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Drying characteristics of sardine fish dried with microwave heating

Article in Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences · June 2013

DOI: 10.1016/j.jssas.2012.09.002

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Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2013) 12, 121–127

King Saud University

Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences

www.ksu.edu.sa
www.sciencedirect.com

FULL LENGTH ARTICLE

Drying characteristics of sardine fish dried with

microwave heating
a,*
Hosain Darvishi , Mohsen Azadbakht b, Abbas Rezaeiasl b, Asie Farhang c

a
Department of Engineering, Shahr-e Ray Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
b
Department of Agricultural Machinery Mechanics, Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources University of Gorgan, Gorgan, Iran
c
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

Received 11 April 2012; accepted 16 September 2012

Available online 26 September 2012

KEYWORDS Abstract Fresh fish contains up to 80% of water. It is a highly perishable material and having a
Sardine fish; short storage life. Therefore, the study of the drying kinetics of fish is necessary. In this study, the
Microwave; effect of microwave drying on drying rate, effective diffusivity, and energy consumption of sardine
Drying kinetic; fish was examined at four different microwave powers (200, 300, 400 and 500 W). It was found that
Modelling; the moisture content was reduced from 2.76 to 0.01 (dry basis) and drying time of the samples was
Energy consumption significantly reduced from 9.5 to 4.25 min as the power input increased. Five thin layer drying mod-
els were fitted to drying data. The Midilli model was selected as the best according to R2, v2 and
RMSE. The drying of fish samples took place in the falling rate period and was governed by mois-
ture diffusion. The effective diffusivity varied from 7.158 · 108 to 3.408 · 107 m2/s over the
microwave power range. No significant differences were observed between the specific energy con-
sumption of microwave-dried sardine fish (a = 0.05). However, minimum specific energy consump-
tion (3.78 MJ/kg water) was obtained at 500 W microwave levels.
ª 2012 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction technique to maintain quality and prevent the spoilage and the
simplest method of cooling of fish is icing (Jain et al., 2005;
Fish is an important source of high-quality protein required in Jain, 2006). When, the fresh fish is not utilised by consumers
human diet (Jain, 2006; Ayyappan and Diwan, 2003). Fish is a and converted into finished product then it remains surplus
highly perishable food product and has a very short span of and goes waste.
shelf life. Cooling is a widely used and important preservation Drying of fish is important, because it preserves fish by
inactivating enzymes and removing the moisture necessary
for bacterial and mould growth (Bellagha et al., 2002; Bala
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 (21) 44194911–4; fax: +98 (21)
and Mondol, 2001; Duan et al., 2004). Dried fish is one of
44196524.
E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Darvishi).
the most important exported marine products in many coun-
tries such as Turkey, Iran, India, Thailand, Russia, China,
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
Malaysia and United States. Drying of fish is mainly carried
out traditionally under open sun. In 2006, a modern fish drying
technique was tested on a solar tunnel dryer (Innotech, 2009).
Production and hosting by Elsevier Heilporn et al. (2010) studied the fish kinetics of typical mobile
1658-077X ª 2012 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2012.09.002
122 H. Darvishi et al.

drying at different temperatures, air velocities, drying time and But, limited studies concerning microwave drying kinetics
mass of fish in dryer, reporting that at 0.3 m/s, 6 h and 15 min and consumption energy of fish have been performed up to
and 50 kg a good quality product is achieved, providing that now. In addition, improving drying processes by reducing en-
the average solar flux is about 700 W/m2 and the ambient tem- ergy consumption and providing high quality with minimal in-
perature outside the dryer about 40 C. Jain (2006) evaluated crease in economic input has become the goal of modern
the convective heat and mass transfer coefficient for chelwa drying (Raghavan et al., 2005; Sanga et al., 2000). Therefore,
fish under solar drying and developed a mathematical model the aim of this study was to study the effects of microwave
for predicting the drying parameters. power on drying kinetics, specific energy consumption and
Experimental investigation on solar drying of fish using so- modelling of drying of sardine fish.
lar tunnel dryer was carried out by Bala and Mondol (2001).
Jain and Pathare (2007) studied the drying characteristics of 2. Materials and methods
prawn and chelwa fish in an open sun dryer from 32.5 to
42.5 C temperature and relative humidity that varies between 2.1. Materials
15% and 32%. They found that the logarithmic model could
adequately describe the drying of fish; and reporting that the
The fresh sardine fish samples (Sardine laurite) used in this
effective moisture diffusivity was 8.708 · 1011 m2/s for chelwa
study were obtained from Fish Bazar, Guilan, Iran during
fish. Chiralt et al. (2001) reported 0.139 · 1010 and
the summer season of 2010. The selected samples were cleaned
4.15 · 1010 m2/s as effective salt diffusivity for beef and sal-
with tap water to make samples free from foreign materials.
mon with or without vacuum, while Boudhrioua et al. (2009)
Surface water was removed by blotting with absorbent paper.
reported values of 3.0 · 109 and 3.80 · 109 m2/s for sardine
In order to preserve its original quality, they were stored in a
fillets.
refrigerator at 2 C until drying experiments. The average
Chukwu and Shaba (2009), and Chukwu (2009) studied the
initial moisture contents of the sardine fish samples were found
influence of two different drying methods (smoking kiln and
to be 2.755 on dry basis, as determined by using convective
electric oven) on proximate compositions of catfish and tilapia
oven at 103 ± 1 C (Jain, 2006).
Fish. They found that the electric oven drying is recommended
for healthy eating and for longer shelf-life of dried fish.
2.2. Experimental set-up
Duan et al. (2010) used combined microwave – hot air dry-
ing for tilapia fish fillets at microwave power from 200 to
600 W and air temperature from 40 to 50 C with constant The schematic of the experimental microwave drying set-up is
air velocity of 1.5 m/s. They found that hot air-microwave dry- given in Fig. 1. The microwave oven was operated by a control
ing technology can be used for dehydration of fresh tilapia fil- terminal which could control both microwave power level and
lets due to decrease in drying time and to improve quality emission time. The dimensions of the microwave cavity (M945,
(rehydration ratio). Hot air drying followed by microwave dry- LG Samsung) were 327 · 370 · 207 mm. In order to weigh the
ing can decrease remarkably the drying time for drying fresh samples without taking them out of the oven, a weighing sys-
tilapia fillets compared with hot air drying. tem was integrated to the oven. A digital balance (GF-600, A
The salted fishes were dried in an industrial drier at a rela- & D, Japan) which has a sensitivity of 0.01 g and a plastic disc
tive humidity close to 60%, at a temperature of 19–20 C and was mounted to the bottom of the microwave oven. The disc
an air velocity of 2–2.6 m/s (Bras and Costa, 2010). Rozainee was rotated at 5 rpm on a ball bearing shaft driven by an elec-
and Ng (2010) investigated the effects of microwave power trical motor. The presence of the rotating disc was necessary to
and hot air temperature on drying time, dehydration behav- obtain homogeneous drying and to decrease the level of the
iour, energy consumption and colour of dried catfish at micro- reflected microwaves onto the magnetrons. The oven has
wave – hot air dryer, reporting that microwave assisted ventilation holes on the top as well as on the bottom. Air
dehydration saving energy about 80–90% compared to convec-
tive hot air drying. Wu and Mao (2008) studied the influences
of hot air drying and microwave drying on nutritional and
odorous properties of grass carp fillets. They found that the
microwave drying as an efficient drying process for fish fillets.
Bellagha et al. (2007) studied the drying of salted fish (sar-
dine) at 40 C, 15% RH and 1.5 m/s. They observed that the
drying rate showed two falling drying periods. Drying rate
during the first falling period was affected by salting method.
One of the most important aspects of drying technology is
the modelling of the drying process. Drying is a complex ther-
mal process in which unsteady heat and moisture transfer oc-
cur simultaneously. From an engineering point of view, it is
important to develop a better understanding of the controlling
parameters of this complex process. Mathematical models of
the drying processes are used for designing new or improving
existing drying systems or even for the control of the drying
process.
Most of the above studies examined on convective, solar,
superheated steam and heat-pump drying kinetics of fish. Figure 1 Schematic illustration of the microwave drying set-up.
Drying characteristics of sardine fish dried with microwave heating 123

velocity was kept at a constant value of 1 m/s with an accuracy where MRexp,i is experimental moisture ratio; MRpre,i is pre-
of ± 0.1 m/s measured with a Vane Probe anemometer AM- dicted moisture ratio; N is number of observations; z is number
4202 Lutron flowed perpendicular to the bed. Drying experi- of constants. The best model describing the drying characteris-
ments were carried out with 200, 300, 400 and 500 W micro- tics of samples was chosen as the one with the highest coeffi-
wave power levels to investigate the effects of microwave cient of determination, the least reduced chi square, root
power on drying of fish. Samples (45 ± 1 g) were placed in a mean square error and mean relative percent error (Sarimeseli,
single layer on a rotating glass plate in the oven. Moisture loss 2011; Caglar et al., 2009).
of the samples was recorded by means of the balance at 15 s
intervals until no discernible weight change was observed. 2.4. Energy of drying
Rotating was stopped by pulling back the driving disc when
recording the weight data. Specific energy consumption (Es) of the drying process was ex-
pressed in MJ/kg water evaporated. Therefore, the Es could be
2.3. Modelling of drying process determined as follows (Varith et al., 2007; Soysal, 2004):
3:6  Emicrowave
The moisture content of drying sample at time t can be trans- Es ¼ ð5Þ
ðMt  M0 Þ  ms
formed to be moisture ratio (MR):
Mt  Me The energy consumption of microwave could be calculated as
MR ¼ ð1Þ follows:
M0  Me
Emicrowave ¼ P  t ð6Þ
where Mt, M0 and Me are moisture content at any time of dry-
ing (kg water/kg dry matter), initial moisture content (kg where Emicrowave is the electrical power consumption from
water/kg dry matter) and equilibrium moisture content (kg microwave oven (kW h); P is the microwave power input
water/kg dry matter), respectively. (kW); and ms is the mass of dry solid (kg).
The moisture ratio was simplified to Mt/M0 instead of Eq.
(1) by some investigators (Al-Harahsheh et al., 2009; Doymaz, 2.5. Moisture diffusivity
2005) due to the continuous fluctuation of the relative humid-
ity of the drying air during microwave drying process. In most studies carried out on drying, diffusion is generally ac-
The drying rate of samples was calculated using the follow- cepted to be the main mechanism during the transport of mois-
ing equations: ture to the surface to be evaporated. The effective moisture
Mt  Mtþdt diffusivity can be determined from the slope of the normalised
DR ¼ ð2Þ plot of the unaccomplished moisture ratio, ln(MR) vs time,
dt
using the following equation (Sarimeseli, 2011; Al-Harahsheh
where DR is the drying rate (kg water/kg dry matter.min);
et al., 2009):
Mt + dt is the moisture content at t + dt (kg water/kg dry mat-    2 
ter) and t is drying time (min). 8 p Deff
lnðMRÞ ¼ ln 2  2
t ð7Þ
The drying data obtained were fitted to five thin-layer dry- p 4L
ing models detailed in Table 1 using the nonlinear least squares where Deff is the effective moisture diffusivity (m2/s), and L is
regression analysis. Statistical analyses of the experimental the half-thickness of thin layer sample (m).
data were performed by using the software SPSS 17.0. The
coefficient of determination (R2) is one of the primary criteria 3. Results and discussion
for selecting the best model to define the drying curves. In
addition to R2, reduced chi-square (v2) and root mean square 3.1. Drying curves and modelling drying data
error (RMSE) are used to determine the quality of the fit.
These parameters can be calculated as follows:
" #1=2 The changes in moisture ratio with drying time of sardine fish
1X N
2 in microwave drying are presented in Fig. 2 It was found that
RMSE ¼ ðMRexp;i  MRpre;i Þ ð3Þ
N i¼1 the moisture content is effected by the microwave power input
and drying time of the sardine fish was significantly reduced
X
N from 9.5 to 4.25 min, as the power input increased as can be
ðMRexp ;i  MRpre;i Þ2 seen in Fig. 2 It is also clear from the same figure that, increas-
v2 ¼ i¼1
ð4Þ ing the power output resulted in shortened drying times up to
NZ 51%. Duan et al. (2010) dried tilapia fish in hot air – micro-

Table 1 Mathematical models given by various authors for drying curves.

Model name Model References
Page MR = exp(ktn) Sarimeseli (2011)
Wang and Singh MR = 1 + bt + at2 Arslan and Ozcan (2010)
Parabolic MR = c + bt + at2 Sharma and Prasad (2001)
Logarithmic MR = a exp(kt) + b Akpinar (2008)
Midilli MR = a exp(ktn) + bt Midilli et al. (2002)
where, k is the drying constant and a, b, n are equation constants.
124 H. Darvishi et al.

1.2 500W
400W
300W

Drying rate (kg water/kg dry mater.min)

200W
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
Figure 2 Variation of moisture ratio of sardine fish during the 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Moisture content (% d.b)
microwave drying process.

wave dryer and found their drying time as 10 min. Heilporn Figure 4 Variation of drying rate with the moisture content of
et al. (2010) investigated the drying of fish using a typical mo- sardine fish.
bile drying and recorded drying times up to 6 h. Jain and Pat-
et al. (2004) reported that the drying during the falling rate
hare (2007) dried prawn and chelwa fish in open sun dryer and
period is so governed by water diffusion in the solid.
found their drying time as 14- and 21 h, respectively. The dry-
The moisture content of the material was very high during
ing times obtained in this present study was extremely low
the initial phase of the drying which resulted in a higher
comparing the results obtained in the previous studies given
absorption of microwave power and higher drying rates due
in literature (Duan et al., 2010; Wu and Mao, 2008; Kituu
to the higher moisture diffusion. As the drying progressed,
et al., 2010; Jain and Pathare, 2007; Sobukola and Olatunde,
the loss of moisture in the product caused a decrease in the
2010). Therefore, convective drying is long and causes many
absorption of microwave power and resulted in a fall in the
undesirable changes in the fish. The results indicate that mass
drying rate. Higher drying rates were obtained at higher micro-
transfer within the sample was more rapid during higher
wave output powers. Thus, the microwave output power had a
microwave power heating because more heat was generated
crucial effect on the drying rate. Similar findings were reported
within the sample creating a large vapour pressure difference
in previous studies (Wang et al., 2007; Soysal et al., 2006;
between the centre and the surface of the product due to char-
Therdthai and Zhou, 2009).
acteristic microwave volumetric heating.
The drying rate by the microwave method can be described
As seen in Figs. 3 and 4, all curves have two stages. The
by Eq. (8):
drying rate rapidly increases and then slowly decreases as dry-
ing progresses. In general, it is observed that drying rate re- ht
DR ¼ Atu þ ð8Þ
duces with time or with the reduction of moisture content. 1 þ expðdt Þ
As mentioned earlier, the product’s moisture content reduces Parameters a, b, c and d are given in Table 2. In order to take
over time. The drying process took place in the falling rate per- into account the effect of microwave power on the constants
iod. Similar trend was also observed by Jain and Pathare and coefficients of Eq. (8), namely, A, u, h and d, the regression
(2007) for open sun drying of prawn and chelwa fish. Lahsasni analysis was used to set up the relations between these param-
eters and the microwave power. Thus, the regression equations
of these parameters against microwave power and the drying
rate model are as follows:
h ¼ 4  106 P2:2729 R2 ¼ 0:9948
u ¼ 4  106 P2  0:0044P þ 1:0787 R2 ¼ 0:9983
d ¼ 2:5381LnðPÞ þ 16:76 R2 ¼ 0:9626
A ¼ 9  108 P3 þ 9  105 P2  0:031P þ 3:091 R2 ¼ 0:9999

Table 2 Parameters A, u, h and d of the functions describing

the drying rate of sardine fish.
P (W) Drying kinetic parameters
A u h d R2
500 0.439 0.010 5.116 1.156 0.955
400 0.229 0.054 3.290 1.272 0.900
300 0.302 0.161 1.475 2.382 0.920
Figure 3 Variation of drying rate with the drying time of sardine 200 0.127 0.385 0.664 3.326 0.909
fish.
Drying characteristics of sardine fish dried with microwave heating 125

The statistical results from models are summarised in Ta- 1

bles 3. The best model describing the thin-layer drying charac- (a) Sardine fish
500W
teristics of sardine fish was chosen as the one with the highest 400W
R2 values and the lowest v2 and RMSE values. The statistical 0.8 300W
200W
parameter estimations showed that R2, v2 and RMSE values

Predicted moisture ratio

ranged from 0.9694 to 0.9999, 0.00009 to 0.10073, and
0.6
0.00875 to 0.19779, respectively. Of all the models tested, the
Midilli model gives the highest value of R2 and the lowest val-
ues of v2 and RMSE. Fig. 5 compares experimental data with 0.4
those predicted with the Midilli model for sardine fish samples
at 200, 300, 400 and 500 W. The prediction using the model
showed MR values banded along the straight line, which 0.2
showed the suitability of these models in describing drying
characteristics of sardine fish.
It was determined that the value of k increased with the in- 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
crease in the microwave power. This data indicate that with an Experim ental m oisture ratio
increase in microwave power drying the curve becomes steeper
indicating faster drying of the product. A similar trend was ob- Figure 5 Experimental versus predicted moisture ratio (MR)
served by Ozkan et al. (2007) for spinach; Sharma and Prasad values for sardine fish drying.
(2001) for garlic cloves.
In this study, as the temperature is not a measurable vari-
able in the standard microwave oven used for drying process, is the activation energy (W/g), P is the microwave output
the Arrhenius equation was used in a modified form to illus- power (W) and m is the mass of raw sample (g). The values
trate the relationship between the kinetic rate constant and of k versus m/P shown in Fig. 6, accurately fit to Eq. (9) with
the ratio of the microwave output power to sample amount in- coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.8596. Then, k0 and Ea
stead of the temperature for calculation of the activation en- values were estimated as 0.8169 (1/min) and 14.138 W/g.
ergy. After evaluation of the data, the dependence of the
kinetic rate constant on the ratio of microwave output power 3.2. Effective moisture diffusivity
to sample amount was represented with an exponential Eq.
(9) derived by Ozbek and Dadali (2007): The values of effective moisture diffusivity ranged from
  7.158 · 108 m2/s at 200 W to 3.408 · 107 m2/s at 500 W. In
Ea :m
k ¼ k0 exp  ð9Þ Table 4, it was noted that Deff increased with the increase of
P
microwave power. The Deff values reported herein are within
where k is the drying rate constant obtained by using Midilli the general range of 1011–109 m2/s for food materials (Doy-
model (1/min), k0 is the pre-exponential constant (1/min), Ea maz, 2005). This might be explained by the increased heating

Table 3 Results of statistical analysis on the modelling of moisture content and drying time for the microwave dried sardine fish.
Model P (W) Model constants R2 v2 RMSE
Page 500 k = 0.244, n = 2.012 0.999 0.00020 0.01334
400 k = 0.203, n = 1.821 0.999 0.00012 0.01025
300 k = 0.051, n = 2.197 0.999 0.00020 0.01363
200 k = 0.040, n = 1.808 0.999 0.00018 0.01316
Wang and Singh 500 a = 0.0185, b = 0.3335 0.9713 0.00427 0.06163
400 a = 0.0214, b = 0.3068 0.9744 0.00342 0.05592
300 a = 0.0013, b = 0.1431 0.9694 0.00427 0.06312
200 a = 0.0008, b = 0.0940 0.9794 0.00204 0.04399

Parabolic 500 a = 0.0385, b = 0.4384, c = 1.1150 0.9850 0.00237 0.04447

400 a = 0.0334, b = 0.3874, c = 1.1134 0.9883 0.00101 0.02960
300 a = 0.0062, b = 0.2097, c = 1.1229 0.9841 0.10073 0.20109
200 a = 0.0024, b = 0.1307, c = 1.0883 0.9896 0.04238 0.19779
Logarithmic 500 k = 0.241, a = 1.851, b = 0.742 0.982 0.00293 0.04939
400 k = 0.284, a = 1.473, b = 0.359 0.981 0.00199 0.04160
300 k = 0.112, a = 2.148, b = 1.00 0.981 0.00194 0.04179
200 k = 0.070, a = 2.109, b = 1.00 0.988 0.00095 0.02964
Midilli 500 k = 0.253, a = 1.011, b = 0.007 0.999 0.00012 0.00982
400 k = 0.207, a = 1.005, b = 0.0011 0.999 0.00012 0.01012
300 k = 0.059, a = 1.016, b = 0.006 0.999 0.00009 0.00881
200 k = 0.041, a = 1.006, b = 0.002, n = 1.817 0.999 0.00009 0.00875
126 H. Darvishi et al.

0.3 5

Specific energy consumption (MJ/kg water)

0.25
Kinetic rate constant (1/min)

4
0.2 k = 0.8169e -14.138m/P
R2 = 0.8569
3
0.15

0.1
2

0.05

1
0
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
m /P (g/W)
0
500 400 300 200
Figure 6 The relationship between the values of drying rate Microw ave pow er (W)
constant versus sample amount/power.
Figure 8 Specific energy consumption for microwave drying of
sardine fish.
Table 4 Effective diffusivity coefficient values for sardine fish
at different microwave powers. served, the range of effective moisture diffusivity of fish under-
P (W) Effective diffusivity (m2/s) going microwave drying, in this present study, were higher
500 3.048 · 107 than the values obtained by these researchers, because of the
400 2.302 · 107 lower drying times required under microwave treatment.
300 1.758 · 107 The dependence of the effective moisture diffusivity on the
200 7.158 · 108 ratio of microwave output power to sample amount was eval-
uated using the Arrhenius type equation as given below (Oz-
bek and Dadali, 2007):
 
energy, which would increase the activity of the water mole- Ea :m
Deff ¼ D0 exp  ð11Þ
cules leading to higher moisture diffusivity when samples were P
dried at higher microwave power density. The relationship be-
where D0 is the pre-exponential factor (m2/s) and Ea is the acti-
tween effective moisture diffusivity and microwave power can
vation energy (W/g). The fitness of data with the model is illus-
be represented as:
trated in Fig. 7. The values of D0 and Ea were estimated as
Deff ¼ ð0:086P  9:713Þ  108 R2 ¼ 0:9842 ð10Þ 9 · 107 m2/s and 11.14 W/g. As a conclusion, the value of
Ea found from this study was quite similar to the value
In the literature, although effective moisture diffusion for
(14.138 W/g) obtained from the previous section by using
fish under sun and hot air drying was studied by Boudhrioua
Eq. (9).
et al. (2009), Chiralt et al. (2001) and Jain and Pathare
(2007) no documentary was found about investigation of the
3.3. Energy efficiency of microwave drying
effective moisture diffusivity for fish undergoing microwave
treatment. As a result, although the similar trends were ob-
Fig. 8 shows the microwave specific energy consumption val-
4.0E-07 ues at different amounts of microwave powers for the drying
of sardine fish. Statistical analyses showed that microwave
Effective moisture diffusivity (m2/s),

3.5E-07
power in the range of 200–500 W was not significant on the
3.0E-07 Deff = 9E-07e -11.141m/P specific energy consumption values of sardine fish (a = 0.05).
R2 = 0.9893 However, it was noted that the lowest specific energy con-
2.5E-07 sumption occurred in 500 W. Drying energy consumption at
2.0E-07
500 W was 3.78 MJ/kg water. Rozainee and Ng (2010) re-
ported that the energy consumption of convective hot air dry-
1.5E-07 ing of 70 C was 164.3 MJ/kg water, whereas microwave-hot
dehydration with low (91 W), medium low (217 W) and med-
1.0E-07
ium (373 W) mode of microwave power coupled with hot air
5.0E-08 temperature of 70 C required only 15.7, 33.0 and 27.7 MJ/
kg water, respectively.
0.0E+00
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
4. Conclusions
m/P (g/W)

Figure 7 The relationship between the values of effective The drying kinetics of sardine fish was investigated in a micro-
moisture diffusivity versus sample amount/power. wave dryer as a single layer at the drying microwave powers of
Drying characteristics of sardine fish dried with microwave heating 127

200, 300, 400 and 500 W. Based on non-linear regression anal- Innotech, 2009. Solar tunnel dryer ‘‘Hohenheim’’. <http://www.inno-
ysis, the Midilli model was considered adequate to describe the tech-ing.de/Innotech/english/TT-Dryer.html> (accessed 29.09.09).
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wave drying of sardine fish took place in the falling drying rate coefficients for solar drying of fish. Biosyst. Eng. 94 (3), 429–435.
Jain, D., Pathare, P.B., 2007. Study the drying kinetics of open sun
period. The calculated effective diffusivities ranged from
drying of fish, study the drying kinetics of open sun drying of fish.
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microwave power. Energy activation values estimated from Jain, D., Ilyas, S.M., Pathare, P., Prasad, S., Singh, H., 2005.
diffusivity data were close to energy activation values from Development of mathematical model for cooling the fish with ice. J.
drying kinetics data. Minimum specific consumption and max- Food Eng. 71 (3), 324–329.
imum drying efficiency values are obtained to be 68.65% and Kituu, G.M., Shitanda, D., Kanali, C.L., Mailutha, J.T., Njoroge,
91.79% at 500 W. C.K., Wainaina, J.K., Silayo, V.K., 2010. Thin layer drying model
for simulating the drying of Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) in a
solar tunnel dryer. J. Food Eng. 98, 325–331.
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