Class 9th MATHEMATICS DEFINITIONS

Unit No.1
1) Matrix: A rectangular array or a formation of collection of real numbers, say 0, 1, 12) Skew-Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric, if
1 3 4 At=-A
2, 3, 4, and 7 such as and then enclosed by brackets
7 2 0 13) Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix A is called a diagonal matrix if atleast any one
1 3 4
“[ ]” is said to form a matrix [ ]. of the entries of its diagonal is not zero and non-diagonal entries are zero.
7 2 0 1 0 0
2) Order of a matrix: If a matrix M has m rows and n columns, M is said to be of
1 2 3 Example: [0 2 0]
order m-by-n. For example: M=[ ] is of order 2-by-3, since it has two 0 0 3
1 0 2
rows and three columns. 14) Scaler Matrix: A diagonal matrix is called a scaler matrix, if all the diagonal
3) Equal Matrix: Let A and B be two matrices. Then A is said to be equal to B, and 𝑘 0 0
entries are same and non-zero. For example: [0 𝑘 0] where k is a constant
denoted by A=B, if and only if;
0 0 𝑘
i) The order of A is equal to the order of B ≠ 0,1.
ii) Their corresponding entries are equal. 15) Identity or Unit Matrix: A diagonal matrix is called identity (unit) matrix if all
1 3 1 2+1 1 0 0
Example: A=[ ] and B=[ ] are equal matrices.
−4 2 −4 4 − 2 diagonal entries are 1. It is denoted by I. Example: [0 1 0]
i) The order of A is equal to the order of B
0 0 1
ii) Their corresponding elements are equal 𝑎 𝑏
Thus A=B 16) Determinant of a 2-by-2 Matrix: Let A=[ ]be a 2-by-2 square matrix. The
𝑐 𝑑
4) Row Matrix: A matrix is called a row matrix, if it has only one row. determinant of A denoted by det A or |𝐴| is defined as
Example: M=[1 −1] is a row matrix of order 1-by-2. 𝑎 𝑏 |𝐴|=|𝑎 𝑏
A=[ ], |=ad-bc=λϵR
5) Column Matrix: A matrix is called a column matrix, if it has only one column. 𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
1 17) Singular Matrix: A square matrix A is called singular, if the determinant of A is
Example: M=[ ] is column matrix of order 2-by-1 1 2 1 2
0 equal to zero. Example: A=[ ] , |𝐴|=| |=0-0=0
6) Rectangular Matrix: A matrix M is called rectangular if, the number of rows of M 0 0 0 0
1 2 18) Non-Singular Matrix: A square matrix A is called non-singular, if the determinant
is not equal to the number of columns of M. Example: A=[1 1] 1 1 1 1
of A is not equal to zero. Example: A=[ ] , |𝐴|=| |=2-0=2
2 3 0 2 0 2
𝑎 𝑏
7) Square Matrix: A matrix is called a square matrix, if its number of rows is equal 19) Adjoint of a Matrix: Adjoint of a square matrix A=[ ]is obtained by
2 3 𝑐 𝑑
to its number of columns. Example: 𝐴 = [ ] interchanging the diagonal entries and changing the sign of other entries.
4 5 𝑑 −𝑏
8) Null or Zero Matrix: A matrix M is called a null or zero matrix, if each of its Adjoint of matrix A is obtained as Adj A. i.e., Adj A = [ ].
0 0 −𝑐 𝑎
entries is 0. Example: A=[ ] 20) Additive identity of Matrix: Let A be a matrix of order 2-by-3. Then a matrix B of
0 0
9) Transpose of a Matrix: A matrix obtained by changing the rows into columns or same order is said to be an additive identity of matrix A, if B+A=A=B+A
columns into rows of a matrix is called transpose of that matrix. If A is a matrix, 21) Additive inverse of Matrix: Let A be a matrix, a matrix B is defined as an additive
then its transpose is denoted by At. inverse of A, if B+A=Ο=A+B
10) Negative of a Matrix: Let A be a matrix. Then its negative, -A is obtained by 22) Multiplicative identity of a Matrix: Let A be a matrix. Another matrix B is called
changing the signs of all the entries of A, i.e., the identity matrix of A under multiplication, if BA=A=AB.
𝑎 𝑏
If A=[
1 −2
] , then –A =[
−1 2
] 23) Inverse of a Matrix: Let M be a matrix M= [ ], then
3 4 −3 −4 𝑐 𝑑
1 𝑑 −𝑏
11) Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix is symmetric, if it is equal to its transpose i.e., M-1= [ ] , where det M = ad-bc≠0.
𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎
matrix A is symmetric if At=A
Unit No.2
 1) Real Numbers: Real numbers is equal to the union of two disjoint sets (set of 1) Scientific Notation: A number written in the form a × 10n, where 1 ≤ a < 10 and
rational numbers Q and set of irrational numbers Q′), i.e., R=Q ∪ Q′ n is an integer, is called the scientific notation.
2) Natural Numbers/ Positive Integers: The numbers 1, 2, 3, … which we use for 2) Common Logarithm or Brigg’s logarithm: If the base of logarithm is taken as 10
counting certain objects are called natural numbers or positive integers. The set then logarithm is called common logarithm or Brigg’s logarithm.
of natural numbers is denoted by N. i.e., N = {1, 2, 3, …} 3) Natural Logarithm or Napier Logarithm: Logarithm having base e is called Napier
3) Whole numbers: If we include 0 in the set of natural number, the resulting set is Logarithm or natural logarithm.
the set of whole numbers, denoted by W, i.e., W = {0, 1, 2, 3, …} 4) Characteristic: The integral part which is positive for a number greater than 1
4) Integers: The set of integers consist of positive integers, 0 and negative integers and negative for a number less than 1, is called the characteristic of logarithm of
and is denoted by Z i.e., Z={…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …} the number.
5) Rational Numbers: All the numbers of the form p/q where p, q are integers and q 5) Mantissa: The decimal part of the logarithm of a number is called the mantissa
is not zero are called rational numbers. The set of rational numbers is denoted by and is always positive.
𝑝 6) Antilogarithm: The number corresponding to a given logarithm is known as
Q, i.e., Q = { |𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 𝑞 ≠ 0}
𝑞
antilogarithm.
6) Irrational Numbers: The numbers which cannot be expressed as quotient of
integers are called irrational numbers. The set of irrational numbers is denoted Unit No.4
by Q′, i.e., Q′ = {𝑥|𝑥 ≠
𝑝
, 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 𝑞 ≠ 0} 1) An algebraic expression: An algebraic expression is that in which constant or
𝑞 variables or both are combined by basic operations.
7) Terminating Decimal Fraction: The decimal fraction in which there are finite 2) Polynomial: Polynomial means an expression with many terms.
number of digits in its decimal part is called a terminating decimal fraction. 3) Degree of Polynomial: Degree of polynomial means highest power of variable.
2
Example: = 0.4 4) Rational Expression: Expression in the form
𝑝(𝑥)
, (q(x) ≠ 0) is called rational
5
𝑞(𝑥)
8) Recurring and Non-Terminating Decimal Fraction: The decimal fraction (non-
expression.
terminating) in which some digits are repeated again and again in the same order
5) Surd: An irrational radical with rational radicand is called a surd.
in its decimal part is called a recurring decimal fraction. 𝑛
2 4 6) Radicand and Surd Index: In √𝑎 , n is called the surd index or surd order and
Examples: = 0.2222 … 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.363636 … rational number x is called radicand.
9 11
9) nth root of a: If n is a positive integer greater than 1 and a is the real number, 7) Monomial Surd: A surd which contains a single term is called monomial surd.
then any real number x such that xn = a is called the nth root of a, and in symbols Examples: √2, √3 etc.
𝑛
is written as: x = √𝑎 , or x = (a)1/n 8) Binomial Surd: A surd which contains sum or difference of two surds is called
𝑛
10) Radical Sign: In the radical √𝑎 , √ is called the radical sign. binomial surd. Examples: √3 + √7 or √2 + 5 etc.
𝑛
11) Index of the radical: In the radical √𝑎 , n is called the index of the radical. 9) Rationalizing factor of the surd: If the product of two surds is a rational number,
𝑛
12) Radicand or Base: In the radical √𝑎 , the real number under the radical sign is then each surd is called the rationalizing factor of the other.
called the radicand or base. 10) Rationalization of the given surd: The process of multiplying a given surd by its
𝑛
13) Concept of Radicals and Radicands: In the radical √𝑎 , the symbol √ is called rationalizing factor to get a rational number as product is called rationalization of
the radical sign, n is called the index of the radical and the real number a the given surd.
under the radical sign is called the radicand or base.
14) Complex Number: A number of the form z = a+bi where a and b are real
numbers and i = √−1 , is called a complex number.
15) Complex Conjugate: The number a + bi and a – bi are conjugate of each other.

Unit No.5
Unit No.3
1) Factor of the original polynomial: If a polynomial is expressed as a product of 7) Absolute value of a real number: The absolute value of a real number 'a'
other polynomials, then each polynomial in the product is called a factor of the denoted by |𝑎|, is defined as
original polynomial. 𝑎, 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 ≥ 0
|𝑎| = {
2) Factorization: The process of expressing an algebraic expression in terms of its −𝑎, 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 0
factors is called factorization. Examples: |6| = 6 , |0| = 0 , |−6| = −(−6) = 6
3) Zero of the polynomial: If a specific number x = a is substituted for the variable x 8) Equivalent Equations: Two linear equations are called equivalent if they have
in a polynomial p(x) so that the value p(a) is zero, then x = a is called a zero of exactly the same solution.
the polynomial. 9) Linear Inequality in One variable: A linear inequality in one variable x is an
4) Remainder Theorem: If a polynomial p(x) is divided by a linear divisor (x – a), inequality in which the variable x occurs only to the first power and is of the form
then the remainder is p(a). It is called remainder theorem. ax + b < 0, a ≠ 0
5) Factor Theorem: the polynomial (x – a) is a factor of the polynomial p(x) if and where a and b are real numbers. We may replace the symbol < by >, ≤ or ≥.
only if p(a) = 0. Unit No.8
Unit No.6 1) Cartesian Plane: In plane two mutually perpendicular straight lines are drawn.
1) Highest Common Factor (H. C. F.): If two or more algebraic expressions are The lines are called the coordinate axes. The point O, where the two lines meet is
given, then their common factor of highest power is called the H.C.F. of the called origin. This plane is called the coordinate plane or the Cartesian plane.
expressions. 2) Line Segment: A part of a line l distinguished or separated by distinct points P
2) Common Multiple: If an algebraic expression p(x) is exactly divisible by two or and Q of l is said to form a line segment of l and is denoted by PQ or QP.
more expressions, then p(x) is called the Common Multiple of the given 3) Coordinate axes: In plane two mutually perpendicular straight lines are drawn.
expressions. The lines are called coordinate axes.
3) Least Common Multiple (L. C. M.): The Least Common Multiple (L. C. M.) is the 4) Origin: The point O, where the two lines meet is called origin.
product of common factors together with non-common factors of the given Or
expressions. The point O where the x-axis and y-axis meet is called the origin and is denoted
4) Square Root of an Algebraic Expression: As with numbers we define the square by O (0,0)
root of a given expression p(x) as another expression q(x) such that 5) Abscissa: The x-coordinate of the point is called abscissa of the point P(x, y).
q(x) . p(x) = p(x) 6) Ordinate: The y-coordinate of the point is called ordinate of the point P(x, y).
Example: 5 × 5 = 25, so square root of 25 is 5. 7) Ordered Pair: An ordered pair is pair of elements in which elements are written
in specific order.
Unit No.7
8) Coordinates of a point: The real numbers x, y of the ordered pair (x, y) are called
1) Linear equation in one variable: A linear equation in one variable x (occurring to
coordinates of a point P(x, y) in a plane.
the first degree) is an equation of the form
ax + b = 0, where a, b ∈ R and a ≠ 0 Unit No.9
2) Identity Equation: An identity is an equation that is satisfied by every number for 1) Plane Geometry: The study of geometrical shapes in a plane is called plane
which both sides are defined. Example: x + 3 = 3 + x geometry.
3) Conditional Equation: A conditional equation is an equation that is satisfied by at 2) Coordinate Geometry: Coordinate geometry is the study of geometrical shapes
least one number but is not an identity. Example: 2x + 1 = 9 in the Cartesian plane (coordinate plane).
4) Inconsistent Equation: An inconsistent is an equation whose solution set is the 3) Collinear Points: The set of points which lie on the same straight line in the plane
empty set. Example: x = x + 5, because no value of x satisfies it. are called collinear points.
5) Radical Equation: When the variable in an equation occurs under a radical sign, 4) Non-Collinear Points: The set of points which do not lie on the same straight line
the equation is called a radical equation. in the plane are called non-collinear points.
6) Extraneous Solution: When raising each side of the equation to a certain power
may produce a non-equivalent equation that has more solutions than the original 5) Equilateral Triangle: If the lengths of all the three sides of a triangle are same,
equation. These additional solutions are called extraneous solution. then the triangle is called an equilateral triangle.
 6) An Isosceles Triangle: An isosceles triangle PQR is a triangle which has two of its 4) S. S. A. Postulate: In any correspondence of two triangles, if two sides and their
sides of equal length while the third side has a different side. included angle of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding two sides and
Or their included angle of the other, then triangles are congruent.
If the lengths of the two sides of a triangle are same and the length of the third 5) H.S. Postulate: If in the correspondence of the two right-angled triangles, the
side is different is called an isosceles triangle. hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and
7) Right Triangle: A right triangle is that in which one of the angles has measure the corresponding side of the other, then the triangles are congruent.
equal to 900. (H.S. ≅ H. S.)
8) Scalene Triangle: A triangle is called a scalene triangle if measure of all the three Unit No.12
sides are different. 1) Right bisector of a line segment: A line l is called a right bisector of a line
Or
segment if l is perpendicular to the line segment and passes through its mid-
If the measures of all the three sides of a triangle are different then the triangle
point.
is called scalene triangle.
2) Bisector of an angle: A ray BP is called the bisector of ∠ABC if P is a point in the
9) Square: A square is a closed figure in the plane formed by four non-collinear
interior of the angle and ∠ABP = ∠PBC
points such that lengths of all sides are equal and measure of each angle is 90 0.
A P
10) Rectangle: A figure in the plane formed by four non-collinear points is called a
rectangle if,
a. its opposite sides are of equal measure.
b. Its opposite sides are parallel to each other.
11) Parallelogram: A figure in the plane formed by four non-collinear points is called
B C
a parallelogram if,
a. Its opposite sides are of equal measure Unit No.14
𝑎
b. Its opposite sides are parallel 1) Ratio: We define ratio a : b = as the comparison of two alike quantities a and b
𝑏
Unit No. 10 called the terms of a ratio. (Terms must be expressed in the same unit.)
1) Congruent Triangles: Two triangles are said to be congruent (symbol ≅), if there 2) Proportion: Equality of two ratios is defined as proportion. i.e., if a : b = c : d,
exists a correspondence between them such that all corresponding sides and then a, b, c and d are said to be in proportion.
angles are congruent i.e., 3) Similar Triangles: Two (or more) triangles are similar if they are equiangular and
𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐷𝐸 measures of their corresponding sides are proportional.
∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐷
If {𝐵𝐶 ≅ 𝐸𝐹 and {∠𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐸 Unit No. 16
𝐶𝐴 ≅ 𝐹𝐷 ∠𝐶 ≅ ∠𝐹 1) Area of a Figure: Area of a figure means region enclosed by the boundary lines of
Then ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF a closed figure.
A D 2) Triangular Region: A triangular region means the union of triangle and its
interior.
3) Area of a triangle: By area of a triangle means the area of its triangular region.
4) Altitude or Height of a triangle: Altitude or height of a triangle means
B C E F perpendicular distance to base from its opposite vertex.
2) S. A. A. Postulate: In any correspondence of two triangles, if one side and any 5) Interior of a rectangle: The interior of rectangle is the part of the plane enclosed
two angles of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding side and angles of by the rectangle.
the other, then the triangles are congruent. (S. A. A. ≅ S. A. A.) 6) Rectangular Region: A rectangular region is the union of a rectangle and its
3) S. S. S. Postulate: In a correspondence of two triangles, if three sides of one interior.
triangle are congruent to the corresponding three sides of the other, then the 7) Altitude or Height of the parallelogram: If one side of a parallelogram is taken as
two triangles are congruent. (S. S. S. ≅ S. S. S.) its base, the perpendicular distance between that side and the side parallel to it,
is called the altitude or height of the parallelogram.
Unit No.17
1) Concurrent lines: Three or more than three lines are said to be concurrent, if
they all pass through the same point.
2) Point of Concurrency: Three or more than three lines are said to be concurrent,
if they all pass through the same point. The common point is called the point of
concurrency of the lines.
3) Incentre of a Triangle: The internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle meet at a
point called the Incentre of the triangle.
4) Circumcentre of a triangle; The point of concurrency of the three perpendicular
bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called the circumcentre of the triangle.
5) Median of a Triangle: A line segment joining a vertex of a triangle to the mid-
point of the opposite side is called a median of the triangle.
6) Altitude of a triangle: A line segment joining a vertex of a triangle, perpendicular
to the line containing the opposite side, is called an altitude of the triangle.
7) Orthocentre of a triangle: The point of concurrency of three altitudes of a
triangle is called its orthocentre.
8) Centroid of the triangle: The point where the three medians of a triangle meet is
called the centroid of the triangle.

Prepared By: Abdul Moiz