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I.C Engines

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48 views14 pages

I.C Engines

These are the notes on i.c engine hand written

Uploaded by

SAGAR parihar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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.C. ENGINE AND GAS TURBINE ‘LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1 Introduction 9.11 Diesel cycle 9.1.1 Heatengine 9.12 Dual combustion cycle 9.12 Essentials of Heat engine 9.13 Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual 9.13. TypesotHeat engine ‘Combustion cycles 9.14 Classification of .C. engine 9.13.1 Same compression ratio and heat 9.15 Some Importantterms addition 92 Four stroke cycle 9.132 Same compression ratio and heat 92.1 Working Principle of four stroke Petrol ‘ejection. engine 9.133 Same peak pressure, peak temperature 922 Working principle of four stroke Diesel ‘and heat rejection engine 9.18.4 Same maximum pressure and | 93. Two stroke cycle heat input 93.1 Working Principle of 2-stroke Petrol $185) ore, panna engine 932 Working Principle of 2-stroke Diese! oe Gas hata) engine 9.15 Types of Gas Turbine 84. Valve timing Diagram for a four stroke engine 9.15.1 Opencycle Gas Turbine 941° Valveoverlap 9.15.2 Closed cycle Gas Turbine 85 Comparison of Petrol engine and Diesel engine 9.15.3 Advantages of closed cycle | 98 Comparison of four stroke andtwo stroke cycle 9.16 Application of Gas Turbine | a ‘engines 9.17 Comparison of Gas Turbine and I.C. engine | 8 redeem ieasd 9.18 Comparison of Gas Turbine and steam Turbine 9.19 Compari O81 Roversble pores Comparison of closed cyct and open cyte 982 Reversible cycle 983 Thermaleticency 9.20 Constant Pressure Gas Turbine cycle Highlights 89 one ann hort newer ype Queena | 910 Oto cycle Numerical Problems ee 9.1 INTRO DUCTION Man has | Of the acon number of ways by which the sources of energy in nature can be made use of. Itis one Source of oan! factors which has contributed a lot towards the development of our society. The eat teneng ne 8Y found in nature may be in the form of chemical energy which may be converted into There ay wy its combustion. ‘some other substances found in nature which are the sources of energy. For example, @Dy Ma 92 BASICS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING uranium may also be regarded as a source of energy; as the splitting of the atom has progressed toa large extent. So far there is no method by which the nuclear energy may be directly converted into mechanical energy. Therefore, the heat energy produced by the combustion of chemical fuel or from the atomic reaction can be converted into mechanical energy by the means ofa heat engine. The heat engine can be clarsified as external combustion and internal combustion engines. In this chapter, we shall study the internal combustion engines. 9.1.1 Heat engine (The engine which converts the heat energy into the mechanical energy is known as heat engine. In other words, the heat engine is a sort of energy transformer. (The chemical energy § f fuel (Coal, Petrol or Diesel eté.) is converted into heat energy by the ‘combustion of the fuel. . K The heat energy so produced is converted into mechanical energy by means of heat engines. » 9.1.2 Essentials of heat engines There are three basic essentials of a heat engine: () Source ofheat (i) Working agent (iii) Sink Source of heat means, the source from where the heat energy can be taken and given to the working agent of the engine. Working agent is that which takes and gives out heat during its expansion and contraction. And the receiver, into which the heat, is rejected is known as sink. 998 Types of heat engine: Heat engines may be broadly divided into two categories, namely; 1. External combustion engines (E.C. Engines) 2. Internal combustion engines (I.C. Engines) ~Exfernal combustion engines The engines in which the combustion of fuel takes place outside the engine cylinder, is known as external combustion engine. Steam engines and steam turbines are the examples of external combustion engines. In these engines steamis the working agent. Combustion engines The engines, jgwhich the combustion of the fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder, is knownas internal combustion engine. _Pérol, diesel and gas engines are the examples of internal combustion engines. In these engines, ar or mixture of air and fuel is the working agent. 9.14 Classification of I.C. Engines The internal combustion engines may be classified into two categories: 1. Reciprocating typel.C.engines 2. Rotary type .C. engines iprocating type LC. engines this type of engines piston moves inside the cylinder with reciprocating (to and tro) motion eg. petrol and diesel engines, type LC. engines In this type of engines piston moves inside the cylinder with rotary motion, e.g. gas turbines and wenkal engines. The reciprocating type of LC. engines may be further classified on the basis ofthe following: “according to the fuel used: (a) Petrolengines. ©) (©) Gasengines. 2. According to the working cycle: (@) Engines based on Otto cycle ©) © Engines based on dual combustion cycle 8, According to the Method of Ignition: (@) Sparkignitionengines(S.1. Engines) _(b) 4, Acconding to the method of fuel Injection: (a) Fuel injection with carburettor. © (©) Airless injection or solid injection. & According to the strokes per cycle: (a) Twostroke engine. ) ing to the cooling system employed: (@) Aircooled engines. ® 2. Atcording to the number of cylinders: (a) Single cylinder engines. o) 8. AcCording to the vatve mechanism: (a) Engines with ovechend valve mechafion, Oy ¥ Aécording to the speed: os " © speed engines. 9ActOrding to the cylinder arrangement: (a) Horizontal cylinder engines. © (© V-type multi-cylinder engines. (a) ©) Radial engines. © (8) Opposite piston engines. 1, According to the field of application: (a) Stationary engines. ) (© Aircraftengines. @ (€) Locomotive engines (Diesel). 8.1.5 Some important terms a3 Diesel engines ) Engines based on Diesel cycle. Compression ignition engines (C.1 Engines). Air injection or air blast injection. Fourstroke engines. Water cooled engines. Multi-cylinder engines. Engines with side valve mechanism. Medium speed engines. Vertical cylinder engines. In-line multi-cylinder engines. Opposite cylinder engines. Automotive engines. Marine engines (Ship). 1. Bore: The internal diameter of the cylinder ofthe engine is known as Bore. (shown in Fig. 1). where = Internal diameter of the cylinder or Bore Fig. 1 Bore. a4 BASICS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 2. Dead centres: The piston moves inside the cylinder with reciprocatory (toand tro) motion, The extreme positions of the piston inside the cylinder during its motion are known as dead centre positions. The dead centre positions of the piston are corresponding to the instant, when the centre of the crankshaft, centre of crank pin and centre of gudgeon pin, all lie on the same straight lines, There are two dead centre posiiions. Invertical engines, these positions are known as Top Dead Centre position (T.D.C) and bottom dead centre position (B.D.C). As shown in Fig. 2. TDC }+— Cylinder —— Gudgeon pin Up — Ps Be Crank shaft Crank pin T.D.C —= Top Dead Centre B. D.C -= Bottom Dead Centre Fig. 2 Vertical Cylinder Engines showing, T.D.C & B.D.C positions Inhorizontal I.C. engines, these positions are known as inner dead centre position (I.D.C) and outer dead position (O.D.C). Hence, they may be defined as follows (As shown in Fig. 3) Piston Cylinder Gudgeon pin Crank pin Crank shaft Connecting rod ope 1.D.C —™ Inner Dead Centre ©. D.C Outer Dead Centre Fig.3 Horizontal Cylinder Engine showing, |.0.C & 0.0.C positions 1G, ENGINE AND GAS TURBINE 7 as ‘Top Dead Centre position (T.D.C): In vertical engines, the top most position of the piston (towards the cylinder cover side), when the centres of the crankshaft, crank pin and the gudgeon pin lion the same straight line is known as T:D.C. Bottom Dead Centre position (B.D.C): In vertical engines, the bottom most position of the piston (towards the crank side), when the centres of the crankshaft, crank pin and gudgeon pin lie on the same straight line, is known as bottom dead centre position. Inner Dead Centre position (I.D.C): In horizontal engine the inner most position of the piston (towards the cylinder cover side) when the centres of crankshaft, crank pin and gudgeon pin, lie on thesame straight line is called Inner dead centre position. Outer Dead Centre position (O.D.C): In horizontal engines the outer most position of the piston (towards crank side), when the centres of the crankshaft, crank pin and gudgeon pin lie on the same straight ine, is called outer dead centre position. 3. Stroke: The distance travelled by the piston from one of the dead centres to the other dead centre, is called stroke. —— Itisalso equal of two times the crank radius, (shown in Fig. 4). 4. Crank throw: The distance between the centres of the crankshaft and crank pin is known as crank throw. It is equal to half of the stroke length. Itis also called crank radius, (shown in Fig. 4). 5. Clearance volume: The volume of space included in between the under cover and piston, when the piston is at its LD.C position or T.D.C. position, is known as clearance volume, (shown in Fig. 5). x ‘Clearance volume “eS Wo) Piston ati oa Total Cylinder me L Ws) Volume (V+ Va) Boe Piston ea Fig.5 Swopt& Clearance Volume 96 BASICS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING When the piston reaches its T.D.C. position (in vertical engines) or LD.C position (in horizontal engines), itis not allowed to touch the under head. That is, some clearance is provided in between the piston and cylinder head. The volume of this space is known as clearance volume. It is generally represented by Vo Mathematically: Volume Ve ® SP xx 4 Where d= internal diameter of cylinder x= distance between under cover and piston. The clearance volume is generally expressed in terms of the percentage of the swept volume. 6. Swept volume: The volume swept by the piston when its moves from one of its dead centre Position, to the other, is called swept volume (shown in Fig. 5). Itis also known as piston displacement. Itis generally expressed by Vs. Mathematically: ‘Swept volume or piston displacement = Fa? x Length of the stroke R22 ==#L 4 Y, — =v vy Total volume Ve Y% Vc = Clearance volume | y 1 = Compression ratio =¥ Vy =Ve+ Vs 2 Vh= Ve Fig.6 Cylinder —=| SG i where — 1.C. ENGINE AND GAS TURBINE 97 where d= Internal dia of the cylinder L= Length of the stroke 7, Total cylinder volume: The sum of the clearance volume and swept volume (piston displacement) is called total cylinder volume, (shown in Fig. 5). Total cylinder volume V = Vs+ Vc where Vs=Sweptvolume Vc= Clearance volume ‘8. Compression ratio: The ratio of the total cylinder volume to the clearance volume known is compression ratio, (shown in Fig. 6). Itis generally represented by r. ie. compression ratio = Total cylinder volume Clearance volume Vo+Vs Ve pov Ve 9, Piston speed: The distance travelled by the piston per unit time: iston 5 9.2 FOUR STROKE CYCLE The four stroke cycle system was first advocated by Beau de Rochas in 1862 and later on it was introduced by Otto in 1876. The cycle of operation is completed in four strokes of the piston. An

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