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Powers and Exponents

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71 views25 pages

Powers and Exponents

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2 POWERS 2.1 INTRODUCTION Tn earlier clas: eet a we have learnt about powers and exponents of rational numbers. We have i any non-zero rational number ‘a’ and a natural number n, the product axaxax--xa j ‘times 1€. the continued product of ‘a! multiplied with itself n-times, is written as peas known as the nth power of. ‘a’ and is read as “a raised to the power n”. The rational number‘ is called the base and n i ealled the exponent or index. This notation of writing e product of a rational number by itself several times is called the exponential notation or power notation. ‘We have learnt the following laws of exponents: ieee” =o" (First law) (Second law) (Third law) (Fourth law) (Fifth law) (vi) a’ =aand a°=1, where a and 6 are non-zero rational numbers and m, n are whole numbers. In this chapter, we shall learn the laws of integral (positive and negative both) exponents of rational numbers. As we have already learnt the laws of positive integral exponents of so let us know about negative integral exponents. rational numbers, 2.2 NEGATIVE INTEGRAL EXPONENTS In class VII, we have learnt that 10° =1 10' =10 107 =100 10° =1000 10 =10000 andsoon. Mathematics jo, - 22 lass We know that 10000 qo = 1000 1000 >, = 100 10 2 Tn exponential notation these results can be written as follows: < < 10° 0,10? — 10 103 2 _ 10° 0 720 or, 10° = 10 10 soto 19? 102 Fo 720" on 20" = » the value = if the same pattern is continued, we must 1 dee oe Aer cig eel 0° 1000 ~ p00 Ip? Andsoon, the following defi This suggests us rational number. NEGATIVE INTEGR: integer, we define inition for negative integral exponents of a non-zer AL EXPONENT Fo 7 any non-zero rational number ‘a’ and a positive a’ Le, a is the reciprocal of qn, ii) 7321 aii) 64 = 2 Gi) rts Gi) 54 =F ©) (2) 1 ete. 3 ay 3 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Express each of the following as a rational number of the form = 3 Ms way ao(4)) (2) o = (-2y ait) (5 5 m ‘We know that, if is a non-zero rational number and n is a positive integer, "then Be aa “Thus, we have oa = when nisa whole names] aa 6 Hoes HeergzA Eelgiay’ dusnoges ple2 Express em oat Exam ey soution : on spas sy? (4) =a" 74) = 3 5. ao “A @ Peoria, x1 7 C4 16 25. 16x25 400 les BE ach : c cronies Hsp sath of th fling ab por of rainal number with" 2 1 Pa @ (3) (i) 5-%x5- (iii) 2) +3) solution (i). We have, : : ie 1 ess G pope ae: £ (i) We have, 5-3x578= Powers 25 Gil) We have, (y"-(2y Example4 Simplify: @ (24+ 51x ( (ii) (51x31)? Solution (i) We have, ea a ize”. ‘| mi Be blo | (ii) We have, Mathematics £1 Ce J 1 26 (iy) We have, Example5 Simplify: et @ ( Solution (i) We have, E ot ats oot ag? , SPP aa a = 4?+2? +9? =16+4+9=29 (ii) We have, Eel re 2 Example6 Express each of the following as a rational number of the form a 1 a 3 try '} @ (Peat! Gy (etary ai {2) sli Solution We know that for any positive integer n and any rational number a, o°"“/ Thus, we have Example 7 Solution Example 8 Solution i (2) Gay ees ay’ aaa should (-8)-! be multiplied so that the product may be Let (~8)"* be multiplied by x to get 19-1. Then, xx(-8)?=107 => x=107'+ (-8)? Henee, the required number is a By what number should (— 24) be divided so that the quotient may be 3-1? Let the required number be x. Then, (-24)*+ x=3"1 Ke24 Ja 3 BE: > plod af igindogy belle Bx 3 = ‘We know that Dividend = Quotient x Divisor or, _ Divisor = Dividend + Quotient Here, Dividend = (-24 y? and Quotient = 3-1 1), (1)\e2tee 8 visor = 1 4 got =| ——]|+|—]=—x= Divisor = (-24)* + 3 (4) (3) mean EXERCISE 2.1 Pp 1, Express each of the following as a rational number of the form ~ » where p q ¢ integers and 7 #0: 1 aye @ 2 (ii) C4)? Gi) (iy) ( 2] = 2. Bind the values of each of the following: (i) 34447 (ii) (8° +44) x27 4 php Gil) @4+444549 0) (3 AG | 3. Find the values of each of the following: AO GG Gi) (24x44) 49% (iv) (61 x27)+67 4, Simplify: @ (4*x37/f Gi) (54s 61) Git) (24 487)7 diy) (3x41) x54 5. Simplify: 5 1) ‘i 2y* o (3+24)»(5) ci) (9 2%) «(2) o0 (8) ET]+6)" oo eer e(y 6. By what number should 5" be multiplied so that the product may be equal to (— 7)? Pet 7. By what number should (3) be multiplied so that the product may be equal to (af 8. By what number should (-15) ~* be divided so that the quotient may be equal to (-5)~!? ANSWERS 1 i @) 3 @ 35 Gi) 9 (iv) 82 ) 2 A) z (i) 5 (ii) 1 (vy 1 aed Het 18) 2 W9 (ii) 29 Gi) 5 fw) § Powers Bs a ab 2 Osa Ege iat ce ,., 185 19 a 5 0% > ‘i e 8 Gi) Gq ww a> wa A 7 3 St 2.3 DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM In earlier classes, we have learnt how to express decimal numbers i For example, 5473.35 can be expressed in the following form: in the expanded form. 5473.95 =5x 1000 +4100 +7x10+3x1+ 2 +2 10" 100 Similarly, we have D273 = 0x1 + 10" 100” 1000 16.295=1x10+6x1+2+2 49 10" 100 1000 Using exponents, we have 10000=10', 1000=10°, 100= 10, 10= 10! areal 1 1 = 19?=-., 10°=——, 10¢= te. 10” 100” 1000 10000" 5473.95 5x10? +4x 10? + 7x 10! + 3x 10 + 3x 107 + 5x 10° 0.273 =2x10" +7x107 +3 x10 | and, 15.285 = 1x10 + 5x 10° + 2x 107 + 3x 10° + 5x 10% ten in expanded form by using integral exponents 1=10°, 107 ‘Thus, any decimal number can be writi of 10. 2.4 LAWS OF INTEGRAL EXPONENTS In this section, we shall discuss Jaws of integral exponents of rational numbers. In earlier vate, ave have learnt following laws of exponents of rational numbers when exponents are whole numbers. Ifm, n are whole numbers anda, b are non-zero rational numbers, then @ a™xa" =a" (First law) (Second law) a™", m>n (Third law) (Fourth law) (iv) (aby" =a" 6" b These laws also hold good | of these laws for negative integral | ») (é) e (Fifth law) d for negative integral exponents, Let us discuss the proof of one exponents. Other laws can be proved on the same lines. Mathematics for FIRSTLAW Ifa isa non-zero rational number and m, n are integers, then Ma" =a™ ‘ F So, let us dise Proof: For positive integral exponents, we have studied in class VII. So, let us the following cases: CASEI When m and n are negative integers: i: itive i ‘s 1g s Since m and n are negative integers. Therefore, there exist positive integers p and g suo}, that m=—pandn [: i for positive integer j v [Using multiplication of rational numbers) a? xa? [Using first law of exponents for whole numi CASEI When mis. postive integer and n is a negative integer, Since n is a negative integer. Therefore, there exists a positive integer p such that n oe a™xa" =a" xa? =p if m>p Using second law of ents | f exponents if m

p rif m

(iii) We have, Meee Ons Boga aie 37) =e? =2°x3% =(2x3) Simplify each of the following: a @) (@) ih 9) (0) (Ay a 214 ‘Solution (i) We have, a Hay Ps Par oS aie 5! 625 Gi) 2 os ahi 2609) si 16-5 SOG) iF (iv) Qy-gy BASE we gt Solution (i) We have, ay 2] x ) =6 7 xg57 52.52 8° 64 B25 (i) We have, 3 (G)G) “Ss. TAB) 5. 3-5-7) SF 45! 9 1259x195 = 1125 Palen aa wes (iii) We have, y 4 G4” 4x64 ~ 256 a ey at 8y4 73 34 4) Alay male ~a(] x{ 3 va gies 2 ‘ia eo x Pe ae (iv) We have, aN (3) (6) [- (aby =a" "| B28 7B 08 =8xT x2! =3xtxge2® 7 df ees Example6 Evaluate: 5 5 Solution We have, Beebe ie xXB ea xbe 2° x5) eer) a x pee - =2) x5? =2x125 = 250 Example7 Simplify: ) 26xa~ Py cee 10e 125 ee oS 5° x10xa 51x6 Solution _(i) We have, 25xa* Bxa* Bxat 5% x10xa (ii) We have, 3x10 x125 _ 3° x(2x5)°x5> 5’ x6? 5’ x(2x SEx2 KDE XDe Rinne ee go 5) 5g oe 4-5) 5ot--7) 29° x2 x57 =1x1x5 =5> . BN 216 Mathematic Example8 By what number should (- 4)-® be multiplied so that the product mé to 10-2 Solution Let (— 4)-* be multiplied by x to get 107 2 Then, xx(-4)? =107 = x=107+(-4)? -2 oe 3 x1W?x a = 16 = coe 10? 100 25 4 Hence, required number is 55 | (2 Example9 By what number should (-12)~be divided so that the quotient may be | a)? Solution Let the required number be x. Then, a I] (124 +x={2 3 (12) Example 10 By what number should (7) * Let the required number be x. Then, Pe -3y3 ce be divided so that the quotient may * Solution woul 4) -f 2.18 Mathematics Seen -2 Example 13 If x =| als 5 , find the value of x~”. Solution We have, ' 1, Write each of the following in exponential form: JOD Oy 2. Evaluate: oe er oo? Gi) Cay? (ii) (3) iv) (2) 3. Express each of the following as a rational number in the form 2: ei 62 Gi) Gay (3) iv) cor(5 3y2 5 1 2 (5) 4) 4, Simplify: @ fexetP a fer .6 Gin (2437)" Gy {otxaty xs? ) (47-57).32 5. Express each of the following rational numbers with a f EXERCISE 2.2 { | | | negative exponent: | 1 @ Gi (ii) 3° A (8)c 4-3 7 «in (2) Gv) (3} [ 77 : | (v) (3 \} r | yy Re _ Powers 2.19 6. Express each of the fc i Di e following rational numbers with a positive exponent w@ 3)" Sy role: eS ae : ( Gj Gi) (2) (ii) 8x4? dv) [3] 3\|" One 7. Simplify: eG CY eer) ww (3) = Be ol 0 (le) 8, By what number should 5+ be multiplied so that the product may be equal to (—7)""? +2 9. By what number should (3) be multiplied so that the product may be equal to Gy: 10. By what number should (-15)" be divided so that the quotient may be equal to (5)? By? 3 Dye 11. By what number should G5) be multiplied so that the product may be () 2 12. Find x, if oo Res (3) -@) -() (3) 3) -G BN, Ai 13. Gi) w2-(3] (3) , find the value of x. ay? (1¥ Gi) ws-(3) (3) , find the value ofa. BY +b = 14. Find the value of x for which Mathemat'>s for ANSWERS 4 aN all eel 1@ @) w (2) EN i) 5 i) 81 -1 a 3@ 2 aor Gi) 4 Ws 1 . 216 Fane: 12 a at i) ee ii) F w= aa 5) nani 2 aes att Ao ae 5.) 4 i) (3) «av (8) ( » (3) } 4 4? @ [> (iv) |= (2 5. 3. \3) 135 Bir 3 a ©) 355 Orn 7 5 9.-— ee ue 8 10. 11. 63 (i) ii) xo Ge: i ii) x=14 Gi) a= 5 i x= F @ x24 (Sing 1 13.0 [5 Gi) 35 V4 x=1 2.5 USE OF EXPONENTS TO EXPRESS SMALL NUMBERS IN STANDARD FORM In the previous class, we have learnt how to express very large numbers in standard fore by using exponents of 10. Let us now see how can we write very small numbers in stanii: form. We may use following steps to do so: StepI Obtain the number and see whether the number is between 1 and 10 or it iss than 1. Step II If the {jmber is between I and 10, then write it as the product of the number i and 10°, Step I If the number is less than one, then move the decimal point to the right s0 th there is just one digit on the left side of the decimal point. Write the given nu as the product of the number so obtained and 10”, where n is the number of pl the decimal point has been moved to the right. The number so obtained standard form of the given number. Following examples will illustrate the above procedure. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example1 Write the following numbers in standard form: (i) 0.4579 (ii) 0.000007 ii) 0.000000564 tiv) 0.000002 (v) 216000000 (vi) 0,0000529 x 104 (vii) 9573 x 10+ zi Solution (i) To express 0.4579 in standard form the decimal point is moved ae one place only to the right so that there is just one digit on the le decimal point. 0.4579 = 4.579 x 107 is in the standard form. sl (ii) 0,000007=7 x 10 [+ The decimal point is moved 6 places to the — er Powers: Example 2 Solution Example 3 Solution Example 4 ‘Solution 221 e ‘The decimal point is moved 7 ] (iii) 0.000000564 = 5.64 x 1077 places to the right ‘ : r 46] (iv) 00000021 =2.1 x 10-6 ‘The decimal point is move gut places to the right (v) 216000000 =2.16 x 108 [' ‘The decimal point is moved 8 | places to the left (vi) 0.000529 x 104 5.29 x 10-8 x 10'= 6.29 x 10°9*#=5.29 x 107 (vii) 9573 x 10*=9.573 x 10° x 10°4=9.573 x 10°*4=9.573 x 107 Express the following numbers in usual form: (i) 3.52 x 10° (ii) 7.54 x 10-4 3 x 10% ane x (ii) 3 x (i) 8.52x10° =3.52x100000 = 352000 54 7.54 ——— = 0.000754 1000 (ii) 7.54x10™ = z sea (iii) 3x10° = 0.0000: ae 100000 Express the number upbiarie in the following statements in standard form: (i) 1 micron is equal to — Taenaas metre. (ii) Charge of an electron is 0.0000000000000000016 coloumbs. (iii) Size of a bacteria is 0.0000005 metre. (iy) Size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 metre. (v) Thickness of a normal paper is 0.07 mm. 1 ; oan =108 (1 micron is equal to 7555999 metre = 10° metre (ii) Charge of an electron is 0.0000000000000000016 coloumbs = 1.6 x 10" columbs (iii) Size of a bacteria is 0.0000005 metre = 5 x 10-7 metre (iv) Size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 metre = 1.275 x 10° metre (vy) The thickness of a normal paper is 0.07 mm =7 x 10 mm If the diameters of the Sun and the Earth are 1.4 x 10° metres and 1.275 x10" metres respectively. Compare these two. We have, Dia.of theSun __1.4x10° _ 14x10? x10" Dia.of the Barth 1.275x10" 1.275x10" 100-74 100=100 275 = -jtx x, 1.275=1.3 and So, the diameter of the Sun is about 100 times the diameter of the Earth, Mathem 2.22 — 07 m and the size of plant ExampleS The size ofa red blood cell is 0.0000 0.00001275 m. Compare thses two. Solution We have, Size of red blood cell = 0.000007 m= Size of plant cell = 0.00001275 = 1.275 7x10%m x10%m _1x10%** _ 7x10" 6 Size of red blood cell _ 7x10 be pee Size of plantcell 1.275 10 1.275 1.275 275 13 2 So, a red blood cell is approximately half of a plant cell in size. EXERCISE 2.3 1. Express the following numbers in standard form: (i) 6020000000000000 i) 0,00000000000942 Gii) 0.00000000085 (iv) 846 x 107 (v) 3759 x 10+ (vi) 0.00072984 (vii) 0.000437 x 10 (viii) 4 +100000 2. Write the following numbers in the usual form: G) 4.83 x 107 (ii) 3.02 x 10° Gi) 4.5 x 10* (iv) 3x 10% (v) 1.0001 x 10° (vi) 5.8 x10? (vii) 3.61492 x 10° (viii) 3.25 x 107 ANSWERS 1.) 602x105 (ii) 942x107 iii) 8.5 x 107° (iv) 8.46 x 10% (v) 3.759 x IU (vi) 7.2984 x 10 (vii) 4.37 (viii) 4 x 10° 2. (i) 48300000 ii) 0.00000302 iii) 45000 iv) 0,00000003 ¢) 1000100000 (wi) 580 (wii) 3634920 (viii) 0.000000325 EXERCISE (MCQs) Choose the correct alternative in each of the following: -2 1. Square «( 3} is 5 2 4 (@) -5 05 @> 2, Cube of > is e 1 os ot 1 s @ 5 ®) 3 @-} @ % \ 4, Which of the following is not reciprocal oe ] 2 (a) ZI 3 3 24 3yt 3) ) (3) (©) (=) 5. Which of the following numbers is not equal to >=" (a) 3 (a) 27 Ree (2) aye 6. [5] iseruato ay 3y 2x-5 eo (?) Ce ai) -(Z) is equal to ee ea i i (b) (3) 3 8 -(Z) is equal to Is ay sl © ( 3) is (o) (-5° is equal to 2 2 3 @) 5 () -3 © (€) mon thay 2)* (5y> 13, (3) (7) is equal to 2,5) 2 5° Deo (2. 5y% (a) | 5x Sy 2,5 2.5)" (s 7) ® (57) © (F<) @ (3*7| 3% (5% 24 (27 (2) ss ogatt 35 3 5y sy (3,5)? (a) c 3] (b) aes © (38) @ (a5 15. For any two non-zero rational numbers a and b, af «b! is equal to (a) (a+b (b) (a+b)? (©) (a+b) (@) (a+b 16. For any two rational numbers a and b, a® x b° is equal to (a) (axby (b) (ax)! (©) (axo)® (d) (axby® 17. For a non-zero rational number a, a? +a"? is equal to (a) a® (b) a? a (d) a’? 18. For a non zero rational number a, (a®)? is equal to (a) a® (b) a (©) a® (a) a? ANSWERS 1 @ 2. ©) 3. ©) 4. (0) 5. (@) 6. b) Be 8 © 9. (a) 10. @) 1. © 12. &) 13. ) nok 16.0 16. © V7. © 18. 6) THINGS TO REMEMBER 1, Ifaisanon-zero rational number and n is a positive integer, then (@ a" =axaxax.--xa (ntimes) Bey (i) a" =— e (iii) a? 2, Ifa, b are non-zero rational numbers and m, nare integers, then @ axa" =a" ww Git) (@")" =a" =(0"* ww) (5) () (ab)" =a" xb" 8. If F isany non-zerorrational number and nis a postive integer, then

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