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{YÊZËdËZY {¸¿Y
ﺻﻔﺤﻪ1 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﺎ
ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ :ﻫﺮ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ،ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ
ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ m ، Aﺳﻄﺮ ﻭ nﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ m × n ، Aﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ Am × nﻭ
A = aijﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ aij .ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺮ iﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ jﺍﻡ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ . A ﻳﺎ [ ]m×n
⎧i + j i> j
⎪
aij = ⎨7ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. A = aijﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ i = j
3×4
] [
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ
⎪2
⎩i i< j
ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ
⎤⎡0 0 0
⎢ = O2× 3 ⎥ .1ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺻﻔﺮ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ Oﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ.
⎣0 0 0⎦2×3
[1 2 3 48 − 7]1×5 .2ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺳﻄﺮﻱ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ 1× n ،ﺍﺳﺖ.
⎤⎡a
⎥⎢b
⎥ ⎢ .3ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ n ×1،ﺍﺳﺖ.
⎥⎢c
⎥ ⎢
⎣d ⎦ 4×1
.4ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻧﺪ .ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ n × nﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻭ
ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ، i < jﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ i = jﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ i > jﺍﺳﺖ i ) .ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻭ j
⎡ a11 a12 ⎤ a13
⎢a ⎥⎥ a23 ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ aijﺍﺳﺖ(
⎢ 21 a22
⎢← ﻗﻄﺮ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ
⎣a 31 a 32 ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ⎦⎥
→ a 33
⎡a ⎤0 0
⎢d ⎥b 0 ' . 4ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻔﺮﻧﺪ.
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ e ⎦⎥ f c
⎡a d ⎤e
⎢0 b ⎥f " . 4ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻔﺮﻧﺪ.
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 ⎦⎥ c
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{YÊZËdËZY {¸¿Y
ﺻﻔﺤﻪ2 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
⎤⎡a 0 0
⎥⎢0 b 0 .5ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻔﺮﻧ ﺪ.
⎢ ⎥
⎦⎥⎢⎣0 0 c
ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
⎤⎡ k 0 0
⎥ ⎢0 k 0 .6ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺍﺳﻜﺎﻟﺮ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
⎢ ⎥
⎦⎥ ⎣⎢0 0 k
⎤⎡1 0 0
⎤⎡1 0
⎥I 3 = ⎢0 1 0 ⎥ ⎢ = I2 .7ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻲ )ﻭﺍﺣﺪ -ﻳﻜﻪ( ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺍﺳﻜﺎﻟﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
⎢ ⎥ ⎦⎣0 1
⎦⎥⎢⎣0 0 1
⎧1 i= j
⎨ = aijﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ. ] [
I n = aijﻛﻪ
n ×n
ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ
⎩0 i≠ j
.2ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ Aﻭ Bﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ :ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Aﻭ Bﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱﺍﻧﺪ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ .1 :ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ
] [ ] [
ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ∀ i , j aij = bij ⇔ aij = bij
⎤ ⎡ 3 2x + y ⎤⎡2 x − y 5
⎢ = Bﻭ A = Bﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ) (x + y + zﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ. ⎥ ⎢= Aﻭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﮔﺮ
⎣− 2 ⎦ 1 ⎣ z ⎦⎥1
ﭼﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲﻫﺎ
.1ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﺎ :ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ،ﺟﻤﻊ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ
ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ.
⎧7 i= j
⎪
، aij = ⎨i + jﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ I − Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ؟ ] [
A = aijﻭ i > j
3× 3
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﮔﺮ
⎪2
⎩i i< j
.4ﻣﻀﺮﺏ 7 .3ﻣﻀﺮﺏ 5 .2ﻣﻀﺮﺏ 4 .1ﻣﻀﺮﺏ 3
.2ﺿﺮﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ :ﺍﮔﺮ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ ،ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﭼﻨﺪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ B ، Aﻭ Cﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ.
k .2ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ k ( A + B ) = kA + kB .1ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ A + B = B + A
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{YÊZËdËZY {¸¿Y
ﺻﻔﺤﻪ3 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
.4ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﭙﺬﻳﺮﻱ ) ( A + B ) + C = A + (B + C .3ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻊ A + O = A
⎤⎡3 1 − 1 ⎤⎡3 2 − 2
⎢ = Bﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Cﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ، B − 2 A + 3C = Oﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﻡ ⎥ ⎢=،A ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
⎦ ⎣0 4 3 ⎦ ⎣0 5 6
ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Cﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
2 1 .4 2 .3 3 .2 4 .1
ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲﻫﺎ:
ﺍﮔﺮ Bk × p ، Am × nﺑﺎﺷﺪ A × B ،ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ n = kﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ
ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻄﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ، A × B .ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ . m × pﻣﺜﻼً A3 ×2 × B2×4 = C 3 ×4
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ،ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺩﻭﻡ ،ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ،ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻭ
ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞﺿﺮﺏ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ .ﭘﺲ:
ﺍﻟﻒ .ﺍﺯ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﺏ .ﺳﻄﺮ iﺍﻡ )ﻣﺜﻼً ﺳﻄﺮ ﺳﻮﻡ( ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ A × B = Cﺍﺯ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺳﻄﺮ iﺍﻡ )ﺳﻄﺮ ﺳﻮﻡ( ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Aﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺳﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Bﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ
ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.
ﺝ) .ﺳﺘﻮﻥ jﺍﻡ ) × ( Bﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ = ( Aﺳﺘﻮﻥ jﺍﻡ A × B
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ A × Bﻭ B × Aﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
⎤ ⎡1 − 1 4 ⎤⎡ 1 2 3 − 1
⎥ B = ⎢− 1 0 1 − 2ﻭ . A = 0 0 0ﺍﻟﻒ
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎦⎥ ⎢⎣1 2 3 ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 1 − 1 0
⎤⎡1
] B = [2 3 4ﻭ ⎥. A = ⎢− 1ﺏ
⎥ ⎢
⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 2
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{YÊZËdËZY {¸¿Y
ﺻﻔﺤﻪ4 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ 3 × 5ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ A × Bﻭ B × Aﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ
ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ،ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ.
ﺝ[ ]5×3 .
B = bij ﺏ[ ]3×5 .
B = bij ﺍﻟﻒ[ ]3×2 .
B = bij
⎤⎡1 2
⎤⎡ 2 3 ⎤⎡1 − 1 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ = Cﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥ A = ⎢− 1 0ﻭ ⎥ B = ⎢2 3ﻭ ⎥
⎣ − 1 1 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦⎥⎢⎣ 2 − 1
ﺏA × (B × C ) = ( A × B ) × C . ﺍﻟﻒA × (B + C ) = ( A × B ) + ( A × C ) .
[ ]
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﮔﺮ A = [2i − j ]3 × 3ﻭ ، B = i2 + j2 3 × 3ﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﻡ A × B − B × Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
28 .4 32 .3 30 .2 33 .1
ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲﻫﺎ :ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢA1 = A , A2 = A. A , A3 = A. A2 = A2 . A , .... An = A. An −1 = An −1. A :
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ :ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﻭ mﻭ nﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ kﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ
(Am )n = Amn .4 Am × An = Am + n .3 (kA)n = K n An .2 I n = I .1
ﻧﻜﺘﻪ :ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ) Aﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺰﺭگ( ﺭﺍﻩ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ A3 ، A2 ، Aﻭ ...ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﺍﻱ
ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ.
⎤ ⎡1 0
⎢ = Aﺣﺎﺻﻞ A2ﻭ A3ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ n ) Anﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ( ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
⎦⎣0 − 1
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ﺻﻔﺤﻪ5 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
⎤ ⎡0 1 3
2 3
A + A + A + ... Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥ ، A = ⎢0 0 4ﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ
1395
⎢ ⎥
⎦⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 0
1395 .4 13 .3 1394 .2 12 .1
ﻧﻜﺘﻪ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ A3× 3ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﺍﻛﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ )ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮچ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ 3ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ
ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ.
⎤ ⎡a b
⎢ = Aﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ A2 − (a + d ) A + (ad − bc )I = 0ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻧﻜﺘﻪ :ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ 2 × 2ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ⎥
⎦ ⎣c d
⎤⎡4 3
⎢ = Aﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ، A2 = αI + β Aﺣﺎﺻﻞ 2α − βﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ⎥
⎦⎣3 2
-6 .4 6 .3 4 .2 -4 .1
ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲﻫﺎ
.1ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ.
.2ﺍﮔﺮ AB = ACﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ) B = Cﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ(
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ) .ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ(
.3ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲﻫﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﭙﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ( A × B ) × C = A × (B × C ) .
⎤ ⎡ − 1 0⎤ ⎡ x
⎢ ] [x 1ﻛﺪﺍﻡﺍﻧﺪ؟ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ = 0
⎦⎣ 2 3 ⎦ ⎣ 1
3 .4ﻭ 1 3 .3ﻭ -1 -3 .2ﻭ 1 -3 .1ﻭ -1
.4ﺩﺭ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲﻫﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ) ﻭ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ( ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ.
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ﺻﻔﺤﻪ6 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
⎧ A × (B ± C ) = A × B ± A × C
⎨
⎩(B ± C ) × A = B × A ± C × A
.5ﺍﮔﺮ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ ،ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻣﺜ ً
ﻼ
⎤⎡0 0 ⎤⎡ 2 − 1 ⎤⎡1 1
⎢ = Bﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ ⎥ ⎢ = AB ⎥ ⎢= Aﻭ ⎥
⎦⎣0 0 ⎦ ⎣− 2 1 ⎦⎣2 2
ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
.6ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ،ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ
ﺿﺮﺏ ﻛﺮﺩ.
.7ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Aﻭ Bﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ .ﻳﻌﻨﻲ AB = BAﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻧﺪ.
( A + B )2 = ( A + B ) × ( A + B ) = A × A + A × B + B × A + B × B = A2 + 2 AB + B2 ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
=
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ Aﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻲ Iﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ
( A − I )3 = A3 − 3 A2 × I + 3 A × I 2 − I 3 = A3 − 3 A2 + 3 A − I ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
⎤ ⎡4 2 1 ⎤ ⎡0 2 1 ⎤⎡ 1 2 1
ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥ A = ⎢ 1 − 1 0ﻭ B = 1 2 1ﻭ ، C = 1 2 3ﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺯ
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎦⎥⎢⎣3 1 − 1 ⎦⎥⎢⎣1 1 − 1 ⎦⎥⎢⎣3 4 1
ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ABCﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
50 .4 51 .3 52 .2 53 .1
⎡3 ⎤0 ⎤⎡ 7 4 ⎤⎡− 2 − 5
⎢ = A − Bﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ AB + BA ،ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ⎥ ⎢ = B2ﻭ ⎥ ⎢ = A2ﻭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
⎣6 ⎦6 ⎦⎣12 7 ⎦ ⎣15 13
⎡ −6 ⎤ −1 ⎡ −4 ⎤ −1 ⎡ −6 ⎤ 1 ⎡ −4 ⎤ 1
⎢− 27 − 16 ⎥ .4 ⎢− 27 − 16 ⎥ .3 ⎢− 27 − 16 ⎥ .2 ⎢− 27 − 16 ⎥ .1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ :20
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ﺻﻔﺤﻪ7 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
.1ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ 3 × 3ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ Aﻭ Bﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ A ≠ 0ﻭ B ≠ 0ﻭﻟﻲ AB = 0
.2ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲﻫﺎﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
⎤⎡1 − 2 ⎤ ⎡4 a
⎢ = Bﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ aﻭ bﺭﺍ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞﺿﺮﺏ A × Bﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ⎥ ⎢= Aﻭ .3ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
⎦ ⎣3 2 ⎦⎣b − 1
⎧i 2 − 1 i= j ⎧i 2 + 1 =i j
⎪ ⎪
bij = ⎨i − jﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ .ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ Aﻭ B aij = ⎨i + jﻭ i > j >i ] [ ] [
.4ﺍﮔﺮ A = aijﻭ B = bijﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ j
⎪j−i i< j ⎪ i − j +2 <i j
⎩ ⎩
ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ. ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭﺳﭙﺲ A × Bﻭ B × A
⎡r1 0 ⎤0
A = ⎢0 r2ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ Bﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ 3 × 3ﻭ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ A × Bﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ .ﭼﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﺍﻱ .5ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 ⎦⎥ r3
ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ؟
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ﺻﻔﺤﻪ8 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
.6ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ 3 × 3ﻭﺍﺳﻜﺎﻟﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ Bﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪﻱ ، Aﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ
ﺍﻟﻒ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ A × Bﻭ B × Aﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
ﺏ .ﺁﻳﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ A × B = B × Aﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
.7ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻭ Bﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲﻫﺎﻱ 3 × 3ﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ:
ﺏ( A − B )( A + B ) = A2 − B2 . ﺍﻟﻒ( A − B )2 = A2 − 2 AB + B2 .
⎤⎡ − 2 0 0
.8ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥ A = ⎢ 0 3 0ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺣﺎﺻﻞ Aﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ .ﭼﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﺪ؟
3
⎢ ⎥
⎥⎦⎣⎢ 0 0 4
ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺖ
⎤⎡1 − 2 ⎤ ⎡4 a
⎢ = Bﻭ A × Bﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ B × Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ⎥ ⎢=،A .1ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
⎦ ⎣3 2 ⎦⎣b − 1
4 24 .4 14 .3 8 .2 .1ﺻﻔﺮ
⎤ ⎡2b 0 0 ⎤ ⎡3 0 0
.2ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥ B = 5 4 0 ، A = ⎢7 2a 0ﻭ 4a + 3b − 2c = 7ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ BAﭼﻪﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 5 6 4c ⎦⎥⎢⎣8 4 − 1
1 21 .4 16 .3 16 .2 14 .1
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ﺻﻔﺤﻪ9 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
⎤⎡3 − 1
⎤⎡ − 1 2 4
⎢ = Bﻭ ، C = A × Bﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ c23ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ⎥ .3ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥ ، A = ⎢5 2
⎦⎣ 5 2 1 ⎢ ⎥
⎦⎥ ⎢⎣7 1
3 24 .4 22 .3 16 .2 .1ﺻﻔﺮ
⎤⎡ x 1 − 1⎤ ⎡− 2
.4ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ [1 − 1 2] ⎢ − 1 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ x ⎥ = 0ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎥
⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 x 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1
3 3
1 − .4 -1 .3 1 .2 .1
2 2
⎤⎡2 1 ⎡ −1 ⎤− 1 ⎤⎡0 −1
⎢ Bﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ⎥ ⎢A + B ⎥ ⎢ = BAﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ A .5ﺍﮔﺮ Bﻭ Aﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ 2 × 2ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ⎥
⎦⎣3 0 ⎣− 3 ⎦− 3 ⎦ ⎣2 3
4 -12 .4 -6 .3 -2 .2 .1ﺻﻔﺮ
.6ﺍﮔﺮ A − B = − kIﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺣﺎﺻﻞ A2 − AB + kBﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
2 − k 2 I .4 − k 2 .3 k 2 I .2 k 2 .1
.7ﺍﮔﺮ B2 = − Bﻭ A + B = Iﺑﺎﺷﺪ A2 B ،ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
4 4 B .4 2B .3 − 2B .2 − 4 B .1
⎤⎡− 2 1
⎢ = Aﻭ ، A2 = αA + βIﺩﻭ ﺗﺎﻳﻲ ) (α , βﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .8ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
⎦⎣ 5 4
2 (4 , 3 ) .4 (4 ,11) .3 (2,13 ) .2 (2,11 ) .1
⎤ ⎡1 x y
.9ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥ ، A = ⎢0 1 xﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ A3ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
⎢ ⎥
⎦⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 1
1 (
3 x 2 + y 2 .4 ) (
2 x2 + y 2 .3 ) 3 y .2 3 x .1
⎤⎡ 3 − 3 4
.10ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥ ، A = ⎢2 − 3 4ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟
4
⎢ ⎥
⎦⎥⎢⎣0 − 1 1
4 .4ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻲ .3ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻲ .2ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ .1ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ
⎤⎡− 1 − 1 − 1
.11ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥ ، A = ⎢− 1 − 1 − 1ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
5
⎢ ⎥
⎦⎥⎢⎣− 1 − 1 − 1
3 3 6 .4 − 3 6 .3 3 7 .2 − 3 7 .1
.12ﺳﻪ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ A = B + Cﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﺣﺎﺻﻞ A2 + B 2 − AB − BAﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
4 C 2 .4 C .3 0 .2 − C 2 .1
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⎤ ⎡1
⎤− 4 − 3
⎢⎡ = Bﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ( A − B )( A + B ) = A2 − B2ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ،ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ⎥⎥ [x 2 − y ] ⎢⎢ 2 ⎥
⎤ ⎡x y
⎢= Aﻭ .13ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲﻫﺎﻱ
⎣ ⎦− 3 − 4 ⎣ ⎦⎥2 − 1
⎦⎥ ⎢⎣− x
ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
2 5 .4 3 .3 1 .2 -3 .1
.14ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﻭ A2 − I = 2 Aﺑﺎﺷﺪ A5 − A4 ،ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
2 A .4 12 A + 5 I .3 17 A + 7 I .2 29A + 12I .1
.15ﺍﮔﺮ AB − 2BA = 0ﻭ B 3 A = kAB 3ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ k ،ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
1 1
2 -8 .4 − .3 .2 8 .1
8 8
⎤⎡4 41 ⎤⎡4 1 ⎤⎡1 1
⎢ = ، BAnﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ: ⎥ ﻭ B = ⎥⎢3 2 ، A = .16ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥⎢0 1
⎦⎣3 32 ⎣ ⎦ ⎦ ⎣
2 n = 8 .4 n = 9 .3 n = 10 .2 n = 11 .1
.17ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ، A2 − A = 0ﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ (2 A − I )1399ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
4 2 A − I .4 A .3 I .2 0 .1
(
B −1ABﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ B = ⎡⎢⎣−57ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﺣﺎﺻﻞ )14 ⎤ 13
⎥
⎦ 15
⎤⎡ 1 1
⎢= Aﻭ
⎦⎣− 2 −1
.18ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
4 − I .4 I .3 A .2 − A .1
⎤⎡2 0
⎢ = Aﺣﺎﺻﻞ An − An −1ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .19ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ⎥
⎦⎣0 1
⎤⎡2 0 ⎤⎡2n −1 0 ⎤⎡2n −1 0 ⎤⎡2 0
2 ⎢0 1⎥ .4 ⎢ ⎥ .3 ⎢ ⎥ .2 ⎢0 0⎥ .1
⎣ ⎦ ⎥⎦⎣⎢ 0 1 ⎥⎦⎣⎢ 0 0 ⎣ ⎦
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ﺻﻔﺤﻪ11 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
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ﺻﻔﺤﻪ12 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
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ﺻﻔﺤﻪ13 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ:
ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ) ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ( ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ :ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ، Aﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ) Aﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ( ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ Bﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ
ﻛﻪ AB = BA = Iﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ Bﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ Aﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺎ A−1ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ.
⎤ ⎡7 4 ⎤ ⎡− 1 4
⎢ = Aﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮﻧﺪ. ⎥ ⎢= Bﻭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ⎥
⎦⎣2 1 ⎦⎣ 2 − 7
⎡a ⎤b
⎢ = Aﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ 2 × 2ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ .ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ
⎣c ⎦⎥ d
⎤1 ⎡ d − b
= A−1ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ. ﺻﻮﺭﺕ
⎦⎥ ad − bc ⎢⎣ − c a
a b
=A ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ad − bcﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ Aﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﺩ Aﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ؛ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ= ad − bc :
c d
ﭘﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ ) ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ( ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ، A2×2ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ
ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ.
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ :ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ A−1ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﮔﺮ Aﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ) ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ( .ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ A−1
ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ) Aﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ . A ≠ 0
⎞ ⎛10 2
⎜⎜ = Aﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ⎟⎟
⎠⎝ 4 1
⎡5 ⎤ ⎤ ⎡2 m
⎥− 2
A −1 = ⎢ 2ﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ mﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ⎢= Aﻭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﮔﺮ
⎥ ⎢− 1 1 ⎣⎦⎥ 2 5
⎣ ⎦
4 .4 3 .3 2 .2 1 .1
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻭ Bﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ A + B = 2 ABﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ A−1 + B −1ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
.4ﻫﻴﭻﻛﺪﺍﻡ 3 I .3 2I .2 I .1
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ﺣﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ 2 × 2ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ:
⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ e1 ⎡a ⎤b ⎧ax + by = e1
⎢ = Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﻭ ⎥ ⎢ = Bﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ) ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ( ﻭ ⎥ ⎢ = Xﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ⎨ ⎥ ، ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ
⎦⎣ y ⎦ ⎣e2 ⎣ c d ⎦ ⎩cx + dy = e2
ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻻﺕ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ AX = Bﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Aﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
)ﻳﺎ ( A ≠ 0ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ A−1ﺍﺯ ﭼﭗ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻻﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ.
( )
AX = B ⇒ A−1( AX ) = A−1B ⇒ A−1A X = A−1B ⇒ IX = A−1B ⇒ X = A−1B
ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻛﺮﺩ.
⎧3 x − 4 y = 1
⎨ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﺣﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ
⎩− x + 2 y = 1
⎧a x + b y = c
⎨ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ،ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﻳﻚ ﺧﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺩﻭ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺟﻮﺍﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ :ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ
' ⎩a ' x + b ' y = c
ﺧﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛
.1ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﻨﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﭘﺲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ
a b
) ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺷﻴﺐ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻔﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ≠
'a ' b
ﺍﺳﺖ ( A ≠ 0
a b c
≠ = .2ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ) ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ( ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﭘﺲ
'a ' b' c
a b c
.3ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻲﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭘﺲ = =
'a ' b' c
ﻧﻜﺘﻪ :ﺩﻗﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻔﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ
ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺻﻼً ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ) .ﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ(
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺭﻭﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺟﻮﺍﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ،ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ A−1ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ.
⎧− 2 x + 3 y = 2 ⎧x + 3 y = 5 ⎧ 3 x − 5 y = −1
⎨ ﺝ. ⎨ ﺏ. ⎨ ﺍﻟﻒ.
⎩4 x − 6 y = −4 ⎩− 2 x − 6 y = 1 ⎩2 x + y = 8
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ﺻﻔﺤﻪ15 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ
ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ nﺑﺎﺷﺪ) (1 ≤ n ≤ 3ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Aﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﺩ det ( A) = Aﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
⎤ ⎡a b
⎢=A ﺏ⎥ ⇒ A = ad − bc . ﺍﻟﻒA = [k ]1×1 ⇒ A = k .
⎦ ⎣c d
⎡ a11 a12 ⎤ a13
A = ⎢a21 a22ﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ: ﺝ .ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥⎥ a23
⎢
⎢⎣a 31 a 32 ⎦⎥ a33
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
× A = a11 × (− 1)1+1 × + a12 × (− 1)1+ 2 × + a 13 × (− 1)1+ 3
a 32 a 33 a 31 a33 a 31 a 32
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
× A = a11 × − a22 × + a13 ﭘﺲ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ
a
32 a33 a 31 a 33 a 31 a 32
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ :ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ 3 × 3ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ) ﭼﺮﺍ؟(
⎤⎡ 1 − 1 2
A = ⎢ 2ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ )ﺳﻄﺮ( ﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ⎥ 1 3
⎢ ⎥
⎦⎥ ⎢⎣− 2 4 0
⎤⎡ 2 − 1 − 2
B = ⎢ 0ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ⎥ 0 4
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣− 3 4 ⎦⎥ 1
ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ:
.1ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ.
.2ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺮ) ﻳﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ( ﻳﻚ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻀﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ.
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ﺻﻔﺤﻪ16 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
a b c
d e f =0
kd ke kf
.3ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺮ ) ﺳﺘﻮﻥ( ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ kﺿﺮﺏ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ kﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ
a b c a b e
kd ke kf = k d e f
g h l g h l
2a 6b − 2c a b c
' − aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ' − 3b ' aﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ' c 'b ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﮔﺮ c ' = −2
"− a " − 3 b "c " a " b" c
-6 .4 6 .3 -12 .2 12 .1
.4ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺮ) ﺳﺘﻮﻥ( ﻳﻚ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ) (− 1ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ) .ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎ ،ﻋﺪﺩ -1ﺿﺮﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ(
.5ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻀﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺮ) ﺳﺘﻮﻥ( ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺮ) ﺳﺘﻮﻥ( ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ.
.6ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ،ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ،ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ
.7ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ 3 × 3ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ
2 0 0 0 0 1
0 3ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺣﺎﺻﻞ 0 + 0 − 1 2
1 1 −1 2 1 1
-10 .4 10 .3 -4 .2 4 .1
. kA = k n A .8ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ n × nﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ
.9ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻭ Bﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ . AB = A B
.10ﺍﮔﺮ A = Bﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ A = Bﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ.
−1 1
( A−1 = A
n
= ) An = A .11ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ
A
. I = 1 .12
0 a b
− aﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ. 0 .13ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ c
−b −c 0
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ﺻﻔﺤﻪ17 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
.14ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩA + B ≠ A + B .
ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺳﺎﺭﻭﺱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ . 3 × 3
ﺩﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭﺵ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ ﻭ Aﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺣﺎﺻﻞﺿﺮﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺁﻥ ،ﻣﻨﻬﺎﻱ
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺣﺎﺻﻞﺿﺮﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ Aﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ.
a b c a b
d e f d e ) A = (aci + bfg + cdh ) − (ceg + afh + bdi
g h i g h
⎤⎡ 2 3 4
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ⎥ A = ⎢ 1 2 3ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺳﺎﺭﻭﺱ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ.
⎢ ⎥
⎦⎥ ⎢⎣− 1 − 2 1
ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ :ﺻﻔﺤﻪ 30
⎤⎡− 2
.1ﺍﮔﺮ ] A = [1 2 − 3ﻭ ⎥ B = ⎢ − 1ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ABﻭ BAﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ ) .ﺁﻳﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﺍﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؟(
⎥ ⎢
⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 3
ﻧﻜﺘﻪ :ﺍﮔﺮ Am × nﻭ Bn × mﻭ A × B = C m×mﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ m > nﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢC = 0:
⎡− 2 0 ⎤ 0
.2ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥ A = 0 − 3 0ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ Aﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ.
2 ⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 ⎦⎥0 − 5
3 ⎡5 A ⎤ A
⎢ = Aﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ A − 2ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ. .3ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥ 2
⎣⎢ 5 ⎥⎦ 4 A
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ﺻﻔﺤﻪ18 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
( ) ⎤⎡ − 2 − 3
⎢ = Bﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ 2 A−1 − 3 B −1ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ. ⎥
⎤ ⎡4 3
⎢= Aﻭ .4ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
⎦⎣ 5 − 1 ⎦ ⎣2 5
⎡a b ⎤c
A = ⎢ aﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ .ﭼﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﺪ؟ b .5ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ⎥ c
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣d e ⎦⎥ f
⎤⎡ka kb kc ⎤ ⎡a b c
.6ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲﻫﺎﻱ ⎥ A = ⎢d e fﻭ B = d e fﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ Aﻭ Bﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺳﺎﺭﻭﺱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ g h i ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ g h i
ﻛﻨﻴﺪ .ﭼﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﺪ.
.7ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ 2 × 2ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ Aﺩﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ Aﻭ kAﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ .ﭼﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﺪ.
.8ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ 3 × 3ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ A Aﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ.
⎤⎡5 2
⎢ = Aﺍﻧﺘﺪﺍ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ A−1ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻭ Aﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ A−1ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. .9ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
⎦⎣3 2
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{YÊZËdËZY {¸¿Y
ﺻﻔﺤﻪ19 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ
⎤⎡ ⎤⎡ −
⎢ = ، Bﺣﺎﺻﻞ AB + A + Bﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ A = ⎢ ﻭ⎥ .1ﺍﮔﺮ
⎦⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎥
1 105 .4 -77 .3 91 .2 -19 .1
⎡ − ⎤A −
⎢ = Aﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ .2ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
⎣ A + ⎦ −
4 -4 .4 -2 .3 − .2 .1
⎡ ⎤− ⎤⎡
⎢ = ، Bﺣﺎﺻﻞ A B + A B ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ⎥ ⎢= Aﻭ .3ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
⎣− ⎦ ⎦⎣ − −
3 24 .4 12 .3 -12 .2 -24 .1
⎤⎡log log
⎢ = ، Aﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .4ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
⎣ log log ⎦
2 log / .4 log .3 log / .2 log/ .1
− = A + xﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .5ﺍﮔﺮ
−
x
1 6 .4 5 .3 4 .2 3 .1
a = ، A = a ijﺑﺎﺷﺪ A ،ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
×
] [
.6ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺍﺳﻜﺎﻟﺮ
4 64 .4 16 .3 -16 .2 .1ﺻﻔﺮ
⎧o i + j = k + ⎧o i< j
ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ⎨ = bij ⎨ = aijﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻭ [ ]×
B = bij ﺍﮔﺮ [ ]×
A = aij .7
⎩ i + j = k ⎩ i≥ j
) ( A − Bﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
−
ﺣﺎﺻﻞ − A−
1 2 .4 1 .3 .2ﺻﻔﺮ -2 .1
x k
ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟ x + .8ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ kﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ=
x +
1 2 .4 1 .3 .2ﺻﻔﺮ -1 .1
− x x
.9ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ + + = ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟
x x x x x x
4 .4ﻫﻴﭻ 1 .3 2 .2 .1ﺑﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ
⎤⎡ − − ⎤⎡ − −
⎢
B = ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ B − AB − BA + Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .10ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥ A = ⎢ ﻭ
⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ − ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢
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ﺻﻔﺤﻪ20 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
1 -9 .4 -3 .3 3 .2 9 .1
−
= ، Aﺣﺎﺻﻞ A A + Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .11ﺍﮔﺮ
− A
4 18 .4 12 .3 9 .2 6 .1
.12ﺍﮔﺮ A A = ، A× ﺑﺎﺷﺪ A ،ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
4 16 .4 8 .3 4 .2 2 .1
A
ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .13ﺍﮔﺮ A×ﻭ A = −ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺣﺎﺻﻞ
A
−
2 − .4 .3 .2 .1
A .14ﻭ Bﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ 3ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ A = −ﻭ B = ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﮔﺮ kAB = −Iﺑﺎﺷﺪ k ،ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
4 4 .4 2 .3 -2 .2 -4 .1
A .15ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ 3ﻭ 1-ﻭ 2ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ
ﺍﺳﺖ؟
4 36 .4 15 .3 6 .2 .1ﺻﻔﺮ
ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
M
M
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ،
M
M
M = mijﻭ + M = M .16ﺍﮔﺮ [ ]×
1 2 .4 .3 − .2 -2 .1
.17ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ 3ﻭ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ -2ﺿﺮﺏ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ .ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ
ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
4 -72 .4 -64 .3 64 .2 72 .1
a − b c a b c
− aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ b ، aﺣﺎﺻﻞ − c b .18ﺍﮔﺮ c = −
a − b c a b c
1 12 .4 6 .3 -6 .2 -12 .1
x− x −
x + ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .19ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ xﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ− =
x +
3 6 .4ﻭ 1 -6 .3ﻭ 1 6 .2ﻭ -1 -6 .1ﻭ -1
⎤⎡ a
⎤⎡ −
⎢ = Aﻭ ⎥ B = ⎢ − ﻭ ، C = A × Bﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ، aﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ Cﻣﻨﻔﻲ .20ﺍﮔﺮ
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦⎥a
⎦⎥⎢⎣
ﺍﺳﺖ؟
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ﺻﻔﺤﻪ21 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
1 R .4 {a : a < }.3 {a : a < } .2 φ .1
a − b a + b a b
ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ،ﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ .21ﺍﮔﺮ =
c − d c + d c d
4 86 .4 .3ﺻﻔﺮ -86 .2 43 .1
A + A × B ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡
ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ⎢ = Bﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ⎥ ⎢= Aﻭ .22ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
B + B × A ⎣ ⎦ ⎦⎣ −
2 − .4 2 .3 -1 .2 1 .1
⎡ − ⎤ ⎡ a b⎤ ⎡ ⎤d
⎢ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ = + .23ﺍﮔﺮ
⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ b c ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − d ⎦⎥
2 16 .4 20 .3 36 .2 4 .1
[ ]
.24ﺍﮔﺮ A = i − j ×ﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ] A × [ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
4 .4ﺻﻔﺮ 16 .3 225 .2 15 .1
⎤ ⎡a b
⎢ = Aﻭ c, b , aﻭ dﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ A − A + = ﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﻛﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ a + b + c + d .25ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
⎦ ⎣c d
ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
2 8 .4 7 .3 6 .2 5 .1
.26ﺍﮔﺮ aﻭ bﺩﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭ iﻭ jﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻫﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ A = [ai + bj]× ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
1 a + b .4 ab .3 ab(a + b) .2 .1ﺻﻔﺮ
⎡a + b ⎤ c
⎢ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ، .27ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ aﻭ ، bﺍﮔﺮ 2ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ⎥ b + c
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ a b ⎦⎥c +
ﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ 3ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ؟
1 a .2ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪb = ، a .1ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪb = − ،
b .4ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪa = − ، b .3ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪa = − ،
.28ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ − ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ 8ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺗﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ؟
1 2 .4 1 .3 -1 .2 -2 .1
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{YÊZËdËZY {¸¿Y
ﺻﻔﺤﻪ22 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
ﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ .29ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ a
b
ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ؟
1 6 .4 3 .3 -2 .2 -3 .1
a
ﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ،ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ 6ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ a .ﻛﺪﺍﻡ .30ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ −
ﺍﺳﺖ؟
3 4 .4 3 .3 2 .2 -1 .1
−
2 ، aﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ ،ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ .31ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ a + a −
−
ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ؟
4 156 .4 148 .3 144 .2 132 .1
.32ﺍﮔﺮ A + A = − Iﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺣﺎﺻﻞ Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
1 4 .4 3 .3 2 .2 1 .1
( )
⎢ = ، Aﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ A −ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
⎤⎡
.33ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
⎦⎣
1 4 .4 3 .3 2 .2 1 .1
⎤ ⎡4 1
⎢ = ، Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Bﺍﺯ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ A × B = − Iﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .34ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ⎥
⎦⎣2 − 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎤⎡ − ⎤⎡ − −
⎤ ⎡
2 ⎢ − − ⎥ .4 ⎢ − ⎥ .3 ⎢ − ⎥ .2
⎢ − ⎥ .1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦
⎤⎡
⎢ = ، Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ) A −( A + Iﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .35ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥
⎦⎣
⎤ ⎡ − ⎤ ⎡ − ⎤⎡ − ⎤⎡ −
4 ⎢ − ⎥ .4 ⎢ − ⎥ . 3 ⎢ ⎥ .2 ⎢ − ⎥ .1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
(
⎢ = ، P − × A × Pﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
⎤⎡
)
.36ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﺎﻱ A ، × ﻭ Pﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ⎥
⎦⎣
2 -3 .4 3 .3 6 .2 -6 .1
⎤⎡ −
⎤⎡ a
⎢ = Aﻭ ⎥ B = ⎢a ﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ A × Bﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .37ﺍﮔﺮ
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦⎥−
⎦⎥ ⎢⎣
3 .4ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ a .3ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ a -6 .2 2 .1
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{YÊZËdËZY {¸¿Y
ﺻﻔﺤﻪ23 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
.38ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Aﻭ I − Aﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
2 − I .4 I .3 − A .2 A .1
.39ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ × ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ A ≠ ﻭ ، A = ﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ I − Aﺑﻪ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
4 A + A + I .4 A − A + I .3 A + A .2 A − A .1
⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡
⎢ ،ﺳﻄﺮ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ⎥ ⎢×× A ⎢=⎥ .40ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻲ ⎥
⎦⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ −
4 [ ] .4 [− ].3 [ ] .2 [ ] .1
⎡ ⎤ tan x ⎡ ⎤ − tan x
1 ⎢ = ، Bﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ A − × Bﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﻭ A = .41ﺍﮔﺮ
⎣ − tan x ⎦⎥ ⎢ tan x
⎣ ⎦⎥
[cosx − sin x ] .4 [sin x − cos x ] .3 [sinx cosx ] .2 [cosx sinx ] .1
⎡ ⎤ − tan x
1 ⎢ = Aﻭ Iﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ 2ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺳﻄﺮ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ) (I − A)−(I + Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .42ﺍﮔﺮ
⎣ tan x ⎦⎥
[− sin x cos x ] .4 [sinx cosx ] .3 [cosx sin x ] .2 [cosx − sin x ] .1
⎤⎡ − − ⎤⎡ − −
⎢ = ، Aﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﻭ A
= .43ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥ ⎢
⎣ ⎦⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎤⎡ − ⎤⎡ ⎡ ⎤ ⎤ ⎡−
2 ⎢ − ⎥ .4 ⎢ ⎥ .3 ⎢ − − ⎥ .2 ⎢ − ⎥ .1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .44ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ A ، × ﻭ Bﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ، (A + B)( A − B) = A − Bﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ (( A × B) × A−)
2 A × B .4 I .3 B .2 A .1
.45ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ A + A− = Iﺣﺎﺻﻞ Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
4 − I .4 − A .3 I .2 A .1
.46ﺍﮔﺮ A + A + I = ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
1 − I − A .4 I + A .3 − A .2 A .1
) A × ( A − Bﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
−
.47ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻭ Bﻭ A − Bﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ× B ،
4 (B − − A−)− .4 (A− − B −)− .3 ( A − B )− .2 (B − A)− .1
⎤ ⎡ − ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡
⎢ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ x + yﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .48ﺍﮔﺮ ⎥ ⎢ = ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎦⎣ − ⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣
3 4 .4 3 .3 2 .2 1 .1
⎧(m − )x + y = m
⎨ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ mﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ؟ .49ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ
⎩ x + (m + ) y =
4 5 .4 3 .3 -3 .2 -5 .1
⎧ x + y =
⎨ ﺑﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟ .50ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ aﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ
)⎩ y = a (x −
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{YÊZËdËZY {¸¿Y
ﺻﻔﺤﻪ24 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
2 .4 .3 .2 − .1
−
⎤ ⎡ a ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡
⎢ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ) (,ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .51ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ⎥ ⎢ = ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎦⎣ b ⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ −
1 3 .4 2 .3 -2 .2 -3 .1
⎧ax + by =
⎨ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ) (,ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ .52ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ
⎩ax − by =
ﺍﺳﺖ؟
1 − .4 .3 1 .2 .1
⎧a x − ay = − a
⎨ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻔﺮﺩ ) (,ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ) (a , bﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .53ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ
⎩bx + ( − b ) y = a +
1 (,) .4 (− , − ) .3 (− ,) .2 (, − ) .1
⎧ax − by = a − b
⎨ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ) (, ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .54ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ
⎩(c + )x + cy = − a + b
3 -2 .4 2 .3 -1 .2 1 .1
⎧ x − y = −
⎨ ﻭ Iﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ αﻭ βﺩﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ، αA + β I = A− .55ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ
⎩ x − y =
ﻣﻘﺪﺍ βﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
−
3 .4 .3 .2 − .1
⎧ x − y =
⎨ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ Bﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﻱ Aﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ، A + B = A × Bﺳﻄﺮ ﺍﻭﻝ .56ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ
⎩ x + y = −
ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ Bﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ .1
1
⎣⎢ − .4 .3 [ − ].2 ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣
⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥
.57ﺍﮔﺮ ، A = oﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ A − Iﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
−
(
A + A + I .4 )
(
A + A + I .3 )
(
A + A + I .2 )
− (
A + A + I .1)
.58ﺍﮔﺮ ، A = Iﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ I + Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
(I − A) .4 ( A − I ) .3 I − A .2 I − A .1
.59ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ Aﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ( A − I ) = oﺻﺪﻕ ﻛﻨﺪ ،ﺣﺎﺻﻞ A − − Iﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
( A + I )( A − I ) .4 ( A − I )( A + I ) .3 ( A + I )( A + I ) .2 ( A − I )( A − I ) .1
.60ﺍﮔﺮ ، A = Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ) (I − Aﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
−
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{YÊZËdËZY {¸¿Y
ﺻﻔﺤﻪ25 : ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ :ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ :ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ
I − A .4 I+ A .3 I+A .2 I − A .1
.61ﺍﮔﺮ Aﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ، A = I − Aﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ Aﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟
A − A .4 A + A .3 A − A .2 A − I .1
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