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Examples – Amazon Case Study

Financial Statements Examples –

Amazon Case Study
An in-depth look at Amazon's financial statements

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What are Financial Statements?

Financial statements are the records of a company’s financial condition
and activities during a period of time. Financial statements show the
financial performance and strength of a company. The three core
financial statements are the income statement, balance sheet, and cash
flow statement. These three statements are linked together to create the
three statement financial model. Analyzing financial statements can help
an analyst assess the profitability and liquidity of a company. Financial
statements are complex. It is best to become familiar with them by
looking at financial statements examples.

In this article, we will take a look at some financial statement examples

from Amazon.com, Inc. for a more in-depth look at the accounts and line
items presented on financial statements.

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#1 Financial Statements Example – Cash Flow Statement

The first of our financial statements examples is the cash flow statement.
The cash flow statement shows the changes in a company’s cash position
during a fiscal period. The cash flow statement uses the net income
figure from the income statement and adjusts it for non-cash expenses.
This is done to find the change in cash from the beginning of the period
to the end of the period.

Most companies begin their financial statements with the income

statement. However, Amazon (NASDAQ: AMZN) begins its financial
statements section in its annual 10-K report with its cash flow statement.
The cash flow statement begins with the net income and adjusts it for
non-cash expenses, changes to balance sheet accounts, and other
usages and receipts of cash. The adjustments are grouped under
operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities.

The following are explanations for the line items listed in Amazon’s cash
flow statement. Please note that certain items such as “Other operating
expenses, net” are often defined differently by different companies:

Operating Activities:
Depreciation of property and equipment (…): a non-cash expense
representing the deterioration of an asset (e.g. factory equipment).

Stock-based compensation: a non-cash expense as a company awards

stock options or other stock-based forms of compensation to employees
as part of their compensation and wage agreements.

Other operating expense, net: a non-cash expense primarily relating to

the amortization of Amazon’s intangible assets.

Other expense (income), net: a non-cash expense relating to foreign

currency and equity warrant valuations.

Deferred income taxes: temporary differences between book tax and

actual income tax. The amount of tax the company pays may be different
from what it shows on its financial statements.

Changes in operating assets and liabilities: non-cash changes in

operating assets or liabilities. For example, an increase in accounts
receivable is a sale or a source of income where no actual cash was
received, thus resulting in a deduction. Conversely, an increase in
accounts payable is a purchase or expense where no actual cash was
used, resulting in an addition to net cash.

Investing Activities:

Purchases of property and equipment (…): purchases of plants,

property, and equipment are usages of cash. A deduction from net cash.
Proceeds from property and equipment incentives: this line is added
for additional detail on Amazon’s property and equipment purchases.
Incentives received from property and equipment vendors are recorded
as a reduction in Amazon’s costs and thus a reduction in cash usage.

Acquisitions, net of cash acquired, and other: cash used towards

acquisitions of other companies, net of cash acquired as a result of the
acquisition. A deduction from net cash.

Sales and maturities of marketable securities: the sale or proceeds

obtained from holding marketable securities (short-term financial
instruments that mature within a year) to maturity. An addition to net
cash.

Purchases of marketable securities: the purchase of marketable

securities. A deduction from net cash.

Financing Activities:

Proceeds from long-term debt and other: cash obtained from raising
capital by issuing long-term debt. An addition to net cash.

Repayments of long-term debt and other: cash used to repay long-

term debt obligations. A deduction from net cash.

Principal repayments of capital lease obligations: cash used to repay

the principal amount of capital lease obligations. A deduction from net
cash.

Principal repayments of finance lease obligations: cash used to repay

the principal amount of finance lease obligations. A deduction from net
cash.

Foreign currency effect on cash and cash equivalents: the effect of

foreign exchange rates on cash held in foreign currencies.

Supplemental Cash Flow Information:

Cash paid for interest on long-term debt: cash usages to pay
accumulated interest from long-term debt.

Cash paid for interest on capital and finance lease obligations: cash
usages to pay accumulated interest from capital and finance lease
obligations.

Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds: cash usages to pay
income taxes.

Property and equipment acquired under capital leases: the value of

property and equipment acquired under new capital leases in the fiscal
period.

Property and equipment acquired under build-to-suit leases:

the value of property and equipment acquired under new build-to-suit
leases in the fiscal period.

#2 Financial Statements Example – Income Statement

The next statement in our financial statements examples is the income

statement. The income statement is the first place for an analyst to look
at if they want to assess a company’s profitability.

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The income statement provides a look at a company’s financial
performance throughout a certain period, usually a fiscal quarter or
year. This period is usually denoted at the top of the statement, as can
be seen above. The income statement contains information regarding
sales, costs of sales, operating expenses, and other expenses.

The following are explanations for the line items listed in Amazon’s
income statement:

Operating Income (EBIT):

Net product sales: revenue derived from Amazon’s product sales such
as Amazon’s first-party retail sales and proprietary products (e.g.,
Amazon Echo)

Net services sales: revenue generated from the sale of Amazon’s

services. This includes proceeds from Amazon Web Services (AWS),
subscription services, etc.

Cost of sales: costs directly associated with the sale of Amazon products
and services. For example, the cost of raw materials used to
manufacture Amazon products is a cost of sales.

Fulfillment: expenses relating to Amazon’s fulfillment process. Amazon’s

fulfillment process includes storing, picking, packing, shipping, and
handling customer service for products.

Marketing: expenses pertaining to advertising and marketing for

Amazon and its products and services. Marketing expense is often
grouped with selling, general, and administrative expenses (SG&A) but
Amazon has chosen to break it out as its own line item.

Technology and content: costs relating to operating Amazon’s AWS

segment.

General and administrative: operating expenses that are not directly

related to producing Amazon’s products or services. These expenses are
sometimes referred to as non-manufacturing costs or overhead costs.
These include rent, insurance, managerial salaries, utilities, and other
similar expenses.

Other operating expenses, net: expenses primarily relating to the

amortization of Amazon’s intangible assets.

Operating income: the income left over after all operating expenses
(expenses directly related to the operation of the business) are
deducted. Also known as EBIT.

Net Income:
Interest income: income generated by Amazon from investing excess
cash. Amazon typically invests excess cash in investment-grade, short to
intermediate-term fixed income securities, and AAA-rated money market
funds.

Interest expense: expenses relating to accumulated interest from

capital and finance lease obligations and long-term debt.

Other income (expense), net: income or expenses relating to foreign

currency and equity warrant valuations.

Income before income taxes: Amazon’s income after operating and

non-operating expenses have been deducted.

Provision for income taxes: the expense relating to the amount of

income tax Amazon must pay within the fiscal year.

Equity-method investment activity, net of tax: proportionate losses

or earnings from companies where Amazon owns a minority stake.

Net income: the amount of income left over after Amazon has paid off
all its expenses.

Earnings per Share (EPS):

Basic earnings per share: earnings per share calculated using the basic
number of shares outstanding.

Diluted earnings per share: earnings per share calculated using the
diluted number of shares outstanding.
Weighted-average shares used in the computation of earnings per
share: a weighted average number of shares to account for new stock
issuances throughout the year. The way the calculation works is by
taking the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the
fiscal period covered.

For example, a company has 100 shares outstanding at the beginning of

the year. At the end of the first quarter, the company issues another 50
shares, bringing the total number of shares outstanding to 150. The
calculation for the weighted average number of shares would look like
below:

100*0.25 + 150*0.75 = 131.25

Basic: the number of shares outstanding in the market at the

date of the financial statement.

Diluted: the number of shares outstanding if all convertible

securities (e.g. convertible preferred stock, convertible bonds)
are exercised.

#3 Financial Statements Example – Balance Sheet

The last statement we will look at with our financial statements examples
is the balance sheet. The balance sheet shows the company’s assets,
liabilities, and stockholders’ equity at a specific point in time.

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statements with CFI’s Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA)®
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Unlike the income statement and the cash flow statement, which display
financial information for the company during a fiscal period, the balance
sheet is a snapshot of the company’s finances at a specific point in time.
It can be seen above in the line regarding the date.

Compared to the Cash Flow Statement and Statement of Income, it

states ‘December 31, 2017’ as opposed to ‘Year Ended December 31,
2017’. By displaying snapshots from different periods, the balance sheet
shows changes in the accounts of a company.

The following are explanations for the line items listed in Amazon’s
balance sheet:

Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents: cash or highly liquid assets and short-term
commitments that can be quickly converted into cash.

Marketable securities: short-term financial instruments that mature

within a year.

Inventories: goods currently held in stock for sale, in-process goods,

and materials to be used in the production of goods or services.

Accounts receivable, net and other: credit sales of a business that

have not yet been fully paid by customers.

Goodwill: the difference between the price paid in an acquisition of a

company and the fair market value of the target company’s net assets.

Other assets: Amazon’s acquired intangible assets, net of amortization.

This includes items such as video, music content, and long-term deferred
tax assets.

Liabilities:

Accounts payable: short-term liabilities incurred when Amazon

purchases goods from suppliers on credit.

Accrued expenses and other: liabilities primarily related to Amazon’s

unredeemed gift cards, leases and asset retirement obligations, current
debt, acquired digital media content, etc.
Unearned revenue: revenue generated when payment is received for
goods or services that have not yet been delivered or fulfilled. Unearned
revenue is a result of revenue recognition principles outlined by U.S.
GAAP and IFRS.

Long-term debt: the amount of outstanding debt a company holds that

has a maturity of 12 months or longer.

Other long-term liabilities: Amazon’s other long-term liabilities, which

include long-term capital and finance lease obligations, construction
liabilities, tax contingencies, long-term deferred tax liabilities, etc. (Note 6
of Amazon’s 2017 annual report).

Stockholders’ Equity:

Preferred stock: stock issued by a corporation that represents

ownership in the corporation. Preferred stockholders have a priority
claim on the company’s assets and earnings over common stockholders.
Preferred stockholders are prioritized with regards to dividends but do
not have any voting rights in the corporation.

Common stock: stock issued by a corporation that represents

ownership in the corporation. Common stockholders can participate in
corporate decisions through voting.

Treasury stock, at cost: also known as reacquired stock, treasury stock

represents outstanding shares that have been repurchased from the
stockholder by the company.

Additional paid-in capital: the value of share capital above its stated
par value in the above line item for common stock ($0.01 in the case of
Amazon). In Amazon’s case, the value of its issued share capital is
$17,186 million more than the par value of its common stock, which is
worth $5 million.

Accumulated other comprehensive loss: accounts for foreign currency

translation adjustments and unrealized gains and losses on available-for-
sale/marketable securities.

Retained earnings: the portion of a company’s profits that is held for

reinvestment back into the business, as opposed to being distributed as
dividends to stockholders.

Conclusion

As you can see with the above financial statements examples, financial
statements are complex and closely linked. There are many accounts in
financial statements that can be used to represent amounts regarding
different business activities. Many of these accounts are typically labeled
“other” type accounts, such as “Other operating expenses, net”. In our
financial statements examples, we examined how these accounts
functioned for Amazon.

Additional Resources

Now that you have become more proficient in reading the financial
statements examples, round out your skills with some of our other
resources. Corporate Finance Institute has resources that will help you
expand your knowledge and advance your career! Check out the links
below:

Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA)® Certification

Program

Financial Analysis Fundamentals

Three Financial Statements Summary

Free CFI Accounting eBook

See all accounting resources

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