksVsf’k;e esa U;wVªksuksa dh la[;k = 39 – 17 =
4 3 4 4 3
R  R03 A1/33  R 20
bR;kfnA 3 3  3 0
ukfHkd dk ?kuRo nzO;eku la[;k ij fuHkZj blh izdkj]
1H3 – 2He4; 8O16 – 6C14; 2Be9 – 5B10;
ugha djrk gSA ukfHkd dh f=T;k dk Øe ⇒
6C13 – 7N14; 11Na23 – 12Mg24 leU;wVªksfud
10- 15 = 1 QehZ
gSA
HkkSfrd n’kkvksa dk izHkko% (Effect of
nzO;eku&ÅtkZ laca/k% (Mass-energy
physical conditions) jsfM;ks,fDVohVh
Relation)
rki] nkc o jlk;fud la;kstu dh n’kkvksa ls
vkbUlVhu us loZizFke nzO;eku&ÅtkZ lac/a k
izHkkfor ugha gksrh gSA
fn;k
leLFkkfud ¼vkblksVksIl½%
E = mc2 tgk¡ C = 3 × 108 eh-@lS-=
fdlh rRo ds leLFkkfud os ijek.kq gksrs gS
fuokZr esa izdk’k dh pky
ftudk ijek.kq Øekad (Z) leku gksrk gS
ukfHkdh; ca/ku ÅtkZ% (Nuclear Binding
ijarq nzO;eku la[;k (A) vyx gksrh gSA
235
92 U 10 n 36
90
kr 56
144
Ba  210 n Energy)
vkblksckj esa vyx-vyx la[;k esa çksV‚u,
jsfM+;ks,fDVohVh dk dkj.k% (Cause of ca/ku ÅtkZ og ÅtkZ gksrh gS ftlls ukfHkd
vyx-vyx la[;k esa bysDVª‚u vkSj vyx-
Radioactivity) lfØ; fofdj.kksa dk esa U;wfDyvksUl ¼ukfHkdh; d.k½ vkil esa ca/ks
vyx la[;k esa U;wVª‚u gksrs gSaA muesa dsoy
mRltZu ;g crkrk gS fd isjsaV ukfHkd ;k tqM+s jgrs gSA ;g ukfHkd ls ukfHkdh;
U;wfDy;‚u dh dqy la[;k (çksV‚u dh la[;k
vLFkk;h gSA ;g iznf’kZr djrk gS fd Hkkjh d.kksa dks vuUr rd foLFkkfir djus ds fy,
+ U;wVª‚u dh la[;k) leku gSA
+
ukfHkd de LFkk;h gksrs gSa Hkkjh ukfHkd dk vko’;d cy gS ftlls ;s ,d nwljs ij
mnkgj.k 1H1, 1H2, 1H3 – gkbMªkstu ds
ijek.kq Øekad Z vf/kd gksrk gSA vr% blesa ijLij izHkko ugha Mkyrs gSA
leLFkkfud gSA
izksVksuksa dh la[;k Hkh vf/kd gksrh gSA izksVªksuksa ca/ku ÅtkZ vkSj ukfHkdh; LFkk;hRo%
2He3, 2He4, 2He6 – ghfy;e ds leLFkkfud
dk ijLij izfrd"kZ.k ukfHkdh; cyksa dh ca/ku nzO;eku gkfu% (Mass defect)
gSA
ÅtkZ dks de djrk gSA ;g Hkkjh ukfHkdd 6C10, 6C11, 6C12, 6C13, 6C14 – dkcZu ds
Z Mp + (A – Z) Mn - MukfHkd
ds lkisf{kd vLFkkf;Ro dk eq[; dkj.k gSA leLFkkfud gSA izksVksuksa dk
U;qVªksuksa dk
nzO;eku ukfHkd dk nzO;eku
bl vLFkkf;Ro dk ifj.kke gh leLFkkfud fdlh rRo esa nzO;eku
jsfM+;ks,fDVfoVh gSA leku ijek.kq Øekad] leku izksVksuksa dh More
;g dqN ÅtkZ dk
ijekf.od nzO;eku% (Atomic Masses) ,d la[;k] leku bysDVªksuksa dh la[;k gksrh gSA mRltZu djrk gSA
ijek.kq nzO;eku bdkbZ ;k ,dhd`r nzO;eku ysfdu ijek.kq Hkkj vyx gksus ds dkj.k ;g ca/ku ÅtkZ dgykrh gS] vr% vf/kd
bdkbZ] 6C12 dkcZu ijek.kq dk 1/12 oka U;qVªksuksa dh la[;k vyx&vyx gksrh gSA ca/ku ÅtkZ ls ukfHkd LFkk;h gksrk gSA
fgLlk gksrk gSA vkoksoknzksa la[;k = 6.023 × leHkkfjd ¼vkblkscklZ½% ⇒ okLrfod nzO;eku & izksVksu o U;wVªksu dk
1023 ;s vyx&vyx rRoksa ds os ijek.kq gksrs gS dqy nzO;eku
6C12 ds 6.023 × 1023 ijek.kqvksa dk nzO;eku jsfM;ks,fDVo fo?kVu ds fu;e% (Laws of
ftudh nzO;eku la[;k (A) leku iajrq
= 12g. ijek.kq Øekad (Z) fHkUu gksrk gSA leHkkfjd Radioactive Disintegration)
6C12 ds ,d ijek.kq dk nzO;eku 1. jsfM;ks,fDVfoVh LoHkkfod izfØ;k gS tks ckg~;
esa ijek.kq Øekad] izksVksuksa dh la[;k] U;wVªksuksa
12 dh la[;k fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA dsoy dkjdksa tSls rki] nkc bR;kfn ij fuHkZj ugha
= xzke
6.023  1023 U;wfDyvksUl dh dqy la[;k leku gksrh gSA djrhA vr% ;g crkuk vlaHko gS fd fdlh
1 mnk- 17Cl37 and 19K39 vkblksVksu gSaA ,slk rRo dk dkSulk ijek.kq fn, x, le;karjky
ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj 1amu = × 6C12 ds
blfy, gS D;ksfa d Dyksjhu esa U;wVª‚u dh esa fo?kfVr gksxkA
12
la[;k ¾ 37 & 17 ¾ 20 vkSj iksVfs 'k;e esa 2. fdlh ijek.kq ds fo?kVu ds nkSjku ;k rks ∝ -
,d ijek.kq dk nzO;eku
U;wVª‚u dh la[;k ¾ 39 & 19 ¾ 20A d.k d.kmRlftZr ugha djsxkA
1 12
1amu =  g =1.66×10-24 g. mnk- 11Na22 o 10Ne22 leHkkfjd gSA 3. ∝ - d.k dk mRltZu ,d ije.kq ls mls u,
12 6.023  1023
1amu = 1.66 × 10-24 g. = 1.66 × 10–27 kg 20Ca40– 18Ar40; 17Cl37 – 16S37; 1H3 – 2He3; ijek.kq esa ifjofrZr djsxk ftlds vkos’k
,d bysDVªksu oksYV (One electron volt) 6C – 7N14 leHkkfjdksa ds mnkgj.k gSA
14 la[;k esa 2 dh deh o nzO;eku la[;k esa 4
og ÅtkZ gS tks ,d bysDVªksu ,d oksYV ds leU;wVªksfud ¼vkblksVksUl½% de gksaxsA
80
4. ,d ijek.kq ls d.k dk mRltZu ls cuus izfr lSd.M fo?kfVr gksus okys ijek.kqvksa dh nks ;k vf/kd gYds ukfHkdksa ds feyus ls
okys ijek.kq dh vkos’k la[;k esa 1 dh o`f) la[;k [jsfM;ks,fDVo ijek.kqvksa ds fo?kfVr vf/kd LFkk;h Hkkjh ukfHkd dk fuekZ.k
rFkk nzO;eku la[;k esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksus dh nj] fdlh Hkh {k.k] ml {k.k ij 1H1 + 1H1 + → 1H2 + e++  + ÅtkZ
gksrk gSA okLrfod jsfM;ks,fDVo ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k lw;Z ukfHkdh; lay;u }kjk ÅtkZ mRiUu
jsfM;ks,fDVohVh {k; fu;e% (Radioactive ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA djrk gSA
Decay Law) Nt = No e-λt (RRB NTPC 28.03.2016 RRB GROUP-D
dN dN ukfHkdh; vfHkfØ;k% (Nuclear Reaction) 19.09.2018 , 24.09.2018 & 26.10.2018
N  N fdlh mi;qDr mPp ÅtkZ ;qDr d.k dh & SSC CGL 24.02.2003 , SSC CPO SI
dt dt
ckSNkj ds i'pkr~ ,d ukfHkd dk vU; 12.01.2003 & 26.05.2005 , SSC (10+2)
{k; fu;rkad
or ukfHkdksa esa :ikarfjr gks tkukA 28.11.2010, SSC CGL 27.10.2016)
Nt = No e–t ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu% (Nuclear Fission) ,d Ex- Hydrogen bomb
Hkkjh ukfHkd [nzO;eku la[;k lkekU;r% 230 (RRB NTPC 04.03.2021)
No ls vf/kd] nks ;k vf/kd gYds ukfHkdksa eas ukfHkdh; Ja`[kyk vfHkfØ;k% (Nuclear
fo?kfVr gks tkrk gS Chain Reaction);fn ukfHkdh; {k; ds
mRiUu U;wVªksu] ikl ds ukfHkd ls fØ;k djus
92U35 + 0n1 → 144
56 Ba 36
89
kr  30 n1
dks Lora= gksrs gSA
ukfHkdh; lay;u% (Nuclear Fusion)
(RRB NTPC 22.02.2021 ,
Nt = O at t =  t 05.04.2016 & RRB GROUP-D 09.10.2018)
81
fdj.ks fdj.ks fdj.ksa
vkos'k izksVksu ds vkos’k dk nqxquk ¼ghfy;e 1.6 × 10-19 dqyke _.kkRed :i esa vFkkZr vkos'k jfgr
ukfHkd ds vkos’k ds leku½ bysDVªksu ds vkos’k ds leku
nzO;eku gkbMªkstu ijek.kq dk pkj xquk vFkkZr 9.1 × 10-31 fdxzk- bysDVªksu ds nzO;eku ds nzO;eku jfgr ¼’kwU;½
ghfy;e ukfHkd ds nzO;eku ds cjkcj cjkcj
osx 1.4 × 107 m/s ls 2.1 × 107 m/s ijkl izdk’k ds osx dk 33 ls 99% esa vf/kd izdk'k ds osx ls xfr
esa mRiknd lzksr ij fuHkZj xfr’kkyh bysDVªksu gksrs gSA
Hksnu {kerk vf/kd nzO;eku ds dkj.k Hksnu {kerk ∝-fdj.kksa ls vf/kd yxHkx 100 xq.kk lokZf/kd ∝ - fdj.kksa ls 10,000 xquk
U;wure ,Y;wfefu;e dh iryh irj dks ikj dj ldrs vf/kd] yksgs ;k ysM dh dqN lseh-
gSA ijr dks ikj dj ldrh gS
vk;ru {kerk vf/kd nzO;eku ds dkj.k vf/kd izR;sd ftl xSlh; ek/;e ls os izokfgr gksrs gS mls U;wu vk;uu {kerk
∝-d.k yxHkx 20,000 vk;u ;qXe vk;fur dj nsrs gSaA ∝- d.kksa dk 1/100 og
mRikfnr djrk gSA Hkkx dks gh vk;fur dj ldrs gSA
fo{ksi.k fo|qr o pqacdh; {ks= nksuksa ls] /ku vkos’k fo|qr o pqacdh; {ks= nksuksa ls fo{ksfir] _.k nksuksa {ks=ksa ls fo{ksfir ugha] vkos’k
dk gksuk iznf’kZr djrs gSA vkos’k dk gksuk iznf’kZr djrs gSA jfgr gksuk iznf’kZr djrs gSA
izfrnhfIr mRiUu csfj;e&IysfVuks lk;ukbM+ vkSj ftad csfj;e&IysfVuksa lk;ukbM+ ftad& lYQkbM+ ls izfrfnIr mRiUu djrs gSA
djus dh fo’ks"krk lYQkbM ls izfrnhfIr mRiUu dj ldrs
gSA
vU;% QksVksxzkfQd IysV dks FkksM+k izHkkfor djrs QksVksxzkfQd IysV dks izHkkfor djrs gS] ok;q esa QksVksxzkfQd IysV dks lokZf/kd
gS] ekuo 'kjhj ij iM+us ij mls tyk d.kksa dh ijkl dqN ehVj rd gksrh gSA izHkkfor djrs gS] /kkrq dh lrg ij
nsrs gSA iM+us ij mlls bysDVªksu mRikfnr
djrs gSA
jsfM;ks,fDVo rRoksa dk v)Zvk;qdky% (Half ek/; vk;qdky fdlh inkFkZ ds {k; fLFkjkad 1. ukfHkdh; bZa/ku% (Nuclear Fuel) fo[kaMu
life of Radioactive Element) dk O;qRØe gksrk gSA izfØ;k esa iz;qDr gksus okyk fo[kaMuh; inkFkZ
v)Zvk;qdky [T1/2] og le; gS] ftleas vkSlr vk;qdky o v)Zvk;qdky esa lac/a k% gSA dqN baZ/ku bl izdkj gS&
ijek.kq dh la[;k] iwoZorhZ ijek.kqvksa dh (Relation Between Average Life and U233, U235, PV239
la[;k ls vk/kh jg tk, ¼ukfHkdh; {k; ds Half Life) lw;Z ds vanj] gkbMªkstu ,d ukfHkdh; bZ/ku
nkSjku½ bls T1/2 ls n’kkZrs gSA T1/2 gS tks ghfy;e esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gS
 = = 1.44 T1/2 ukfHkdh; lay;u }kjkA
T1/2 =
0.6931 0.6931
 vkSlr vk;qdky] fdlh jsfM;ks,fDVo rRo ds (RRB JE 31.08.2019)
2. ekWMjsVj% (Modrator) fo[kaMu ds nkSjku
v)Zvk;qdky] inkFkZ ds {k; fLFkjkad ds v)Zvk;qdky dk 1.44 xquk gksrk gSA
O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk gSA jsfM;ks,fDVo ds ek=d% (Units of mRiUu gq, f}rh;d U;wVªksuksa dh xfr dks
v)Zvk;qdky dh la[;k → Radioactivity)
/khek djuk bldk eq[; dk;Z gSA
(i) D;qjh (ci) : - ekWMjsVj dk inkFkZ ¼ftlls og cuk gksrk gSA½
No
No  t/2
 No / 2 Nt = n 1 ci = 3.7 × 1010 {k;@lSd.M gYdk gksuk pkfg, o ;g U;wVªkWuksa dks
2 vo’kksf"kr uk djsAa
1 feyh D;qjh = 3.7 × 107 {k;@lSd.M
T1 0.693 N eq[;r% Hkkjh xzsQkbV] Hkkjh ty] M;wVsfj;e
 tgk¡ Nt = 0 1 ekbØks D;qjh = 3.7 × 104 {k;@lSd.M
2  32 vkSj iSjksfQu
(ii) cSdqjy% (Bq): - ;s jsfM;ks,fDVo dk SI ek=d
n = 5 v)Z vk;q (RRB NTPC 31.07.2021& RRB SSE
gSA
v)Zvk;qdky dh egÙkk% (Significance of 21.12.2014
1 cSdqjy = 1 {k;@lS-
Half Life) 3. fu;a=d NMs% (control Rods) /khesa gq,
1 Ci = 3.7 × 1010 Bq
v)Zvk;qdky esa fdlh jsfM;ks,fDVo inkFkZ esa U;wVªksuksa dks xzg.k djus dh {kerk ;qDr@
(iii) jnjQksMZ (Rd) : izfrlSd.M esa 106 {k; gks
ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k] izkjafHkd ijek.kqvksa dh lkekU;r% cksjkWu ;k dSMfe;e dh NM+ksa dk
fdlh jsfM;ks ,fDVo rRo esa
la[;k dh vk/kh jg tkrh gSA 1Rd = 106 {k;@lSd.M
iz;kx djrs gSA mnk- = cksjksu dh jkM ;k
jsfM;ks,fDVo rRo dk vkSlr vk;qdky ;k dSMfe;e ¼fu;a=d NMs½
⇒ ukfHkdh; fj,DVj% (Nuclear Reactor) ;g
ek/;dky% (Average Life or mean life (RRB NTPC 11.04.2016 & 27.04.2016)
ukfHkdh; Ja`[kyk vfHkfØ;k ls ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ
on Radioactive Element) 4. 'khryd% (Coolant) og inkFkZ tks mRiUu
mRiUu djus dk midj.k gSA
;g leLr ijek.kqvksa ds lEiw.kZ vk;qdky dks] Å"ek dks gVk, vFkok ifjos’k@ok;qe.My esa
izkjafHkd voLFkkesa ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k dks LFkkukarfjr djsA
foHkkftr djds Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA ty ;k Hkkjh ty dk mi;ksx lkekU;r%
lHkh ijek.kvq ksa dk lEiw.kZ vk; qdky 'khryd ds :i esa djrs gS ijarq vf/kd rki
= ij rjy lksfM;e dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
izkjfaHkd voLFkk esa ijek.kqvksa dh la -
5. ckgjh vkoj.k% (Shielding) iqjs fj,DVj dks
1 daØhV dh nhokj ls lqjf{kr fd;k tkrk gS
 =
 rkfd ukfHkdh; vfHkfØ;kvksa ds nkSjku
mRlftZr fofdj.k] fj,DVj ij dke djus
82
okys O;fDr;ksa ij gkfudkjd izHkko ugha ( RRB NTPC 10.01.2021) mlh fnu BARC dk Hkh mn~?kkVu gqvkA
MkysA eqEcbZ ukfHkdh; HkkSfrd dsUnz ¼lkgk ukfHkdh; BARC ds vius rhu vkijsfVax vuqla/kku
Hkkjr esa vuqla/kku ds fy, mi;ksx esa yk, HkkSfrd dsUnz½ fj,DVj gS& vIljk] fljl vkSj /kqzokA
x, fj,DVj vIljk] tjyhuk] CIR [dukM+k& (RRB NTPC 04.04.2016) Hkkjr us viuk nwljk ukfHkdh; ijek.kq
Hkkjr fj,DVj], /kqzo vkSj iqf.kZek gSA  Hkkjr dk 1 vkSj nwljk vuqla/kku ijh{k.k ifj{k.k 1998 esa iks[kj.k esa fd;k ftldk
India 1 And 2 Research Test:- uke “’kfDr” j[kk x;kA
mi;ksx% (Uses) ¼ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ dk½ Hkkjr us viuk igyk ijek.kq ijh{k.k 18 ebZ (RRB NTPC 18.01.2021 , 03.04.2016 ,&
(i) fpfdRlk] m|ksx o d`f"k esa 1974 dks jktLFkku ds tSlyesj ftys ds RRB NTPC 18.04.2016)
(ii) fo|qr ÅtkZ mRiknu esa iks[kj.k uked LFkku ij fd;k FkkA flrEcj 2022, rd Hkkjr ds ikl dqy 22
(iii) leqnzh tgkt] iuMqCch ,;jØk¶V ds lapkyu bl ijh{k.k dk “Smilling Buddha” j[kk ijek.kq fj,DV miyC/k gSaA
esa x;kA bl ijek.kq ijh{k.k esa 12 Vu {kerk Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; fo|qr fuxe bu ijek.kq
(iv) mPp rhozrk dh U;wVªksu che ds mRiknu esa] dk 1 Vu fo[kaMu midj.k 'kkfey fd;k x;k fj,DVjksa dks vkijsV djrk gS ftlesa ls 18
ftlls dsl a j dk mipkj fd;k tkrk gSA FkkA fj,DVj nkc ;qDr Hkkjh ty fj,DVj gS vkSj
Hkkjr esa ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ la;a=% (RRB GROUP-D 26.09.2018, RRB NTPC ckdh 4 lk/kkj.k gkbMªks fj,DVj gSA
• rkjkiqj ijek.kq ÅtkZ la;a= & egkjk"Vª 06.04.2016) (RRBNTPC04.01.2021)
• jktLFkku ijek.kq ÅtkZ la;a= & dksVk Note
• ujksjk ijek.kq ÅtkZ la;a= & mÙkjizns’k igyk ijek.kq fj,DVj dks 20 tuojh 1957 “dkfeuh “ igyk vkSj vHkh rd dk dsoy U-
dyiDde ijek.kq mtkZ la;= rfeyukMw dks iz/kkuea=h tokgj yky usg# }kjk “vIljk 233 dks mi;ksx djus okyk fj,DVj gSA
¼dkfeuh½ “ uke fn;k x;kA (RRB NTPC 02.03.2021)
(RRB NTPC 05.01.2021)
83
16. vk/kqfud HkkSfrdh (Modern Physics)

vk/kqfud HkkSfrdh] izd`fr ds lcls NksVs d.kksa dh varfuZfgr lajpuk ls lacaf/kr gS ¼DokaVe ;kaf=dh½ lkFk gh d.kksa dh ijLij fØ;k dh dfBu le> ls
lacaf/kr gSA
vk/kqfud HkkSfrdh (Modern Physics)
d.k (Particle) nzO;eku (Mass ) vkos'k (Change)
e–/ e+ position 9.1 × 10–31 kg 1.6 × 10–19 C
Proton mp = 1.6 × 10–27 kg (+1)
Deutron 2 mp e
-particle 4 mp 2e
Photon m0 = 0(rest mass) 0
Neutron mn = 1.69 × 10–27 kg No charge
izdk’k NksVs d.kks ls feydj cuh gksrh gS ftls QksVksu dgrs gSA ( SSC STENOGRAPHER 12.09.2017)
mRltZu ds izdkj (Types of Emissions)
Å"ek vk;fud mRltZu QksVksbysfDVªd mRltZu QhYM mRltZu ;k f}rh;d mRltZu
(Thermionic Emission) (Photoelectric Emission) 'khr dSFkksM mRltZu (Secondary Emission)
tc /kkrq dks vko’;d rki tc /kkrq lrg ij fuf’pr vko`fr (Field Emission or cold tc izkFkfed bysDVªksu [rst xfr
fn;k tk, rks /kkrq lrg dh fofdj.k vkifrr gksrh cathode Emission) ds bysDVªksu] /kkrq lrg ls
ls bysDVªksuksa ds mRltZu gS rks /kkrq lrg ls 'kfDr’kkyh fo|qr {ks= esa /kkrq Vdjkrs gS rks vR;f/kd ek=k
dh ?kVukA bysDVªksuksa ds mRltZu dh lrg ls bysDVªksuksa ds esa bysDVªksuksa dk mRltZu
?kVukA mRltZu dh ?kVuk
izdk’k fo|qr izHkko% izdk’k fo|qr izHkko ls lacaf/kr rF;%

(Terms Related to Photoelectric
Effect)
dk;ZQyu () - /kkrq lrg ls bysDVªksu ds
mRltZu ds fy, vko’;d ÅtkZ] dk;ZQyu
dgykrh gSA
 = h0
• /kkrq lrg ls QksVksbysDVªksu ds mRltZu dh
tgk¡ h = Iykad fLFkjkad 0 = nsgyh vko`fr
uksV% nsgyh vko`fr% nj vkifrr izdk’k dh rhozrk ds lekuqikrh
vkifrr izdk’k dh og U;wure vko`fr ftl gksrh gSA
• QksVks bysDVªksuksa dh vf/kdre xfrt ÅtkZ
ij /kkrq lrg ls QksVks bysDVªksu mRlftZr
izdk’k dh rhozrk ij fuHkZj ugha djrh gSA
gksrs gS] vko`fr dgykrh gS o bls 0 ls
• QksVks bysDVªksuksa dh vf/kdre xfrt ÅtkZ]
n’kkZrs gSA
vkifrr izdk’k dh vko`fr c<+us ij c<+rh gSA
nsgyh rjaxnS/;Z% (Threshold
• ;fn vkifrr izdk’k dh vko`fr ,d fuf’pr
tc /kkrq lrg ij fuf’pr vko`fr dk izdk’k wavelength) vkifrr izdk’k dh og
eku ls de gksrh gSA
vkifrr gksrk gS rks /kkrq lrg ls bysDVªksuksa vf/kdre rjaxnS/;Z ftl ij /kkrq lrg ls
[nsgyh vko`fr] rks /kkrq lrg ls QksVks
ds mRltZu dh ?kVuk izdk’k fo|qr izHkko bysDVªksu mRlftZr gksrs gSA nsgyh rjaxnS/;Z
bysDVªksuksa dk mRltZu ugha gksxkA
dgykrh gSA os bysDVªksu tks izdk’k oS/kqr dgykrh gSA bls ls iznf’kZr djrs gSA
• /kkrq lrg ij izdk’k ds vkiru o
izHkko ds nkSjku mRlftZr gksrs gS mUgsa hc
0 = tgk h = Iykad fLFkjkad QksVksbysDVªksuksa ds mRltZu esa le; ux.;
bysDVªksUl dgrs gSA izdk’k fo|qr izHkko esa]  gksrk gSA
,d QksVksu ,d bysDVªksu ls ijLij fØ;k fujks/kh foHko% (V0) (Stopping Potential) vkbUlVhu dk izdk’k fo|qr lehdj.k%
djuk pkfg,A [,d bysDVªksu ls vf/kd ls og _.kkRed foHko [QksVksbysfDVªd lsy ds (Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation)
ugha] izdk’k fo|qr izHkko ÅtkZ laj{k.k ds ,suksM dk ftl ij izdk’k oS|qrh; /kkjk 'kwU;
fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gSA. gks tkrh gS] fujks/kh foHkko ;k dV&vkWQ
(SSC CGL 11.08.2017) foHko dgykrk gSa bls 0 ls n’kkZrs gSA]
Å"ek ds dkj.k gksus okys bysDVªku ds izdkf’kd vk;uksa dh vf/kdre xfrt ÅtkZ%
mRltZu dks FkfeZvkfud mRltZu ds #i esa EK = eV
tkuk tkrk gSaA FkfeZvkfud mRltZu esa tgk e = bysDVªksu dk vkos’k
mRlftZr bysDVªkuks dks FkfeZ;u dgk tkrk gS uksV% fujks/kh foHko V0 izdk’k dh rhozrk ij
izdk’k fo|qr izHkko mTkkZ ds laj{k.k ds fuHkZj ugha gksrkA vkbUlVhu dk izdk’k fo|qr izHkko] eSDl
fl)kUr ij dk;Z djrk gSA izdk’k fo|qr izHkko ds fu;e% (Laws of Iykad DokVae fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gSA ftlds
Photoelectric Effect) vuqlkj fdlh lzkrs ls mRlftZr inkFkZ mtkZ
ds iSdsV ds :i esa gksrk gS ftls DokaVk ;k
84
QksVksu dgrs gSA izR;sd QksVksu dh mtkZ rjaxksa esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS] ftUgsa X-fdj.ksa çokfgr gksus yxrh gSA blds dkj.k]
fuEu }kjk nh tkrh Gsa dgrs gSA X-fdj.kss dh [kkst jks,Va tsu us dh ekbØks&,ehVj ,d fo{ksi.k n'kkZrk gSA
Esupplied = 0 + K.E. FkhA QksVksbysfDVªd djaV cgqr NksVk gksrk gS]
1 (RRB NTPC 11.04.2016) blfy, bls fdlh mi;ksxh mís'; ds fy,
h = h0 + m2.
2 X – fdj.kksa dh fo’ks"krk% bLrseky djus ls igys bls igys çof/kZr
bls vkbaLVhu dk çdk'k&fo|qr lehdj.k • ;s 0.1A0 ls 100A0 rjaxnS/;Z ijkl dh fo|qr djuk gksrk gSA tc çdk'k dkV fn;k tkrk
dgrs gSaA pqacdh; rjaxs gSA lkW¶V X-fdj.ksa vf/kd gS] rks dSFkksM ls dksbZ QksVksbysDVª‚u ugha
tgk¡] h = Iykad fLFkjkad
a = 6.6 × 10-34 Js rjaxnS/;Z o de vko`fr dh rFkk gkMZ X- fudyrk gS vkSj blfy, ckgjh lfdZV esa
(Joule second) fdj.ksa de rjaxnS/;Z o vf/kd vko`fr dh dksbZ djaV ugha gksrk gSA
v = vkifrr izdk’k dh vko`fr gksrh gSA vuqiz;ksx%
çR;sd QksVku dh ÅtkZ fdlds }kjk nh tkrh • e`nq ,Dl&js esa vf/kd rjax nS/kZ~; vkSj de
gS vko`fÙk gksrh gSA
E = hv • dBksj ,Dl&js esa de rjax nS/kZ~; vkSj mPp
QksVksbysDVªksu dh xfrt ÅtkZ& vko`fÙk gksrh gSA
EK = hv – ϕ • X-fdj.ks dwfyr~ V~;wc ls mRiUu gksrh gSA
1 • ekWfyCMsue o VaxLVu fu/kkZfjr y{; iznku
mv2 = h [V – V0] [∵ ϕ = ho] djrs gSA bu rRoksa dk ijek.kq Øekad vf/kd
2
bls gh vkbUlVhu dk izdk’k oS|qr lehdj.k o xyukad fcanq mPp gksrk gSA 1. QksVksbysfDVªd lsy dk mi;ksx Vsyhfotu
dgrs gSA • X-fdj.kksa dh rhozrk Å"eh; oksYVst ;k dSejs esa –';ksa ds çlkj.k vkSj QksVksVsyhxzkQh
dSFkksM+ fdj.ksa% (Cathode Rays) dSFkksM+ fQykesaV djaV ij fuHkZj djrh gSA esa fd;k tkrk gSA
fdj.kksa ds xq.k fuEu gS& • X-fdj.k QksVksuksa dh xfrt ÅtkZ dwfyt 2. fQYe fFk;sVj esa fp=ksa ds lkFk fQYeksa esa
(i) ;s lh/kh js[kk esa xeu djrh gSA V~;wc ds fljksa ij yxk;s x;s oksYVst ij fjd‚MZ dh xbZ /ofu ds iqu#Riknu ds fy,
(ii) ;s fo|qr {kS= o pqacdh; {ks= ls fo{ksfir fuHkZj djrh gSA QksVksbysfDVªd lsy dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
gksrh gSA • ;fn fQykesaV o VkjxsV ds e/; yxk;k x;k gSA
(iii) ftl inkFkZ ij ;s mRlftZr gksrh gS mls oksYVst c<+ tkrk gSA rks dBksj X-fdj.ksa izkIr 3. QksVksbysfDVªd lsy dk mi;ksx midj.kksa dh
Åf"er djrh gSA gksxhA fxurh esa fd;k tkrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,]
(iv) ;s HkkSfrd o jklk;fud ifjorZu mRiUu • oSKkfud us dsoy 43 lsdaM dh vof/k ds g‚y esa ços'k djus okys O;fä;ksa dh x.kuk
djrh gSA lkFk nqfu;k dh lcls NksVh ,Dl&js ystj djus ds fy,] c'krsZ os ,d&,d djds vk,aA
(v) budh vk;uu {kerk U;wu gksrh gS vkSj iYl cukbZ gS 4. QksVksbysfDVªd lsy dk mi;ksx cxZyj vykeZ
ftl xSl ls ;s xqtjrh gS mls vk;fur dj (SSC CHSL 25.03.2018) vkSj Qk;j vykeZ esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
nsrh gSA X – fdj.ksa ds vuqiz;ksx% 5. QksVksbysfDVªd lsy dk mi;ksx rkjksa ds
,uksM+ fdj.ks%a (Anode Rays) ;s xksYMLVhu • X – fdj.kksa dk iz;ksx gfM~M;ksa esa ÝsDpj dk rkieku dks ekius vkSj vkdk'kh; fiaMksa ds
}kjk [kksth xbZ FkhA /ku fdj.kksa ds xq.k fuEu irk yxkuk o mudk v/;;u djuk gSA LisDVªe dk v/;;u djus ds fy, Hkh fd;k
gSA • nar fpfdRld X-fdj.kksa dk mi;ksx nar{k; tkrk gSA
• buesa rst xfr ls pyus okys /kukosf’kr d.k dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, djrs gSA 6. budk mi;ksx fcuk fdlh eSuqvy /;ku ds]
gksrs gSA • X – fdj.kksa dk iz;ksx m|ksxksa o vuqla/kku {ks= 'kke vkSj Hkksj esa LVªhV ykbfVax flLVe dks
• ;s fdj.ksa pqacdh; {ks= esa fo{ksfir gks tkrh esa djrs gSA pkyw vkSj can djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
gSA QksVks lsy% 7. budk mi;ksx çdk'kfefr esa nks lzksrksa dh
• ;s lh/kh js[kk esa xfr djrh gSA ;g ,d ,slk midj.k gS tks çdk'k ÅtkZ dks çnhIr 'kfä;ksa dh rqyuk djus ds fy, fd;k
• ;s fdj.ksa QksVksxzkfQd IysV dks izHkkfor djrh fo|qr ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA bls fo|qr tkrk gSA
gSA us= Hkh dgrs gSaA 8. budk mi;ksx m|ksxksa esa /kkrq dh pknjksa esa
• ;s fdj.ks nhfIr o LQqjnhfIr iznf’kZr djrh tc mi;qä vko`fÙk ds çdk'k dks dSFkksM ij NksVh&eksVh [kkfe;ksa ;k fNæksa dk irk yxkus
gSA fxjus fn;k tkrk gS] rks QksVksbysDVª‚u ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
X-fdj.ks%a (X-Rays) tc dSFkksM+ fdj.ksa mPp mRlftZr gksrs gSaA ;s ,uksM }kjk vkdf"kZr 9. budk mi;ksx IySad fu;rkad ds fu/kkZj.k ds
xyukad ;qDr Hkkjh /kkrq ij fxjrh gS rks gksrs gSa ftls dSFkksM ds lac/a k esa ldkjkRed fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
bldh ÅtkZ dk U;wu Hkkx ubZ izdkj dh {kerk ij j[kk tkrk gSA vr% ifjiFk esa /kkjk
85
17. lapkj ra= (Communication system)

i`Foh dk ok;qe.My% (Earth’s Atmosphere) i`Foh ds pkjks vksj ik, tkus okyk xSlh; 4. vk;uksLQh;j ¼vk;ue.My½% ;g {ks= 80 ls
okrkoj.k] i`Foh dk ok;qe.My dgykrk gSA 400 fdeh- ds e/; ik;k tkrk gS ftlesa i`Foh
blesa fHkUu Lrj ik, tkrs gS& lrg ls 110 fdeh- ds i'pkr~ bysDVªksu
1. VªksiksLQh;j% ;g Lrj i`Foh lrg ls 12 fdeh /kuRo vf/kd gksrk gSA tks dqN fdeh- rd
Å¡pkbZ rd gksrkgSA bl Lrj esa i`Foh ds vU; c<+rk gSA bl ijr dks Kennelly
Lrjksa dh rqyuk esa fo|qr pkydrk de gksrh heavyside ijr Hkh dgrs gSA 250 fdeh- ds
gSA i'pkr~ vR;f/kd bysDVªksu /kuRo okyh ijr
2. LVªsVksLQh;j% ;g Lrj 12 ls 50 fdeh- rd dks Apleton ijr dgrs gSAjsfM;ks rjax dks
foLr`r gksrk gSA blesa ok;qe.My vkstksu dh ijkofrZr djus okyh ok;qeM a yh; ijr dks
lkanzrk 30 ls 50 fdeh- rd gSA bl ijr dks vk;uksLQh;j dgk tkrk gS
vkstksu ijr dgrs gSA tks vojDr fofdj.kksa (SSC CGL 13.11.2005,
dk ,d cM+k Hkkx vo’kksf"kr djrh gSA 27.07.2008,21.04.2013 & SSC MATRIC
3. ehlksLQh;j ¼e/;e.My½% ;g ijr 50 ls 80 LEVEL 30.03.2008)
fdeh- ds e/; ik;k tkrk gSA
lapkj (Communication)
fo’o ds lHkh lthoksa dks lwpuk,a nsus o izkIr djus dh vko’;drk dk vuqHko djrk gSA lapkj ds fy, ;g vko’;d
gS fd nksuksa lapkj fu;e ,d leku Hkk"kk ds tkudkj gksA
fcUnq ls fcanqrd@rkj;qDr izlkj.k@rkjjfgr

(Point to point.wired) (Broadcast/Wireless)
eSlt
s dks VªkalehVj o fjlhoj ds e/; laidZ ds blesa ,dy izlkj.k esa gh ,d ls vf/kd fjlhoj
ek/;e ls izsf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA gksrs gSA
mnk- VsfyQksu mnk- jsfM;ks izlkj.k ,oa T.V. izlkj.k
lapkj ra=% (Block diagram of communication system)
VªkalehVj% (Transmitter) ;g lwpuk dh dksfMax djrk gS rFkk izlkj.k ds fy, mi;qDr cukrk gSA lapkj ds fy, eSlst flXuy ,ukykWx ;k fMthVy :i
esa gksrk gSA ,ukykWx flXuy dks fMthVy esa ;k fMthVy flXuy dks ,ukykWx flXuy esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
,ukykWx flXuy esa /kkjk o oksYVst ds eku le; ds lkFk lrr~ :i esa ifjofrZr gksrs gSA fMthVy flXuy ,d vlrr~ flXuy gSA
86
lapkj ek/;e% (Communication channel) og ek/;e ftlls lwpuk VªkalehVj ls fjlhoj ds e/; lapfjr gksrh gS] lapkj ek/;e dgykrk gSA
ek/;e (Channel)
rkj;qDr (Wired) rkjfoghu (Wireless)

lrgh rjaxs
lek{kh; dscy (Co-axial cable) izdkf’kdrarq (Optical Fibre) vkdk’kh; (Space)

rjaxs
O;kse rjaxs (Sky)
mixzg
dksj dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA VsyhdE;wfuds’ku esa

lek{kh; dscy% (Coaxial cable) lek{kh; lkekU;r% dksj 50um vkSj 62.5um vkdkj
dscy rkacs dh dscy dk gh izdkj gS tks dh iz;qDr gksrh gSA IykfLVd vkWfIVdy
fo’ks"k :i ls /kkrq dop ls curh gS vkSj Qkbcj dksj] Xykl dksj dh rqyuk esa vf/kd
vU; vo;oksa dks flXuy esa gLr{ksi jksdus ds cM+h gksrh gSA ,d IykfLVd dksj dk vkdkj
fy, fufeZr djrs gSA 980um gksrk gSA
lek{kh; dscy esa fo|qr pkydksa o dqpkyd 2. DySfMax (Classing) :- ;g dksj ds pkjksa vksj
inkFkksZ dh ladsUnzh; ijrs gksrh gSA bl izdkj de vorZukad ;qDr ¼dksj dh rqyuk esa½ gksrk (i) vf/kd cSaMfoM~Fk o rst xfr% (Greater
ds fuekZ.k ds dkj.k flXuy dscy esa gh jgrs gSA tc Xykl DySfMax dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Bandwidth & Faster Speed) izdkf’kd
gS rFkk flXuy esa fod`fr ugha vkrh gSA gS rks dksj o DySfMax nksuksa dks leku Sio2 rarq ls izfr bdkbZ izlkfjr gq;h lwpuk dh
lkekU;r% bldk mi;ksx TV daifu;k vk/kkfjr inkFkZ ls fufeZr fd;k trkk gSA ek=k bldh lcls egRoiw.kZ lwfo/kk gSA
lSVsykbV ,aVhuk dh lqfo/kkvks dks miHkksDrk fuekZ.k izfØ;k esa dksj o DysfMax ds (ii) lLrk% (Cheap) leku yEckbZ ds dkWij rkj
ds ?kjksa rd igq¡pkus esa djrh gSA VsfyQksu viorZukad esa ifjorZu ykus gsrq vyx&vyx dh rqyuk esa vkWfIVdy Qkbcj lLrk gksrk
daifu;k vius dsUnzh; dk;kZy;ksa dks VsfyQksu ek=k esa Mksfiax djrs gSA gSA
iksy ls blds ek/;e ls tksM+rh gSA lkekU;r% mi;ksx esa yk, tkus okys DysfMax (iii) iryk o de Hkkj ;qDr% (Thinner and
izdkf’kd rarq% (Fiber-optic ds O;kl & 125 um o 40 um gSA 125um Light-weighted) vkWfIVdy Qkbcj dk
communicaton) dh DySfMax 9um, 50um, 62.5um vkSj O;kl rkacs ds rkj ds O;kl dh rqyuk esa de
izdkf’kd rarq lapkj ea]s ,d LFkku ls nwljs 85um vkdkj dh dksj o 140um dh gksrk gSA ;g ldajh txgksa ds fy, mi;qDr
LFkku rd lwpuk izlkj.k izdk’k ds ek/;e ls DySfMax 100um dksj ds fy, iz;qDr gksrh gSA gksrk gSA
fd;k tkrk gSA izdk’k ,d fo|qr pqEcdh; 3. vkoj.k (Coating) :- ;g blds vanj (iv) mPp okgd {kerk% (Higher carrying
okgd flXuy ds :i esa gksrk gS tks lwpukvksa mifLFkr Hkaxqj Qkbcj dh lqj{kk djrk gSA capacity) irys gksus ds dkj.k nh x;h
dks laxzfgr djrk gSA tc vf/kd cSaMfoM~Fk] vkoj.k >Vdks]a [kjksp a o vknzZrk dks O;kl dh dscy esa vf/kd Qkbcj dk iz;ksx
yEch nwjh rFkk fo|qrpqacdh; gLr{ksi ls vo’kksf"kr dj DysfMax dh lqj{kk djrk gSA gksrk gSA tks bldh okgd {kerk dks c<+krk
cpko djuk gksrk gS rks fo|qr dscy ds vkoj.k dk ,d izeq[k izdkj ,ØsykbV gS tks gSA
LFkku ij izdkf’kd rarq dk mi;ksx djrs gSA 1250C rki rd dk;Z djrk gSA (v) flXuy dh gkfu de% (Light signals)
vkWfIVdy Qkbcj% (Optical fibre) dBksj okrkoj.kh; ifjfLFkfr;k tSls dkWij rkjksa esa fo|qr flXuyksa dk iz;ksx fd;k
• [kkstdrkZ & ujsUnz flag dìk.kh gokbZtgkt] ,;jksLisl o Lisl esa vkWfIVdy tkrk gS ijarq vkWfIVdy Qkbcj esa izdk’k
• ;g flfydk [sio2, DokVZt] Qkbcj ij flfydkWu] dkcZu o ikWyh,ekbM rjaxksa ds ek/;e ls flXuy izlkfjr fd;k
ikWyh,LVj@ikWyhdkcksuZ sV] PMMA ds }kjk dk vkoj.k fd;k tkrk gSA tkrk gS ftlls flXuy gkfu Hkh de gksrh gS
cuk, tkrs gSA] ;g iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu ds fl)kar ij dk;Z rFkk flXuy gLr{ksi Hkh de gksrk gSA
• bldk dk;Zdkjh fl)kar iw.kZ vkrafjd djrk gSA ftldh 2 vko’;d 'krsZ fuEu gS (vi) vf/kd thoudky% (Long Lifespan) yxHkx
ijkorZu gSA (1) izdk’k l?ku ek/;e ls fojy ek/;e esa 100 lky] vkWfIVdy Qkbcj dk thoudky
vkWfIVdy Qkbcj ds rhu vo;o fuEu gSA xfr’khy gksuk pkfg,A gksrk gSA
1. dksj [Core] : - ;g izdk’k dk ogu djrh gSA (2) vkifrr dks.k dk eku Økafrd dks.k ls vkWfIVdy Qkbcj ds uqdlku%
lkekU;r% ;g Xykl ls cuh gksrh gS gkykafd vf/kd gksuk pkfg,A (Disadvantages of optical fiber)
dqN IykfLVd ls Hkh cuh gksrh gSA dksj esa (i) lhfer vuqiz;ksx% (Limited Application)
iz;qDr Xykl dqN Sio2 ls cuk gksrk gSA izdkf’kd rarq ls lapkj ds ykHk% vkWfIVdy Qkbcj dscy dk lrg ij gh
fofHkUu vuqiz;ksxksa ds fy, fofHkUu O;kl ds (Advantages of optical Fiber)
87
mi;ksx gksrk gS vkSj ;g eksckby lapkj ds fo|qr rjaxksa dh lapj.k (Propagaton of uksV nwjh ftl ij ,aVhuk ls ,d ladsr çkIr
fy, gh iz;qDr gksrh gSA electromagnetic Waves) fd;k tk ldrk gS] og gS A
(ii) fuEu 'kfDr% (Low power) izdk’k mRltZd nks LFkkuksa ds chp jsfM;ks rjax lapkj esa] d= 2hR , R > > h
lzkrs fuEu 'kfDr rd gh lhfer gksrs gS fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa dks ,d LFkku ij tgk¡ h ,aVhuk dh Å¡pkÃ gS vkSj R i`Foh dk
vf/kd 'kfDr ds izdk’k mRltZdksa ds fy, VªkalehVj ,aVhuk }kjk fofdjf.kr fd;k tkrk f=T;k gSA
vf/kd ewY; nsuk gksrk gSA gS] tks varfj{k ds ekè;e ls ;k=k djrs gSa
(iii) Hkaxqjrk% (Fragility) vkWfIVdy Qkbcj de vkSj nwljs LFkku ij ,aVhuk rd igqaprs gSa
Hkaxqj gksrs gS fo|qr rjaxksa ds lapj.k ds çdkj (Types of
(iv) nwjh% (Distance) VªkalehVj o fjlhoj ds propagation of Electromagenetic
e/; nwjh de gksuh pkfg, rFkk flXuy dks waves)
mixzg lapkj (Satellite
vkof/kZr djus ds fy, fjihVlZ dh Hkw&rjax çlkj (Ground wave
Communication)
vko’;drk gksrh gSA propagation)
;g ,d mixzg ds ekè;e ls ,d VªkalehVj
vkWfIVdy fLifyVj% (Optical splitter) Hkw&rjax çlkj esa] jsfM;ks rjaxsa i`Foh dh lrg
vkSj ,d fjlhoj ds chp fd;k tkrk gSA bl
Iykuj ykbVosV lfdZV (PLC) flIyVj ,d ds lkFk ;k=k djrh gSa A okLro esa] ;s rjaxsa
mís'; ds fy, ,d HkwLFkSfrd mixzg dk
izdkj dk vkWfIVdy 'kfDr izca/ku midj.k gS i`Foh dh lrg rd gh lhfer ugÈ gSa] cfYd
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftldh le; vofèk
ftls lsaVªy vkWfQl ls dbZ izeq[k LFkkuksa ij i`Foh dh lrg ds lkFk funsfZ 'kr gSa vkSj os
24 ?kaVs gSA
vkWfIVdy flXuy forfjr djus ds fy, i`Foh dh oØrk dk ikyu djrh gSaA
,d lapkj mixzg ,d varfj{k ;ku gS] tks
flfydk vkWfIVdy oSoxkbM+ rduhd dk Hkw&rjax çlkj de vko`fÙk ¼LF½ cSaM vkSj
ekbØksoos fjlhoj vkSj VªkalehVj ds lkFk
mi;ksx dj cuk;k tkrk gSA eè;e vko`fÙk cSaM ¼;kuh 2 esxkgV~tZ½ ds fy,
miyCèk djk;k tkrk gSA bls i`Foh ds pkjksa
Optical filter mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu mPp vko`fÙk
vksj ,d d{kk esa j[kk x;k gSA Hkkjr esa] lqnwj
;g fofHkUu jaxksa ds çdk'k dks lapkfjr ;k ¼HF½ cSaM ds fy, ugÈA bldk mi;ksx
laosnh mixzg IRS-IA] IRS-IB vkSj IRS-IC
vo'kksf"kr djrk gSA (SSC CGL 30.08.2016) LFkkuh; çlkj.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
gSaA mixzg ds ekè;e ls ykbu v‚Q lkbV
rkjfoghu% (Wireless communication) ¼,yvks,l½ ekbØksoso lapkj laHko gS] lapkj
mixzg ges'kk i`Foh ds lacèa k esa ,d fuf'pr
LFkku ij gksrk gSA mixzg tks ,d iqujkorZd
vkdk'kh; rjax çlkj (Sky wave ds :i esa dke dj jgk gS] mls i`Foh ds
propagation) lacaèk esa vkjke dh fLFkfr esa gksuk pkfg,A
vkdk'k rjaxsa AM jsfM;ks rjaxsa gSa] tks fd bls Hkw&fLFkj mixzg ds :i esa tkuk tkrk
vk;u eaMy ls ijkoÆrr gksus ds ckn çkIr gSA
fjlhoj% (Receiver) ;g flXuy dks izkIr gksrh gSaA vk;u eaMy ls ijkorZu ds ekè;e
dj fMdksfMax djrk gSA ls ,d Çcnq ls nwljs Çcnq ij jsfM;ks rjaxksa ds
VªkalM~;wej% ,d midj.k tks HkkSfrd flXuy çlkj dks vkdk'k rjax çlkj ds :i esa tkuk
dks bysfDVªd flXuy esa esa ifjofrZr djrk gS tkrk gSA ;g 2 esxkgV~tZ ls 30 esxkgV~tZ ds
mn- ,d ekbØksQksu Hkk"kk ladsrks dks fo|qr chp vko`fÙk dh jsfM;ks rjaxksa ds fy, mi;qä
ladsrks esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA gSA bldk mi;ksx yach nwjh ¼;kuh 65 ls 400
'kksj¼u‚bt+½% lapkj esa lans'k ladsrksa ds çlkj.k fdeh½ jsfM;ks lapkj ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mixzg lapkj dh [kwfc;ka (Merits of
vkSj çlaLdj.k esa xM+cM+h ;k fo—fr dks 'kksj satellite commnication)
ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA mixzg lapkj vU; lapkj ç.kkfy;ksa dh rqyuk
cSaMfoM~Fk% ;g vkerkSj ij mu vko`fÙk;ksa dh esa çlkj.k ds fy, O;kid {ks= dks doj
lhek dks lanÆHkr djrk gS] ftl ij lapkj djrk gS] ;kuh blesa O;kid dojst jsat gSA
ç.kkyh dke djrh gSA mixzg lapkj dk mi;ksx eksckby lapkj esa
{kh.ku% lapkj pSuy ds ekè;e ls blds çlkj Hkh çHkkoh :i ls fd;k tkrk gSA
ds nkSjku ,d flXuy dh rkdr dk uqdlku varfj{k rjax çlkj (Space wave
[kkst vkSj usfoxs'ku mís'; ds fy, mixzg
{kh.ku ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA propagation)
lapkj i`Foh ij vU; lapkj ç.kkfy;ksa dh
çoèkZu% dqN mi;qä bysDVª‚fud lÆdV dk ;g rjax çlkj dh og foèkk gS ftlesa rqyuk esa cgqr vfèkd fdQk;rh vkSj lVhd
mi;ksx djds çsf"kr flXuy dh rkdr c<+kus VªkalehVj ,aVhuk ls fudyus okyh jsfM;ks gSA okLro es]a mixzg lapkj esa 'kkfey ykxr
dh çfØ;k dks çoèkZu dgk tkrk gSA rjaxsa varfj{k ds ekè;e ls çkIr ,aVhuk rd nwjh ls Lora= gSA
ijkl% ;g VªkalehVj vkSj fjlhoj ds chp igqaprh gSaA bu jsfM;ks rjaxksa dks Lisl rjax mixzg lapkj dh ykxr lqnwj vkSj igkM+h
lcls cM+h nwjh gS] tgka mPp 'kfä ds lkFk dgk tkrk gSA {ks=ksa esa lcls vfèkd gS] tSls fd fgekpy
flXuy çkIr gksrk gS varfj{k rjaxsa 54 esxkgV~tZ ls 4&2 xhxkgV~tZ çns'k esa yík[k] vkfnA
Mhe‚Mqys'ku% ;g e‚Mîwy's ku dh fjolZ çfØ;k rd dh vko`fÙk dh jsfM;ks rjaxsa gSaA varfj{k mixzg lapkj mPp nj ij MsVk lapj.k esa
gSA fMe‚Mîwys'ku] fjlhoj esa laxzkgd rjax ls rjaxsa lhèkh js[kkvksa esa ;k=k djrh gSaA budk l{ke gSA
lwpuk ds iquçkZfIr dh ?kVuk gSA mi;ksx Vsyhfotu lapkj vkSj jMkj lapkj esa lapkj mixzg ds fy, jsfM;ks rjaxksa dk
fjihVj% ;g fjlhoj] ,EiyhQk;j vkSj fd;k tkrk gSA bls ykbu v‚Q lkbV ¼LOS½ mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
VªkalehVj dk ,d la;kstu gSA bldk dk;Z lapkj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA (SSC CAPFS ASI & DELHI POLICE SI
lapkj dh lhek dk foLrkj djuk gSA 02.07.2017)
88
ekWM;wys’ku (Modulation)
;g lapkj ra= dk izeq[k pj.k gSA blesa de vko`fr ds eSlst flXuy dks vf/kd vko`fr rjax ¼okgd flXuy½ ij
v/;kjksfir fd;k tkrk gSA ifj.kkeh rjax ekWM~;sysVsM+ rjax gksrh gS ftldks izlkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
vk;ke ekWM~ys’ku dks.k ekWM~;wys’ku

(Amplitude Modulation) (Angle Modulation)
blesa ifj.kkeh flXuy dk dyk ekWM~;sys’ku (PM) vko`fr ekWM~;wys’ku (FM)

vk;ke ifjofrZr gksrk gSA (Phase Modulation)
(Frequency Modulation)
ewy flXuy ij okgd flXuy dks bl
izdkj v/;kjksfir fd;k tkrk gS fd bl izdkj ds ekWM~;wys’ku esa lwpuk
ifj.kkeh flXuy dqN xqIr lwpuk flXuy dh vko`fr ds vuqlkj
j[krk gSA ifj.kkeh flXuy dh vko`fr dks
ifjofrZr dj lwpuk dks xqIr j[krk
gSA
,d e‚Mse dks MsVklsV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g
lapkj.k eksM esa ,d e‚MqysVj ds :i esa vkSj
çkIr eksM esa ,d Mhe‚MqyVs j ds :i esa dk;Z
djrk gSA ;g ,d daI;wVj dks ,d lapkj
Çyd ij vU; daI;wVjksa ds lkFk laokn djus
dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
,d e‚Mse dh n{krk fcV nj ¼chih,l½ }kjk
fuèkkZfjr dh tkrh gS] ftl ij MsVk çlkfjr TV fjeksV daVªksy% (TV Remote Control)
gksrk gSA lcls rst eksMse 57600 chih,l ij
pyrk gSA
ISA ¼baMLVªh LVSaMMZ vkÆdVsDpj½ ;k PCI
¼isfjQsjy daiksusVa baVjdusDV½ Ly‚V esa
daI;wVjksa esa eksMse dks bufcYV fd;k tk
Mh&ekWM~;wy’s ku% (Demodulation) ;g ldrk gS ;k RS-232 iksVZ ij ckgjh :i ls
ekWM~;wy’s ku dh foijhr izfØ;k gSA ifj.kkeh vVSp fd;k tk ldrk gSA
flXuy ls ewy flXuy izkIr djukA ekud QSDl @ Qksu e‚Mse] dscy e‚Mse]
Mh,l,y ¼fMftVy lClØkbcj ykbu½ e‚Mse
;g ,d bysDVª‚fud midj.k gS ftlesa IC
;k lSVsykbV e‚Mse baVjdusDV e‚Mse ds dqN
¼baVhxzsVsM lÆdV½ vkSj dqN vU; ?kVd gksrs
mnkgj.k gSaA
gSaA ;fn fjeksV daVªksy dh ,d dqath dks
nck;k tkrk gS] rks ;g vojä ¼infrared½
ladsrksa dk mRltZu djrk gSA ;s flXuy
Vhoh ds bysDVª‚fud lÆdV }kjk çkIr fd,
tkrs gSa vkSj okafNr v‚ijs'ku fd;k tkrk gSA
QSDl [Fax]: QSDl ;k QSDlhey VsyhxzkQh
,d bysDVªksfud Vªkalfe’ku vkSj nwj fLFkr
,UdksfMax [Encoding]: lwpuk ;k ewy fdlh txg ij MkWD;weVsa iqu:Riknu dh
vk¡dM+s ;k eSlst dh fuf’pr dksfMax djuk lqnqj laosnu [Remote Sensing]:
;g ,d nwjh ij oLrq dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks izfØ;k gSA
rkfd bls lapkj ek/;e ds }kjk izsf"kr fd;k ;g fMthVy lapkj ra= dk mnkgj.k gSA
ns[kus vkSj ekius dh ,d rduhd gSA bl
tk ldsA ;g VªkalehfVax LFky ij dh tkrh bldk mi;ksx eq[;r% MkWD;weasV vkSj
mís'; ds fy, ,d èkzqoh; mixzg dk mi;ksx
gSA QksVksxzkQ Vªkalfe’ku esa fd;k tkrk gSA
fd;k tkrk gSA
Mh&dksfMax% (Encoding) izkIr dksMsM vk¡dM+s MkWD;weaVs dks izdk’k lzksr ds }kjk Ldsu dj
;k eSlst ls ewy vk¡dM+s ;k eSlst izkIr izlkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
djukA ;g fjlhfoax LFky ij dh tkrh gSA LdSuj izdk’kh; ladsr iznku djrk gS] okgd
dh xbZ lwpuk, tSls jkbfVax] iSVuZ] flXuspj
eksMse[ekWM~;sys’ku $ fMekWM~;wysVj]: bR;kfn ijA QksVksfMVsDVj }kjk ;s flXuy
(Moderm (Modulator Demodulator) fo|qrh; flXuyksa esa ifjofrZr fd, tkrs gSA
89
;s flXuy dksMsM gksrs gS rFkk mi;qDr ek/;e ;g ,d lwpuk midj.k gS ftlesa ,d Vîwuj ;g jsfM;ks fMVsD'ku vkSj jsaÇtx dk laf{kIr
}kjk izlkfjr fd, tkrs gSA gksrk gS vkSj Vsyhfotu lsV ;k E;wftd uke gSA bldk mi;ksx oLrqvksa dk irk
flLVe vkSj flXuy ds ckgjh lzksr ls tqM+rk yxkus] ekxZn'kZu djus ;k mudh igpku
gSA ;g JO;&–'; lkexzh esa çlkfjr flXuy djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tSls gokÃ
dks fMeksMîwyVs djrk gS ftls e‚fuVj ij tgkt] tgkt] felkby vkfnA
fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA ,d fujarj ;k iYl jsfM;ks rjaxksa dks
,lVhch lzkrs flXuy dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+krk v‚CtsDV dh vksj Hkstk tkrk gS vkSj oLrqvksa
gS vkSj dscy Vsyhfotu vkSj mixzg Vhoh esa ls mlds ijkorZu ds ckn okil çkIr fd;k
lsV VkWi ckWDl% (Set-top Box (STB) mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g mpeg4 ;k HD tkrk gSA
¼mPp ifjHkk"kk½ gks ldrk gSA ,d 1 lsV V‚i jkMkj ds mi;ksx (Uses fo Radar)
c‚Dl mpeg4 dh rqyuk esa ,d 'kfä'kkyh ♦ ckny dh fLFkfr vkSj nwjh dk irk yxkus
èofu vkSj cgqr vPNh rLohj nsrk gSA vkSj ekius ds fy,A
dscy Vsyhfotu usVodZ ¼fofu;eu½ la'kksèku ♦ fdlh Hkh èkkrq ;k rsy HkaMkj dk irk yxkus
foèks;d 2011 ds rgr] 2014 ds var rd ds fy,A
Hkkjr esa dscy Vhoh dk iw.kZ fMftVyhdj.k ♦ ok;qeM
a y dh ckgjh ijr dk irk yxkus ds
vfuok;Z dj fn;k x;k gSA fy,A
jMkj% (Radar)
eksckby rduhd (Mobile Technology)

eksckby VsfyQksuh Qksuksa ds fy, lsokvksa dk izko/kku gS ftls ,d LFkku ij fLFkjrk ds ctk; pkjksa vksj Lora= :i ls
ys tk;k tk ldrk gSA
Eksckby fMokbZl (Device) fle [lcLØbkcj igpku ekWM;wy]

(Sim (Subscriber Identity Module)
IMEI uEcj [15 vad]

IMSI(11 vad) MSISDN (19 vad) MIN
varjkZ"Vªh; eksckby igpku eksckby ua- dh varjkZ"Vªh; [eksckbyigpkuuEcj]
varjkZ"Vªh; eksckby midj.k lClØkbcj igpku
igpku
ns’k dk dksM jk"Vªh; xarO; dksM
pksjh dh xbZ fMokbZl dks
CySd fyLV fd;k tk ldrk MIN 1 MIN 2
gSA 24 fcV uEcj {ks=@eksckby lClØkbcj
dksM
6 vad 5 vad
fof'k"V ns’k esa lClØkbcj ;s usVodZ vkWijsVj }kjk
ds GSM usVodZ vkWijsVj dh lClØkbcj dks vkWofVr
igpku djkrs gSA fd, tkrs gSA
90
a h cSaM ds fy, (Frequency Band
fÝDosl
eksckby Qksu ,d iw.kZ MqIysDl fMokbZl for)
tcfd okWdh&VkWdh ,d v)Z MqIySDl fMokbZl 4G dE;wfuds’ku – (2 – 8 GHz)
gSA 5G dE;wfuds’ku – LTE fÝDosl a h ijkl [600
iw.kZ vkSj v)Z MqIySDl% (Full and Half MHz ls 6 GHz]
Duplex) iw.kZ MqIySDl fMokbZl esa ,d lkFk 3G dE;wfuds’ku – (1.8 – 2.5GHz)
Vªkalfe’ku gksrk gS vFkkZr ,d le; esa vk¡dM+s VHF [very high frequency] fuEu – TV (2-
nksuksa fn’kkvksa ¼lsUMj ls fjlhoj vkSj fjlhoj Li-Fi ykbV fQMsfyVh ds fy, laf{kIr½
6 pSuy) → (57-88 MHz)
ls lsUMj½ esa izlkfjr gksrs gSA VHF mPp – TV [7-19 pSuy] → 174 – 216
ok;jysl lapkj rduhd gS] tks midj.kksa ds
v)Z MqIySDl fMokbZl esa ,d le; esa ,d gh MHz
chp MsVk vkSj fLFkfr dks lapkfjr djus ds
fn’kk esa vk¡dM+s izlkfjr gksrs gSA VHF [Ultra high frequency] TV [14-69 fy, çdk'k dk mi;ksx djrh gSA ;g 'kCn
eksckbZy Qksu ;k lsy Qksu vYVªk gkbZ pSuy] → [470 – 806MHz] igyh ckj ,fMucxZ esa 2011 esa VsMXykscy
fÝDosl a h [WHF] ijkl 800-950 MHz dk FM jsfM;ksa → 87.5 – 108 MHz okrkZ ds nkSjku gsjkYM gkl }kjk is'k fd;k
mi;ksx djrs gSA eksckbZy rduhd ds tksf[ke% (Hazards x;k FkkA yh&QkbZ ,d çdk'k lapkj ç.kkyh
lkekU; fcUnq% (Some common Terms) Due to Mobile Towers) varj ea=ky;h gS tks –';eku çdk'k] ijkcSaxuh vkSj vojä
TRAI – VsfydkWe jsxqysVjh vFkkWfjVh vkWQ lfefr dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ?kj ;k dk;kZy; LisDVªe ij mPp xfr ij MsVk lapkfjr djus
bafM;k ds 50 – ehVj ds Hkhrj fLFkr eksckby Vkoj esa l{ke gSA viuh orZeku fLFkfr esa] –';
GSM – Xykscy flLVe QkWj eksckbZy ds laidZ esa jguk] ekbØksoos vksou esa 24 ?kaVs çdk'k ds lapj.k ds fy, dsoy ,ybZMh ySai
dE;wfuds’ku rd jgus tSlk gSA bu Vkojksa vkSj gSaMlsVksa ls dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
LTE – yk¡x VeZ bokWY;w’ku ekbØksooS {ks= esa fo|qr pqacdh; fofdj.ksa blds vafre mi;ksx ds lanHkZ es]a rduhd
VOLTE – okWbl vksoj yk¡x VeZ bokWY;w’ku euq"; esa dSlj dk dkj.k gSA vkSj efLr"d okbZ&QkbZ ds leku gS & eq[; rduhdh varj
CDMA – dksM fMohtu eYVhiy ,DlSl dSalj ¼fXyeksa½ dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSaA bu ;g gS fd okbZ&QkbZ MsVk lapkfjr djus ds
lsVSykbV dE;wfuds’ku esa fÝDosl a h cSaM fofdj.kksa ls lacfa /kr vU; LokLF; leL;k, fy, jsfM;ks ÝhDosalh dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
(Frequency bands in satellite Fkdku] uhna dh xM+cM+h] pDdj vkuk] àn; MsVk lapkfjr djus ds fy, çdk'k dk
Communication) /kM+du esa o`f) o fljnnZ bR;kfn gSA mi;ksx djus ls Li&Fi dbZ ykHk çnku
L cSaM – (1 – 2 GHz) djrk gS tSls fd]•,d O;kid cSaMfoM~Fk
S cSaM – (2 – 4 GHz) Li-Fi pkSuy]
C cSaM – (4 – 8 GHz) • fo|qr pqEcdh; gLr{ksi ds fy,
X cSaM – [8 – 12 GHz] vfrlaons u'khy {ks=ksa esa lqjf{kr :i ls dk;Z
Ku – cSaM – (12 – 18 GHz) djus dh {kerk ¼tSls foeku dsfcu] vLirky]
Ka - cSaM – (26 – 40 GHz) lSU;½
• mPp lapj.k xfr dh is'kd'kA
91
18. fo|qr pqEcdh; rjxsa (Electromagnetic wave)

og rjax ftlesa fo|qr {ks= rFkk pqacdh; {ks= ,d la/kkfj=
nwljs ds ycaor~ gks rFkk bu nksuksa {ks=ksa ds yacor~ +Q –Q jMkj (RADAR) dk iqjk uke jsfM;ksa fMVsD'ku ,oa
fn’kk esa rjax lapj.k gksA jsfUtax (Radio Detection And Ranging) gSA
fo|qr {ks= o pqcadh; {ks= le; ds lkFk ifjofrZr jMkj og fMVsD'ku iz.kkyh gS] ftlesa jsfM;ksa rjaxksa
gksrs jgrs gS dk iz;ksx oLrqvksa dh ijkl] dks.k ,oa osx tkuus esa
foLFkkfir /kkjk% (Displacement Current) fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx ,;jØk¶V] tgkt]
LislØk¶V] funsfZ 'kr felkbZyksa dks] eksVj okguks]a
ekSle iwokZuqeku bR;kfn dk irk yxkusa esa fd;k
tc vkos’k ifjofrZr gksrk gSa rks fo|qr {ks= mRiUu
tkrk gSA
gksrk gS vkSj ; g ,d /kkjk mriUu djrk gS ftls
foLFkkfir /kkjk Io dgrs gSA
xkekfdj.ksa X fdj.ksa UV fdj.ksa n`'; fdj.ksa vojDr fdj.ksa ekbØksoSo jsfM+;ksa rjaxsa
[kkstdrkZ% gsujh cSdqjy jkWUtu jhVj U;wVu g'ksy
Z gVZt Ekkjdksuh
QksVksxkz QhfQYe •
QksVksxkz QhfQYe
• GuginV~;wc
mi;ksx • dSUlj V~;wej • ÝsDpj] LVksu] •LVh;jykbftax • n`'; esa • 'kkjhfjd FkSjsih • jMkj iz.kkyh •rkj jfgr
ds mipkjesa cqysV~l dk irk • ystj ij • QksVksxkz Qh tSls ekalisf'k;ksa esa lkekU;
• [kk| inkFkksZ yxkdj mudh vk/kkfjr vka[k • ,LVªksukWeh esa f[kapko • ,;jØk¶V iz.kkyh
ds yEcs le; ltZjh djus esa dh ltZjh esa • izdkf'k; • /kqa/k o dksgjs usfoxs'ku esa • FM, AM
rd lqjf{kr • jsfM;ksa Fksjsih • ikuh ds ekbØksLdksih ds nkSjku • ekbØksoSo • eksckbZy
j[kus esa esa 'kqf)dj.k esa QksVksxkz Qh dju vksou esa Qksu lapkj esa
• ijek.kq • fØLVy dh thok.kqvksa dks sesa • Vsful ckWy • Vsfyfotu
ukfHkd dh lajpuk dk ekjus esa • ekSle o xfr'khy fdj.kksa esa
lajpuk dk v/;;u djusesa • [kk| inkFkksZ iwokZueq ku esa okguksa dk osx
v/;;u djus • /kkrqvksa esa dh laj{kk esa • jlk;uksa dh ekius esa
sesa ØsDl dk irk 'kq)rkesa
yxkus esa • lksyj dqdj
• Ropk jksx esa
ftudh vHkh
rd [kkst ugha
gq;h gS mudh
ns[kHkky esa
92
NOTE: 5. c<+rh rjax nS/kZ~; ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr djsa 10. ,Dl&js mRltZu dk foijhr çHkko
1. fo|qr pqEcdh; fofdj.k dk mi;ksx mixzg (SSC CAPFS SI & CISF ASI 23.06.2013) QksVksbysfDVªd gSA
lapkj ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS X- RAYS>INFRARED RAYS>VISIBLE (SSC CGL 04.09.2016)
(SSC (10+2) 28.10.2012) RAYS >MICROWAVE. 11. ,Dl&js fo|qr pqEcdh; fofdj.k dh rjax
2. ,d fuf'pr ladsr ds rjax dk v/;;u 6. fofdj.k ds dkj.k ekuo 'kjhj dh {kfr dks nS/kZ~; 10&11 ls 10&8 ehVj dh lhek esa gksrh
lksuksehVj }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA jsEl esa ekik tkrk gSA gSA
(SSC MTS 10.03.2013) (SSC CGL 27.04.2014) (SSC CHSL 27.03.2018)
3. xkek fdj.kksa esa lcls de /lcls 7. çR;sd xeZ oLrq ls vojä fdj.ksa fudyrh 12. MRIZ e'khu] pqacdh; rjax dk bLrseky
yach/U;wure rjax nS/kZ~; gksrh gS gSaA fd;kA
(SSC MTS 17.03.2013 & SSC CAPFS ASI & SI (SSC CGL 09.09.2016) (FCI ASSISTANT 22.01.2012)
DELHI POLICE 07.07.2017& SSC CHSL 8. n`'; fdj.ksa dh vko`fÙk lcls de gksrh gSA 13. Vsyhfotu ds fjeksV daVªksy] fo|qr pqEcdh;
21.03.2018) (SSC CGL 06.09.2016) rjaxksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks vojä
4. ,Dl&js dh rjax nS/kZ~; dks ekius ds fy, 9. dSFkksM fdj.k ,d fo|qr pqEcdh; fdj.k ugha gSaA
bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk midj.k czSx gS (SSC DELHI POLICE SI 19.08.2012)
LisDVªksehVj gSA (SSC CGL 07.09.2016)
(SSC CGL 19.05.2013)
93
19. Inventions & Discoveries

MEASURING INSTRUMENT
It is a device that is used to measure physical quantity.
INSTRUMENT/;a= USED FOR/ ds fy, bLrseky gksrk gS PREVIOUS YEAR ASKED
Ammeter/,feVj measuring electric current / fo|qr çokg dks ekiuk (RRB JE 04.12.2014)
Altimeter/ vYVhehVj measuring height / ÅapkbZ ekius
(RRB GROUP-D 12.10.2018), (RRB NTPC 25.01.2021,
Anemometer/,uheksehVj measuring wind speed / gok dh xfr dks ekiuk
23.07.2021)
measuring intensity of radiation / fofdj.k dh
Actinometer/,fDVuksehVj
rhozrk dk ekiu
Compass/ fn'kk lwpd navigation and indicates direction/ usfoxs'ku vkSj
;a= fn'kk bafxr djrk gS
measure small magnitude cyclone / NksVs ifjek.k ds
Cyclotron/ lkbDyksVª‚u (RRB NTPC 23.02.2021)
pØokr dks ekisa
Electropscope/ detects the presence of electric charge/ fo|qr
(RRB NTPC 19.03.2021)
bysDVªksLdksi vkos'k dh mifLFkfr dk irk yxkrk gS
measure atmospheric pressure / ok;qeM
a yh; ncko
Barometer/ cSjksehVj
dks ekisa
(RRB JE 14.12.2014)
Measure the rotation per minute in vehicle/ okgu
Tachometer / VSdksehVj (RRB NTPC 31.03.2016)
esa çfr feuV dks ekisa
Galvanometer measuring small electric current / NksVs fo|qr çokg (RRB GROUP-D 24.09.2018, 22.09.2018), (RRB NTPC
/xsYosuksehVj dks ekiuk 26.04.2016)
Heliscope/ gsyhLdksi see the sun/ lwjt dks ns[ksa (RRB NTPC 10.04.2016)
Hydrometer /
measure density of liquid / rjy ds ?kuRo dks ekisa (RRB NTPC 05.04.2016
gkbMªksehVj
measure the humidity in atmosphere / okrkoj.k esa
Hygrometer/ vknZzrkekih (SSC CPO SI 07.09.2003, SSC CHSL 06.12.2011)
ueh dks ekisa
Polygraph/ ikyhxzkQ detect lie/>wB dk irk yxk,a (RRB NTPC 03.03.2021, 01.02.2021)
Lactometer /
check the purity of milk / nw/k dh 'kq)rk dh tkap djsa (SSC CAPFS SI, Delhi Police SI & CISF ASI 12.12.2019)
ykdVksfeVsj
measure two or more electrical value / nks ;k
Multimeter / eYVhehVj
vf/kd fo|qr eku ekisa
(RRB GROUP-D 10.10.2018, 25.10.2018, 05.11.2028),
Odometer/ vksMksehVj measure distance in vehicle/ okgu esa nwjh ekisa
(RRB ALP & TECH 14.08.2018)
see in submarine to see things above the level of
Periscope / isfjLdksi sea./ leqæ ry ls Åij dh phtksa dks ns[kus ds fy, (RRB NTPC 10.04.2016)
iuMqCch esa ns[ksAa
Pyrometer / ikbjkehVj measure high tempreture / mPp Vsi
a jspj dks ekisa (RRB NTPC 01.04.2016)
Infrared
measure tempreture without touching / VsEijspj (RRB JE 14.12.2014)
thermometer/ vojä
dks fcuk Nq, ekisa
FkekZehVj
magnifying distant object/ nwj dh oLrq dks cM+k
Telescope/ nwjchu (SSC MATRIC LEVEL 14.05.2017)
djuk
Potientometer / ukius measure an electromotive force/ bysDVªkseksfVo cy
(RRB JE 14.12.2014)
dk ;a= dks ekisa
Determine the distance between the wavelength /
Wavemeter / osoehVj
rjax nS/kZ~; ds chp dh nwjh fu/kkZfjr djsa
Stalagmometer/
measure surface tension / lrg ds ruko dks ekisa (RRB SSE 21.12.2014)
LVSysXeksehVj
Venturimeter /
measure discharge/ fuoZgu dks ekisa
osp
a qjhehVj
94
Pitot tue/ ik;yV Vîwc measure velocity in pipe / ikbi esa osx ekisa
measure the volumetric flow rate of liquids/ rjy
Rotameter/ jksVkehVj (RRB SSE 21.12.2014)
inkFkZ ds o‚Y;wesfVªd çokg nj dks ekisa
Speedometer/
indicate the speed of vehicle / okgu dh xfr crk,a
LihMksehVj
Richter scale/ fjDVj measure power of earthquake/ Hkwdai dh 'kfä dks
(RRB NTPC 03.04.2016)
iSekus ekisa
Seismograph / (SSC TAX ASSISTANT 12.11.2016, SSC CONSTABLE (GD) &
measure seismic wave / Hkwdaih; rjax dks ekisa
Hkwdai&lwpd ;a= Rifleman (GD) 22.04.2012)
to adjust resistance / çfrjks/k dks lek;ksftr djus ds
Rheostat / fjvksLVsV
fy,
(RRB JE 29.05.2019), (RRB GROUP –D 27.09.2018,
Voltmeter / okYVehVj to measure voltage / oksYVst ekius ds fy,
08.10.2018)
study the behavior of a vibrating string./ dafir
Sonometer/lksuksehVj (SSC CAPFS SI & CISF ASI 23.06.2013)
Mksjh ds O;ogkj dk v/;;u djukA
Hydroscope / that shows change in density of liquid/ tks æo ds
(SSC CAPFS SI & ASI , Delhi Police SI EXAM 05.06.2016)
gkbMªksLdksi ?kuRo esa ifjorZu dks n'kkZrk gS
Inventions and inventors VªkalQkeZj blathy)/ QSjkMs ¼vksVks Hkwdai&lwpd ;a=

Invention/ Inventors/ vUos"kdksa gVtZ CySFkh½ Electric generator / Miachael faraday /
vkfo"dkj Induction / ços'k Michael faraday / fctyh iSnk djus ekbdy QSjkMs
Centrigrade scale/ Anders Celsius /,aMlZ ekbdy QSjkMs okyk
lsaVªhxzsM Ldsy lsfYl;l Radioactivity/ Henry Becquerel / Television / John logie baird / t‚u
Radio/ jsfM;ks Marconi/ ekjdksuh jsfM;ks/kfeZrk gsujh csdjsy Vsyhfotu y‚th cSjMZ
Telephone / Alexendar graham Fuel cell / bZa/ku lsy William grove / fofy;e Refrigerator / fÝt William Cullen/
VsyhQksu bell/,ysDtsM
a j xzkge csy xzkso fofy;e dqysu
Electricity / fctyh Benjamin franklin / Airplane / foeku Wright brothers/ jkbV Carburetor / Luigi de cristoforis
cst
a kfeu ÝSadfyu cznlZ dSC;qjVj enrico bernadi/ yqbxh
Electric light bulb/ Thomas Edison/ Fk‚el Barometer / torricelli /VksjhlsYyh Mh fØLVksQksfjl ,ufjdks
fo|qr cYc ,Mhlu cSjksehVj cukZMh
Thermometer / Galileo galilee/ Camera / dSejk Nicephore niepce/ Mercury Evangelii Stato Riselli /
FkekZehVj xSyhfy;ks xSyhyh uhlQksj Hkrhth Manometer/ ejdjh bost
a syh LVsVks fjlsyh
Telescope / nwjchu Lippershey and Diesel engine / Rudolf diesel /#MksYQ eSuksehVj
Zacharias johnsons/ Mhty batu Mhty (SSC CGL Pre. 2022,
fyij'ks vkSj tdkfj;k Helicopter/ Jgor sikorskey / tsxksj 03.12.2022 Shift-3)
t‚ulu gsyhd‚IVj fldksjLdh
Telegraph/ rkj Samuel morse/'kew,y Dynamite / ck:n Alfred nobel / vYÝsM
1610 dh 'kq#vkr esa] xSyhfy;ks xSyhyh us
ekslZ ukscy
s vius u, vkfo"—r VsyhLdksi ls irk yxk;k
Automatic cash John Adrian/ t‚u fd c`gLifr ds pkj paæek gSaA
Mobile phone / Martin cooper / ekfVZu
machine (ATM)/ ,fMª;u (SSC CGL Pre. 2022, 06.12.2022 Shift-4)
eksckby Qksu dwij
Lopkfyr dS'k e'khu Spherometer/ LQsjksehVj
Steam engine / Hkki Thomas new comen/
¼,Vh,e½ midj.k esa rhu Hkqtk ij lefFkZr ,d /kkrq
dk batu Fk‚el U;w de
Automobile/ Karl benz / dkyZ cst
a f=dks.kh; Ýse gksrk gS] ftldk mi;ksx ysl a
Railway engine / Grorge Stephen/ xzkst vkSj ?kqekonkj niZ.k tSls fdlh oLrq dh
v‚Vkseksckby jsyos batu LVhQu
Magnetic tape/ Fritz pfleumer / fÝV~t oØrk dh f=T;k dks ekius ds fy, fd;k
Jet engine/ tsV Frank cuhitte/ ÝSad tkrk gS tks vkdkj esa xksykdkj gksrs gSa\
pqacdh; Vsi ¶ysej baftu dqfgrs (SSC CGL Pre. 2022, 12.12.2022 Shift-4)
Transformer / Faraday ( otto hturz
Seismograph / John milne / t‚u feYus
95
20. Miscellaneous
 izdk’k fo|qr izHkko
 jeu izHkko
 dkWEiVu izHkko
DokaVre F;ksjh fuEu dh O;k[;k ugha djrh
• vkbUlVhu }kjk izLrqr fd;k x;k gS% (Quantum Theory failed to
• blds vuqlkj izdk’k ÅtkZ ds d.kksa ds :i explain)
esa gksrk gS ftUgsa QksVksu dgrs gSA  O;frdj.k
• ,d QksVksu dh ÅtkZ] E  foorZu
E = hv  /kzqo.k
tgk¡ h = Iykad fLFkjkad = 6.6 × 10-34 J- Mh&czkWXyh dk izdk’k dk }Sr izd`fr fl)kar
sec. bl rF; ij vk/kkfjr gS fd îzd`fr lefefr
• izdk’k dh rjax izd`fr ds ckjs esa loZizFke v = fofdj.k dh vko`fr
gkbxsu us crk;kA ls izse djrh gSA
tgk¡ vko`fr = ,d lSd.M esa ,d fcUnq ls rjaxkxz% leku dyk esa nksyu djrs ,sls lHkh
gkbxsu us rjax izd`fr dk v/;;u ;g xqtjus okyh rjaxksa dh la[;k gSA
ekudj fd;k fd lEiw.kZ Lisl ,d dkYifud fcanqvksa dk fcanq iFk rjaxkxz dgykrk gSA vr%
vkSj ,d rjaxkxz dks ,d leku dyk ds i`"B ds
ek/;e yaqfeuhQsjl bZFkj* ls Hkjk gSA
yqfeuhQsjl bZFkj dh fo’ks"krk,¡% c =  :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA ftl xfr
(Characteristics of Luminiferous
ds lkFk rjaxkxz lzkrs ls ckgj dh vksj c<+rk
Ether) vko`fr gS] og rjax dh pky dgykrh gSA rjax dh
 ek/;e nzO;eku jfgr gksrk gSA ÅtkZ rjaxkxz ds yacor pyrh gSA
 vR;f/kd yksp’khyrk izkIr dj ldrk gSA izdk'k dk osx rjax nS/;Z
 vR;f/kd de ?kuRo rks fdlh rjax ds fy,
ysfdu iz;ksxkRed :i es]a ,slk ek/;e ugha ;fn vko`fr vf/kd gksxh rks ÅtkZ Hkh vf/kd
gksrk gSA blfy, vkxs dk v/;;u Ýsusy gksxhA vkSj rjax nS/;Z de gksxhA
}kjk fd;k x;kA DokaVre F;ksjh }kjk ifjHkkf"kr ?kVuk,%
izdk’k dk DokaVe fl)kar% (Quantum (Phenomenon Explained by
Theory of light) Quantum Theory)
izdk'k lzkrs tks lHkh fn'kkvksa esa izdk'k izlkfjr djrk gS% (A source of light sends out distances in all drections.
izdk'k dk lzksr (Source of Light) Rkjaxkxz dh izd`fr (Nature of wave
front)
1. fcanq lzksr xksyh; rjaxzkx
2. js[kh; lzkr
s csyukdkj rjaxkxz
3. fcUnq lzkr
s ;k js[kh; lzkrs ijarq lery rjaxkxz
vf/kd nwjh ij j[kk gksA
96
gkbxsu fl)kar% (Huygen Principle) gkbxsu ds vuqlkj ge rjaxkxz ds yEcor~ lh/kh js[kk, cukrs gSA ;s lHkh js[kk, izdk’k fdj.ksa gS vkSj izdk’k ÅtkZ
bu fdj.kksa ds vuqfn’k izokfgr gksrh gS vkSj izkFkfed rjaxkxz dk izR;sx fcanq f}rh;d rjaxkxz ds fy, lzkrs gSA
uksV% rjaxkxz lekukarj :i ls lapfjr gksrk gSA
• ijkorZu o viorZu rjax fl)kar ls Hkh ifjHkkf"kr fd, tk ldrs gSA
rjaxksa dk lqij iksth’ku fl)kar% (Superposition of waves)

blds vuqlkj nks ;k vf/kd rjaxs tks leku ek/;e esa xfr djrh gS o ,d&nwljs ij v/;kjksfir gksrh gS rFkk ifj.kkeh rjax mRiUu gksr h gSA
y = y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + ……………
;fn nks rjaxksa dk lzksr dyk&lac) gS rks izfØ;k O;frdj.k dgykrh gSA
O;frdj.k (Interference)
laiks"kh O;frdj.k fouk'kh O;frdj.k
tc ,d rjax dk xrZ nwljh rjax ds xrZ ij tc ,d rjax dk xrZ nwljh rjax ds Ja`x ij
v/;kjksfir gksrk gS rks ifj.kkeh rjax dk v/;kjksfir gks rks bls ifj.kkeh rjax dk
vk;ke nksuksa rjaxksa ds vk;keksa ds ;ksx ds vk;ke nksuksa rjaxksa ds vk;keksa esa varj ds
cjkcj gksxkA cjkcj gksxkA
y  y1  y2 y  y1  y2
97
O;frdj.k
rjaxkxz ds vk/kkj ij vk;ke ds vk/kkj ij

;ax dk f} ifV~Vdk vuqiz;ksx lkcqu fQYe
ÝstuYl ckbZ&fizTe U;wVu dh oy;
Ýsusy dk f}&fizTe iz;ksx ekbdylu baVjQsjksehVj
ykW;M dk ,dy niZ.k Xykl ij cuh ost'ksIM fQYe
(Wedge Shaped)
izdk'k ds lzksr (Sources of light)
dyk&lac) (coherent) dyk vlac)a (Non-cocherent)
izdk’k dk og lzksr tks leku rjaxnS/;Z] leku og lzkrs tks vleku vko`fr] o fHkUu dykarj dh
vko`fr rFkk leku dyk ;k fu;r dyk varjky rjaxs mRlftZr djrk gS bu rjaxksa esa vko`fr o
;qDr lrr~ izdk’k rjaxs mRlftZr djrk gSA dyk varj ds inksa esa dksbZ laca) ugha ik;k tkrk
gSA
nks Lora= lzksr% (Two Independent ;g ,d izdk’k lzksr o nks ifV~Vdkvksa dk
Sources) iz;ksx djrs gq, O;frdj.k dh ?kVuk dks
nks Lora= lzkrs dHkh dyk lac) ugha gks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA ftleas LØhu ij izdk’k
ldrsA ;g bl dkj.k gksrk gS D;ksfa d izdk’k o dkys LFkkuksa dks crk;k tkrk gSA
i`Fkd lzksrks ds ijek.kqvksa ls mRlftZr gksrk mu fcanqvksa ij tgk¡] izdk’k dh ifj.kkeh
gS] tc os iqu% viuh izkjafHkd voLFkk esa rhozrk vf/kdre gksrh gS] laiks"kh O;frdj.k
ykSVrs gS ¼mÙksftr voLFkk ls½ rks Å"ek ;k gksrk gSA
ÅtkZ mRlftZr djrs gSA mu fcanqvksa ij tgk¡] izdk’k dh ifj.kkeh
nks dyk lac) lzkrs ,d izdk’k lzkrs ls rhozrk U;wure gksrh gS] fouk’kh O;frdj.k
ijkorZu o viorZu ls izkIr fd, tk ldrs gksrk gSA
gSA pyrh gq;h dkj esa dbZ ckj jsfM;ksa flXuy
O;frdj.k esa dyk&lac)rk nks rjhdks ls izHkkfor gks tkrs gS D;ks\
izkIr dh tkrh gS (In a moving car, radio singnals are
interrupted sometimes. whey)
(i) rjaxkxz ds vk/kkj ij foHkkftr dj vkSj
tc ge pyrh gq;h dkj esa gksrs gS rks jsfM+;ks
ykW;M+ ds niZ.k iz;ksx vkSj Ýsusy ds
flXuyksa esa vko`fr :dkoVsa vkrh gSA ;s mnkgj.k% ;g fl)kar lHkh izdkj dh rjaxksa
ckbZ&fizTe iz;ksx lsA jsfM;ksa rjaxksa ds O;frdj.k ds dkj.k gksrk gsA
(ii) vk;ke ds vk/kkj ij foHkkftr dj] ij ykxw gksrk gSA ijarq /ofu rjaxksa ls bls
bls cgq;keh O;frdj.k dgrs gS tks jsfM+;ksa
vkaf’kd ijkorZu o viorZu ls tSls iryh rjaxksa o muds ijkorZu ds e/; gksrk gSA ge vPNs ls le> djrs gS D;ksfa d /ofu
fQYe esa izdk’k ds O;frdj.k ls] U;wVu nks Lora= cYc O;frdj.k D;ksa mRiUu ugha rjaxksa ds ikl vf/kd rjaxnS/;Z gksrh gSA ;fn
oy;ksa esaA dj ikrs\ (What two Independent dksbZ dejs esa E;wftd ctk jgk gS o njoktk
izdk’k ds nks dyk lc) lzkrs ksa dks izkIr can fd;k gqvk gS rks vki mldh vkokt ugha
light bulbs fail to produce
djus dh 'krZs% interference) lqu ik;saxs ijarq ;fn njoktk [kqyk gqvk gS
(Conditions for obtaining two lkekU; bysfDVªd ySEi ls vkus okyk izdk’k rks vki mlds fudV gh ugha] vf/kd nwjh
coherent sources of Light) izfr lSd.M 108 fHkUu ifjorZuksa ls xqtjrk rd Hkh laxhr dh vkokt lqu ik;saxsA ,slk
gSA blfy, nks Lora= izdk’k cYcksa ls vkus foorZu ds ifj.kkeLo:i gksrk gSA
okyk izdk’k esa] O;frdj.k dh vko’;d 'krsZ
dsoy 10-8 lS- rd gksrh gS ftUgsa ekuo vk¡[k
foorZu (Diffraction)
}kjk ns[kk ugha tk ldrkA
dkWEiSDV fMLd esa jaxhu /kkfj;k@oy; D;k Ýs uys foorZ
u ÝkWugkWQj foorZu
gksrh gS\ (Fresnel (Fraunhoffer
(What is responsible for streaks of Diffraction) Diffraction)
coloured light from a compact disc? • vojks/kd ls izdk’k • vojks/kd ls izdk’k
dkWEiSDV fMLd esa jaxhu /kkfj;k ijkofrZr lzkrs o LØhu ifjfer lzkrs o LØhu vuar nwjh
gksrh gS ;g oSlh gh fn[krh gS tc ,d fizTe nwjh ij gksaxsA ij gksrs gSA
esa ls izdk’k xqtjrk gSA ;gk ij izdk’k rjaxksa • lh/ks fdukjs ls] irys • vuar ij vkrk gqvk
1. fdlh midj.k ds ,d lzksr ls gh dyk dk O;frdj.k gksrk gSA rkj ls] NksVh vojks/kd izdk’k foorZu ds i'pkr~
lac) izdk’k lzkrs izkIr djukA foorZu% (Diffraction of light) fMLd ls foorZuA LØhu ij mÙky ySal dh
2. nksuksa lzkrs eksuksØksesfVd izdk’k iznku djus izdk’k ds ekxZ esa vkus okys vojks/kd ds lgk;rk ls dsfUnzr fd;k
pkfg,A fdukjksa ls Vdjkdj fdj.kksa dk eqM+ tkuk] tkrk gSA
3. nksuksa lzksrksa ls izkIr izdk’k rjaxksa esa ekxZ foorZu dgykrk gSA bl eqM+ko ds dkj.k • ,dy iV~Vh ls]
ifjorZu fuEure gksuk pkfg,A izdk’k vojks/kd ds Nk;k {ks= esa izos’k dj f}ifV~Vdk ls foorZu
;ax dk f}&ifV~Vdk fl)kar% (Young’s tkrk gSA
Double slit Experiment)
98
foorZu ds izdkj (Diffraction Types)
ÝsTuy ÝkWugkWQj
 o`Ùkh; ,isjspj  flaxy iêh
 lh/ks fdukjs ij  Mcyiêh
 o`Ùkh; vojks/kd@fMLd  N-ifê;k¡ ¼foorZu xzsfVax½
 o`Ùkh; ,isjspj
 prqHkqt
Z ,isjps j
(iii) fo|qr ukfHkdh; vfHkfØ;kvksa esa IykTek dkj.k gSMykbZV~l esa Hkh iksysjkWbM dk mi;ksx
(Δt) ⇒ dyk lac)rk le;% og le; ftlesa rkieku Kkr djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
dyk fu;r jgrh gSA (iv) MkWIyj izHkko dk mi;ksx jMkj esa 3. budk mi;ksx Vªsu o ok;q;ku dh f[kM+dh ds
(ΔL) ⇒ dyk lac) yEckbZ% dyk&lac) ,FkjksIysu] jkWdsV bR;kfn dh xfr ekius esa 'kh’ks cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls 'kh’kksa
le; essa r; dh xbZ nwjhA fd;k tkrk gSA ds vanj izdk’k ugha tk ikrk gSA
foHksnu {kerk% (Rsolving Power) ;g
(v) lksukj esa lcejhu tgktksa bR;kfn dk 4. LVsfj;ksLdksfid dSejk ls QksVks ysus ij] rFkk
fdlh midj.k dh og {kerk gS ftlls og
nks fudV fLFkr oLrqvksa ds izfrfcEcksa dks osx Kkr djus] leqnz dh xgjkbZ ekius esa iksysjkWbM p’esa ls ns[kus ij ;g 3-D bQsDV
i`Fkd dj ik,A MkWIyj izHkko dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ¼f=foeh; izHkko½ nsrk gSA
foHksnu dh lhek% (Limit of Resolution) (vi) MkWIyj izHkko bl dkYifud fl)kar dks
fudksy fizTe% (Nicol Prism) ;g ,d
nks oLrqvksa ds e/; dh og U;wure nwjh ekU;rk nsrk gS fd czãkaM c<+ jgk gSA izdkf’kd midj.k gS tks Iysu&iksysjkbTM
izdkf’kd midj.k i`Fkd dj lds] ftls /kqzo.k% (Polarisation) izdk’k iznku djrk gSA
foHksnu dh lhek dgykrh gSA izdk’k ds bysfDVªd lfn’kksa dk iqufuZek.k
vFkkZr~ fdlh izdkf’kd midj.k dh foHksnu ,dy fn’kk esa djuk] /kzqo.k dgykrk gSA
dh lhek] foHksnu {kerk ds O;`RØekuqikrh lkekU; izdk’k esa bysfDVªd lfn’k ry dh
gksrh gSA lHkh laHko fn’kkvksa esa gksrs gSA ¼rjax lapj.k
1. ekbØksLdksi dh foHksnu {kerk izdk’k dh ds yacor~½
rjaxnS/;Z ij o ek/;e ¼oLrq o ekbØksLdksi tc lkekU; izdk’k dks VW;wjesfyu] dsYlkbV iksyjs kWbM izdk’k dh ?kVuk% (Detection of
o DokVZt fØLVy ls xqtkjk tkrk gS rks Polarized Light) ekuo vk¡[k ls ge /kqzfor
ds ySal ds e/;½ ds viorZukad ij fuHkZj o v/kzqfor izdk’k ds e/; varj ugha dj
djrh gSA fuxZr izdk’k ds bysfDVªd lfn’k ,d
ldrs gSa bl gsrq fØLVy] DokVZt fØLVy]
2. VsfyLdksi dh foHksnu {kerk ySal ds O;kl dks fuf’pr fn’kk] tks fØLVy ds v{k ds fudksy fizTe dk mi;ksx /kqzo.k ds fy, djrs
c<+kus o vkifrr izdk’k dh rjaxnS/;Z dks de lekukarj gksrh gS esa gksrs gSA ;g izdk’k ,d gSA
djus ij c<+rh gSA ry&/kqfor izdk’k gskrk gSA og ry ftlesa vuqiz;ksx% (Applications)
MkWIyj izHkko% (Doppler’s Effect) blds /kqfor izdk’k ds daiUu gkssrs gS daiu cy 1. dSejk ySal ds vkxs /kqzfor Xykl yxkus ij
vuqlkj] ;fn izdk’k lzksr o izs{kd ds e/; dgykrk gSA cknyksa dh lkQ QksVks vkrh gSA
lkisf{kd xfr gS rks izs{kd }kjk izkIr dh xbZ /kqzo.k dsoy vuqnS/;Z rjaxksa dk gh gksrk gSA 2. iksysjkWbM 3 – D fiDpj esa iz;qDr gksrs gSA
izdk’k dh vkHkklh vko`fr o izdk’k lzksr }kjk 100 ¼gksyksxzkQh½
mRlftZr okLrfod vko`fr ls fHkUu gksrh gSA S=
lC 3. iqjkuh vkW;y&isafVXl esa jaxksa dks csgrjh ls
L = V~;wc dh yEckbZ n’kkZus ds fy, iksysjkWbM dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Q = izdkf’kd ?kw.kZu 4. dSydqysVj] Vhoh] ?kfM+;ksa bR;kfn esa ftuesa
C = lkanzrk = g/CC LCD yxh gksrh gS mlesa iksysjkWbM Xykl dk
;k % = 20% = 0.2g/CC iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
S = fof’k"V ?kw.kZu 5. /kqzoh; {ks=ksa esa lkSj&dEikl ls usfoxs’ku ds
5% = 0.05 g/CC fy, budk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
iksyjs kWbM% (Polaroids) ;s fØLVyhr /kqzfor 6. fØLVy o v.kqvksa esa vlefefr Kkr djus
inkFkZ dh iryh o vf/kd la[;k esa mifLFkr gsrqA
Cyw f’k¶V% (Blue Shift) tc lzksr o izs{kd 'khVs gksrh gS tks cM+s vuqizLFk&dkV {ks=Qy gksyksxzkQh% (Holography) ;g gksyksxzke
,d&nwljs dh vksj vkrs gS rks ΔV +ve gksrk dh ry&/kqzfor che mRikfnr djus esa l{ke fodflr djus dk foKku gSA
gS vFkkZr~ vkHkklh vko`fr c<sxh o vkHkklh gksrh gSA 1852 esa gsjkIFk us ,d fØLVy dk gksyksxzke% (hologram) ;g f=foeh; fp= gS
rjaxnS/;Z de gksxhA ;g Cyw f’k¶V dgykrk fuekZ.k fd;k ftls gsjkIFkkbZV dgrs gSA ftls ekuo vk¡[k ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
gSA iksyjs kWbM ds vuqiz;ksx% (Applications of
jsM+ f’k¶V% (Red Shif) tc lzkrs o izs{kd Polaroids)
,d nwljs ls nwj tkrs gS rks ΔV –ve gksrk gS 1. lu&Xykslst esa iz;qDr] ,sls p’esa jaxhu Xykl
vFkkZr~ vkHkklh vko`fr de gksxh rFkk vkHkklh ls cus gq, p’eksa dh vis{kk vf/kd n{k gksrs
rjaxnS/;Z c<sxhA gSA
vuqiz;ksx% (Applications) 2. okgu dh foaM&'khYM+ Hkh iksyjs kWbM+ ls cuh
(i) rkjs o xSysDlh dh xfr ukius esa gksrh gS ;s MªkbZoj dks lkeus ls vkus okys
(ii) lw;Z dk blds v{k ds lkis{k ?kw.kZu osx okgu dh pdkpkSa/k jks’kuh ls cpkrs gSA blh xfrt fl)kUr (Kinetic Theory of Gases)
ekius esa tks yxHkx 2 fdeh@lS- gSA
99
xSlksa ds xfrt fl)kar esa cM+h la[;k esa
mi&lw{e d.kksa ¼ijek.kqvksa ;k v.kqvks½a ds :i
esa ,d xSl dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] tks lHkh
fujarj] rhoz] ;k–fPNd xfr esa gSaA ;k–
fPNdrk d.kksa ds dÃ Vdjkoksa ls vkSj daVsuj
dh nhokjksa ds lkFk mRiUu gksrh gSA
xSlksa dk dkbusfVd fl)kar xSlksa ds
eSØksLdksfid xq.kks]a tSls fd ncko] rkieku]
fpifpikgV] rkih; pkydrk vkSj vk;ru dk
mudh vk.kfod lajpuk vkSj xfr ds vkèkkj
ij O;k[;k djrk gSaA fl)kar crkrk gS fd
xSl dk ncko vyx&vyx osxksa ij daVsuj
dh nhokjksa ds lkFk d.kksa ds Vdjko ds dkj.k
gksrk gSA
inkFkks± dk dkbusfVd fl)kar (Kinetic
Theory of matter)
(a) Bksl% (Solids) ;g ,d çdkj dk inkFkZ gS
ftls fuf'pr vkdkj vkSj vk;ru feyk gSA
fdlh Bksl ds nks v.kqvksa ds chp vkd"kZ.k
cy cgqr vfèkd gksrk gSA
(b) nzo% (Liquids) ;g ,d çdkj dk inkFkZ gS
ftls fuf'pr ek=k feyh gS ysfdu dksÃ
fuf'pr vkdkj ugÈ gSA fdlh Hkh nks v.kqvksa
ds chp vkd"kZ.k cy bruk vfèkd ugÈ gksrk
gS ftruk fd Bksl esa A
(c) xSl%sa (Gases) bldk dksÃ fuf'pr vkdkj
;k dksÃ fuf'pr vk;ru ugÈ gSA
100

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ekbØksLdksfid@ vk/kqfud HkkSfrdh ehtksLdksfid esØksLdksfid@ ijEijkxr HkkSfrdh

;kaf=dh(Mechanics) Å"ekxfrdh oS/kqr xfrdh izdkf'kdh

ek=d vkSj eki (Units and measurement)

vfn'k jkf’k;k (Scalar quantity) lfn'k (Vector quantity)

ewy ek=d O;qRiUu ek=d

fps cgs mks SI (Rationalized mks)

vk/kkjHkwrbdkb;k¡ (Fundamental Units) f}rh; bdkbZ;k¡ (Supplementary Units)

oksYVst/Voltage V Volt ML2T-3I-1

dqN egÙoiw.kZ bdkbZ RRB GROUP-D 26/05/19 RRB JE 30/08/19 &

LFkSfrd (Statics) dhusesVhDl (Kinematics) xfrdh (Dynamics)

fLFkj (Rest) xfr (Motion)

dh VElZ (Key Terms)

,dleku (Uniform) vleku (Non- Uniform)

,dleku (Uniform) vleku (Non- Uniform)

,dleku (Uniform) vleku (Non- Uniform)

osx Roj.k osx Roj.k

tsofyu Fkzks] fØdsV ckWy Fkzks bR;kfn esa

U;wVu ds xfr ds fu;e (Newton’s Laws of Motion)

U;wVu dk igyk fu;e% (RRB GROUP-D 20.09.2018, RRB JE

vk?kw.kZ (Torque)% tM+Ro vk?kw.kZ% (Rotational Inertia) og (iii) v2 – u2 = 2as

3. dk;Z ÅtkZ vkSj 'kfDr (Work Energy & Power)

;fn S = 0 ;fn F = 0 ;fn θ = 90°

uksV gksrh gS D;ksfa d xfrt mtkZ xfr esa o`f} ds

lkSyj iSuy% (Solar panel)

xSyhfy;ksa (Galileo) Vkbdks&czkgs (Tycho-Brahe) fl)kar (Theories)

dsiyj ds fu;e (Kepler Laws) (RRB NTPC 20.01.2021)

1stfu;e 2nd fu;e 3rd fu;e

Hkw&fLFkj@Hkw&rqY;dkfydmixzg /kzqoh; mixzg

mixzg ls lacfa /kr rF; (Terms Related of satellite)

g esa ifjorZu (Variation of g)

• vr% ;fn ge Hkwe/; ls /kzqoksa

g ds eku esa ifjorZu% [g = xq:Roh; Roj.k]

5. xfrd oS|qfrdh (Electrodynamics)

bysDVªksu ds ikl Økal djus ds fy, de txg

lsyksa ds lewg dks cSVjh dgrs gSA

fo|qr&jklk;fud lsy ds izdkj (Types)

Magnets and Magnetic Field

pqEcdh; {ks= dh {kerk

Magnetism from Electricity

Electricity from Magnetism

ehluj dk izHkko (Meissner Effect) ¶ysfeax ds nkfgus gkFk dk fu;e%

6. fo|qr midj.k (Electrical Devices)

Battery DC Power Supply AC Power Supply

Voltmeter Ammeter Motor Generator

Capacitor Solar Cell Transformer Earthing

laosnd% (Sensors) os midj.k gksrs gS rks

7. v)Zpkyd bysDVªksfuDl (Semiconductor Electronics)

uSt v)Zpkyd (Intrinsic semiconductor) vinzO;h v)Zpkyd (Extrinic Semiconductor)

8. rjaxs vkSj nksyu (Waves and oscillations)

;kaf=d rjaxs (Mechanical Waves) fo|qrpqacdh; rjaxs nzO; rjaxs¼Mh&czksXyh rjax½

f'k[kj (Crest) xrZ (Through) alihM+u (Compression) fojyu (Rerefaction)

rjax ,oa nksyu (Waves and Oscillations)

vkof/kd xfr (Periodic Motion) nksyr 'khy xfr (Oscillatory Motion)

vkorZ (Harmonic) js[kh; ;k vljy vkoZr (Non-Harmonic)

fLFkj rajxs (Standing or Stationary wave)

vuqnS/;Z fLFkjrjaxs vuqizLFk fLFkj rajxsa