Chem 1

A company manufactures ethanol (C2H5OH).
1.
The reaction for the process is:
C2H4(g) + H2O(g) C2H5OH(g) ΔH = −45 kJ per mole
The temperature and pressure can be changed to increase the yield of ethanol at equilibrium.
(a) Explain what is meant by equilibrium.
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(3)
(b) (i) How would increasing the temperature change the yield of ethanol at equilibrium?
Give a reason for your answer.
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(2)
(ii) How would increasing the pressure change the yield of ethanol at equilibrium?
Give a reason for your answer.
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(2)
Page 1 of 55
(c) A catalyst is added to increase the rate of the reaction.
Explain how adding a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Pure carbon can exist in two forms, diamond and graphite.

2.
(a) Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of a carbon atom.
A carbon atom has 6 electrons.
Show the electrons as crosses (x).
(1)
Page 2 of 55
(b) A drill bit is used to cut holes through materials. The cutting end of this drill bit is covered
with very small diamonds.
By Wanderlinse [CC By 2.0], via Flickr
(i) What property of diamond makes it suitable for use on the cutting end of a drill bit?
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(1)
(ii) Explain, as fully as you can, why diamond has this property. Use your knowledge of
the structure and bonding of diamond and the information shown opposite to help you
to answer this question.
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(3)
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(c) Explain why graphite is a good conductor of electricity and why diamond does not conduct
electricity.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
This question is about the halogens.

3.
Table 1 shows the melting points and boiling points of some halogens.
Table 1
Element Melting point in °C Boiling point in °C
Fluorine –220 –188
Chlorine –101 –35
Bromine –7 59
Page 4 of 55
(a) What is the state of bromine at 0 °C and at 100 °C?
✓) one box.
Tick (✓
State at 0 °C State at 100 °C
Gas Gas
Gas Liquid
Liquid Gas
Liquid Liquid
Solid Gas
Solid Liquid
(1)
(b) Explain the trend in boiling points of the halogens shown in Table 1.
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(4)
Page 5 of 55
(c) Why is it not correct to say that the boiling point of a single bromine molecule is 59 °C?
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(1)
Iron reacts with each of the halogens in their gaseous form.
The diagram below shows the apparatus used.
(d) Give one reason why this experiment should be done in a fume cupboard.
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(1)
(e) Explain why the reactivity of the halogens decreases going down the group.
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(3)
Page 6 of 55
(f) A teacher investigated the reaction of iron with chlorine using the apparatus in the above
diagram.
The word equation for the reaction is:
iron + chlorine → iron chloride
The teacher weighed:

• the glass tube
• the glass tube and iron before the reaction
• the glass tube and iron chloride after the reaction.
Table 2 shows the teacher’s results.
Table 2
Mass in g
Glass tube 51.56
Glass tube and iron 56.04
Glass tube and iron chloride 64.56
Calculate the simplest whole number ratio of:
moles of iron atoms : moles of chlorine atoms
Determine the balanced equation for the reaction.
Relative atomic masses (Ar): Cl = 35.5 Fe = 56
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Moles of iron atoms : moles of chlorine atoms = __________ : __________
Equation for the reaction ________________________________________________

(6)
(Total 16 marks)
Page 7 of 55
This question is about Group 7 elements.
4.
Chlorine is more reactive than iodine.
(a) Name the products formed when chlorine solution reacts with potassium iodide solution.
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(1)
(b) Explain why chlorine is more reactive than iodine.
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(3)
(c) Chlorine reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride.
Explain why hydrogen chloride is a gas at room temperature.
Answer in terms of structure and bonding.
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(3)
(d) Bromine reacts with methane in sunlight.
The diagram below shows the displayed formulae for the reaction of bromine with methane.
Page 8 of 55
The table below shows the bond energies and the overall energy change in the reaction.
Overall energy
C—H Br—Br C—Br H—Br
change
Energy in
412 193 X 366 −51
kJ/mol
Calculate the bond energy X for the C—Br bond.
Use the diagram and the table above.
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Bond energy X = _______________ kJ/mol

(4)
(Total 11 marks)
This question is about chemical reactions and electricity.

5.
(a) Electrolysis and chemical cells both involve chemical reactions and electricity.
Explain the difference between the processes in electrolysis and in a chemical cell.
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(2)
Page 9 of 55
(b) A teacher demonstrates the electrolysis of molten lead bromide.
Bromine is produced at the positive electrode.
Complete the half equation for the production of bromine.
You should balance the half equation.
(2)
(c) Two aqueous salt solutions are electrolysed using inert electrodes.
Complete the table below to show the product at each electrode.
Product at positive Product at negative

Salt solution
electrode electrode
Copper nitrate copper
Potassium iodide
(3)
Page 10 of 55
Some students investigated the electrolysis of copper nitrate solution using inert electrodes.
Figure 1 shows the apparatus.
Figure 1
The students investigated how the mass of copper produced at the negative electrode varied
with:
• time
• current.
This is the method used.

1. Weigh the negative electrode.
2. Set up the apparatus shown in Figure 1.
3. Adjust the power supply until the ammeter shows a current of 0.3 A
4. Switch off the power supply after 5 minutes.
5. Rinse the negative electrode with water and allow to dry.
6. Reweigh the negative electrode.
7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 for different times.
8. Repeat steps 1 to 7 at different currents.
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(d) Some of the copper produced did not stick to the negative electrode but fell to the bottom of
the beaker.
Suggest how the students could find the total mass of copper produced.
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(4)
The students plotted their results on a graph.
Figure 2 shows the graph.
Figure 2
A student correctly concluded that the total mass of copper produced is directly proportional both
to the time and to the current.
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(e) How do the results in Figure 2 support the conclusion that the total mass of copper
produced is directly proportional to the time?
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(1)
(f) How do the results in Figure 2 support the conclusion that the total mass of copper
produced is directly proportional to the current?
Use data from Figure 2 in your answer.
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(1)
(g) Copper nitrate solution is blue.
Suggest why the blue colour of the copper nitrate solution fades during the electrolysis.
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(1)
(h) Determine the number of atoms of copper produced when copper nitrate solution is
electrolysed for 20 minutes at a current of 0.6 A
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
Use Figure 2.
Relative atomic mass (Ar): Cu = 63.5
The Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 1023 per mole
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Number of atoms (3 significant figures) = _______________

(3)
(Total 17 marks)
Page 13 of 55
A student investigated the reactions of copper carbonate and copper oxide with dilute
6. hydrochloric acid.
In both reactions one of the products is copper chloride.
(a) Describe how a sample of copper chloride crystals could be made from copper carbonate
and dilute hydrochloric acid.
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(4)
(b) A student wanted to make 11.0 g of copper chloride.
The equation for the reaction is:
CuCO3 + 2HCl → CuCl2 + H2O + CO2
Relative atomic masses, Ar: H = 1; C = 12; O = 16; Cl = 35.5; Cu = 63.5
Calculate the mass of copper carbonate the student should react with dilute hydrochloric
acid to make 11.0 g of copper chloride.
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Mass of copper carbonate = _________________________ g

(4)
Page 14 of 55
(c) The percentage yield of copper chloride was 79.1 %.
Calculate the mass of copper chloride the student actually produced.
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Actual mass of copper chloride produced = ____________ g

(2)
(d) Look at the equations for the two reactions:
Reaction 1 CuCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Reaction 2 CuO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
Reactive formula masses: CuO = 79.5; HCl = 36.5; CuCl2 = 134.5; H2O = 18
The percentage atom economy for a reaction is calculated using:
Calculate the percentage atom economy for Reaction 2.
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Percentage atom economy = ________________________ %

(3)
(e) The atom economy for Reaction 1 is 68.45 %.

Compare the atom economies of the two reactions for making copper chloride.
Give a reason for the difference.
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(1)
(Total 14 marks)
Page 15 of 55
The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen releases energy.
7.
(a) A student drew a reaction profile for the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.
Figure 1 shows the student's reaction profile.
Figure 1
The student made two errors when drawing the reaction profile.
Describe the two errors.
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2 _________________________________________________________________
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(2)
Page 16 of 55
(b) The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in a hydrogen fuel cell is used to produce
electricity.
Hydrogen fuel cells and rechargeable cells are used to power some cars.
Give two advantages of using hydrogen fuel cells instead of using rechargeable cells to
power cars.
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(2)
(c) Reactions occur at the positive electrode and at the negative electrode in a hydrogen fuel
cell.
Write a half equation for one of these reactions.
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(1)
(d) The three states of matter can be represented by a simple particle model.
Figure 2 shows a simple particle model for hydrogen gas.
Figure 2
Give two limitations of this simple particle model for hydrogen gas.
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(2)
Page 17 of 55
(e) The hydrogen gas needed to power a car for 400 km would occupy a large volume.
Suggest one way that this volume can be reduced.
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(1)
(f) The energy needed for a car powered by a hydrogen fuel cell to travel 100 km is 58
megajoules (MJ).
The energy released when 1 mole of hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen is 290 kJ
The volume of 1 mole of a gas at room temperature and pressure is 24 dm3
Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas at room temperature and pressure needed for the
car to travel 100 km
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Volume of hydrogen gas = _______________ dm3

(4)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 18 of 55
A scientist produces zinc iodide (ZnI2).
8.
1. Weigh 0.500 g of iodine.

2. Dissolve the iodine in ethanol.
3. Add an excess of zinc.
4. Stir the mixture until there is no further change.
5. Filter off the excess zinc.
6. Evaporate off the ethanol.
(a) Ethanol is flammable.
Suggest how the scientist could carry out Step 6 safely.
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(b) Explain why the scientist adds excess zinc rather than excess iodine.
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(3)
Page 19 of 55
(c) Calculate the minimum mass of zinc that needs to be added to 0.500 g of iodine so that the
iodine fully reacts.
Zn + I2 ⟶ ZnI2
Relative atomic masses (Mr): Zn = 65 I = 127
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Minimum mass of zinc = ____________________ g

(3)
A different scientist makes zinc iodide by the same method.
The scientist obtains 12.5 g of zinc iodide.
The percentage yield in this reaction is 92.0%.
(d) What is the maximum theoretical mass of zinc iodide produced in this reaction?
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Maximum theoretical mass = ____________________ g

(3)
(e) Suggest one reason why the percentage yield in this reaction is not 100%.
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(1)
Page 20 of 55
(f) The scientist makes a solution of zinc iodide with a concentration of 0.100 mol / dm3
Calculate the mass of zinc iodide (ZnI2) required to make 250 cm3 of this solution.
Relative atomic masses (Ar): Zn = 65 I = 127
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Mass = ____________________ g
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
This question is about displacement reactions.

9.
(a) The displacement reaction between aluminium and iron oxide has a high activation energy.
What is meant by ‘activation energy’?
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(1)
Page 21 of 55
(b) A mixture contains 1.00 kg of aluminium and 3.00 kg of iron oxide.
2 Al + Fe2O3 → 2 Fe + Al2O3
Show that aluminium is the limiting reactant.
Relative atomic masses (Ar): O = 16 Al = 27 Fe = 56
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(4)
Magnesium displaces zinc from zinc sulfate solution.
(c) Complete the ionic equation for the reaction.
You should include state symbols.
Mg(s) + Zn2+(aq) → _________ + _________

(2)
(d) Explain why the reaction between magnesium atoms and zinc ions is both oxidation and
reduction.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 22 of 55
A student investigated the temperature change in the reaction between dilute sulfuric acid and
10. potassium hydroxide solution.
1. Measure 25.0 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution into a polystyrene cup.
2. Record the temperature of the solution.
3. Add 2.0 cm3 dilute sulfuric acid.
4. Stir the solution.
5. Record the temperature of the solution.
6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 until a total of 20.0 cm3 dilute sulfuric acid has been added.
(a) Suggest why the student used a polystyrene cup rather than a glass beaker for the
reaction.
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(2)
The following table shows some of the student’s results.
Volume of dilute sulfuric acid added Temperature in

in cm3 °C
0.0 18.9
2.0 21.7
4.0 23.6
6.0 25.0
8.0 26.1
10.0 27.1
Page 23 of 55
The figure below shows some of the data from the investigation.
(b) Complete the figure:
• plot the data from the table

• draw a line of best fit through these points
• extend the lines of best fit until they cross.
(4)
(c) Determine the volume of dilute sulfuric acid needed to react completely with 25.0 cm3 of the
potassium hydroxide solution.
Use the figure above.
Volume of dilute sulfuric acid to react completely = _____________________ cm3

(1)
(d) Determine the overall temperature change when the reaction is complete.
Use the figure above.
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Overall temperature change = _________________________ °C

(1)
Page 24 of 55
(e) The student repeated the investigation.
The student used solutions that had different concentrations from the first investigation.
The student found that 15.5 cm3 of 0.500 mol/dm3 dilute sulfuric acid completely reacted
with 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution.
2 KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2 H2O
Calculate the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution in mol/dm3 and in g/dm3
Relative atomic masses (Ar): H = 1 O = 16 K = 39
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Concentration in mol/dm3 = _____________________ mol/dm3
Concentration in g/dm3 = ______________________ g/dm3

(6)
(Total 14 marks)
Page 25 of 55
Aspirin tablets have important medical uses.
11.
A student carried out an experiment to make aspirin. The method is given below.
1. Weigh 2.00 g of salicylic acid.

2. Add 4 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride (an excess).
3. Add 5 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid.
4. Warm the mixture for 15 minutes.
5. Add ice cold water to remove the excess ethanoic anhydride.
6. Cool the mixture until a precipitate of aspirin is formed.
7. Collect the precipitate and wash it with cold water.
8. The precipitate of aspirin is dried and weighed.
(a) The equation for this reaction is shown below.
C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 → C9H8O4 + CH3COOH

salicylic acid aspirin
Calculate the maximum mass of aspirin that could be made from 2.00 g of salicylic acid.
The relative formula mass (Mr) of salicylic acid, C7H6O3, is 138
The relative formula mass (Mr) of aspirin, C9H8O4, is 180
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Maximum mass of aspirin = _______________ g

(2)
Page 26 of 55
(b) The student made 1.10 g of aspirin from 2.00 g of salicylic acid.
Calculate the percentage yield of aspirin for this experiment.
(If you did not answer part (a), assume that the maximum mass of aspirin that can be
made from 2.00 g of salicylic acid is 2.50 g. This is not the correct answer to part (a).)
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Percentage yield of aspirin = _______________ %

(2)
(c) Suggest one possible reason why this method does not give the maximum amount of
aspirin.
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(1)
(d) Concentrated sulfuric acid is a catalyst in this reaction.
Suggest how the use of a catalyst might reduce costs in the industrial production of aspirin.
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Sodium hydroxide neutralises sulfuric acid.

12.
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(a) Sulfuric acid is a strong acid.
What is meant by a strong acid?
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(2)
Page 27 of 55
(b) Write the ionic equation for this neutralisation reaction. Include state symbols.
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(2)
(c) A student used a pipette to add 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide of unknown concentration to
a conical flask.
The student carried out a titration to find out the volume of 0.100 mol / dm3 sulfuric acid
needed to neutralise the sodium hydroxide.
Describe how the student would complete the titration.
You should name a suitable indicator and give the colour change that would be seen.
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(4)
Page 28 of 55
(d) The student carried out five titrations. Her results are shown in the table below.
Titration Titration Titration Titration Titration

1 2 3 4 5
Volume of 0.100
27.40 28.15 27.05 27.15 27.15
mol / dm3 sulfuric
acid in cm3
Concordant results are within 0.10 cm3 of each other.
Use the student’s concordant results to work out the mean volume of 0.100 mol / dm 3
sulfuric acid added.
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Mean volume = _____________________________ cm3

(2)
(e) The equation for the reaction is:
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
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Concentration = _______________________ mol / dm3

(4)
Page 29 of 55
(f) The student did another experiment using 20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution with a
concentration of 0.18 mol / dm3.
Relative formula mass (Mr) of NaOH = 40
Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide in 20 cm3 of this solution.
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Mass = ________________ g
(2)
(Total 16 marks)
This question is about acids and alkalis.

13.
(a) Explain why the pH of an acid depends on:
• the strength of the acid
• the concentration of the acid.
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(4)
Page 30 of 55
(b) A student titrated 25.00 cm3 of hydrochloric acid with 0.100 mol/dm3 barium hydroxide
solution.
The table below shows the results.
Titration number 1 2 3 4 5
Volume of barium hydroxide

23.90 23.45 23.55 23.55 23.45
solution used in cm3
The student calculated the volume of barium hydroxide solution to be used in the titration
calculation as 23.50 cm3.
Explain why the student used a volume of 23.50 cm3 of barium hydroxide solution in the
titration calculation.
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(2)
(c) 25.00 cm3 of the hydrochloric acid reacted with 23.50 cm3 of the 0.100 mol/dm3 barium
hydroxide solution.
2 HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → BaCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid in mol/dm3.
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Concentration of the hydrochloric acid = _______________mol/dm3

(4)
Page 31 of 55
Another student titrated sulfuric acid with barium hydroxide solution.
H2SO4(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2 H2O(l)
The student measured the electrical conductivity of the mixture during the titration.
The better a conductor, the higher the electrical conductivity value.
The figure below shows the results.
(d) Explain why the electrical conductivity of the mixture was zero when the sulfuric acid had
just been neutralised.
Use the equation for the reaction.
Refer to ions in your answer.
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(3)
Page 32 of 55
(e) The student then added a further 10 cm3 of barium hydroxide solution.
The electrical conductivity of the mixture increased.
Give one reason why.
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(1)
(Total 14 marks)
Page 33 of 55
Mark schemes
(a) the forward and backward reactions occur
1.
allow reversible
1
at (exactly) the same rate

1
in a closed system
allow therefore the concentrations / amounts of the reactants and
products remain the same
1
(b) (i) increasing the temperature would lower the yield of ethanol or the (position of)
equilibrium moves to the left
if student has stated that increasing the temperature increases the
yield then award 0 marks
1
since the backwards reaction is endothermic or the forward reaction is

exothermic
1
(ii) increasing the pressure would increase the yield of ethanol or the (position of)
equilibrium moves to the right
if student has stated that increasing the pressure decreases the
yield then award 0 marks
1
because the position (of equilibrium) moves in the direction of the lower number
of moles (of gas)
2 (moles / molecules / volumes / particles) on lhs / 1 (mole /
molecule / volume / particle) on rhs
1
(c) (a catalyst) provides an alternative pathway

1
with lower activation energy
or
(a catalyst) lowers the activation energy (1)
so less energy is needed to react or more particles react (1)

1
[9]
(a) 2,4 (drawn as crosses) on shells

2.
accept dots / e / - etc.
1
Page 34 of 55
(b) (i) hard
allow rigid / high melting point
do not allow references to bonding
ignore strong
ignore unreactive
ignore structure
1
(ii) any three from

max 2 if ionic / metallic / molecule / intermolecular bonds or
incorrect number of bonds
• giant structure / lattice / macromolecular

allow many bonds
• covalent (bonds)
• (covalent) bonds are strong

accept needs lots of energy to break bonds (owtte)
• (each) carbon / atom forms four bonds
or
(each) carbon / atom bonded to four other atoms

3
Page 35 of 55
(c) any three from:
max 2 if ionic / ions / metallic / molecule
‘it’ needs to be qualified
graphite
• has delocalised / free electrons

do not accept the electrons move unless qualified (around structure
etc)
or
electrons that can move through / around the structure
• each carbon is joined to three other carbon atoms

allow graphite has three bonds
or
one electron from each atom is free / delocalised
diamond
• has no free / delocalised electrons

do not accept the electrons do not move
or
no electrons that move around the structure
• all the electrons are used for bonding

allow diamond has 4 bonds
or
each carbon joined to four other carbon atoms

3
[8]
(a) liquid gas

3. 1
(b) (boiling point) increases (down the table / group)

1
(because) the relative formula / molecular mass increases

or
(because) the size of the molecule increases
1
Page 36 of 55
(so) the intermolecular forces increase (in strength)
allow (so) the forces between molecules increase (in
strength)
1
(so) more energy is needed to overcome the intermolecular forces

allow (so) more energy is needed to separate the
molecules
do not accept a reference to breaking bonds unless
specifically between molecules
1
(c) boiling point is a bulk property

allow boiling point is related to intermolecular forces (so
more than one molecule is involved)
1
(d) the gas / halogen is toxic

allow the gas / halogen is poisonous / harmful allow to
prevent inhalation of the gas / halogen
ignore deadly / lethal
1
(e) (going down the group) the outer electrons / shell become further from the nucleus
allow energy level for shell throughout
allow the atoms become larger
allow the number of shells increases
ignore the number of outer shells increases
1
(so) the nucleus has less attraction for the outer electrons / shell
allow (so) the nucleus has less attraction for the
incoming electron
allow (so) increased shielding between the nucleus and
the outer electrons / shell
allow (so) increased shielding between the nucleus and
the incoming electron
1
(so) an electron is gained less easily

1
Page 37 of 55
(f) 4.48 (g iron) and 8.52 (g chlorine)
1
(moles Fe = =) 0.08
allow correct calculation using incorrectly calculated
mass of iron
1
(moles Cl = =) 0.24
mass of chlorine
allow (moles Cl2 = =) 0.12
1
(Fe : Cl = 0.08 : 0.24 =) 1 : 3

moles of iron and / or chlorine
2 Fe + 3 Cl2 → 2 FeCl3
allow multiples / fractions
allow a correctly balanced equation including Fe and Cl2
from an incorrect ratio of Fe : Cl
allow 1 mark for Fe and Cl2
(reactants) and FeCl3 (product)
or
allow 1 mark for Fe and Cl2 (reactants) and a formula
for iron chloride correctly derived from an incorrect ratio
of Fe : Cl (product)
2
[16]
(a) potassium chloride and iodine

4.
either order
allow KCl for potassium chloride and I2 for iodine
1
Page 38 of 55
(b) (chlorine’s) outer electrons / shell closer to the nucleus
allow chlorine has fewer shells
allow chlorine atom is smaller than iodine atom
ignore chlorine has fewer outer shells
1
(so) the chlorine nucleus has greater attraction for outer electrons / shell
allow chlorine has less shielding
do not accept incorrect types of attraction
1
(so) chlorine gains an electron more easily

1
max 2 marks can be awarded if the answer refers to
chloride / iodide instead of chlorine / iodine
allow converse statements
allow energy levels for shells throughout
(c) hydrogen chloride is made of small molecules

allow hydrogen chloride is simple molecular
1
(so hydrogen chloride) has weak intermolecular forces*

1
(intermolecular forces) require little energy to overcome*

1
*do not accept reference to bonds breaking unless
applied to intermolecular bonds
(d) (bonds broken = 4(412) + 193 =)1841

1
(bonds formed = 3(412) + 366 + X =) 1602 + X

1
−51 = 1841 − (1602 + X)

allow use of incorrectly calculated values of bonds
broken and / or bonds formed from steps 1 and 2 for
steps 3 and 4
1
(X =) 290 (kJ/mol)
allow a correctly calculated answer from use of −51 =
bonds formed − bonds broken
1
Page 39 of 55
OR
alternative method ignoring the 3 unchanged C−H bonds
(412 + 193 =) 605 (1)
366 + X (1)
−51 = 605 − (366 + X) (1)
(X =) 290 (kJ/mol) (1)

an answer of 290 (kJ/mol) scores 4 marks
an answer of 188 (kJ/mol) scores 3 marks
an incorrect answer for one step does not prevent
allocation of marks for subsequent steps
[11]
(a) electrolysis uses electricity to produce a chemical reaction

5.
allow voltage for electricity
allow potential difference for electricity
allow (electrical) current for electricity
allow electrolysis uses electricity to decompose a
compound / electrolyte
1
(but) cells use a chemical reaction to produce electricity

1
(b) 2Br– → Br2 + 2e–

allow multiples
allow 1 mark for Br2 and e–
2
(c)
Product at positive Product at negative

Salt solution
electrode electrode
(copper nitrate) oxygen (1) (copper)
(potassium iodide) iodine (1) hydrogen (1)

1
2
Page 40 of 55
(d) filter the mixture
1
wash and dry the copper / residue

1
weigh the copper collected

1
add to the increase in mass of the electrode

1
(e) (for given current) straight line through the origin

allow (for given current) when time doubles, mass
doubles
1
(f) (for given time) when current doubles, mass doubles with supporting data
1
(g) copper ions are discharged (from the solution)

allow the solution becomes less concentrated
allow copper ions are removed (from the solution)
allow copper ions are used up (from the solution)
1
(h) (number of moles = =)

3.78 × 10–3 or 0.00378
1
(number of atoms =)
0.00378 × 6.02 × 1023
allow correct use of an incorrectly calculated number of
moles
1
= 2.28 × 1021
allow a correct evaluation to 3 significant figures of an
incorrect expression which involves only a mass from
the graph, the Ar of copper and the Avogadro constant
1
[17]
(a) add excess copper carbonate (to dilute hydrochloric acid)

6.
accept alternatives to excess, such as ‘until no more reacts’
1
filter (to remove excess copper carbonate)

reject heat until dry
1
heat filtrate to evaporate some water or heat to point of crystallisation

accept leave to evaporate or leave in evaporating basin
1
Page 41 of 55
leave to cool (so crystals form)
until crystals form
1
must be in correct order to gain 4 marks
(b) Mr CuCl2 = 134.5

correct answer scores 4 marks
1
moles copper chloride = (mass / Mr = 11 / 134.5) = 0.0817843866

1
Mr CuCO3= 123.5
1
Mass CuCO3 (=moles × M2= 0.08178 × 123.5) = 10.1(00)

1
accept 10.1 with no working shown for 4 marks
(c)
or
11.0 × 0.791
1
8.70 (g)
1
accept 8.70(g) with no working shown for 2 marks
(d) Total mass of reactants = 152.5

1
134.5
152.5
allow ecf from step 1
1
88.20 (%)
1
allow 88.20 with no working shown for 3 marks
(e) atom economy using carbonate lower because an additional product is made or carbon
dioxide is made as well
allow ecf
1
[14]
Page 42 of 55
(a) the activation energy should be from the reactants (line to the peak)
7.
ignore description of where the activation energy is on
the diagram
1
the products (line) should be below the reactants (line)

or
the products should have less energy than the reactants
allow the product (line) is above the reactants (line)
allow the products have more energy than the reactants
allow the profile shows an endothermic reaction
ignore the arrow for the overall energy change should
point downwards
1
(b) any two from: (hydrogen fuel cells)

allow converse arguments for a rechargeable cell
• no toxic chemicals to dispose of at the end of the cell's life
• take less time to refuel (than to recharge rechargeable cells)
• travel further before refuelling (than before recharging rechargeable cells)

allow has a greater range
• no loss of efficiency (over time)

allow does not lose capacity / range in cold weather 2
2
(c) any one from:

allow multiples
• H2 ⟶ 2 H+ + 2 e-
allow H2 - 2 e- ⟶ 2 H+
• O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e- ⟶ 2 H2O
allow H2 + 2 OH- - 2 e- ⟶ 2 H2O
• H2 + 2 OH- ⟶ 2 H2O + 2 e-
• O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e- ⟶ 4 OH-
1
(d) any two from:

• hydrogen is not shown as H2 / molecules
• particles are shown as spheres
• particles are shown as solid
• does not show the (weak) forces (between particles)
• does not show the movement / speed (of particles)
• is only two-dimensional
2
Page 43 of 55
(e) any one from:
• under (higher) pressure
allow increase concentration
• cool
allow condense
• absorb / adsorb in a solid
allow store as a liquid / solid
allow develop more efficient engines
1
(f) (58 MJ =) 58 000 kJ

or
(290 kJ =) 0.290 MJ
allow (58 MJ =) 58 000 000 J
and
(290 kJ =) 290 000 J
1
(moles = or
allow correct use of an incorrectly converted or

unconverted value of energy
1
(volume =) 200 × 24
moles of hydrogen
1
= 4800 (dm3)
1
alternative approach:
(58 MJ =) 58 000 kJ (1)
(energy released per dm3 = =) 12.08333 (kJ/dm3) (1)
(volume =) (1)
allow correct use of an incorrectly converted or
unconverted value of energy
allow correct use of an incorrectly calculated energy
released per dm3
= 4800 (dm3) (1)

[12]
Page 44 of 55
(a) heat with a water bath
8. or
heat with an electric heater
or
allow to evaporate / crystallise at room temperature
1
(b) to make sure that all the iodine reacts

allow so can see the reaction is complete
1
(as) excess iodine would remain in solution

1
(so) iodine could not be filtered off

allow (whereas) excess zinc could be filtered off
or
(so) the zinc iodide would not be pure
allow (so) would have to separate iodine from zinc iodide
1
(c)
allow moles I2 = 0.00197

allow 65 g Zn: 254 g I2
1
mass Zn = 0.00197 × 65 (g)

1
mass = 0.128 (g)

1
allow an expression (g) for the first 2 marks
(d)
1
= 13.6 (g)
allow 13.5869... (g)
1
(e) some product lost on separation

allow incomplete reaction
1
Page 45 of 55
(f) Mr ZnI2 = 319
1
moles needed
or
mass per dm 3 = 31.9 (g)
1
(mass) = 7.98 (g)

allow 7.975 / 8.0 (g)
1
an answer of 7.975, 7.98 or 8.0 (g) scores 3 marks
[14]
(a) the (minimum) energy needed for particles to react

9. or
the (minimum) energy needed for a reaction to occur
allow the (minimum) energy needed to start a reaction
1
(b) (Mr of Fe2O3 =) 160

1
(moles Fe2O3 = =)
18.75 (mol)
allow correct use of incorrectly calculated Mr
1
(moles Al = =) 37.0 (mol)

allow 37.037037 (mol) correctly rounded to at least 2
significant figures
if both MP2 and MP3 are not awarded allow 1 mark for
0.01875 mol Fe2O3 and 0.037 mol Al
1
(aluminium is limiting because)

37.0 mol is less than the (2 x 18.75 =) 37.5 mol (aluminium needed)
or
iron oxide is in excess because 18.75 mol is more than the ( =) 18.5 mol (iron
oxide needed)
allow correct use of incorrect number of moles from
steps 2 and/or 3
alternative approaches:
Page 46 of 55
approach 1:
(finding required mass of aluminium by moles method)
(Mr of Fe2O3 =) 160 (1)
(moles Fe2O3 = =)
18.75 (mol) (1)
(moles Al needed =18.75 × 2 = ) 37.5 (mol)

and
(mass Al needed = 37.5 × 27 =) 1012.5 (g) or 1.0125 kg (1)

allow correct use of incorrectly calculated moles of iron
oxide
allow correct use of incorrectly calculated moles of
aluminium needed
(so) 1.00 kg of aluminium is not enough (1)

dependent on calculated mass of aluminium needed
being greater than 1.00 (kg)
approach 2:
(finding required mass of aluminium by proportion method)
(Mr of Fe2O3 =) 160 (1)
(3.00 kg Fe2O3 needs)

× 2 × 27 (kg Al) (1)
(=) 1.0125 (kg) (1)
(so) 1.00 kg of aluminium is not enough (1)

dependent on calculated mass of aluminium needed
being greater than 1.00 (kg)
alternative approaches:
Page 47 of 55
approach 3:
(finding required mass of iron oxide by moles method)
Mr of Fe2O3 =) 160 (1)
(moles Al = =) 37.0 (mol) (1)

allow 37.037037 (mol) correctly rounded to at least 2 significant
figures
(moles Fe2O3 needed) = ) = 18.5 (mol)

and
(mass Fe2O3 needed = 18.5 × 160 =) 2960 (g) or 2.96 (kg) (1)
allow correct use of incorrectly calculated moles of
aluminium
allow correct use of incorrectly calculated moles of iron
oxide needed
(so) 3.00 kg of iron oxide is an excess (1)

dependent on calculated mass of iron oxide needed
being less than 3.00 (kg)
approach 4:
(finding required mass of iron oxide by proportion method)
(Mr of Fe2O3 =) 160 (1)
(1.00 kg Al needs) (kg Fe2O3) (1)

(=) 2.96 (kg) (1)
(so) 3.00 kg of iron oxide is an excess (1)

dependent on calculated mass of iron oxide needed
being less than 3.00 (kg)
1
(c) Mg(s) + Zn2+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + Zn(s)

allow multiples
allow 1 mark for Mg2+ + Zn with missing or incorrect
state symbols
2
Page 48 of 55
(d) magnesium (atoms) are oxidised because they lose electrons
1
(and) zinc (ions) are reduced because they gain electrons

if no other marks awarded allow 1 mark for magnesium
(atoms) lose electrons and zinc (ions) gain electrons 1
1
[9]
(a) polystyrene is a better (thermal) insulator

10. allow polystyrene is a poorer (thermal) conductor
1
(so) reduces energy exchange (with the surroundings)

allow (so) reduces energy / heat loss (to the
surroundings)
1
(b) all six points plotted correctly

allow a tolerance of ± ½ a small square
allow 1 mark for at least 3 points plotted correctly
2
line of best fit through points plotted from the table

1
both lines of best fit extrapolated correctly until they cross

1
(c) 11 (cm3)
allow ecf from part (b)
allow answers in the range 10.75 to 11.25 (cm3)
1
(d) (27.5 − 18.9) = 8.6 (°C)

allow ecf from part (b)
allow answers in the range 8.5 to 8.7 (°C)
1
(e)
an answer of 0.62 (mol/dm3) for concentration in
mol/dm3 scores 4 marks
an answer of 0.31 (mol/dm3) for concentration in
mol/dm3 scores 3 marks
(moles H2SO4 = 0.500 × ) = 0.00775

1
Page 49 of 55
(moles KOH = 2 x moles H2SO4 = 2 x 0.00775) = 0.0155
value of moles of H2SO4
1
(conc KOH = moles KOH x ) = 0.0155 x )

value of moles of KOH
1
= 0.62 (mol/dm3)
allow correct answer using incorrectly calculated value
of moles of KOH
1
(Mr KOH =) 56
1
(conc = Mr x conc in mol/dm3 = 56 x 0.62) = 34.7 (g/dm3)

allow 35 or 34.72 (g/dm3)
allow correct answer using incorrectly calculated value
of concentration in mol/dm3 and/or incorrect Mr
1
alternative approach for step 1 to step 4
= 0.62 (mol/dm3) (1)

allow 1 mark if mole ratio is incorrect
1
[14]
(a) 2.61 / range 2.5 to 2.7

11.
correct answer with or without or with wrong working gains 2 marks
(accept answers between 2.5 and 2.7)
if answer incorrect moles of salicylic acid = 2/138 = 0.0145 moles
ie 2/138 or 0.0145 gains 1 mark
or
(180/138) × 2 gains 1 mark
or
1 g → 180/138 = (1.304 g) gains 1 mark
(not 1.304g alone)
2
Page 50 of 55
(b) 42.1 range 40.7 to 42.3
accept correct answer with or without or with wrong working for 2
marks
ecf ie (1.1 / their answer from (a)) × 100 correctly calculated gains 2
marks
if answer incorrect percentage yield = 1.1 / 2.61 × 100 gains 1 mark
if they do not have an answer to part (a)

or
they choose not to use their answer then:
• yield = (1.1 / 2.5) × 100 (1)
• = 44
accept 44 for 2 marks with no working
2
(c) any one from:
• errors in weighing
• some (of the aspirin) lost

do not allow ‘lost as a gas’
• not all of the reactant may have been converted to product

eg reaction didn’t go to completion
allow loss of some reactants
• the reaction is reversible

accept other products / chemicals
• side reactions
ignore waste products
• reactants impure
• not heated for long enough
• not hot enough for reaction to take place

1
Page 51 of 55
(d) any one from:
• use lower temperature
• use less fuel / energy

ignore references to use of catalyst
• produce product faster or speed up reaction
• more product produced in a given time (owtte)
• increased productivity
• lowers activation energy

1
[6]
(a) (sulfuric acid is) completely / fully ionised

12. 1
In aqueous solution or when dissolved in water

1
(b) H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O(l)

allow multiples
1 mark for equation
1 mark for state symbols
2
(c) adds indicator, eg phenolpthalein / methyl orange / litmus added to the sodium hydroxide
(in the conical flask)
do not accept universal indicator
1
(adds the acid from a) burette

1
with swirling or dropwise towards the end point or until the indicator just changes colour
1
until the indicator changes from pink to colourless (for phenolphthalein) or yellow to red
(for methyl orange) or blue to red (for litmus)
1
(d) titrations 3, 4 and 5

or
27.12 cm3
accept 27.12 with no working shown for 2 marks
1
Page 52 of 55
allow 27.1166 with no working shown for 2 marks
(e) Moles H2SO4 = conc × vol = 0.00271

allow ecf from 8.4
1
Ratio H2SO4:NaOH is 1:2

or
Moles NaOH = Moles H2SO4 × 2 = 0.00542
1
Concentration NaOH = mol / vol = 0.00542 / 0.025 = 0.2168

1
0.217 (mol / dm3)

accept 0.217 with no working for 4 marks
1
accept 0.2168 with no working for 3 marks
(f) × 0.18 = no of moles
or
0.15 × 40 g
1
0.144 (g)
1
accept 0.144g with no working for 2 marks
[16]
(a) the stronger an acid the greater the ionisation / dissociation (in aqueous solution)
13.
allow converse statements
1
(and) the higher the concentration of an acid the more acid / solute in the same
volume (of solution)
1
(so) the higher the concentration of hydrogen / H+ ions produced

dependent on either MP1 or MP2
1
(so) the stronger the acid the lower the pH

or
(so) the higher the concentration of the acid the lower the pH
if no other mark is awarded, allow 1 mark for lower pH
corresponds to higher hydrogen / H+ ion concentration
1
Page 53 of 55
(b) 23.90 (cm3) is not concordant with the other values
allow 23.90 (cm3) is an anomalous result
allow 23.90 (cm3) is too high a value
allow the first titration is rough
1
(so) 23.50 (cm3) is the mean of the other values

an answer of the mean is taken of the values within 0.1
(cm3) scores both marks
1
(c) (moles Ba(OH)2 =
(moles HCl = 0.00235 × 2 =)
0.00470
moles of Ba(OH)2
1
(concentration =)

moles of HCl
1
= 0.188 (mol/dm3)
Page 54 of 55
alternative approach:
allow inverted expression for MP1 and 2
allow 1 mark for the expression with an incorrect mole

ratio
allow correct use of the expression with an incorrect

mole ratio
= 0.188 (mol/dm3) (1)

1
(d) there are no ions in solution

1
(because) barium sulfate is solid / insoluble

1
(and) water consists of molecules

allow (and) water is a covalent substance
1
(e) excess barium hydroxide (solution) contains ions

1
[14]
Page 55 of 55

Chem 1

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Chem 1

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A company manufactures ethanol (C2H5OH).

C2H4(g) + H2O(g) C2H5OH(g) ΔH = −45 kJ per mole

(a) Explain what is meant by equilibrium.

Give a reason for your answer.

Give a reason for your answer.

Explain how adding a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction.

Pure carbon can exist in two forms, diamond and graphite.

A carbon atom has 6 electrons.

Show the electrons as crosses (x).

By Wanderlinse [CC By 2.0], via Flickr

This question is about the halogens.

Element Melting point in °C Boiling point in °C

Fluorine –220 –188

Chlorine –101 –35

State at 0 °C State at 100 °C

Iron reacts with each of the halogens in their gaseous form.

The diagram below shows the apparatus used.

The word equation for the reaction is:

iron + chlorine → iron chloride

The teacher weighed:

Table 2 shows the teacher’s results.

Glass tube 51.56

Glass tube and iron 56.04

Glass tube and iron chloride 64.56

Calculate the simplest whole number ratio of:

moles of iron atoms : moles of chlorine atoms

Determine the balanced equation for the reaction.

Relative atomic masses (Ar): Cl = 35.5 Fe = 56

Moles of iron atoms : moles of chlorine atoms = __________ : __________

Equation for the reaction ________________________________________________

(b) Explain why chlorine is more reactive than iodine.

(c) Chlorine reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride.

Explain why hydrogen chloride is a gas at room temperature.

Answer in terms of structure and bonding.

(d) Bromine reacts with methane in sunlight.

Calculate the bond energy X for the C—Br bond.

Use the diagram and the table above.

Bond energy X = _______________ kJ/mol

This question is about chemical reactions and electricity.

Bromine is produced at the positive electrode.

Complete the half equation for the production of bromine.

You should balance the half equation.

Complete the table below to show the product at each electrode.

Product at positive Product at negative

Copper nitrate copper

Figure 1 shows the apparatus.

This is the method used.

The students plotted their results on a graph.

Figure 2 shows the graph.

Use data from Figure 2 in your answer.

(g) Copper nitrate solution is blue.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Relative atomic mass (Ar): Cu = 63.5

The Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 1023 per mole

Number of atoms (3 significant figures) = _______________

In both reactions one of the products is copper chloride.

(b) A student wanted to make 11.0 g of copper chloride.

The equation for the reaction is:

Moles of iron atoms : moles of chlorine atoms = :

Mg(s) + Zn2+(aq) → _ + _