& ofttT Past Simple Tense yall padta 34} dh adic Jul a “ . -Lyisited my uncle last week. - I played football yesterday . - A famous writer wrote this book a year ago . Usage: eta? 31 bie qi - I lived in Tanta two years ago. ia uncle was in hospital last month. yesterday u=sl-ago Lt - last once upon a time +5413- ome day ALY) Gs ase Jong ago — usually - always — every gatall fj cig sil oda Sele 13 - Yesterday, I interviewed business leaders in Cairo. -I started the job two years ago. During that time, I met some very important I first met my best friend when we were both about three years old. (When = - When did you start playing the guitar? (How long) How long _ago did you start playing the guitar? Subj. + used to + inf, - In the past, people used to travel on camels. - Ali always walked to work when he was young. (sed to) ~ Ali uyed to walk to work when he was young. b+ to + = el+no + 4 + don’t / * + ~Abwiod goed ts sina to smoke. = pie oan oeeiate ~ Ali walked a mile every day in the past.* I'd rather he left now. popllal atl oo antl Ml iT wish / Tf omby 2 Lil rk Ls If only I had «car. = 1 don't have a car. * Lwish they were with us now. = They aren't with us now. Lins U/ ay though 9 paiions -6 ‘* He behaves as if he owned the place, (But he doesn't own it) spp De * If | knew his address I would write to him. *T haven't seen him since he went to London. Suk Fi l + +by + eu - Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. - Hamict was written by Shakespeare. Past Continuous Tense sat dll nj Formation: I, He, She, It, 22+ was + v-ing They, We, You, «=! + were + v-ing Usage: sh pis BS Se Sieg ~ Iwas doing my homework at 6 o'clock yesterday. ~ In yesterday's programme , I was talking about how we learn at school. A P dus ° 5 id pot in ia ~ I was reading a book all day yesterday. Ww S + ( Lyphalt Sisdt (eel Sina! y ~ While I was running, I fell down. - As she was cooking, she spilt the soup. Past simple € while/avjust as > Past continuous ~ My father came while I was sleeping. - Ali broke the vase just as he was cleaning it.“Cgeateaaly (diybb Sat) Past simple + when + past continuous (sus Sana) (ish Saaad ) ~ When the phone rang, I was having my breakfast. - I was having my breakfast when the phone rang. / ~ While I way doing my homework, my mother was cooking dinm - Jory was sleeping while her brother was playing football, Hotes : 2 &. » - While walking in the street, I met my teacher. 2 During + noun T heard a loud noise. - During Ali was injured during the football math, When + Jeb + ols = On te + y+ ing / - When the thief saw the police, he ran away. (On) - (On seeing the police, ee ue aes Bal 4 5 Wile Xia denied, Yorke te 0 plan: 5 Don’ Ex: see / hear / taste / smell \ 3 ‘ Ex: think / know / eee agama Fry believe a Ex: like / dislike /Iove / hate / want / wish / prefer / forgive / trust Verbs for Ex: possess /ovn / belong t0/ have ahh 7 ago call G16 1) petal Ale) Gi have pasha Y ~He has more money than he needs, ~ He is having lunch now . Was / wi + ~ He was writing the letter. ( active ) ~ The letter was being written. ( passive )Past Perfect till pudatell Formation : had + p.p. Usage : ESI Saha) pee gia gh i Caden Mitte Si billy Lip ats Rats AOD pea pany Afler + b+ Apa + Be ae After (lb ish) + v.+ing + rd Having +p. + danas path - After he had read the novel, he watched TV. ~ After reading the novel, he watched TV. = Having read the novel, As soon elit a ple dey pale “He ad car won Bad no uafter/as soom ay 2 A) patil Cys Vy Kanal) lala) plana! Legh (iu ali Biay = As soon as I saw the robber, Iiried to catch him. Get ener 23 5 when 2 3 - When he be aati we had finished our dinner. - When we had finished our dinner, he arrived. Ce Ae ) dae + ti /untl + - He dido’t park his car until he had found » place. it dead bss cn bat oe ae Before + et bay ale + a lle Before (FUG) ty. ting + te Bythetime+ 2 + ey pals + a pals ~ Before he watched TV / watching TV, he had read the novel. pedigh tb Ja ales By then / By+time 24 Aa) pata! - He arrived home at 11 o'clock yesterday. By then, the rain had stopped. - By 2010, the project had been completed.~ When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started. N+ had + m0 sooner + p.p sec... + thom + By pole Jeu + had + p+ when + ay poe ~ We had no sooner finished painting our new house than we moved into it. - We hud hardly finished painting our new house when we moved inte it, (op) $2) yet) 5 had no sooner/hardly/scarcely p+! das - - No sooner had we finished painting our new house than we moved into it. ~ Hara had ised poting cur sew howe when we moved ite - Itwas only when he had found a place that he parked his ear. = It wasn't until he had found a place that he parked his ear: - We were late because the bus had broken down. fas gh tn an pit ine ig oS LS 13) At) pall! wal Soa i - ~ He thanked me for what I'd done. ~ He found the bag which he'd lost. . a3, + Sse) GY AG : - He went back home. Before that, he had finished his job. = She had seen the film. After that, she went to bed. ~1 wish 1 had worked harder last veer : + If she hasin't called, | wouldn't have known. had been + PP -He said that he had cleaned the room. He said that the room hud been cleaned. 3& opr 2 The Present Perfect Tense is) dd on Formation: I, they, we, you, Ge! > have+ pp (‘ve+p-p) He, she, it, 2Avi> hast pp ('s+p.p) Usege ee - Lye written three letters this morning. (It is still morning.) - Eve lived in Cairo since 2007 / for 10 years. (I'm still living there.) ~ Lm tired because I've played a lot. ~ He lnns broken bis leg « os arn At od, “1 = Eve just finished my first year at university. - Eve already told him the latest news. already / just / ever / never / y till now/ lately / recently Trwcemtly, pal eg Aig ig) Case /|hae ~ [have seen Ali many times recently.= Nwtety (AAR y Ayal) Regd igs fy ae / | ye -Thave/ haven't seen Ali lately. - Have you ever been to the zoo? - Nothing like this has ever happened. - This is the most exciting film I have ever seen . Sewer bana) At Ct) cay pall Jah) ey a / Nal ve never ridden a camel. ~ [have never seen such an exciting film, Brave Heart. Set (Dual 9 Gita) dat ys A) OY! gis — Ja oo ~T haven't done my homework yet. - Have you done your homework yet? * just Rall gd * abvowly GARY (pally Spiel Lag) fb 29 iy paid Jey We have just seen Ahmed running. —Have you posted the letter already? Abas Ligi A already 90 oi hey - Twenty million people have scen the film already. # Since 2005/ winter/ October / Sunday / 5 o'clock / yesterday / last week (year / month) / this morning / lunch / then / birthday / childhood (sist) * for ... (years/seasons/months/weeks/days/hours) - a (day/week/moth/year) - an hour - ages - a fortnight - 4 long/short time - the last week (vear/month) since then “== deractaunin since last week. ~T haven't seen him since he went to live in Cairo. ~ He went to live in Cairo, Since then I haven't see him. ~T haven't seen him for ages. (It's ~ It’s ages since I last saw him. It's/This is the first time In recent years Over the ages / years~ 1's the first time I have ever been to this place. ~ This is the only play I have seen. = S.+ have / hus been to =... went and came back 42+ 46 9 i 2) oa} ~ He went to Aswan and came back. (been) - He has been to Aswan. *S.+ have / has gone to =... went and didn't come back 238 Jia) 8) ~ He went fo Aswan and he is still there. (has) ~ He has gone to Aswan ape lp tt Have been / has been > PP, ~ He has written the letter. ( active ) - The letter has been written. ( passive )Who ~The woman is in hospital. She was injured in the accident. - The woman who was injured in the accident is in hospital, - The talk was given by a man. He used to live in Russia. - The talk was given by a man who used to live in Russia. - Ahmed is my brother . You met him yesterday. -Ahmed who you met yesterday is my brother. whom Pe ates oe y He pale Soe ba ~ Ahmed is my brother . You met him yesterday, - Ahmed whom /( who ) you met yesterday is my brother. bid wl - That's the man. You are talking about him . - That's the man whom /who / that you are talking about. = That's the man you are talking about . - That's the man about whom you are talking. which = that i ty Naina (Say y Jiilatd 2 J ~ The books are all mine. They are on the shelf, ~ The books which (that) are on the shelf are all mine -Lopened the window. It overlooks the garden. (which ) -L opened the window which (that ) overlooks the garden. lllunt_ coal (which) Jb pabnny gi alll say pan Lab poll Wipe sees 0: = He bought a new car, He made an accident with - He bought a new car which ( that ) he made an accident with. ~ He bought a new car with which he made an accident. - The job was very tiring. He applied for it a week ago. - The job which (that) he applied for a week ago was very tiring. - The job for which he applied a week ago was very tiring. +Agi Us de ett which slike Bay = -He marks in the test, which made his parents very sad. - One of the boys kept laughing, which annoyed the teacher very much. gl ee nt YS Th wi a; Aaa A, -This is the man about ( that - ¥ whom ~ that ~ where ) I told you yesterday. whose Sal peels gl ('s - That's the man. His son succeeded. (whose ) - That's the man whose sop succeeded. i hath Un i ‘All day / all week/ all night all week all year / all month /all the time ~Thave been busy all day. (2) half 2A play) - He drank half of the bottle . OR ~ He iam Tall the bottle . ~ Half the workers in this factory are highly skilled . OR — Half of the workers ........ 2 halves 4 half sp" ~ Cut the apple in half / into halves (= into two equal parts ) : 4 Riad oi yes Ue i i L n ~ Each talk should last about half an hour . 13-Euch talk should last about a half hour, © (3s - My house is half a kilometer / a half kilometer from here, 2 us. ~ Half of ws left the party. (3) every Sachs Lil | bas be de ~ Every car in the city causes some pollution. - Every student works hard to go to a good university . als QulS hay ely 13 every part of the country / every piece of the cake / every member of the team. sone c& every Juait ol uf Aims de pene op isd Lae ~ Every one of the players was amazing . ctically CLS) ayny Wa Lh ov - This year I have visited practically every country in South-East Asia. pevery \s is at) SY) i pall Hay 2.every now apd again / then = sometimes ~ Every now and again / then they'll have dinner together. t t L ye e's - We worked every other Sunday. (One Sunday he worked, the next Sunday he didn’t work, the next Sunday he worked , etc.) © Every = the greatest possible or that can be imagined: o> suis ois ts Js - I'd like to wish you every success in your new job / happiness in your new home . - She has every reason to be unhappy after losing her job and her home . ~ She has every right to be proud of her tremendous achievements . Lia Jay bn Be or Sy) Latha fla Sally aha pl Lay ep - He cut the cake into six pieces and gave each child a slice . Baa re sal sya Lails US LS sj) ~ Each of the brothers has a different personality . ~Each of the companies supports a local charity . 14- Thave two children . Each of them Is interested im a particular sport . OR -I have two children . Each is interested in a particular sport . Bal eel of them oe s jd gl ~ We each (= every one of us) wanted the bedroom with the balcony - There are five leaflets . please , take one of each . ~ These books cost $20 eachs . on ‘everyone likes 5 “IL were you, I'd spend the weekend in Alexandria , but each to their own . each and every — _ 466) a used as 4 more forceful way of saving each ~ Lway thank each and every person who has contributed to this project. (3) both ~ Both my parents are teachers . Ly Slt my parents are both teachers . My brother and my sister both have a laptop . , Both Mike and Jim have red hair. OR Mike and Jim both have red hair . He plays both football and tennis . This room serves as both a study and a dining room . ivow/us/them J. 1 loved both of them . =I loved them both . Are both of us invited or jut you ? - They have two ie I - She has written two novels, both of which have been made into television series - (6) cither ~ We can gither eat now af after the show . It's up t ‘ity oe itt hihi) i ~ Either Mona or her two sisters are going to clean oe ighb BL) either or plsSiul Sy t ~ You can either watch the match on TV or go to the stadium . 15“Fi ‘sither side of me on the plane. = Friends sat on both sides of me on the plane. - The restaurant has good food, and it’s not expensive either. (2) neither We've oe two TVs, but neither works properly . wer iy correct aaa Ttaly ner England got to the quarter finals last year. - Omar {s not a doctor, Ahmed is not a doctor , cliher - - Neither Omar gor Ahmed is a doctor. - Ahmed doesn't like tennis . His friends don't like tennis. - Neither Ahmed nor his friends like tennis . ~ He does not drink coffee . He does not smoke . He neither drinks nor smokes. - They speak neither French nor German . these / those / the / one / my / your / his / her / +, - Neither of my parents travelled abroad. ~ Neither one of us is interested in music . ~ Neither of these books is mine . (EMD oS Lae soe Jab st Lal |) Neither las Lasie Sip Aine Bay 1 - Ali didn't come to my party. He didn't phone me . - Neither did Ali come to the party nor did he phone me. = All neither came to my party nor phoned me. Aid 93 eal! ua. Ww + it jenna docsn’t drive. Nor docs Mona . -Ihate snakes. I can’t even look at a pictere of a snake. Neither cam my sister . ~ He didn’t wateh the match. N. = They are eer eee aetaraalos UWmit 5 so / such / enough / too ENOry git ath oe (1)se - I'm sorry I'm walking so slowly, I've hurt my ankle . - That’s kind of you. Thanks so much for thinking of us . Ra Uy thy At sinay waka te - I got here late. It was a long journey, so I’m really tired now. Uh ab Lins Jad a. al 2 ad te - Ahmed plays chess well . So dol. speak English fluently and so can my brother. / adly. + aM gh Rls yy Sy te crsee i An et Nee csssreee arity ~ This bag is so heavy that I can't carry it. ~ Hes yo lazy that he never helps out with the housework. ~ It was so dark that we could hardly see . - He ran so quickly that the others couldn't catch up with him. a Iv. + ales Jab + Jol + ne ~ So heavy is this bag that I can't carry it . - So dark was it that we could hardly see. ~So quickly did he run that the others couldn't catch up with him, “Such (a / an) + adj, + 94 40 ol + that + sentence ~ He is such a bad-tempered person that no one can work with him for long, It was such a long and difficult exam that I was completely exhausted at the end. ~ The bey asked such a foolish question that everybody laughed at him . - It was such an interesting story (hat I read it in one sitting. ws +adj.+ - + vl 17~ The boy has such fine manners that everyone likes him . - It was such useful information that it helped me pass the exam . +33 te s + adj.t n, + 2 las dab + Joh + vam ‘Such a bad-tempered person js he that no one can work with him for long. w or s puch a genius! (= he's a real genius / he's very clever ) - You're such a feacher! (= you act im a typical way for a teacher ) solsuch Jami that ibe ose = She felt so tired she fell asleep on the train. ~ It was such an expensive meal he didn't spend any money for the rest of the month. ~ They have such @ lot of books they need to store some of them in the garage! such + noun sisi & Such + noun =a certain type or kind of (this is quite formal) I'd never heard such music before. (=I'd never heard this kind of music before.) alot of s+ such 930d) much / many / little / few 4 $0 pike Late Ub yale ~ Tate so much cake. ~ Late such a lot of cake. - He had so many books. = He has such a lot of books. ~ He had so few friends that he was very lonely, ( 235 0) amd such (idiom ) = and so on = and things ofthat kind ~ Pens, pencils, markers, and such are in this drawer (3) enough j./ adv. + enough + ( for + / + to + inf, i a gi Anal) ay ses oe ~ I'm not tall enough to reach the top shelf . - Your marks are good enough to study engineering at university. - I couldn't write quickly enough and I ran out of time. ~ The test was easy enough for him to pass. raw! J enough pita’ a + There isn't enough bread to make sandwiches. ~ Have you got enough money ? (438 421) enough js enough JA ib 18something vou sav when you want something to stop: Enough is enough ! I don't want to argue with you any more. (4) too more than is needed or wanted: more than is suitable or enough ~He is too fat . - There were too many people for such a small room . too + /ady ~ The water was too cold to swim in. - It was too late for us to change our plans, ~ The girls were to shy to perform in the play. hy Adal - This car is too expensive for me to buy . - This car isn't cheap enough for me to buy .oe Unit SG Passive forms Jy il ue rs Form: — Object +am/ is/are +p.p - The gardener waters the flowers every evening. ( active ) ~ The Nowers are watered by the gardener every evening, ( passive ) ~ Helen doesn't drink anything in parties . ( aetive) Nothing is drunk by Helen in parties. ( passive ) ~ He runs the company. ( sctive ) - The company is run by him . ( passive ) am / is/are i - ls coffee served here ? ( pa: ) peat alas bw whom ation yb Sad) iy pati ay boy dys who of Ji pel diay oe ~ Who sells umbrellas? ( active ) - Who are umbrellas sold by? ( passive ) - By whom are umbrellas sold ? ~ The coach is congratulating the team mow. ( active ) ~ The team is being congratulated by the coach. ( passive ) - We are collecting the donations at the moment. ( active ) ~ The donations are being collected at the moment . ( passive ) - My car Is at the garage , a good mechanic is repairing it. ( active ) ~ My car is at the garage, it is being repaired. ( passive ) = Is the car being repaired now ? - Where is the meeting being held ?Fr eh 88 oe Ld Future ve Form: Object twill +he+pp ~ We will take the horses to the stable . ( active ) - The horses will he taken to the stable . ( passive ) ~ She will clean your room while you are out . (active ) - Your room will be cleaned while you are out . ( passive) will + object + be + Past - Will the manager sign the contract tomorrow ? ( active) ~ Will the contract be signed by the manager tomorrow ? ( passive ) ~ When will the article be published ? ( passive ) ~ Why will the meeting be held ? ( passive ) w - Your passport has to be renewed . ~ Your hair still needs to be cut . - Your shoes ~ An exam may be given by our English teacher today. The traffic rules must be obeyed . - These cans needn't he kept in the fridge . stress / injure / damage / ....¢te. ~ The police caught the bank robbers. - The bank robbers were caught / - The bank robbers got caught ~The earthquake destroyed a lot of houses . - A lot of houses were destroved by the earthquake . - A lot of houses got destroyed by the earthquake . The bus has delayed us. - We have been delayed by the bus . /- We have got delayed by the bus ._& unit 7 Form: 3 ~ The teacher corrected the mistakes. ( active ) ~ The mistakes were corrected by the teacher. ( passive ) ~ Soha didn’t eat any apples . ( setive ) - No apples were eaten by Soha . ( passive ) ~ Did the president make an important speech last night ? ( eetive ) = Was an important speech made by the president last night ? ( passive ) ~ How did they steal her car ? ( active ) ~ How was her car stolen ? ( passive ) ~ Nobody was watching TV. ( active ) ~ The TV wasn't being watched . ( passive ) ~ The chef wasn't cooking the meat, ( etive ) - The meat wasn't being cooked by the chef. ( passive ) ~ Why were they picking the flowers ? ( active ) ~ Why mere the flowers being picked ? ( passive ) ~ Were they painting the room when the accident happened ? ( wetive ) - Was the room being painted when the accident happened ? ( passive ) ~ They have cleaned the house . ( ective ) ~ The house hay been cleaned . ( passive ) - Dickens has written a lot of novels .( setive ) + been + Past Participle = Have the police caught the man ? ( active ) = Has the man been caught by the police ? ( passive ) ~ Have the customers paid you ? ( active ) ~ Have you been paid by the customers ? ( passive ) 22Past perfect passive. ~ After he had washed the car, it rained . ( ective ) ~ After the car had been washed , it rained . ( passive ) ~ We had put out the fire by the time the firemen arrived . ( wctive } - The fire had been put out by the time the firemen arrived . ( passive ) - Had Ahmed done the homework before going to bed ? - Had the homework been done by Ahmed before going to bed ? Notes Sa dh aed Ba ty ape Bag cae yng id Lie) gal yada ~ My uncle sent me a letter . - Iwas sent a letter by my uncle, - A letter was sent to me by my uncle . Ala Ye ~ My father let me go to the cinema . - Lywas allowed to go to the cinema . P = -T want you to tell me the truth. ~T want to be told the truth. -Thuate people telling me les. =H hate bedi tod Hes, Saget) Jail) y Let) Jail cup ad 42d Jia Ae J aay le ~ Ali spoke the words quietly. ~ The words w + by Ali. aay ui ~ He made me write the lesson twice. ~ I yas made to write the lesson twice. — a I aS to oS pv. - 1 saw him entering the shop. ~ He was seen to enter the shop. - He watched me cleaning my room . - 1 was watched to clean my room. - People heard Jory shout. ~ Jory “ ~ She had an exam yesterday. ~ An exam was uiken yesterday.- I. have a cup of coffee every morning. - Acup of cofee is drunk every morning. ~ I had a letter from my friend. ~ A letter was received from my friend. i phy Lane Meet other People laugh st hiss. ~ He Jet hisnself be laughed at. ~ People sry that she is a widow acai ~ [tis said that she is a widow as she is always in black. th he al 03 (to Inve) ik AS pai gl spite (that) my dad oi6 13 Lal - ~ They alleged that he rau his wife. his wife. - Newspapers reported that all the passengers were killed in the crash. ~ All the passengers ‘Scety.comarted x bave besa ltd ts xp the crash. ~ I think he is playing chess . - His thought that he is playing chess . ~ His thought that chess is being plaved. - Me is thought to be plaving chess . -I think he was playing chess . that he was playing chess. I's thought that chess was being played . ~ He Is thought to have been plaving chess. + need / needs / ! +o be +p-p. or v ~ He needs to check the tyres of his car. ~ The tyres of his car need to be checked / need checking.wUnitS Causative : have & get a cau: : ve | as, ) cals Haye someone do something —_( have + person + infinitive ) Get someone to do something ( get + person + to + infinitive ) Lea fet Jay Le sa - aa - had the electrician look at my broken light. ~ The doctor will have the nurse call the patients. ~ The teacher had the students write the answers on the whiteboard. - She gets her son to do his homework . - I got the cleaner ( clean under the cupboards. ssive ©: ¢:( have / Le ek Salil Aasemall clad Haye something done —_—( have + object + p.p) © more formal Get something done (get + object + p.p ) © less formal (1 We use a causative verb when we want to talk about something that someone else did for us or for another person, It means that the subject caused the action to happen, but didn't do it themselves. Maybe they paid, or asked, or persuaded the other person to do it. see gall ph Abe Jet yh play ol oak dy ol Jal ye Sit od Laie all ill nts COD Deal) gy AA AN ek) Yl aks gh MU) alle dg aad dy al yd Jail) Cogan For example ~ I cleaned my house. ( This means | cleaned Mt myvelf ) * v: Nines cleaned my house. — house cheamed. ( gaably “tty all ai) silty - I'll get my hair cut next week. ~ He got his washing machine fixed.had + object t+pp amvis/are + having + object + p.p. have /has + had + object + pp had had + object +p.p Sere moo lang cor washed will / would / can / could / may / might / shall / should / must / had I ywill howe my car washed . to / be going to + object + p.p sdlpett dt causative paysive stk Bay te - Did you have your car washed ? - No, I didn’t . I washed it myself. & 30 - The barber is going to cut my hair, ~ Tam going to get / have my hair cut (by the barber ) .