Internet Architecture and Protocols

By Farooq Javed

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Lecture No. 1
Significance and Rationale of course
• Networks and telecommunication is getting more
and more importance
• Future telecomm networks will be more oriented
toward “networks” rather than “communication”
• Widespread Internet, diffused in our daily life is a
ground reality; its beneficial to understand it
• Its fun to play with protocols (software) and able
to design exciting new type of networks

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Foundation Course in Network Stream
• This Computer Networks course is a foundation course for
“Internet Architecture” the Area of Specialization
• It is a required pre-requisite course for the following
advanced level courses in networking
– Computer Network Security
– Mobile Networking
– System And Network Administration
– Mobile Network and System Design

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 Course Material
• Reference books
– Many textbooks on Networking may be consulted
• RFCs and Internet drafts
– Related to TCP/IP suite and other protocols
• Web resources
– Tutorials, white papers, reports, etc.

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 Text Books

• TCP/IP Protocol Suite: by Behrouz A.

Forouzan
– Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill.
• Computer Networks: A system approach
by Larry peterson

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 Prerequisites
• Required:

• Comprehensive Knowledge of DCN

• Understanding of Layered Architecture
• Solid Concepts of Circuit and Packet switching

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 Course Evaluation
• Assignments
• Quizzes
• Research Activities
• Term Projects / Reports
• Midterm exam
• Final exam

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 Expectations

What do you want (or expect) to learn from

this course ?

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 Expectations

• This course IS about …

– Network principles and concepts
– General purpose computer networks
– Internet perspective
• Major components of the Internet protocol suite
– Network software
– Designing and building a system

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 Expectations

• This course IS about …

– Survey of existing protocol standards
– Specialized networks (e.g. CATV, telephone)
– OSI perspective
– Network hardware
• Data transmission on physical layer
– Queuing theory (we do survey, if time permits)

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 Expectations

We will learn

why

networks are like they are

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Objectives: Principles and Concepts
• At the end of this course, you should be able to:
• Understand the design of internet and basic
architectural components
• The Role and components of Internet Service
Providers
• Understand major internet technologies
• To strengthen concepts of TCP/IP protocol suite
• Provide comprehensive knowledge and
implementation of routing protocols and switching

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 Course Contents
• Overview
• Internet Architecture
– Basics, History, ISP’s, Internet Backbones
• Internet Technologies
– Dial up, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, DSL, Cable Modem
• TCP/IP Protocol suite
– IPv4, IPv6, ARP, ICMP, TCP, UDP, SMTP, FTP
• Routing Protocols:
– RIP, IGRP, OSPF, BGP
• Others
- DHCP, RSA, VPN, NAT, CIDR

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 What Distinguishes a
Computer Network ?

• Generality
• Built from general purpose
programmable hardware
• Supports wide range of applications

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Applications – Users’ Contact with
the Network
• Most people know the Internet through its
applications
– Web, email, streaming audio and video, chat, …
• Applications present an intuitively simple
interface
– Textual and graphical objects
– Simple “clicks” to maneuver the application
• However, users are not aware of what happens
in the network with their simple “clicks” !!!

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 Applications – Consumers of
Networks
• On a simple click, several messages may be exchanged
over the Internet
• In a web browser, 17 messages may be exchanged
– up to six messages to translate the server name
– three messages to set up a TCP connection
– four messages to send HTTP “get” request + response
– four messages to tear down the TCP connection
• Moreover, millions of messages are exchanged each day
by Internet nodes to make their presence and services
known

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 Applications – the Driving Force
• Streaming audio and video is an emerging application
– Source generates and sends the video stream in messages across
the Internet
• Video-on-demand: reads a preexisting movie
– One-way data transfer
• Videoconferencing: interactive session
– Very tight timing constraints
• Diversity of applications that can be built on top of the
Internet hint at the complexity of the Internet design

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 Our Road Map …
• Fortunately, we are not the first to build a
computer network

• Lets start exploring the path that others have

already dig deep

• By asking (and answering) why networks

are designed the way they are

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 Network Overview
• What must a network provide ?
– Connectivity
– Cost-effective sharing
– Functionality
– Performance
• How are networks designed and built ?
– Layering
– Protocols
– Standards
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 Perspective
• For network user
– Connectivity: for services required; error
free delivery within acceptable time limits
• For network designer
– Efficiency: cost-effective design, fair
allocation and efficient use of resources
• For network operator
– Maintenance: easy to administer, fault
localization & isolation, usage accounting

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 Building Blocks
• Nodes: PC, special-purpose hardware…
– Hosts
– Switches

• Links: coax cable, optical fiber…

– Point-to-point

– Multiple access …

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Why not connect each node
with every other node ?

• Number of computers that can be

connected becomes very limited
• Number of wires coming out of each
node becomes unmanageable
• Amount of physical hardware/devices
required becomes very expensive
• Solution: indirect connectivity using
intermediate data forwarding nodes
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 Switched Networks
• A network can be defined recursively as...

– Two or more nodes

connected by a link

– Circular nodes
(switches) implement
the network
– Squared nodes (hosts)
use the network

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 Switched Networks
• A network can be defined recursively as...

– Two or more networks

connected by one or more
nodes: internetworks

– Circular nodes (router or

gateway) interconnects
the networks
– A cloud denotes “any
type of independent
network”
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 A Network
A network can be defined recursively as

Two or more nodes connected by a physical link

OR
Two or more networks connected by one or more
nodes

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Components of a Network

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 Switching Strategies
• Circuit switching: • Packet switching: store-
carry bit streams and-forward messages
a. establishes a dedicated a. operates on discrete
circuit blocks of data
b. links reserved for use b. utilizes resources
by communication dynamically according
channel to traffic demand
c. send/receive bit stream c. send/receive messages
at constant rate at variable rate
d. example: original d. example: Internet
telephone network

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 What next ?

• Hosts are directly or indirectly connected to

each other

• Can we now provide host-host connectivity ?

• Nodes must be able to say which host it wants

to communicate with

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 Addressing and Routing
• Address: byte-string that identifies a node
– Usually unique
• Routing: forwarding decisions
– Process of determining how to forward messages to the
destination node based on its address
• Types of addresses
– unicast: node-specific
– broadcast: all nodes on a network
– multicast: some subset of nodes on a network
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 Wrap-up
• A network can be constructed from nesting
of networks

• An address is required for each node that is

reachable on the network

• Address is used to route messages toward

appropriate destination

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