Journal of Engineering Science and Technology

Special Issue on SOMCHE 2014 & RSCE 2014 Conference, January (2015) 1 - 10
© School of Engineering, Taylor’s University

MODELLING OF ACOUSTIC WAVE PROPAGATION

THROUGH THE NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES

H. MAMTAZ*, MOHAMMAD H. FOULADI, M. AL-ATABI

School of Engineering, Taylor’s University, Taylor's Lakeside Campus,

No.1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, DE, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract
The theoretical explanation of the absorption phenomena of various porous
materials was stated by many authors by proposing various models. The purpose of
almost all the models was to estimate the materials acoustical parameters such as,
characteristic impedance, surface acoustic impedance and wave propagation
constant. The absorption behavior of any porous material can be capably derived
from a viewpoint of materials physical realizability and their effect on acoustic
absorption. In addition, a successful establishment of link between modified
physical parameters and acoustical parameters of the material could play a
significant role to promote its absorption mechanism. This study presented the
review of various experimental and methodical methods which had been
implemented to understand the absorption phenomena of various synthetic and
natural fibers, relevance to the acoustics. The intension of this review was mainly
for a potential exploration of an analytical method by over viewing various
analytical and experimental studies on fibrous sound absorbing materials for
acoustic absorption purpose. The study discussed the theoretical outcomes of
Delany-Bazley and Biot-Allard models. The study also discussed the opportunities
to improve the value of acoustic absorption coefficient at low frequency (below
1000 Hz) range through experimental and analytical studies, considering various
physical properties of fibrous material and their reinforced composites.
Keywords: Acoustic absorption, Delany-Bazley and Biot-Allard model.

1. Introduction
The recent development of the acoustic performance of various porous absorbers
is due to the routine investigation of their acoustic characteristics by many
researchers. This investigation is motivated by the growing concern of
environmental problem and human health issue. There are many conventional
1
2 H. Mamtaz et al.

acoustic materials which are offered to use in indoor and outdoor applications for
acoustic absorption purpose. Due to the ascending price and threat to environment
of using conventional acoustic materials, some researchers have proposed to use
natural and biomass waste materials as alternatives of conventional fibrous and
foam absorbers. The study discusses the acoustic characteristics of those proposed
natural fibrous and biomass materials as acoustic materials and their potential to
replace the conventional acoustic materials. There are few studies have developed
about the significant benefit and the physical mechanism associated with the use
of fibrous acoustic materials together with a biomass material for acoustic
absorption purpose. Expanding the understanding of the physical mechanism of
these composite materials and refining of the fibers physical properties are
expected to enhance the low frequency absorption. This review is an opportunity
to provide the details that may help to overcome the shortcomings in acquiring
enhanced acoustic absorption performance especially at low frequency region.
In practical there are various sound absorptive materials for noise control
engineering. All widely used sound absorptive materials are porous, where sound
absorption takes place as sound waves pass through them. The porous sound
absorptive materials are usually contemplated as an assembly of capillary tubes.
They are solid materials and composed of the channels, cavities or interstices
which make them to allow the sound waves to pass through them. According to
the microscopic structure of porous sound absorptive materials they can be
categorized as granular, cellular and fibrous[1]. This study focuses only on the
acoustic absorption of fibrous composite materials at normal incidence of sound wave.
In recent years, natural fiber reinforced resin/polymer composites have earned
a lot of attention due to its light weight, abundance in nature, cost efficiency,
biodegradability and eco-friendly nature. These materials are cheaper and
environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites [2]. Moreover they
have the potential to be used as porous absorber and low health risk during the
processing and handling [3]. Consequently, natural substances such as coir fiber
[4], tea leaf fiber [5], bamboo fiber [6], date palm fiber [7, 8], rice straw [9, 10],
rice husk [11], oil palm fiber [12], jute fiber [13], Arrenga Pennata fiber [14],
kenaf fiber [15], kapok [16], grass and corn fiber [17] have already been reported
as promising and efficient alternatives of synthetic fibers.
However, due to high flammability, low interfacial adhesion, poor moisture
resistant and low anti-fungus quality of natural fiber composites, these materials
are still not quite popular as sound absorption materials compare to the synthetic
based composites. As a matter of fact, researchers are trying to tune the fibers
quality through chemical treatment prior to natural fiber reinforced composites
production, to overcome their shortcomings.
In porous material the most important mechanism of sound absorption is
viscosity. The thickness of viscous boundary layer is defined by the tangential
velocity of an incident wave from zero at the wall to the free stream value far
away from the wall. This viscous boundary layer effect plays a great role in sound
absorption mechanism in porous media. Since air is a viscous fluid, the viscous
loses occur in the boundary layer of air adjacent to pore walls. In general, these
air layers are of sub-millimeter size at audible frequencies. The thermal
conduction from air to absorbers materials takes place simultaneously with
viscous effects. Owing to sound pressure, the incident sound wave propagates

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Special Issue 7 1/2015

Modelling of Acoustic Wave Propagation through the Natural Fiber Composites 3

through interconnected pores of porous materials and dissipated via friction of air
molecules with pore walls.
With the frequency of exciting sound wave, the oscillation of air molecules in
the interstices of the porous material results frictional losses. In case of fibrous
materials, at the exciting state of sound, the fibres of the fibrous materials vibrates
and loss their internal energy as a result of vibration. Frictional losses occur when
the fibres are rubbing with each other. The speed of sound is proportional to all
above mentioned losses and the sound energy converted into heat energy. The
sound absorption performance of a material is determined by the five governing
parameters such as porosity, tortuosity, flow resistivity, viscous and thermal
characteristics lengths. Amongst them the effectiveness of porosity, tortuosity and
two characteristics lengths were found at high frequency region, while for low
frequency, porosity, air flow resistivity and thermal permeability are the key
parameters to characterize the sound absorption phenomena of poroelastic
materials. Hence it is obvious the factor that has significant role in complete range
of frequency is porosity [18]. However, the capability of material thickness, bulk
density and fiber size is also undeniable in reducing the sound at low frequency
band [19, 20].

2. Experimental Overview of Acoustic Absorption

The significant effects of chemical treatment [21] and incorporation of additional
filler or matrix (e.g. rice husk) in fiber reinforced composite [22] have been
observed to be provided on fibers physical and acoustical properties. It was found
that the alkaline treatment (mercerization) of fresh natural fibers results in the
reduction of fiber diameter, which is the key factor to improve low frequency
sound absorption. The incorporation of natural substance (e.g. rice husk)
improves stiffness, increases the bulk density and flow resistivity of the
composite material, which have significant effect in enhancing low frequency
acoustic absorption. In addition, chemical concentration and fiber-matrix composition
ratio may also be the vital factors to improve low frequency sound absorption [11].
Fiber diameter has a significant role in enhancing the sound absorption
performance at low frequency region. The value of sound absorption coefficient
in this region is inversely proportional to the fiber diameter. The volume density
occupied by fibers with thicker diameters requires more fibers with thinner
diameters. Therefore, the surface area of the material through where the incident
sound wave propagates is inversely proportional to the fiber diameter at constant
volume density and thickness of the material. A huge surface area leads to an
increased viscous friction, hence energy losses by means of more frictions of
surface area with air molecules [23]. Moreover, the addition of more fibers cause
more tortuous passages and make the propagation path longer within the
absorbent and higher the air flow resistance. Furthermore the movement of thin
fiber is easier than thick fiber in sound wave which causes vibration in air, as
well as enhance the absorption by means of more viscous losses due to air
vibration [24]. The significant enhancement in low frequency absorption was
found due to the reduction of coir fiber diameter in the numerical simulation [20],
for different fiber size at constant thickness (50mm) of the sample material.
Asmatulu et al. [25] reported the potential of electro-spinning nanofibers for
acoustic absorption purpose. The significant enhancement of low frequency

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Special Issue 7 1/2015

4 H. Mamtaz et al.

acoustic absorption was for fiber diameter 200 nm to 7 µm. The reason of this
performance was stated for higher surface area, attributed by thinner fibers and
their interaction with more air molecules.
Flow resistivity of a material has a significant contribution in better acoustic
absorption purpose. The incorporation of a raw biomass material such as rice husk
at its optimum weight composition will increase the flow resistivity by filling the
pores of the surface area of material. It has been reported that dried rice husk
together with polyurethane binder showed significant value of sound absorption
coefficient at low frequency region compare to wood shaved materials. The
absorption peak was found at frequency 250 Hz for 25% rice husk-polyurethane
composite with a value of 0.889 [11].
Rahman et al. [26] investigated the potential of date palm fiber (DPF) and
corn fiber (C.F) for green acoustic absorption materials. In this study the
influence of bulk density, fiber density and thickness of the materials was taken
into account for the enhancement of sound absorption coefficient at low
frequency range. It was observed that the sound absorption coefficient at lower
frequency range shifted to peak value with increasing materials bulk density (due
to extra matrix material) and layer thickness as well. A comparison on acoustic
absorption was made between DPF and C.F in the study. Date palm fiber showed
better acoustic absorption coefficient performance than coir fiber at both low and
high frequencies. This performance is due to the thinner fiber diameter (123 µm)
of DPF than the diameter of (252 µm) C.F. For 40mm thickness of DPF, the value
of sound absorption coefficient is 0.98 at 1381.25 Hz -1506.25 Hz and 0.99 at
4521.88 Hz - 4906.25 Hz. The study concluded that material with smaller fiber
diameters, lower fiber density, increased bulk density and thickness shows good
acoustic absorption.
In 2011, Fouladi et al. [27], studied the acoustical characteristics of coir fiber
as a porous material. Based on Delany-Bazley and Biot Allard analytical
approach, the value of sound absorption coefficients were investigated for fresh
and industrial coir fiber mixed with latex binder. It was found that Allard model
showed a better resonance prediction of coir fiber porous material than Delany-
Bazley model. In this study, at 45 mm sample of coir fiber thickness, the value of
sound absorption coefficient was found 0.8 at frequency 578 Hz. In addition, the
study suggested to add further materials to improve some physical properties such
as stiffness, flammability, anti-fungus etc. which may help to enhance the sound
absorption properties of the material.
The observation indeed helps to conclude that fiber diameter and flow
resistivity of the material is the important parameters to enhance the sound
absorption at low frequency region. In most studies related to natural fibers, the
simultaneous improvement of the longevity together with acoustic absorption
quality of the fiber was overlooked. In terms of moisture absorption capability,
fresh fiber shows better sound absorption performance at low frequency region
compare to the industrially prepared fiber mixed with binder. However, it was
suggested to use improved industrially treated fiber in real world application due
to better stiffness, less moisture and larger life expectancy by [4]. In recent years,
it has been investigated that the pre-treatment of natural fiber improves fibers
fitness, resistance to moisture absorption and fiber-matrix adhesion. A commonly
used pre-treatment method is alkali treatment of natural fiber, or it is known as

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Special Issue 7 1/2015

Modelling of Acoustic Wave Propagation through the Natural Fiber Composites 5

mercerization. The alkali treatment has significant effect in producing high

quality fibers. It helps to reduce fiber diameter and moisture absorption [28].
One of the main concerns of the paper is about the development of fibers anti-
fungus and moisture resistive qualities in the context of pretreatment such as,
mercerization. At the same time the study is a careful observation about the
effective role of reduced fiber diameter, for enhancement of low frequency
acoustic absorption, after fiber chemical treatment.

3. Analytical Overview of Acoustic Absorption

In the case acoustic wave propagation through the porous media at normal
incidence, air is considered as propagating media, which is a viscous, polyatomic
and compressible medium. The acoustical properties of porous material are
characterised by the characteristics acoustic impedance ( Z f ) and propagation
constant ( γ f ).

The complex expressions of ( Z f ) and ( γ f ) are estimated as follows,

Z f = R + jX (1)

γ f = α + jβ (2)

where,
R = Real component
X = Imaginary component
α = Attenuation constant in nepers/m
angular frequency ω
β = Phase constant = = rad/m
speef of sound c

In order to estimate the characteristic impedance ( Z f ) and wave propagation

constant ( γ f ), Delany and Bazley [29] have developed an empirical formula of a
homogenous and isotropic fibrous materials and normalized them into a
dimensionless group. Since this method depends only on the flow resistivity
parameter of the material, their model is considered to be a simple model and
easy for fast approximation. This model can be used for large frequency range
and availability of the flow resistivity of the material. However, the
implementation of the model is restricted to a certain range of flow resistivity
(σ ) , which is 10 ≤ f / σ ≤ 1000 and porosity close to 1, where, f, is the frequency
in Hz and , σ is the flow resistivity in MKS raylm-1 .
ρ0 f
So, is a normalized dimensionless parameter whose validity range is
σ
ρ f
restricted to 0.01 ≤ 0 ≤ 1.0.
σ

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Special Issue 7 1/2015

6 H. Mamtaz et al.

In terms of Eqs. (1) and (2), the empirical relation for characteristic impedance
( Z f ) and propagation constant ( γ f ) can be expressed by the flow resistivity
(σ ) [30, 31] as:

 ρ f 
b
  ρ f 
d

z f = ρ 0 c 0 1 + a 0  − j 1 + c 0   (3)

  σ     σ  

ω   ρ0 f    ρ 0 f  
q s

γf =  p  − j  1 + r  σ   (4)
c 0   σ     
 
where,
ρ 0 = Air density;
c0 = Speed of sound in air;
f = Sound wave frequency;
σ = Flow resistivity;
ρ0 f
a, c, p and r = Coefficient of ;
σ
ρ0 f
b, d, q and s = Degrees of ;
σ
Miki [32] reported that according to Delany-Bazley model, the real part of
surface impedance tends to negative values at low frequencies at some extent,
when computed. Miki [32] modified the Delany-Bazley model to obtain a real
positive value at wider frequency range and generalized with the models with
respect to porosity, tortuosity and the pore shape factor ratio. Later Delany-Bazley
model was corrected by Mechel and Ver as a function of a dimensional
parameter, density by the quotient, between frequency and resistivity.
Beranek and Vér [33] indicated that the Mechel-Ver model is more accurate
and improved adjustment than the Delany-Bazley method at low frequency region.
Delany-Bazley, Miki and Mechel-Ver models are well-known empirical
model as conventional prediction methods. They have same formula structure as
stated in Eq. (3) and Eq. (4). The only difference among them is in the values of
coefficients and degrees in the formulae, which are stated in Table 1 for Delany-
Bazley, Miki and Mechel-Ver models.
A theoretical explanation was developed by Biot [34] for the saturated porous
material. Biot's theory is the identification of three types of waves for continuous
material, which are two compression waves and one shear wave. Porosity (ϕ ) ),
flow resistivity ( σ ), tortuosity, viscous and thermal characteristics lengths - all
these parameters appear in the Biot's general model.
An elaborated description of Biot's model was developed by Allard [35] with
improved explanation of sound propagation in porous materials. In this model, the
frame (fiber) is considered as elastic cylindrical fiber, which deals with the study
of frame -fluid interaction. Therefore, both frame (fiber) and fluid (air) are in

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Special Issue 7 1/2015

Modelling of Acoustic Wave Propagation through the Natural Fiber Composites 7

motions. The acoustic losses occur due to heat conduction and for this,
compressibility of the medium is an important factor.

Table 1. Coefficient and degrees of ρ 0 f / σ

in Delany-Bazley [29], Miki [32]and Mechel-Ver models [33].
Mechel-Ver Model
Coefficients Delany- ρ0 f ρ0 f
Miki Model
& Degrees Bazley Model ≤ 0.025 > 0.025
σ σ
p 0.0169 0.160 0.396 0.179
q −0.595 −0.618 0.458 0.674
r 0.0858 0.109 0.135 0.102
s −0.700 −0.632 0.646 0.705
a 0.0497 0.0699 0.0668 0.0235
b -0.754 −0.632 0.707 0.887
c 0.0758 0.017 0.196 0.0875
d −0.632 −0.632 0.549 0.77
In Biot-Allard model compressibility of the medium was taken into account
and the acoustical properties of the fibrous material were calculated based on two
compression waves which are frame borne and air-borne waves. The technique is
useful to assess bulk modulus of air in porous material by means of characteristic
dimensions. Based on previous studies the comparison between Delany-Bazley
and Biot-Allard model are reported in Table 2.

Table 2. Comparison between Delany-Bazley and Biot-Allard model.

Delany-Bazley Model Biot-Allard Model
• Derived from empirical equation. • Based on wave transmission
equation.
• It is a simplified model. • It is a complicated model compare
to the empirical one.
• Based on only one parameter flow • Based on five parameters; porosity,
resistivity. tortuosity, flow resistivity, viscous
characteristic length and thermal
characteristic length.
• Frame elasticity is not included in • Frame elasticity is included in this
this technique. technique.
• It is a fast and general • It is a good and clear approximation
approximation technique for overall technique for overall broadband
broadband trend acoustical trend acoustical behavior.
behavior.
• The frame resonance information is • The frame resonance information is
absent in overall absorption pattern. well predicted in overall absorption
pattern.

4. Conclusions
The current paper introduces a review of previous research to study the low
frequency acoustic absorption on the basis of various experimental analyses.

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Special Issue 7 1/2015

8 H. Mamtaz et al.

From various experimental observations it is concluded that, the following key

factors play a great role in enhancing low frequency acoustic absorption of a
fibrous material.
• Thinner fiber diameter
• Higher surface area
• Higher flow resistivity
It also presents the review of previous research on the application of Delany-
Bazley, Miki, Mechel-Ver and Biot-Allard model to study the phenomena of
acoustic absorption and for the formulation of low frequency acoustic absorption.
As indicated in Table 2, it was found that frame resonance is clearly predictable
by Biot-Allard model in overall absorption pattern. The elasticity of frame is
included as one of the parameter in Biot-Allard formulation, which prevents
strong frame resonance at some frequency band due to high flow resistivity of the
material. Further study is needed for deeper understanding of the phenomena of
acoustic absorption enhancement through analytical and experimental investigation.

References
1. Arenas, J.P; and Crocker M.J. (2010). Recent trends in porous sound-
absorbing materials. Sound & vibration, 44(7), 12-18.
2. Joshi, S.V.; Dizal, L.T.; Mohanty, A.K.; and Arora, S.(2004). Are natural
fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced
composites? Composites Part A: Applied science and manufacturing, 35(3),
371-376.
3. Asdrubali, F. (2006). Survey on the acoustical properties of new sustainable
materials for noise control. Euronoise, 30, 1-10.
4. Fouladi, M.H.; Ghassem, M.; Ayub, M.; and Nor, M.J.M. (2011).
Implementation of coir fiber as acoustic absorber material. Noise & Vibration
Worldwide, 42(9), 11-16.
5. Ersoy, S.; and Küçük, H. (2009). Investigation of industrial tea-leaf-fibre
waste material for its sound absorption properties. Applied Acoustics, 70(1),
215-220.
6. Koizumi, T.; Tsujiuchi, N.; and Adachi, A. (2002). The development of
sound absorbing materials using natural bamboo fibers. High performance
structures and composites, 4, 157-166.
7. Rahman, A.L.; Raja, R.I.; Rahman, R.A.; and Ibrahim, Z. (2012). Acoustic
properties of innovative material from date palm fibre. American Journal of
Applied Sciences, 9(9), 1390-1395.
8. Elwaleed, A.K.; Nikabdullah, N.; Nor, M.J.M.; Tahir, M.F.M.; and Zulkifli,
R. (2013). Experimental investigation of sound absorption properties of
perforated date palm fibers panel. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science
and Engineering. IOP Publishing. 46, 1-8.
9. Yang, H.-S.; Kim, D.-J.; and Kim, H.-J. (2003). Rice straw–wood particle
composite for sound absorbing wooden construction materials. Bioresource
Technology, 86(2), 117-121.

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Special Issue 7 1/2015

Modelling of Acoustic Wave Propagation through the Natural Fiber Composites 9

10. Abdullah, Y.; Putra, A.; Efendy, H.; Farid, W.M.; and Ayob, M.R. (2013)
Investigation on sound absorption coefficient of natural paddy fiber.
International Journal of Renewable Energy Resources, 3,8-11.
11. Mahzan, S.; Zaidi, A.; Mujahid, A.; Ghazali, A.; Yanya, M.I.; and Ismail, M.
(2009) Investigation on sound absorption of rice-husk reinforced composite.
Proceedings of MUCEET 2009 Malaysian Technical Universities Conference
on Engineering and Technology.
12. Zulkifli, R.; Nor, M.J.M.; Ismail, A.R.; Nuwai, M.Z.; Abdullah, S.; Tahir,
M.M.; and Rahman, M.A.(2009). Comparison of acoustic properties between
coir fiber and oil palm fiber. European Journal of Scientific Research,
33(1),144-152.
13. Fatima, S.; and Mohanty, A. (2012). Noise control of home appliances-the
green way. Noise & Vibration Worldwide, 43(7), 26-34.
14. Ismail, L.; Ghazali, M.I.; Mahzan, S.; and Zaidi, A.M.A. (2010). Sound
absorption of Arenga Pinnata natural fiber. World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology, 43(20-07), 601-603.
15. Jayaraman, K.A. (2005). Acoustical absorptive properties of nonwovens. MS
Thesis. North Carolina State University, U.S.
16. Veerakumar, A.; and Selvakumara, N. (2012) A preliminary investigation on
kapok/polypropylene nonwoven composite for sound absorption. Indian
Journal of. Fibre & Textile Research, 37, 385-388.
17. Fouladi, M.H.; Nassir, M.H.; Ghassem, M.; Shamel, M.; Peng, S.Y.; Wen,
S.Y.; Xin, P.Z.; and Nor, M.J.M.(2013) Utilizing Malaysian natural fibers as
sound absorber. Modelling and measurement method for acoustic waves and
for acoustic microdevices, Chapter-7, 161-170.
18. Sagartzazu, X.; Hervella-Nieto, L.; and Pagalday, J. (2008) Review in sound
absorbing materials. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering,
15(3), 311-342.
19. Seddeq, H.S. (2009). Factors influencing acoustic performance of sound
absorptive materials. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(4),
4610-4617.
20. Nor, M.J.M.; Ayub, M.; Zulkifli, R.; Nowshad, A.; and Fouladi, M.H.;
(2010). Effect of different factors on the acoustic absorption of coir fiber.
Journal of Applied Sciences, 10, 2887-2892.
21. Verma, D.; Gope, P.C.; Shandilya, A.; and Gupta, A. (2013). Coir fibre
reinforcement and application in polymer composites: A. Journal of Material
and Environment Science, 4(2), 263-276.
22. Satapathy, A.; Jha, A.K.; Mantry, S.; Sing, S.K.; and Patnaik, A. (2010)
Processing and characterization of jute-epoxy composites reinforced with SiC
derived from rice husk. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites,
29(18), 2869-2878.
23. Tsujiuchi, N.; Koizumi, T.; Ohshima, Y.; and Kitagawa, T. (2002) An
optimal design and application of sound-absorbing material made of
exploded bamboo fibers. Conference:2005, IMAC-XXIII:Conference and
Exposition of Structural Dynamics,1-7.
24. Cox, T.J.; and D'antonio, P. (2009). Acoustic absorbers and diffusers: theory,
design and application. CRC Press,1-463.

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Special Issue 7 1/2015

10 H. Mamtaz et al.

25. Asmatulu, R.; Khan, W.; and Yildirim, M.B. (2009). Acoustical properties of
electrospun nanofibers for aircraft interior noise reduction. ASME 2009
International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, 223-227.
26. Rahman, L.A.; Raja, R.I.; and Rahman, R.A.(2013). Experimental study on
natural fibers for green acoustic absorption materials. American Journal of
Applied Sciences, 10(10), 1307-1314.
27. Fouladi, M.H.; Ayub, M.; and Nor, M.J.M.(2011). Analysis of coir fiber
acoustical characteristics. Applied Acoustics, 72(1), 35-42.
28. Kalia, S.; Kaith B.S.; and Kaur I. (2009). Pretreatments of natural fibers and
their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites—a review.
Polymer Engineering & Science, 49(7), 1253-1272.
29. Delany, M.; and Bazley, E.(1970) Acoustical properties of fibrous absorbent
materials. Applied Acoustics, 3(2), 105-116.
30. Lee, F.-C.; and Chen W.-H. (2001). Acoustic transmission analysis of multi-
layer absorbers. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 248(4), 621-634.
31. Dunn, I.; and Davern, W.(1986). Calculation of acoustic impedance of multi-
layer absorbers. Applied Acoustics, 19(5), 321-334.
32. Miki, Y.(1990) Acoustical properties of porous materials-modifications of
Delany-Bazley models. J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn.(E), 11(1),19-24.
33. Beranek, L.L; and Vér, I.L. (1992) Noise and vibration control engineering.
Wiley New York.
34. Biot, M. (1962). Generalized theory of acoustic propagation in porous
dissipative media. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 34(9A)
1254-1264.
35. Allard, J. (1993). Sound propagation in porous media: Modelling sound
absorbing materials. Elsevier, London.

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Special Issue 7 1/2015