PERSONAL

IDENTIFICATION
 It is the application of the
principles of various sciences in
solving problems in connection with
the administration of justice.
Also referred to as Forensic
Science or Police Science.
 FORENSIC
The word forensic was derived from the
Latin word “Forum” which means a
“market place”, a place where people
gathered for “public discussion”. When
it is used in conjunction with other
sciences it simply connotes the idea of
application to law or for the
administration of justice. Sometimes it
is also referred to as “legal”.
 Dr. Hans Gross
an Australian
magistrate who
described Search for
Truth as the ultimate
goal of all
investigative and
detective works. He
is known as the
Father of Modern
Criminalistics.
 Dactyloscopy
Derived from the Latin words:
Dactyl - means finger; and
Skopien – to study or
examine.
Is the practical application of the
science of fingerprints.
Dactylography – is the scientific study of fingerprint as
a means of identification.
Dactylomancy – is the scientific study of fingerprint for
purposes of personality interpretation

Fingerprints - It is an impression designed by the last

joint of the fingers and thumb on smooth surface
through the media of ink, sweat or any substance
capable of producing visibility.
Alphonse Bertillon
Basic Principles of Fingerprint
Individuality - No two persons have the same
fingerprint (based on Statistic Probability)

Infallibility - That fingerprint is a positive and reliable

means of identification. It cannot be easily be
forged.

Constancy or permanency - That the friction ridge

once fully developed its arrangement will remain
the same throughout man’s life.
Related Sciences to the Study of
Fingerprint: Cheir – means
a
hand; and
Is the
science which deals
with the study of
the prints of the
palms of the hand.
Related Sciences to the Study of
Fingerprint: Podo
–
means the foot; and

Is the science
which deals with
the study of the
footprints.
Related Sciences to the Study of
Fingerprint:
Poros– means a pore, and
Is the scientific study of the
arrangement of the sweat pores.
The study of the configuration, size,
and relative position of the pores in
human skin, which are the external
openings of the sebaceous and sweat
glands.
Together with dactyloscopy and palm
print identification, it is used in
criminalistics for purposes of
identification.
 Edmond Locard- Father of
Poroscopy)
Related Sciences to the Study of
Fingerprint:
Edgeoscopy - Is a method of identification through
the examination of the unique details and
characteristics found along the edges of individual
fingerprint ridges.
These characteristics are the result of the
alignment and shape of the individual ridge units and
the relationship between them, as well as the effects
of pores that are close to the edge of the ridges..
The method was pioneered by Salil Chatterjee in
1962, who created it while researching the possibility
of a new criminal identification method
Friction Skin Is an epidermal hairless skin
found on the ventral or lower
surface of the hands and feet,
covered with minute ridges
and furrows and without
colouring matters or pigment.
Are strips of the skin on the
end joints of our fingers and
thumb by which fingerprints
are made. Also called as
papillary or epidermal ridges
Components of the Friction Skin
1. Ridge surface
a. Ridge – are elevated or hill like
structure/ the black lines with tiny white
dots.
b. Furrow – the depressed or canal
like structure/ the white space between
ridges.
2. Sweat pores – the tiny openings that serves
as the exits of sweat/ the tiny white dots.
3. Sweat duct – it serves as the passage way.
4. Sweat glands – the glands that produces
of sweat.
Fundamental Layers of the Friction Skin
1. Epidermis – the
outermost layer
Stratum
Corneum,
Stratum
mucosum
2. Dermis – the inner layer
containing the blood
vessel, dermal papillae,
various glands and nerves.
Ridge Formation:
Ridges starts to form in the fingers and
thumb during the 3rd to 4th months of the fetus
life
Dermal Papillae
These are irregular pegs composed of
delicate connective tissue protruding and
forming the
ridges of the skin on the fingers, palms, toes and
soles of the feet.
Ridge Destruction - The destruction of
the friction skin can either be
temporary or permanent. Generally
temporary destruction occur when only
the epidermis layer of the friction skin
has been damage, while permanent
damage can be injected to the friction
skin due to damage to the dermis
layer.
 General Rules on
Ridge Destruction:
Destruction of the Epidermis –
temporary, dermis – permanent
damage.

Cut - a depth of more than 1 mm will

constitute permanent scar
Pioneers in the science of fingerprint
Prof. Marcelo Malphigi -
Professor of Anatomy at the
University of Bologna, Italy and
is known as the Grandfather of
Fingerprints. He originated the
term loops and spiral. And one
layer of the skin was named
after him, the Malphigian layer.
Pioneers in the science of fingerprint

Sir Jean Johannes

Purkenjie - A
professor in
physiology, theology
and anatomy at the
University of Breslau,
Germany, known as
the Father of
Dactyloscopy.
Pioneers in the science of fingerprint
Sir Francis Galton - A British
Anthropologist, a scientist,
and cousin to Charles
Darwin, who divided the
types of Fingerprint into
arches, loops, and whorls
known as ALW. He also
stated that if there is
possibility for two prints to
be the same it is: 1: 64,
000,000
000.
"Galton’s Details".
Pioneers in the science of fingerprint
Herman Welcker - He
took the prints of his
own palms and after
forty- one years he
printed the same palms
to prove that prints do
not change, except for
some scratches due to
old age.
Pioneers in the science of fingerprint
Sir William Herschel (British
Administrator in District of
Bengal in India) - He printed
the palms of the natives in
order to avoid impersonation
among labourer. Prints of the
entire palms were used
instead of signature.
RajyadharKonai was the first
person Herschel printed the
palm (He requires fingerprint
and signatures on civil
contracts.)
Pioneers in the science of fingerprint
Sir Edward Richard Henry - An Inspector
General of Police in Bengal, India,
develops the first
system of classifying fingerprints. He also
developed his own system of
classification while working in Scotland
Yard. His system was of classification was
established with the help of two Hindu
police namely Kahn BahadurAzizulHaque
and Rai Hem Chandra Bose. It was widely
accepted by almost all English speaking
countries making him know as The
“Father of Fingerprint”. His system finally
replaced the Bertillionage system of
identification in France. (Anthropometry
by Alphonse Bertillion)
Pioneers in the science of fingerprint
Juan Vucetich (1891)
- Argentine Police
Official, Initiated the
fingerprinting of
criminals,
(First case used was
the Rojas Homicide in
1892)
Pioneers in the science of fingerprint
DIFFERENT RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
1. Bifurcating ridge
A single ridge that divides
itself in two branches. It is
sometimes called as “fork”.
2. Converging ridge
Is a ridge formation
characterized by a close angular
end and serves as a point of
convergence; or it is the
meeting of two ridges that were
previously running side by side.
DIFFERENT RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
3. Diverging ridge - Is the
spreading of two ridges that are
flowing side by side and
suddenly separating or
spreading apart
4. Enclosure or Lake ridge/eyelet
- A ridge that divides into two
branches and meets to form the
original ridge.
5. Ending ridge - Refers to an
endpoint of a ridge, or a
ridge with abrupt ending.
DIFFERENT RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
6. Pattern area - Is that part of the
fingerprint that lies within the area
surrounded by the type lines. It is where the
core, delta, and other ridge
characteristics used for classification can
be found.
The pattern area is only part of the
fingerprint impression with which are
concerned in regard to interpretation
and classification. It is present in all
patterns, of
course but in many arches and
tented arches it is impossible to define.
This is not important; however, the only
patterns in which we need to define the
pattern area for classification purposes are
loops and whorls.
“The pattern area of loops and
whorls are enclosed by type lines.”
DIFFERENT RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
7. Type lines - These are considered
as the boundaries of fingerprint
patterns.
These are the two innermost
ridges that are running parallel or
nearly parallel with each other which
diverge at a certain point tending to
surround the pattern area.
Type lines are not always
continuous ridges. In fact they are more
often to be broken.
Note: When there is a definite break in
type line, the ridges immediately
outside of it is considered as its
continuation
DIFFERENT RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
8. Recurving or looping ridge
- Is a kind of ridge formation
that curves back in the
direction from which it
started. It looks like a
hairpin.
9. Appendage - Is a short
ridge found at the top or at
the summit of a
recurvingridge
DIFFERENT RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
10.Sufficient recurve - Is a
recurving ridge complete in
its shoulder and is free from
any appendage.
11.Rod or bar - Is a short or
long ridge found inside the
innermost recurving ridge of a
loop pattern.
12.Obstruction - Is a short ridge
found inside the innermost
recurving ridge that spoiled
the inner line of flow towards
the center of the pattern.
The (8) Eight types of fingerprint patterns
1. Loops
The terms “radial” and “ulnar” are derived from the radius bones and ulna
bone of the forearm. Loops which flow in the direction of the ulna bone
(towards the little finger) are called ulnar loops and those which flow in
the direction of the radius bone are called radial loops.
To differentiate an ulnar loop in the plain or rolled impression it important to
know from what hand it was taken
Note: the classification of loops is base on the way the loops flow on
the hand (not the card), so that on the fingerprint card for the left hand,
loops flowing towards the thumb impression are ulnar, and loops flowing
towards the little finger impression are radial
The (8) Eight types of fingerprint patterns
2. Arches
The Plain arch is the simplest of all fingerprint patterns,
and it is easily distinguished.
Is a pattern in which the ridges flows from one side to
the other or flows towards the, without recurving,
usually having a slight upward curved in the pattern,
making the pattern like an arch. It has no core and no
delta.
The (8) Eight types of fingerprint patterns
3. Whorls
A. Plain whorl is a pattern consisting of two deltas and which at
least one ridge makes a turn through one complete circuit. And if
an imaginary line was drawn between two deltas, it must touch or
cross any circuiting ridge. It consists of the simplest form of whorl
construction and is most common of the whorl subdivisions.
B. Central pocket loop – is a pattern which possesses two deltas
with one or more ridges forming a complete circuit, which maybe
oval, spiral or circular: or it is a pattern consisting of two deltas,
with one or more recurving ridges with an obstruction at right
angle to the inner line of flow, and when an imaginary line was
drawn between two deltas, it should not touch or cross any
circuiting ridge.
The (8) Eight types of fingerprint patterns
C. Double loop – this pattern consisting of two separate and
distinct loop formations, with sets of shoulders and two deltas.
Elements:
a. Two separate loop formation
b. Two separate and distinct sets of shoulder
c. Two deltas
D. Accidental whorl – this is a pattern consisting of a combination
of two different types of pattern such as a loop and a whorl, a
loop and a central pocket loop, or any combination of two
different loop and whorl type patter, but it cannot be a
combination of a plain arch with any pattern. It can have two or
more deltas.
The Two Fingerprint Terminus (Focal Points)
1. The Delta (also called the outer terminus) is a point along a
ridge formation found at the center or near the center of the
diverging type lines.
2. The Core (also known as the heart or the inner terminus)
usually found at the center or innermost recurve.
Types of fingerprint impression
1. Rolled Impression – are fingerprint impression
taken individually by rolling each finger from one
side to the other side and from the tip to the end
of the first joint.
2. Plain Impression – are impression made by
simultaneously pressing the finger to the card,
use as a reference to classification.
Basic Instrument in taking prints:
Ink Slab – is a metallic or glass plate where the ink is spread for
purpose
Ink Roller – is a rubber made roller designed to spread
the fingerprint ink to the slab.
Fingerprint Ink – is a special form of ink designed for taking
fingerprint impression sometimes submitted with a printer’s ink.
Fingerprint card – is an 8” x 8” card designed for recording
fingerprint impression
Card holder – usually a fixed card holder placed in a flat
table designed to prevent the movement of the card in the
course of the taking of the fingerprint.
Basic Rule in taking Fingerprints:
Subject should be instructed to stand straight but
relax facing the slab.
The subject hand should be completely dry
Thumb fingers are rolled towards the body while
other fingers are rolled away from the body.
Latent Prints
prints found at the scene of the crime.
Types of latent prints
Visible prints = are those prints which are readily
visible to the naked eye. It can either be: Molded
prints or Prints made by contamination with colored
substance.
Invisible prints = prints that are generally made
by sweat or perspiration that requires
developing for visibility.
Reference Classification Formula
is an additional formula serve as a reference in
case of doubtful prints. Place the at bottom of
the classification formula.
found at the scene of the crime.
Factors Affecting Stability or Prints at the
Crime Scene:
Subject Factor
Nature of the
surface Climatic
Condition
Methods of Developing Prints:
Dusting Method -
considered as the
simplest and
traditional methods
used in developing
prints at the scene of
the crime. (Use of
Powder and Brush)
Methods of Developing Prints:
Rolling Method-
basically used in
developing prints in
paper done by simply
rolling the paper with
powder spreading in
its surface.
Methods of Developing Prints:
Fuming Methods
- done by using
chemical fumes
such as Iodine
and Ammonium
Fumes.
Methods of Developing Prints:
Silver Nitrate
method – done
by spraying a 5
percent solution
of silver nitrate
to the surface of
the paper.
Methods of Developing Prints:
Ninhydrin Method
- is considered as
one of the best
method used in
developing prints
in paper.
Methods of Developing Prints:

Laser Method
- isa modern
method of
tracing and
developing
prints.
Post Mortem Fingerprints- are prints taken from a diseased person.

Ridge counting – is the process of counting the ridges that

touch or cross an imaginary line drawn between the delta and
core of a loop. Is that point on a ridge at in front of and
nearest the center of the divergence of the type lines.
Ridge tracing is the process of counting the ridges intervening
between the tracing ridge and the right delta. This process
were used to determine the three subdivisions of whorls into
inner, outer, and meeting which is represented by capital I, M,
O.; Also means tracking or trailing the ridge commencing from
left delta going across the right delta or nearest in distance to
the right delta with the number of ridges intervening between
the ridge being traced and the right delta are accounted for.
Classification line – it refers to a long line usually
placed on the right upper corner of the
fingerprint chart where the classification formula
of the given 10 rolled fingerprints is exhibited.

Blocking – Is the process of writing below each

pattern the corresponding symbols of the
fingerprints in the space provided for each
patter.
CLASSIFICATION FORMULA
The Henry- Galton System with the FBI modification
and extension as adopted by almost all English
Speaking countries of the world. The Philippines as one
is using this system

FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION - the sorting of fingerprints

into file groups so that a file may be set upon the basis
of fingerprints alone. Fingerprints are classified by
General shape (arch, loop, or whorl), position in finger,
and relative size.
1. Primary Division - Is the summation of all
numerical value assigned to Whorls appearing in
fingerprint chart
which are Numerators and denominators Plus the
pre-established fraction of 1/1. It is always represented
by numerical value.
2. Secondary Division - This division is obtaining by
writing the Capital letter symbols (taken from the
index
fingers) and the small letters (from thumb, middle,
ring and little finger.
A. By capital letters – all letters appearing at the
index finger with the right as the numerator and
the left index denominator
B. Small letters- only letter r (radial), a (plain
arch), and t (tented arch) are included.
3. Sub-secondary division - This is done by ridge
counting of loops an ridge tracing of whorls
appearing in the index, middle, and ring fingers
of both right and left hands.
4. Major Division
This is similar to Sub-Secondary division though
it is applies to the thumb only and ridge
counting has been modified.
5. Final Division
This is done by ridge counting of loops and
whorls from the two little fingers. In this division
whorls are ridge counted not to be ridge traced.
1. Loops –ridge counted in its conventional way;
2. Whorls:
a. Plain whorl and central pocket loop
whorl shall be treated as ulnar loop from the
hand of origin;
b. A double loop is ridge counted to an
upright loop; and
c. An accidental whorl be ridge counted in
all but the least ridge count will be used.
6. Key Division
This division is derived by getting the ridge
count of the first loop formation appearing in the
ten fingers except the two little fingers. In case f
absence of a loop, the first whorl will be ridge
counted following the rules of ridge counting a
whorl under final division.
Classification of amputated fingers:
1. When one or more fingers from same hand are
amputated or missing, it is given the classification of
the opposite fingers (including the ridge count or
ridge tracing, except the primary classification)
2. When two or more opposite fingers are amputated
or missing, it is given the classification of plain whorl
with ridge tracing of Meeting (M)
3. When all fingers are amputated or missing they are
all treated as plain whorls with ridge tracing of
Meeting (M)
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