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Mathematics Grade 10 Unit 1 Note 1

This document contains notes from a mathematics class on relations and functions. It is divided into 5 lessons: 1. It defines relations as sets of ordered pairs and provides examples of different relations. 2. It defines the domain and range of a relation as the sets of first and second coordinates of the ordered pairs. More examples of finding domains and ranges are given. 3. It discusses representing relations graphically by plotting the ordered pairs on a coordinate plane. Examples of graphs of both equalities and inequalities are shown. 4. It defines functions as a special type of relation where no two ordered pairs have the same first element. Examples of determining if a relation is a function and finding domains and

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0% found this document useful (1 vote)
2K views10 pages

Mathematics Grade 10 Unit 1 Note 1

This document contains notes from a mathematics class on relations and functions. It is divided into 5 lessons: 1. It defines relations as sets of ordered pairs and provides examples of different relations. 2. It defines the domain and range of a relation as the sets of first and second coordinates of the ordered pairs. More examples of finding domains and ranges are given. 3. It discusses representing relations graphically by plotting the ordered pairs on a coordinate plane. Examples of graphs of both equalities and inequalities are shown. 4. It defines functions as a special type of relation where no two ordered pairs have the same first element. Examples of determining if a relation is a function and finding domains and

Uploaded by

zalyly
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relation and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

Unit 1
Relations and Functions
Lesson 1
1. Relations
Definition: Relation is a set whose elements are ordered pairs.
Example: 𝑅 = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6)}
Definition: If A and B are sets, a relation R from A to B is any subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵. In
other words, R is a relation from A to B if and only if 𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵.
Definition: If R is a relation from A to A, then R is a relation on A. i.e. 𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐴
Examples:
1. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,4,6,7} and 𝐵 = {5,12,7,8,9,3}. List all ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦)which satisfies
each of the following where 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵.
a) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): x is greater than y}
𝑅 = {(4,3), (6,5), (6,3), (7,5), (7,3)}
b) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): y is a multiple of x}
𝑅 = {(1,5), (1,12), (1,7), (1,8), (1,9)(1,3), (2,12), (2,8), (4,12), (4,8), (6,12), (7,7)}
2. Let 𝐴 = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}. List all ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦)which satisfies each of the
following where 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴.
c) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): x is the square of y}
𝑅 = {(0,0), (1,1), (4,2), (9,3)}
d) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): x is the prime factors of y}
𝑅 = {(2,2), (2,4), (2,6), (2,8), (3,3)(3,6), (3,9), (5,5), (7,7)}
3. Let = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} , 𝐵 = {2,4,6,8} and 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4}.
List all the elements of R.
𝑅 = {(3,2), (4,4), (5,6), (6,8)}
4. Let 𝐴 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑁, 𝑥 ≤ 4 } and 𝐵 = {1,4,9,16}. Then:
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵}

Lesson 2
Domain and Range
Definition: Let R be a relation from A to B. Then
i. Domain: the set of all first coordinates of elements of R.
i.e. Domain:𝑅 = {𝑥: (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑦}

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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relation and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

ii. Range: the set of all second coordinates of elements of R.


i.e. Domain:𝑅 = {𝑦: (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑥}

Examples:

1. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}. If 𝑅: 𝐴 ⟶ 𝐴, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1}, then:


a) List all the elements of R.
𝑅 = {(1,3), (2,5), (3,7)}
b) Domain of: 𝑅 = {1,2,3}
c) Range of: 𝑅 = {3,5,7}
d) If (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅, then (𝑦, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅. True/False. No, order is important in relation.
2. Find the domain and the range of:
a) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 2 }
Domain of 𝑅: {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 2}
Range of 𝑅: {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0}
b) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 }
Domain of 𝑅: {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range of 𝑅: {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 1}
c) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 1 }
Domain of 𝑅: {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range of 𝑅: {𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
d) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = |2𝑥 + 1| }
Domain of 𝑅: {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range of 𝑅: {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0}
e) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 > −2𝑥 + 1 }
Domain of 𝑅: {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range of 𝑅: {𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Lesson 3
Graphs of Relations

The graph of relation is the graph of its order pairs.


ℝ × ℝ = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ∈ ℝ} is represented by a set of points in the 𝑥 − 𝑦 coordinate
system.

Examples:

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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relation and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

1. Let 𝐴 = {2,3,5} and 𝐵 = {6,7,10} and 𝑅: 𝐴 ⟶ 𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑦}


𝑅 = {(2,6), (2,10), (3,6), (5,10)}

2. The graph of inequality


a) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 < 12}
The boundary line equation: 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12
x-intercept (6,0) and y-intercept (0, -4)
Plot the x and y intercept and connect it with broken line and take a testing
point to shade the parts that satisfies the relation.

Testing point (0,0)


b) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 ≥ 6}
The boundary line equation: 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 6
x-intercept (2,0) and y-intercept (0, -3)
Plot the x and y intercept and connect it with hidden line and take a testing
point to shade the parts that satisfies the relation.

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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relation and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

Testing point (0,0)


c) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 2 }
The boundary line equation: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2
𝑦 4 1 0 1 4
Plot the points and connect it with hidden line and take a testing point to
shade the parts that satisfies the relation.

Use vertical line test to check the domain


Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Use Horizontal line test to check the range
Range= {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0}

3. The graph of relation with two or more inequalities.


Let 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 4, 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≥ −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ≥ −1}

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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relation and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

4. Specify the relation and determine the domain and the range.

3
i) For 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 = −6, putting as 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 3. Since the boundary line is solid and
3
above it is shaded, we use:𝑦 ≥ 2 𝑥 − 3 or 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 ≥ −6.
ii) For 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 2, putting as 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2. Since the boundary line is broken and
below it is shaded, we use:𝑦 < −𝑥 + 2 or 𝑦 + 𝑥 < 2.
iii) The shaded part is at the right of y-axis (𝑥 = 0) means 𝑥 ≥ 0.
Therefore, the of the graph the relation is:
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 + 𝑥 < 2, 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 ≥ −6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≥ 0}
Use vertical line test to check the domain. Domain= {x: 0 < x < 2}
Use Horizontal line test to check the range. Range= {y: −3 ≤ y < 2}

Lesson 4
2. Functions

Definition: A function is a relation in which no two ordered pairs have the same first
component.

Domain and Range of functions


Domain: is the first component of the ordered pairs.
Range: is the second component of the ordered pairs.
Every relation is not a function but every function is a relation.
Examples:
State whether the relation is a function and state the domain and the range.
1) 𝐴 = {(2,4), (3,6), (5,8)} Function
2) 𝐵 = {(2,3), (2,4), (3,7)} Not Function
3) 𝐶 = {(3,2), (4,3), (4,5)} Function
4) 𝐷 = {(4,3), (0,2), (4,5)} Not Function
5) 𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑥} Not Function
6) 𝐹 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑥} Function

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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relation and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

7) 𝐺 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑥} Not Function


8) 𝐻 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑦} Not Function
9) 𝐼 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑥} Function
10) 𝐽 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = |𝑥|} Function
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0}
11) 𝐾 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 = |𝑦|} Not Function
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 0}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
12) 𝐿 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 } Function
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0}
13) 𝑀 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 } Not Function
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 0}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
14) 𝑁 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 = 4} Not Function(one to many relation is not function)
Domain= {4}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
15) 𝑂 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 4} Function(many to one relation is function)
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range = {4}
16) 𝑃 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 3} Function(one to one relation is function)
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
17) 𝑄 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 > 4𝑥 + 3} Not Function(many to many relation is not function)
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Lesson 5
Finding functional value
A function 𝑓 is mapping of a relation from set A to set B, we write, 𝑓: 𝐴 ⟶ 𝐵 if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴
and ∈ 𝐵 , 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)read as “𝑦 is a function of 𝑥”, “ 𝑓 of 𝑥”, “𝑓 at 𝑥”.
If (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑓 means 𝑓 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)}

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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relation and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

Examples:

1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 4
𝑓(8) = √8 − 4 = 2
𝑓(4) = √4 − 4 = 0
𝑓(2) = √2 − 4 = √−2 ∉ ℝ
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 4}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0}
2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + √𝑥 − 3
𝑓(4) = 3(4) + √4 − 3 = 13
𝑓(2) = 3(2) + √2 − 3 ∉ ℝ
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 3}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 9}
2𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < −4
3. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 2 + 2 𝑖𝑓 − 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
𝑥 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 5
𝑓(3) = 32 + 2 = 11
𝑓(−6) = 2(−6) + 3 = −9
𝑓(7) = 73 = 343
1
4. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , then

Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ 0} = ℝ\{0}


Range = ℝ\{0}
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = |2𝑥 + 1| + 2
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 2}

Lesson 6
Combination of functions

Functions like numbers can be added, subtracted multiplied and divided. If 𝑓 and 𝑔
𝑓
are functions, then 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔, 𝑓. 𝑔 and are the function denoted by:
𝑔

i) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)


ii) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
iii) (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)

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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relation and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
iv) 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0

The domain of: 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 is the intersection of the domain of 𝑓 and the
domain of 𝑔
𝑓
The domain of is the intersection of the domain of 𝑓 and the domain of 𝑔, but
𝑔

𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0.
Examples:
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2
i) Find (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 2𝑥 + 4
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 − (3𝑥 + 2) = −4𝑥
(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) = (2 − 𝑥)(3𝑥 + 2) = −3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
Domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 is ℝ
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 2−𝑥
ii) 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥+2
𝑓 2
Domain of = ℝ\ {− 3}
𝑔
𝑥 𝑥−3
2. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝑥 𝑥−3
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = +
𝑥−2 2𝑥
2𝑥 2 +(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
= 2𝑥(𝑥−2)

2𝑥 2 +𝑥 2 −3𝑥−2𝑥+6
= 2𝑥(𝑥−2)

3𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
= 2𝑥(𝑥−2)

𝑥 𝑥−3
(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) = .
𝑥−2 2𝑥
𝑥−3
= 2𝑥−4

Domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 is ℝ{0,2}


𝑥
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥−2 𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 2
(𝑥) = = 𝑥−3 = . =
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 3 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)
2𝑥
𝑓
Domain of = ℝ\{0,2,3}
𝑔

3. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √1 − 𝑥


(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥
(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 2𝑥√1 − 𝑥

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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relation and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

Domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 is {𝑥/𝑥 ≤ 1}


𝑓 2𝑥
(𝑥) =
𝑔 √1 − 𝑥
𝑓
Domain of = {𝑥/𝑥 < 1}
𝑔

4. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = {(1,3), (3,9), (5,15), (7,21)} and


𝑔(𝑥) = {(1,20), (2,15), (3,10), (4,5), (5,0)}
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = {(1,23), (3,19), (5,15)}
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = {(1, −17), (3, −1), (5,15)}
(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = {(1,60), (3,90), (5,0)}
Domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 is {1,3,5}
𝑓 3 9
(𝑥) = {(1, ) , (3, )}
𝑔 20 10
𝑓
Domain of = {1,3}
𝑔

5. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 − 3𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑥 − 5. Determine


a) 2𝑓 + 𝑔 = 2(8 − 3𝑥) + (−𝑥 − 5)
= 16 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 − 5
= −7𝑥 + 11
b) 3𝑓𝑔 = 3(8 − 3𝑥)(−𝑥 − 5)
= (24 − 9𝑥)(−𝑥 − 5)
= 9𝑥 2 + 21𝑥 − 120

Lesson 7
Evaluating functional values of combined functions

Examples:

1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = {(1,3), (2,4), (5,7), (8,9), (10,0)} and


𝑔(𝑥) = {(1,4), (2,0), (3,5), (8,1), (10,6)}
a) Domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 is {1,2,8,10}
b) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = {(1,7), (2,4), (8,10), (10,6)}
c) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = {(1, −1), (2,4), (8,8), (10, −6)}
d) (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = {(1,12), (2,0), (8,9), (10,0)}
𝑓
e) Domain of = {1,8,10}
𝑔
𝑓 3
f) (𝑥) = {(1, ) , (8,9), (10,0)}
𝑔 4

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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relation and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

𝑓 𝑓(8) 9
g) (2𝑓 − 𝑔) (8) = 2𝑓(8) − 𝑔(8) = 2 × 9 − 1 = 9

h) (3𝑓 − 4𝑔)(1) = 3𝑓(1) − 4𝑔(1) = 3 × 3 − 4 × 4 = −7


i) 𝑓 2 = {(1,9), (2,16), (5,49), (8,81), (10,0)}
2. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 3𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3
𝑓 𝑓(4) −10
a) (4) = = = −10
𝑔 𝑔(4) 1

b) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(4) = 𝑓(4) + 𝑔(4) = −10 + 1 = −9


3. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥
𝑓 𝑓(3) 2 2 1
c) (3) = = 2×9 = 18 = 9
2𝑔 2𝑔(3)

d) (2𝑓 + 3𝑔)(1) = 2𝑓(1) + 3𝑔(1) = 2 × 0 + 3 × 3 = 9

NB- Dear Student read the grade 10 Mathematics


text book in addition to the handouts we are sending.

Tr. Abel Kassu Page 10

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