MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication is a process of sharing and

conveying messages or information from one

person to another within and across channels,

contexts, media, cultures for the purpose of

understanding.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication has the following elements:

Sender- the source of information, ideas, feelings or message.

Receiver- the individual who receives the message from the sender and reacts

on it.

Message- the information, ideas, or feelings the sender wants to share with the

receiver.

Channel- the means or medium through the message is transmitted (e.g. Spoken

channels (Face-to-face, telephone conversations); Written channels (newspaper,

letter)

Feedback- the response of the receiver to the message sent to him/her.

ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF

COMMUNICATION

• proposed by Aristotle before 300

B.C.
• speaker centered model as the
speaker has the most important role
in it and is the only one active.
• speaker’s role to deliver a speech
and INFLUENCE the audience
through public speaking
• ADJUST message according to
audience and occasions in order to achieve a particular effect
FOR EXAMPLE:

A politician (speaker) gives a speech to get votes from the civilians (audience) at the time of

election (occasion). The civilians only vote if they are influenced by the things the politician says

in his speech so the content must be very impressive to influence the mass and the speaker must

design the message very carefully.

The speech must be clear as well as the speaker must have a very good non-verbal

communication with the audience like eye contact. This

SHANNON-WEAVER’S

MODEL OF

COMMUNICATION

Sender: the information source

Encoder: transmitter which converts the

message into signals

Decoder: the reception place of the

signal which

converts signals into messages

Receiver: the destination of the message from the

sender Also called the Telephone Model is specially

designed to develop the effective
Noise: the message are transferred from encoder to
communication between sender and receiver.
decoder through channel. During this process the Also they find factors which affect the
communication process called “Noise”.
message may be distracted or affected by physical

noise like horn sound, thunder and crowed noise, or

It tells us how message may sometimes get
encoded signals may distract in the channel during
lost because of the noise, which can be
the transmission process which affect the physical or psychological, and how we
feedback is an essential component of
communication flow or the receiver may not communication to ensure that the message is
receive the correct message. FOR successfully received.
EXAMPLE:

A mother and a daughter are speaking on the phone; the grandchild constantly make noises, so the

daughter doesn’t seem to understand what the mother is telling, and the daughter is already quite

upset.

OSGOOD-SCHRAMM

MODEL OF

COMMUNICATION

It is a Circular Model, so that communication

is something circular in nature.

Encoder – Who does encoding or Sends the

message (message originates)

Decoder – Who receives the message

Interpreter – Person trying to understand

(analyses, perceive) or interpret

It can happen within our self or two people; each person acts as both sender and receiver and hence use
interpretation. It is simultaneously take place e.g. encoding, interpret and decoding.

It tells that message may succeed or fail based on the interpreter's appreciation of the message. There
are times when the sender and receiver may apply different meanings to same message and this is
termed "semantic noise".(e.g. Technical Language, So certain words and phrases will cause you to
deviate from the actual meaning of the communication. When semantic noise takes place decoding and
interpretation becomes difficult and people get deviated from the actual message.
FIELD OF EXPERIENCE

for the message to reach the receiver, there should be “commonness” between the source and the
receiver, (Wilbur Schramm)

helps in determining whether a message would be received at its destination in the manner intended by
the source.

It tells that sender and receiver may sometimes have no knowledge of each other's experience: social
background, beliefs, experiences, values, and rules

EXAMPLE:
WHITE’S STAGES OF ORAL

COMMUNICATION

In White’s Stage of Oral Communication the speaker is

the originator of the communication process and the
listener is mot passive reactor who does not initiate
communication. The communication is
repetitive, cyclic event but the dynamic quality
of interaction is not depicted, it is also possible
to begin at any of the stages.

It suggests that it is possible to begin at any of the

stages. Since it is a circular model, it means that oral
communication is a continuous process with no real
beginning and ending.

The model tells that the speaker must also pay attention to the listener's verbal and non-verbal cues.

EXAMPLE:
Lesson 2: Communication Ethics

Communication
- Is the process of sending and receiving messages through verbal or nonverbal means,
including speech, or oral communication; writing and graphical representations (such as
info graphics, maps, and charts); and signs, signals, and behavior.
- Said to be "the creation and exchange of meaning for the purpose of understanding.”

Ethics
- A system of moral principles
- Is based on well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to
do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues.
- Deals with values relating to human, conduct with respect to the rightness and wrongness
of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions.

Ethical Communication
- ENHANCES human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility,
personal integrity, respect for self and others.

Fundamental of Ethical Communication

- responsible thinking
- decision making
- Development of relationships and communities
• Contexts
• Cultures
• Channels
• Media

Unethical Communication
- THREATENS the quality of all communication and consequently the well-being of
individuals and the society.

4 Ethical Principles of Communication

1. Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and essential to the integrity of
communication
- Nowadays, social media and speeches in public have been filled with black propaganda
and white washing that there is a call to reiterate the need for truth and society. It is
important to be accurate when we communicate, and to have act and figures to prove
our assertions.
- It is important to be reasonable rather than to be too emotional or threatening when we
communicate.
EXAMPLE:
• FAKENEWS - stories that look like real news stories but are hoaxes,
propaganda, and disinformation.
2. Freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve
the informed and responsible decision making fundamental to a civil society.

- It is important to foster an environment where people feel safe to express what they
think or feel, and for these expressions to be met with reasonable dialogue and debate,
rather than outright censure or violence.
EXAMPLE:
• We could disagree, but still BE FRIENDS

3. Condemn communication that degrades individual and humanity through distortion,

intimidation, coercion, and violence and through the expression of intolerance and
hatred
- To avoid tolerating hate speech, as well as speeches that incite violence and the act of
killing.
- Safeguard society from racism, sexism and violence against oppressed people.
• Racism – the belief that different races (particular racial or ethnic group)
possess distinct characteristics, abilities, or qualities, especially so as to
distinguish them as inferior or superior to one another.
• Sexism – belief that one sex is superior to or more valuable than another
sex. It imposes limits on what men and boys can and should do; and what
women and girls can and should do (e.g. stereotyping, or discrimination)
• Slavery- condition in which one human being was owned by another in the
sense that they have no right to quit.
• Colonialism – imposing of one country’s religion, language, economics,
and other cultural practices on indigenous peoples.
• Misogyny- hatred, dislike, or mistrust of women (abuse, sexual harassment
Rape.)

4. Accept responsibility for the short and long term consequences of our own
communication and expect the same of others.
- There have been people who do not feel accountable for their action. Therefore if one
risks to communicate maliciously, spread fake news or incite hatred or violence, he or
she should be ready to face the consequences of such actions.
Common Errors: Exercise Body Paragraphs This is where you will state or
describe the topic or your point.
1. Nobody (like, likes) my attitude.
A: Nobody likes my attitude. • A group of related sentences about a
2. I have free gift for you (underline the particular topic or idea.
redundant word) • Follow the 3 major components of a
I have free gift for you. body paragraph.
A: I have gift for you.
• Topic sentence- first sentence of a
3. Everyday after school (write possible
paragraph, and states the main idea to
continuation to this fragment)
A: everyday afterschool, I would buy a drink. be discussed in the paragraph.
(possible answer) • Supporting details- include concrete
4. It’s really hot today (comma (,) or dot (.)) examples, rather than explanation or
We’re going to the ocean metacommentary.
A: It’s really hot today(.) We’re going to the • Conclusion- Summarizes the main
ocean. point.
5. The surroundings (is, are) amazing.
A: The surroundings are amazing. Conclusion It sums up the entire essay.
6. Tomorrow I (am lying, will lie, will be
• A conclusion provides a thoughtful end
lying) on the beach
to a piece of writing.
A: Tomorrow I will be lying on the beach.
7. (Do, does, did) you love carrots? • Considered as the last chance to
A: Do you love carrots? persuade your readers to your point of
8. Steven (play, plays) volleyball. view.
A: Steven plays volleyball. • Create an interesting final impression.
9. I should do this A.S.A.P (using You can use a quotation in ending your
abbreviation) essay.
A: I should do this as soon as possible.
10. He likes running, and basketball. (not
using parallelism) Common Errors No. 2 (Using fragments and run-
A: He likes running, and playing basketball. on sentences.)

Common Errors No. 1 Not having the proper Fragment- group of words that does not
parts of an essay. express a complete thought.
What is an Essay? • Example: o My sister’s cat. (fragment)
• An organized piece of writing that
My sister’s cat is adorable (possible
focuses on a single topic.
answer)
• Sometimes referred to as a “story”.
The parts of an essay. Run-on sentence- this occurs when two or
Introduction It hooks the reader’s attention. more independent clauses are not joined
correctly.
• It catches the attention and makes your
reader engaged right from the very start. • Example: o She is beautiful, her name is
• Start with a quotation, ! question, Donna, (run-on)
anecdote, description or a definition. She is beautiful. Her name is Donna.
(possible answer)
Know the kinds of sentences according to • Ex. My mom respects me.
structure.
If there’s a plural subject, then the verb does not
Simple Sentence- a sentence consisting of only end in ’s’.
one independent clause containing a subject and
• Ex. My mom and dad respect me.
a verb, and it expresses complete thought.

• Example: Noel is working on his plates. 1. If the subject is singular, the verb must
be singular too and if the subject is
Compound Sentence- a sentence with two plural, the verb must be plural too.
independent clauses joined by coordinating
conjunction. Ex. She writes everyday- They write
everyday
• Example: I helped him, and he became
happy. 2. When the subject of the sentence is
composed of two or more nouns or
Complex Sentence- a sentence with one pronouns connected by and, use a plural
independent clause and at least one dependent verb.
clause joined by subordinating conjunction or
relative pronoun. Ex. The student and the teachers study
every day.
• Example: He is playing well although he
is ill. (independent + dependent) 3. When there is one subject and more
• Although he is ill, he is playing well. than one verb, the verbs throughout the
(dependent + independent) sentence must agree with the subject.

Compound-Complex Sentence- a sentence Ex. Interviews are one way to collect data
consisting at least two independent and one or and allow researchers to gain an in-depth
more dependent clauses. understanding of partlolpants.

• Example: I want to be an architect, and 4. When a phrase comes between the

my brother wants to be an engineer, subject and the verb, remember that the
because he likes mathematics. verb still agrees with the subject, not the
noun or pronoun in the phrases
Common Error No. 3 Not considering the following the subject of the sentence.
subject-verb agreement.
Ex. The student, as well as the faculty
Subject-Verb Agreement- the subject and verb members, is excited…
must agree in number. This means both need to
be singular or both need to be plural. 5. When two or more singular nouns or
pronouns are connected by (or, nor) use
• Example: o Edel (sing, sings) in their a singular verb.
church every Sunday.
Ex. The president or the vice president
• answer: sings
approves the proposal before proceding.
The Golden Rule
6. When a compound subject contains
If there’s a singular subject, it means the verb both a singular and a plural noun or
ends in ’s’. pronoun joined by or nor, the verb
should agree with the part of the subject
 that is closest to the verb. This is also Example: o Shaina (buy) a gift for her mother
called the rule of proximity. last week.

Ex. The students or the committee Shaina bought a gift for her mother last
members write every day. week.

The committee members or the students Know the types of tenses.

writes every day.
• Simple
7. The words each, each one, either, • Progressive
neither, everyone, everybody, anyone, • Perfect
anybody, nobody, somebody, someone
• Perfect-Progressive
and no one are singular and require a
singular verb. Short forms used in patterns.
Ex. Each of the participants was willing to be • s = subject
recorded. • v = verb
8. Non-count nouns take a singular verb. • o = object
• to be = the forms of to be
Ex. Education is the key to success.
• have/has = forms of have
9. Some countable nouns in English such as • had = past tense form of have
earnings, goods, odds, surroundings, • shall/will = for future tense
proceeds, contents, and valuable only
have a plural form and take plural verb. Short forms for verb forms.

Ex. The surroundings are beautiful. • V = present tense form of verb

• v+ed = past tense form of verb
10. In sentences beginning with there is or
there are, the subject follows the verb. • V+en = past participle form of verb
Since there is not the subject, the verb • V+ing = present participle form
agrees with what follows the verb. • Be = present tense form of “to be”.
• Ex. am, is, are
Ex. There are many factors affecting student
• Be+ed =past tense form of “to be”.
behavior.
• Ex. was, were
11. Collective nouns are words that imply
Common Error No. 5 (Not considering basic
more than one person but are
grammar points)
considered singular and take a singular
verb. Some examples are group, team, a. did, do, does + basic form of the verb
committee, family, and class. Example: o Did you ate last night?
A: Did you eat last night?
Ex. The group studies every week.
b. could, should, would + base form of the
Common Error No. 4 (Not using proper verb
tenses.) Example: I could saw you.
A: I could see you.
Tenses- a verbal category relating the time
of a narrated event to the time of the speech
event.
 c. to + base form of the verb. If you get a feedback from your instructor which
Example: o I need to passed. includes errors in your use of mechanics, make
A: I need to pass. note of these errors.
(to be passed is a different structure)
Common Error No. 9 (Using Abbreviation)
Familiarize yourself to the basic grammar points.
Abbreviation- shortened form of words or
It is useful in writing an essay or even doing a
lengthy phrases.
speech.
Example: o They need you A.S.A.P.
Common Error No. 6 (Starting sentences with
ungrammatical conjuctions (and, so, but, also). A: They need you as soon as possible.
Example: So, I always want to play computer • Don’t use abbreviations specially in formal
games. (error) writings such as essays, because it can be
obscure and unfamiliar to some readers.
Nevertheless, I always want to play computer
games. (possible answer) Common Error No. 10 (Having redundant ideas.)

Use good transitional words. Redundancy- using more words than necessary
to express something, especially words and/or
• Nevertheless phrases in the same sentence that mean the
• Additionally same thing.
• However
• In addition Example: I’ll be home at 12 midnight.
• As a result of (redundant)
• Although A: I’ll be home at midnight.
Common Error No. 7 (Having improper diction) • Beware of Pleonasm: use of redundant
Diction- a style in writing, determined by the words like the ones in the example.
choice of words by writer. Common Error No. 11 (not considering
Example: This is wrong. (informal) parallelism)

This is incorrect. (formal) Parallelism- balance within one or more

sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have
• When writing an essay, always remember the same grammatical structure.
that it is best to use formal words.
• Use appropriate words in context Example: He likes baseball and running.

Common Error No. 8 (Improper use of the A: He likes playing baseball and running.
mechanics)
Watch out for the following:
Mechanics- the rules of the written language,
• Mixing tenses
such as capitalization, punctuation and spelling.
• Mixing verbals
Example for capitalization... • Mixing verbals and nominals
• Mixing different types of noun clauses
I live in the philippines. (capitalization)
• Mixing prepositions
A: I live in the Philippines. • Paired joining terms