TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Outline
1 TRIGONOMETRY
2 TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
3 RADIANS AND ANGLES
4 EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ
5 EXAMPLES
6 TRIG RATIOS OF 30◦ , 45◦ , 60◦
7 SOME TRIG IDENTITIES
8 MULTIPLE ANGLES
9 TANGENTS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
10 HALF ANGLES
11 FACTOR FOMULAE
12 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

TRIGONOMETRY
DEFINITION
Trigonometry means ”measurement of triangles”.A positive angle
measures a rotation in an anticlockwise direction.

90◦

2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant

180◦ 0◦ , 360◦

3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant

270◦
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Outline
1 TRIGONOMETRY
2 TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
3 RADIANS AND ANGLES
4 EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ
5 EXAMPLES
6 TRIG RATIOS OF 30◦ , 45◦ , 60◦
7 SOME TRIG IDENTITIES
8 MULTIPLE ANGLES
9 TANGENTS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
10 HALF ANGLES
11 FACTOR FOMULAE
12 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS

Hypotenuse (H)
Opposite (O)

90◦ θ
Adjacent (A)

O
sinθ =
H
A
cosθ =
H
O
tanθ =
A
sinθ
tanθ =
cosθ
sin θ + cos 2 θ = 1
2
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Outline
1 TRIGONOMETRY
2 TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
3 RADIANS AND ANGLES
4 EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ
5 EXAMPLES
6 TRIG RATIOS OF 30◦ , 45◦ , 60◦
7 SOME TRIG IDENTITIES
8 MULTIPLE ANGLES
9 TANGENTS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
10 HALF ANGLES
11 FACTOR FOMULAE
12 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

RADIANS AND ANGLES

Π Radian = 180◦◦
180 Π
1Radian = and 1◦ = radians
Π 180
180
To change from radians to degrees, multiply by and from degrees to
Π
Π
radian multiply by
180

COMMON ANGLES
Π Π Π Π 3Π
Angles in radians 0 Π 2Π
6 4 3 2 2

Angles in degrees 0 30◦ 45◦ 60◦ 90◦ 180◦ 270◦ 360◦

TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Outline
1 TRIGONOMETRY
2 TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
3 RADIANS AND ANGLES
4 EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ
5 EXAMPLES
6 TRIG RATIOS OF 30◦ , 45◦ , 60◦
7 SOME TRIG IDENTITIES
8 MULTIPLE ANGLES
9 TANGENTS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
10 HALF ANGLES
11 FACTOR FOMULAE
12 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE

ANGLE, θ

90◦

S A
2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant
180◦ − θ θ
180 ◦ 0◦ , 360◦
θ − 180◦ 360◦ − θ
3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant
T C

270◦
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

1st Quadrant 2nd Quadrant

+sinθ, +cosθ, +tanθ sinθ = sin(180◦ − θ)

cosθ = −cos(180 − θ)
tanθ = −tan(180 − θ)

3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant

sinθ = −sin(θ − 180◦ ) sinθ = −sin(θ − 180◦ )

cosθ = −cos(θ − 180◦ ) cosθ = cos(θ − 180◦ )
tanθ = +tan(θ − 180◦ ) tanθ = −tan(360◦ − θ)
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Outline
1 TRIGONOMETRY
2 TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
3 RADIANS AND ANGLES
4 EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ
5 EXAMPLES
6 TRIG RATIOS OF 30◦ , 45◦ , 60◦
7 SOME TRIG IDENTITIES
8 MULTIPLE ANGLES
9 TANGENTS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
10 HALF ANGLES
11 FACTOR FOMULAE
12 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

EXAMPLES

sin150◦ = sin(180◦ − 150◦ ) = sin30◦

cos150◦ = −cos(180◦ − 150◦ ) = −cos30◦
sin240◦ = −sin(240◦ − 180◦ ) = −sin60◦
tan300◦ = −tan(360◦ − 300◦ ) = −tan60◦
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Outline
1 TRIGONOMETRY
2 TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
3 RADIANS AND ANGLES
4 EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ
5 EXAMPLES
6 TRIG RATIOS OF 30◦ , 45◦ , 60◦
7 SOME TRIG IDENTITIES
8 MULTIPLE ANGLES
9 TANGENTS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
10 HALF ANGLES
11 FACTOR FOMULAE
12 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

TRIG RATIOS OF 30◦ , 45◦ , 60◦

30◦
30◦
2 √ 2
3

60◦ 60◦
1 1
√
3 1
sin60◦ = sin30◦ =
2 2
√
1 3
cos60◦ = cos30◦ =
2 2
√ 1
tan60◦ = 3 tan30◦ = √
3
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

45◦ √
2
1
90◦
45◦
1
1
sin45◦ = √
2
◦ 1
cos45 = √
2
tan45◦ = 1
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Outline
1 TRIGONOMETRY
2 TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
3 RADIANS AND ANGLES
4 EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ
5 EXAMPLES
6 TRIG RATIOS OF 30◦ , 45◦ , 60◦
7 SOME TRIG IDENTITIES
8 MULTIPLE ANGLES
9 TANGENTS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
10 HALF ANGLES
11 FACTOR FOMULAE
12 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

SOME TRIG IDENTITIES

1 sin2 θ + cos 2 θ =1
Dividing through by sin2 θ
sin2 θ cos 2 θ
 
2 2 1
2 1 + cot θ = cosec θ + =
sin2 θ sin2 θ sin2 θ
Dividing through by cos 2 θ
sin2 θ cos 2 θ
 
2 2 1
3 tan θ + 1 = sec θ + =
cos 2 θ cos 2 θ cos 2 θ
1 1 1
4 = cosecθ ; = secθ ; = cotθ
sinθ cosθ tanθ
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO ANGLES

sin(A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB

sin(A − B) = sinAcosB − cosAsinB
cos(A + B) = cosAcosB − sinAsinB
cos(A − B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Outline
1 TRIGONOMETRY
2 TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
3 RADIANS AND ANGLES
4 EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ
5 EXAMPLES
6 TRIG RATIOS OF 30◦ , 45◦ , 60◦
7 SOME TRIG IDENTITIES
8 MULTIPLE ANGLES
9 TANGENTS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
10 HALF ANGLES
11 FACTOR FOMULAE
12 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

MULTIPLE ANGLES

sin2A = sin(A + A) = sinAcosA + cosAsinA

= 2sinAcosA
cos2A = cos(A + A) = cosAcosA − sinAsinA
= cos 2 A − sin2 A
Using sin2 A + cos 2 A = 1
cos2A = cos 2 A − (1 − cos 2 A)
= 2cos 2 A − 1
=⇒ 2cos 2 A = cos2A + 1
 
2 1
cos A = 1 + cos2A
2
Also,
cos2A = sin2 A − cos 2 A
= 1 − sin2 A − sin2 A
= 1 − 2sin2 A
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

 
1
=⇒ sin2 A = 1 − cos2A
2

Example
4 12
if cosα = and cosβ = ,find the value of sin(α − β)
5 13
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Solution

5
x

α
4
x 2 + 42 = 52
x 2 = 25 − 16
x2 = 9
x =3

13
x

β
12
x + 12 = 132
2 2

x 2 = 169 − 144
x 2 = 25
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

x =5

3 5
sinα = , sinβ =
5 13
sin(α − β) = sinαcosβ − cosαsinβ
3 12 4 5
= ∗ − ∗
5 13 5 13
16
=
65
Prove that
sinθ 1 − cosθ
(i) =
1 + cosθ sinθ
(ii) Find the value of sin15◦ , leaving answer in surd form.
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Solution
(i)

sinθ sinθ 1 − cosθ

= ∗
1 + cosθ 1 + cosθ 1 − cosθ
sinθ(1 − cosθ) sinθ(1 − cosθ)
= =
1 − cos 2 θ sin2 θ
1 − cosθ
=
sinθ
(ii)

sin15◦ = sin(45◦ − 30◦ ) = sin45◦ cos30◦ − cos45◦ sin30◦

√
1 3 1 1
=√ ∗ −√ ∗
2 2 2 2
√ √ √
3−1 3−1 2
= √ = √ ∗√
2 2 2 2 2
√ √
6− 2
=
4
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Outline
1 TRIGONOMETRY
2 TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
3 RADIANS AND ANGLES
4 EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ
5 EXAMPLES
6 TRIG RATIOS OF 30◦ , 45◦ , 60◦
7 SOME TRIG IDENTITIES
8 MULTIPLE ANGLES
9 TANGENTS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
10 HALF ANGLES
11 FACTOR FOMULAE
12 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

TANGENTS OF COMPOUND ANGLES

sin(A + B)
tan(A + B) =
cos(A + B)
sinAcosB + cosAsinB
=
cosAcosB − sinAsinB
sinAcosB cosAsinB
+
= cosAcosB cosAcosB
cosAcosB sinAsinB
−
cosAcosB cosAcosB
tanA + tanB
=
1 − tanAtanB
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

sin(A − B)
tan(A − B) =
cos(A − B)
sinAcosB − cosAsinB
=
cosAcosB + sinAsinB
sinAcosB cosAsinB
−
= cosAcosB cosAcosB
cosAcosB sinAsinB
+
cosAcosB cosAcosB
tanA − tanB
=
1 + tanAtanB
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

sin3A = sin(2A + A)
= sin2AcosA + cos2AsinA
= (2sinAcosA)cosA + (cos 2 A − sin2 A)sinA
= 2sinAcos 2 A + sinAcos 2 A − sin3 A
= 3sinAcos 2 A − sin3 A

cos3A = sin(2A + A)
= cos2AcosA − sin2AsinA
= (cos 2 A − sin2 A)cosA − (2sinAcosA)sinA
= cos 3 A − sin2 AcosA − 2sin2 AcosA
= cos 3 A − 3sin2 AcosA
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

tan3A = tan(2A + A)
tan2A + tanA
=
1 − tan2AtanA
 
2tanA
+ tanA
1 − tan2 A
=  
2tanA
1− tanA
1 − tan2 A
2tanA + tanA(1 − tan2 A)
=
1 − tan2 A − 2tanAtanA
2tanA + tanA − tan3 A
=
1 − tan2 A − 2tan2 A
3tanA − tan3 A
=
1 − 3tan2 A
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Solving Problems
t = tanθ,
√ simplify the following
(i) 1 + t 2
t
(ii) √
1 + t2
solution

p p
(i) 1 + t 2 = 1 + tan2 θ
√
= sec 2 θ
= secθ

t tanθ tanθ
(ii) =√ =√ =√
1+t 2 2
1 + tan θ sec 2 θ
tanθ sinθ 1 sinθ
= = ∗ = ∗ cosθ
secθ cosθ secθ cosθ
= sinθ
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Outline
1 TRIGONOMETRY
2 TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
3 RADIANS AND ANGLES
4 EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ
5 EXAMPLES
6 TRIG RATIOS OF 30◦ , 45◦ , 60◦
7 SOME TRIG IDENTITIES
8 MULTIPLE ANGLES
9 TANGENTS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
10 HALF ANGLES
11 FACTOR FOMULAE
12 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

HALF ANGLES

sin2A = 2sinAcosB
A A
=⇒ sinA = 2sin cos
2 2
cos2A = cos 2 A − sin2 A
A A
=⇒ cosA = cos 2 − sin2
2 2
A A
= 1 − 2sin2 = 2cos 2 − 1
2 2
2tanA 2tan A2
tan2A = = tanA =
1 − tan2 A 1 − tan2 A2
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

EXPRESSINGHALF ANGLES
 IN TERMS OF
A
TANGENTS t = tan
B

A A
sinA = 2sin cos
2 2
A A A
sin cos 2sin
2 2 2 2
A A A A
2sin cos cos 2 cos
= 2 2 = 2 = 2
2
A 2
A 2A 2A 2
A
sin + cos sin cos tan +1
2 2 2 + 2 2
A A
cos 2 cos 2
2 2
2t
=
1 + t2
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

A A
cosA = 2cos 2 − sin2
2 2
A A
cos 2
sin2
2 − 2
A A A A
cos 2 − sin2 cos 2 cos 2 2
= 2 2 = 2 2 = 1−t
A A A A 1+t 2
sin2 + cos 2 sin2 cos 2
2 2 2 + 2
A A
cos 2 cos 2
2 2
A
2tan 2t
tanA = 2 =
A 1 − t2
1 − tan2
2
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Outline
1 TRIGONOMETRY
2 TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
3 RADIANS AND ANGLES
4 EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ
5 EXAMPLES
6 TRIG RATIOS OF 30◦ , 45◦ , 60◦
7 SOME TRIG IDENTITIES
8 MULTIPLE ANGLES
9 TANGENTS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
10 HALF ANGLES
11 FACTOR FOMULAE
12 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

FACTOR FOMULAE

   
A+B A−B
sinA + sinB = 2sin cos
2 2
   
A+B A−B
sinA − sinB = 2cos sin
2 2
   
A+B A−B
cosA + cosB = 2cos cos
2 2
   
A+B A−B
cosA − cosB = −2sin sin
2 2
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Example

Exx 1. Express sin4θ + sinθ as a factor

Solution

1 1
sinA + sinB = 2sin (A + B)cos (A − B)
2 2
1 1
=⇒ sinθ + sinθ = 2sin 5θcos 3θ
2 2
5θ
= 2sin cos2θ
2
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

Outline
1 TRIGONOMETRY
2 TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
3 RADIANS AND ANGLES
4 EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ
5 EXAMPLES
6 TRIG RATIOS OF 30◦ , 45◦ , 60◦
7 SOME TRIG IDENTITIES
8 MULTIPLE ANGLES
9 TANGENTS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
10 HALF ANGLES
11 FACTOR FOMULAE
12 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS RADIANS AND ANGLES EXPRESSING ALL OTHER ANGLES IN THE ACUTE ANGLE, θ EXAM

PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
Exx Eliminate θ from the following equations.
(i) x = 3cosθ -5 and y = 3 + 2sinθ
(ii) atanθ and y = bcosθ
Soln,
x +5 y −3
(i) cosθ = and sinθ =
3 2
 2  2
x +5 y −3
+ = cos 2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
3 2
x y
(ii) tanθ = and cosθ =
a b
1 b
=⇒ = secθ =
cosθ y

But tan2 θ + 1 = sec 2 θ

 2  2
x b x2 b2
+1= =⇒ 2 + 1 = 2
a y a y