JB INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEHRADUN
Department of Electrical Engineering

Electrical Machine-II
(BEEP-501)

COURSE FILE
(Practical Subject)

for
B. Tech EE, 5th Semester
(Session 2023-2024)

Faculty Name: Mr. Pradeep Chandra Rai

Faculty Signature……………………
 Course File: Check List
Sl. Particulars Status Remarks
Y/N
Front Page
Checklist/Contents of the course file

1 Vision & Mission of the Institute and PEOs

2 Vision & Mission of the Department and PSOs

3 Institute Academic Calendar

4 Departmental Calendar

5 Course allotment letter

6 Master Time table

7 Individual Time table

8 List of Allotted Students

9 List of Experiments as per university syllabus

10 COs, mapping of COs-POs and Cos-PSOs

11 Lab Execution Plan (Experiment wise Plan with dates planned and date of actually
conducted)
12 Lab manuals experiment wise

13 Lab Rubrics

14 Evaluation Scheme for CO with Target CO Attainment

15 Lab End Survey (Questionnaire)

(The duly filled form by all students is available in the Department File)

16 Evidence of CO attainment (Graph) and Comment on Target Achieved

(The Detailed Sheet of Attainment is available in the Department File)

Faculty Name & Signature HOD Signature

 INDIVIDUAL TIME TABLE
Odd Semester (Session 2023-24)

Faculty Name: - Mr. Pradeep Chandra Rai

10:20
09.30- 11:10- 12:00- 12:50- 01:40- 02:30- 03.20-
Day -
10:20 12:00 12:50 01:40 2:30 03.20 04.10
11:10
BEET50
EET003
Monday 1
(L)
(L)
EET003 BEET50
EEP 003
1
Tuesday (L)
(LAB)
(L)

EET003 BEET50 LUNCH

1
Wednesday (L)
(L)

EET003 BEET50
BEEP 501
1
Thursday (T)
(LAB)
(L)

EET003 BEET50
1
Friday (L)
(T)

(Mr. Lakhan Singh)

HOD (EE)
 List of Allotted Students
B. Tech V Semester (EE) Session 2023-24
S.No. University Student’s Father’s Name Contact No. E-Mail Id
Roll No Name (Father/Guardian)
1. 210530105001 SUMEET UDAY SINGH 6281830724
[email protected]
SINGH
DHAKRE
2. 210530105002 7505812436
TANUSHRI KULDEEP [email protected]
GHANASALA
3. 210530105003
VERTIKA ASHISH
7755806479 [email protected]
SRIVASTAVA SRIVASTAVA
4. 720530105001 ANIK MILAN BAIDYA 9366504325 [email protected]
KUMAR
BAIDYA
5. 720530105002 BHAJMOHAN CHANDRAMOHAN 6399951207 [email protected]

6. 720530105003 JASHINTA PREMANANDA 8787585416 [email protected]

DEBBARMA DEBBARMA

7. 720530105004 KABITA AMAR 8259932371 [email protected]

DEBBRAMA DEBBARMA

8. 720530105005 PEERZADA PEERZADA 9797700309 [email protected]

MUJEEB UL MOHAMMAD
ISLAM ASHRAF
9. 720530105006 POONAM NARAYAN 7061728380 [email protected]
KUMARI YADAV

10. 720530105007 SAHIL MUKESH KUMAR 9992562250 [email protected]

 Programme Outcomes (POs)
Program – B. Tech EE
PO-01 Engineering Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and
knowledge an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO-02 Problem Analysis Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO-03 Design/ Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
development of components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
solutions consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
PO-04 Conduct investigations Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of
of complex problems experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO-05 Modern tool usage Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO-06 The Engineer and Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
Society health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO-07 Environment and Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and
Sustainability environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO-08 Ethics Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
PO-09 Individual and team Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
work teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO-10 Communication Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO-11 Project management Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management
and finance principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a
team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO-12 Life-long learning Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
 Course Outcomes (COs)
Program: B. Tech. Semester: V
Course Title: Electrical Machine-II Course Code: BEEP-501
Name of Faculty: Mr. Pradeep Chandra Rai Session: 2023-24

Bloom’s
Course Outcomes
Level

Analyze theoretically, the performance characteristics for

CO-1
different electrical machines and obtain simple equivalent 4
circuit for the synchronous machine
Examine the testing of different electrical machines so
as to identify their applicability in different practical Bloom’s
CO-2
situations and the process of ‘synchronization’ of a 4
generator to the live bus bar and method of starting a
synchronous motor
CO-3 Illustrate the constructional details and principle of operation 3
of three phase and single-phase induction motors.
CO-4 Apply the knowledge about starting and speed control of 3
induction motors, testing and applications of induction motors
CO-5 Illustrate the construction, operation and characteristics of 3
commonly used special purpose machines.
Taxonomy and Bloom’s Level

(BL-1: Remember, BL-2: Understand, BL-3: Apply, BL-4: Analyze, BL-5: Evaluate, BL-6: Create)
 Course Articulation Matrix

CO’s/PO’s PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1

CO2

CO3

CO4

CO5

Mapping of Course Outcome to PSOs

CO’s/PSO’s PSO-1 PSO-2 PSO-3

CO1

CO2

CO3

CO4

CO5

(Highly Mapped- 3, Moderate- 2, Low-1)

 Lab Execution Plan
Program: B. Tech. Semester: V
Course Title: Electrical Machine-II Course Code: BEEP-501
Name of Faculty: Mr. Pradeep Chandra Rai Session: 2023-24

S. No Name of Experiment Group Number of Execution

students date

1 To perform no load and blocked rotor tests on a three-phase A

squirrel cage induction motor and determine equivalent
circuit.
2 To perform load test on a three-phase induction motor and A
draw Torque -speed characteristics.
3 To perform no load and blocked rotor tests on a single- A
phase induction motor and determine equivalent circuit.
4 To study speed control of three phase induction motor by A
varying supply voltage and by keeping V/f ratio constant.
5 To perform open circuit and short circuit tests on a three- A
phase alternator and determine voltage regulation at full
load and at unity, 0.8 lagging and leading power factors by
(i) EMF method (ii) MMF method.
6 To determine V-curves and inverted V-curves of a three A
phase synchronous motor.
7 To determine Xd and Xq of a three-phase salient pole A
synchronous machine using the slip test and to draw the
power-angle curve.
8 To study synchronization of an alternator with the infinite A
bus by using: (i) dark lamp method (ii) two bright and one
dark lamp method.
9 To determine speed-torque characteristics of three phase A
slip ring induction motor and study the effect of including
resistance, or capacitance in the rotor circuit.
10 To determine speed-torque characteristics of single-phase A
induction motor and study the effect of voltage variation.
11 To determine speed-torque characteristics of a three-phase A
induction motor by (i) keeping v/f ratio constant (ii)
increasing frequency at the rated voltage.
12 To draw O.C. and S.C. characteristics of a three-phase A
alternator from the experimental data and determine voltage
regulation at full load, and unity, 0.8 lagging and leading
 power factors.
13 To determine steady state performance of a three-phase A
induction motor using equivalent circuit.
 LAB MANUALS
EXPERIMENT NO – 1
Aim: To perform no load and blocked rotor tests on a three-phase squirrel cage induction
motor and determine equivalent circuit.
Name Plate Details:

S.NO Specifications Ratings

1 Voltage 415V
2 Current 7.39Amps
3 Output 5H. P
4 R.P.M 1430
5 Cycle 50Hz
6 Connection Δ
Apparatus
Required:

S.NO Name of The Type Range Quantity

Apparatus
1. Ammeter Digital (0-10) A 1
2. Voltmeter Digital (0-600) V 1
3. Wattmeter Digital 600V,10A,U 2
PF
4. Tachometer Digital (0-3000) 1
RPM
5. Connecting wires Copper 1.5Sqmm required

Theoretical Calculations:
No Load Test:
No load power factor CosΦo = Wo/( Vo*Io)
Where Wo = Power input per phase on no load in Watts.
Vo = Rated applied voltage per phase on no load in Volts. Io = No load current per phase in
Amps.
No load working component of current (Iw) = IoCosΦo
No load magnetizing component of current (Iμ) = IoSinΦo
No load resistance = (Ro) = Vo/ Iw No
load reactance = (Xo) = Vo/Iμ
 Blocked Rotor Test:
 Motor equivalent impedance per phase referred to stator (Zsc) = Vsc/ Isc in ohms.
 Motor equivalent resistance per phase referred to stator (Rsc) = Wsc/(Isc2). in ohms.
 Motor equivalent reactance per phase referred to stator (Xsc) = √(Zsc2- Rsc2) in ohms.
Where Wsc = short circuit power per phase in Watts.
Isc = short circuit current per phase in Amps.
Vsc = short circuit voltage per phase in Volts.
Rotor resistance per phase referred to stator R2'= Rsc – R1 ohms
Rotor reactance per phase referred to stator X2' = Xsc/2 = X1
ohms
Where R1 = stator resistance per phase in ohms.

X1= stator

reactance per phase in ohms.

Equivalent load resistance (RL') = R2' (1/s – 1) in ohms.

Circuit Diagram:
 Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. For no-load test apply the rated voltage by adjusting the auto transformer and
note down ammeter, voltmeter & wattmeter readings. In this test rotor is free to rotate.
3. For blocked rotor test apply the rated current by adjusting the auto
transformer & note down ammeter, voltmeter & wattmeter readings. In this test rotor is
blocked.
4. Find the stator resistance by using ammeter voltmeter method.
5. Switch OFF the supply.
Precautions:
1. The auto transformer should be kept in minimum position.

Observations:

No-Load test:
S.No. Open No load W W Open Φ0=Cos-1(W0/√3
Ckt current 1 2 Ckt V0*I0)
Voltage (amp) power
(Volt) W0=W
1+W2
(Watt)

Blocked rotor test:

Short Short Short circuit Φsc=

S.No. Circuit Circuit W1 W2 power Wsc=
Voltage current W1+W2 Cos-1(Wsc/√3Vsc*Isc)
(Volt) (amp) (Watt)

Model Equivalent Circuit:

Result:
 EXPERIMENT NO.2

AIM: To perform load test on a three-phase induction motor and draw Torque -speed
characteristics

Apparatus Required:

Name Plate Details:

Procedure:
1. Connect circuit. as shown in
diagram.
2. Adjust ‘Zero set’ for Balances.
3. Switch on Mains supply s/w.
4. To Start AC Motor, press START Push Button & Shift position of Rotor resistance s/w
from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4. Resistance is cut out and rotor is short circuited at position 4.
5. Note down readings of voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter’s & load on balances W1 & W2
Kg.
6. Using hand wheel of Brake drum arrangement load the motor in steps from no load to
rated torque.
7. Rated torque T = (W1-W2) *A A = Break drum Constant = Radius of Pulley (Meter)
* 9.81
8. At each step repeat Step 5.
9. Calculate power output P = 2ЛNT/60.
10.Calculate efficiency = output / input.

Observation Table:

RESULT: Load test is performed on 3-ϴ A.C. Slip ring Induction motor, and
characteristics performances are observed.
 EXPERIMENT NO.3
AIM: -To perform no load and blocked rotor tests on a single-phase induction motor and
determine equivalent circuit.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Parameter 1Ф-InductionMotor

Rated Power 1HP

Rated Voltage 230V

Rated Current 6A

Rated Speed 1430

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No Name of Range Type Qty.
Apparatu
s

1 Voltmeter 0- Digital
300
2 Ammeter 5A Digital

3 Wattmeter 300V,2 Digital

A,LPF
4 Wattmeter 75V,5 Digital
A,UPF
5 Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram:

NO LOAD TEST ON SNGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON SNGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR:

 Procedure:

NO LOAD TEST:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Be sure that variac (auto transformer) is set to zero output voltage position
before starting the experiment.

3. Now switch ON the supply and close the DPST switch.

4. The variac is varied slowly, until rated voltage is applied to motor and rated speed is
obtained.

5. Take the readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter and wattmeter in a tabular column.

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

1. To conduct blocked rotor test, necessary meters are connected to suit the full
load conditions of the motor.

2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

3. Before starting the experiment variac (auto transformer) is set to zero output voltage
position.

4. The rotor (shaft) of the motor is held tight with the rope around the brake drum.

5. Switch ON the supply, and variac is gradually varied till the rated current
flows in the induction motor.

6. Readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter, and wattmeter are noted in a tabular column.

7. The variac is brought to zero output voltage position after the experiment is
done, and switch OFF the supply.

8. Loosen the rope after the experiment is done.

Precautions:
NO LOAD TEST:
1. Initially MCB is kept open.
2. Autotransformer is kept at minimum potential position.
3. The machine must be started on no-load

BLOCKEDROTOR TEST:
1. Initially the MCB is kept open.
2. Autotransformer is kept at minimum potential position.
3. The machine must be started at full load (blocked rotor). Reff=1.5*Rdc

Formulae:
NO LOAD TEST:
 BLOCKEDROTOR TEST:

TABULAR COLUMNS

NO-LOAD TEST:
 S.No. Vo(volts) Io(amps) Wo (watts)

BLOCKEDROTOR TEST:

S.No. Vsc Isc (amps) Wsc(watts)

(volts)

EQIVALENT CIRCUIT:

RESULT:
 EXPERIMENT NO.4
Aim: To perform open circuit and short circuit tests on a
three-phase alternator and determine voltage regulation at
full load and at unity, 0.8 lagging and leading power factors
by (i) EMF Method (ii) MMF Method.
Apparatus Required:

S.No. Apparatus Specifications Types Quantity

1. Voltmeter (0-500V) MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-5A) MI 1
3. Voltmeter (0-300V) MC 2
4. Ammeter (0-1/2A) MC 1
5. Tachometer Digital 1

Theory: Basic principle of alternator, different methods of

finding voltage regulation

KVA Rating ……….. Ampere Rating ……………

KV Rating ……….. Frequency Rating ………..

Name Plate Details:

Procedure:
Open Circuit Test
1. Connect as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep 25 ohm rheostat in cut-in position (built in) and TPST in open position.
3. Close the supply switch on the rectifier switch on motor side and
 gradually cutout 25 Ohm rheostat completely to get the rated speed
of the motor.
4. Switch on the supply for field of alternator and gradually increase
the current of the field by varying rheostat until the alternator
builds up to its rated voltage.
5. At each step note down the meter readings

6. Decrease the field excitation and bring the rheostat to

original position and open switch S1. The test gives the
data for open circuit.
Short Circuit Test
1. Connections are made same as open circuit test and
remove the voltmeter connection.
2. Close the TPST switch.
3. Start the DC motor by closing rectifier switch and set to rated speed.
4. Switch on the DC or field excitation and vary the field
current by varying the dimmer till rated armature current
flows in the ammeter connected in line with the
alternator.
5. At each step note down the value of field current and short circuit
current.
6. Bring back dimmer to initial position and remove the supply.
7. Measure the armature resistance.
8. Plot the graphs O.C.C and S.C.C.
Armature Resistance: It is measured by ammeter voltmeter
method and calculates per phase resistance. To account for
skin effect the measured value is multiplied by 1.5 times
(say 1.5 Ra)
Observation Table:
Open Circuit Test Short Circuit Test
SL If in Amp V in Volts Sr. No If in Amp Ia in Amp
No
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
 6. 6.
7. 7.
8. 8.

Calculations:
Using Synchronous Impedance Method:
Voltage Regulation:
The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as " the rise in voltage from full-
load to no-load and (field excitation and speed remaining the same) divided by the
rated terminal voltage".
Percent regulation 'up'= E0−V X 100.
V
Where E0 and V are respectively the no Load voltage and full load voltage.
Regulation of an alternator by synchronous impedance method:
Ra per Phase: It is obtained from direct voltmeter and ammeter method by
applying DC supply or by using multimeter to the stator winding. The effective
value of Ra is increased due to skin effect,
Ra=1.3 x Ra (DC)
O.C.C: O.C.C is plotted from the given data as shown in Fig8.1 as in D.C
Machines, this is plotted by running the machine on no-load and by noting the values
of induced voltage and field excitation current. It is just like a B-H curve.

MMF Method:
The field m.m.f. required to induce the rated terminal voltage on open
circuit can be obtained from open circuit characteristics. This is
denoted as FO which is equal to the exciting current Io. The value of
ampere-turns required to circulate full load current can be obtained
from short circuit characteristics. This is denoted as FAR, which is
equal to the IAR .The two components of total field
m.m.f. which are FO (=Io) and FAR (=IAR) indicated in O.C.C. (open
circuit characteristics) and S.C.C. (short circuit characteristics) as
shown in the Fig. 1.
Fig 1: Open circuit and short circuit characteristic

If the alternator is supplying full load, then total field m.m.f. is the
vector sum of its two components FO and FAR. This depends on the
power factor of the load which alternator is supplying. Let us consider
the various power factors and the resultant FR.

1. Unity p.f.
Under unity power factor condition, the armature reaction is cross
magnetizing and its effect is to distort the main flux. Thus and F are
at right angles to each other and hence resultant m.m.f. is the vector
sum of FO and FAR. Following values can be derived from figure 2.

OA  FO
AB = FAR= Cross Magnetizing

OB = FR - FO + FAR…………………..(1)

2. Power factor lagging or leading

Consider the load power factor is Cos Φ. In such case, resultant m.m.f. is to be
determined by vector addition of FO and FAR. Such as for lagging p.f., the various
magnitudes from figure 3, are OA - FO , AB =FAR and OB = FR

Consider triangle OCB which is right angle triangle. The FAR is split into two parts
as,
AC  FAR * Sinϕ, BC  FAR *Cosϕ and FR can be obtained from equation(1).

2 2
FR2-(FO  FAR * Sinϕ)  (FAR * Cosϕ) ……………………………………….
(2)

For lagging power factor take + sign and for leading power factor take – sign.
Once FR is known, obtain corresponding voltage which is induced
e.m.f. Eph, required to get rated terminal voltage Vph. This is possible
from open circuit characteristics drawn.

Once Eph is known then the regulation can be obtained as,

%R= E ph  V ph 100
V ph

It is concluded that one can use equations 1 and 2 to calculate FR.

Fig. 2: Unity power Factor

Fig.3: Lagging Power Factor

 Fig.4: Leading Power Factor

Circuit Diagram for No Load and Short Circuit Test on 3 phase Alternator

Result:
 EXPERIMENT NO.5
AIM: To determine V-curves and inverted V-curves of a three-phase synchronous motor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 NAME PLATE DETAILS:

3- ɸ Auto transformer details:

Input voltage: ___415_________________(Volt)
Output Voltage: ____ (0-470) _______________(Volt)
Frequency.: ________50________________(Hz)
Current: _________________________(Amp)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Opening the SPST switch connected across the field DC supply is given to the field
and field current is adjusted to 0.3A ( 20% of rated field current)
3. The DC supply to the field is removed and SPST switch is connected across the field
by closing the switch
4. As 3- ɸ , 440V, 50Hz AC supply is applied to 3- ɸ dimmer stator keeping it in
minimum output position, keeping it prior to that motor is kept in no load state.
5. Gradually supply voltage to synchronous motor is increased and then motor starts
running as squirrel cage induction motor. The direction of rotation is observed. if it is not
proper then supply phase sequence is altered.
6. Observing Ia, the voltage is gradually increased. It will reach a high value and
suddenly falls to a low value.
7. At that instant, open SPST switch connected across the field. The DC supply is then
given to the field. Then the motor is pulled into synchronism and motor now works as a
synchronous motor.
8. Gradually the supply voltage to stator is increased by observing the armature current.
If Ia, increases above the rated value then increase If such that Ia will be within limits and
thus full rated supply voltage is gradually given to the motor. Now motor will work as
synchronous motor with full rated voltage.
9. By varying If in steps, armature currents are recorded at no-load
10. By applying half of full load on motor, If and Ia are recorded again. The same
experiment is repeated at 3/4th load, full load and corresponding readings are recorded.
11. Completely removing the load on motor, the 3- ɸ supply to stator and then the DC
supply to the field are switched OFF.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
RESULT: V and inverted V curves of synchronous motor are drawn.

EXPERIMENT NO.6
AIM: To determine the direct axis reactance Xd and quadrature axis reactance Xq by
conducting a slip test on a salient pole synchronous machine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

3- ɸ
Auto transformer Details:
Input Voltage: _______415_________(Volt)
Output Voltage: ______(0-470)_________(Volt)
Current:___________6__________(Amp.)
Frequency: ________ 50___________(Hz)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially set field regulator, 3 -ɸ variac at minimum position and TPST switch OPEN.
3. The DC motor is started slowly by sliding starter handle and it is run at a speed slightly
less than the synchronous speed of the alternator.
4. Close the TPST switch
5. With field winding left open, a positive sequence balanced voltage of reduced
Magnitude (around 25% of rated Value) and of rated frequency are impressed across the
armature terminals.
6. The prime mover (DC motor) speed is adjusted till ammeter and voltmeters. pointers
swing slowly between maximum and minimum positions
7. Under this condition, readings of maximum and minimum values of both ammeter and
voltmeter are recorded

Note:
1. When performing this test, the slip should be made as small as possible.
2. During Slip test, it is observed that swing of the ammeter pointer is very wide,
whereas the voltmeter has only small swing.
TABULAR COLUMN:

RESULT: Xd and Xq of a salient pole synchronous motor are determined by conducting

slip test.
 EXPERIMENT NO.7
Aim: To perform load test on 3 phase induction motor and draw Torque Vs Speed
characteristics
Apparatus Required:

Sl. Name of Apparatus No Range & Type

No s

1 Ammeter 1 0 – 20 A

2 Ammeter 1 0-10 A AC

3 Voltmeter 1 0-500 V

4 Voltmeter 1 0 – 250 V

5 Wattmeter 2 0-10 A, 0-500 V, U.P. F

6 Lamp load 1

7 3-Ø squirrel cage Induction Motor 1

8. Brake drum with load 1

Theory: Principle of operation, performance characteristics etc

Name Plate Details:

KVA Rating ……….. Ampere Rating ……………

KV Rating ……….. Frequency Rating ………..

Insulation Rating ………

Procedure:
1. Note down the name plate details. Connect as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the main supply switch and keep open load switch, and
observe wattmeter deflection, such that if one of the wattmeters is
showing negative then switch off the supply and connection of that
wattmeter is reversed.
3. Switch on the supply and note the reversed wattmeter reading as negative.
4. Switch on the supply to Induction motor from no load to full load
by varying auto-transformer.
5. Gradually load the Induction motor at every step note down all the
meter readings.
Switch off the entire load and bring back the Induction
motor to original position and switch off the main supply
6. Do the calculation and plot the graph

Observation and calculations:

Table 01. – Readings related Induction Motor

Input Output Calculations
power Power
S.No VL I W1 W2 Speed V(dc) I(dc) Torque Cosϕ % slip η
(V) (A) (W) (W) (rpm) (Kg-m)
T
1
2

Note: Minimum 8 readings have to be taken.

Calculations: Input power to Induction Motor: W = V × I × Cosϕ

Power factor of Induction Motor:

Output of D.C. Generator: Pdc = Vdc×Idc Watts

Assume the efficiency of generator

Input to DC generator is the output of Induction Motor

= Vdc× Idc/η
InputDCgenerator O u t p u t D C g e n e r a t o r

η 2π N/60

Power output of Induction Motor, P ou=2 πNT /60 Watt

Input power to Induction Motor, Pin  W1W 2

Efficiency of Induction Motor, η = Pout

Pin

N = actual speed of Induction motor and Ns = synchronous speed of Induction

Motor Slip (s)=(Ns-N)/ Ns
Performance Curves of 3 Phase Induction Motor:

Torque Vs Speed and Torque Vs % slip Curves for 3-

phase Induction Motor:
 EXPERIMENT NO.8
Aim: To study speed control of three phase induction motor by
varying supply voltage and by keeping V/f ratio constant.

Apparatus Required:

S.No. Apparatus Specifications Types Quantity

1. Voltmeter (0-500V) MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-5A) MI 1
3. Voltmeter (0-300V) MC 2
4. Ammeter (0-1/2A) MC 1
5. Tachometer Digital 1

Equipment required: -
(1.) M.G. Set: -

1. Motor – DC motor (3 Kw, 230V, 10 Amp, 1500 RPM, Shunt wound).

2. AC generator – (2 KVA, 3-phase, 415V, 50Hz, 1500RPM, 2.8Amp, .8PF, DC

Volt-140, DC current .85Amp).

(2.) Induction motor: - (3-Phase, 415V, 50Hz, 1500RPM, 3.6Amp)

Theory:
Synchronous speed of an induction motor is Ns = 120f / P the speed of the motor can
be controlled by varying the supply frequency. The e.m.f. induced in the stator of the
induction motor, E1 = 4.44kw1fфT1. Therefore, if the supply frequency is changed
e1 will be also change to maintain the same air gap flux. If the stator voltage is
neglected the terminal voltage equal to E1. In order to avoid saturation and to
minimize losses, motor is operated at rated air gape flux by varying terminal voltage
with frequency so as to maintain (V /F) ratio constantans the rated value. This type
of control is known as constant volts per hertz. In this method the variable frequency
supply is obtained by M-G Set prime mover.

Circuit diagram: -
Procedure: -
1. Make circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. Connect 1- phase AC power supply for gating variable DC output for excitation.

3. Adjust the position of rheostat R1 for maximum. Possible current

in the field circuit of DC motor to insure low starting speed.

4. Set the position of variac R3 at zero position.

5. Start the DC motor using starter and set the speed of motor approximately at 1500 rpm

(For 4-pole synchronous gen.) by rheostat R1.

6. Now switch on the field current of alternator and gradually

increase the variac to obtain rated voltage.

7. Switch on the D.O.L. starter of induction motor.

8. Then gradually increase the rheostat R3 and note down the

speed of induction motor and all connected meters.

Observation table: -
S.No. Voltage (V) Frequency(F) Speed (N) V/F (Constant ratio)

Result: -

Precautions: -
1) All connection should be perfectly tight and no-loose
wire should lie on the work table.

2) Do not switch on the supply until and unless the connection is checked by the
teacher.

3) Avoid error due to parallax while reading the meters.

EXPERIMENT NO.9
AIM: - To study the synchronization of alternator with infinite bus by
bright lamp method.

APPARATUS: -
3 phase alternators: - 1 KW, 4.2A, 1500 rpm, 3 phase, 440 V
DC shunt motor - 1.5 Kw, shunt, 8 A, 220V, 1500 rpm, self-
excited. Voltmeter 0-600 V AC Lamp bank, rheostats, 400 ohms -
1.7 A, A knife switches, connecting wires.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

THEORY:
Following conditions must be satisfied for the synchronization of
alternator with infinite bus.
1) The terminal voltage of the incoming alternator must be equal to the bus voltage.
2) The frequency of incoming alternator must be equal to the bus frequency.
3) The voltage of incoming alternator and bus must be in the
same phase with respect to the external load.
A voltmeter can be used to check the voltage of bus and incoming
alternator for frequency and phase lamps are used.
Following are the advantages of parallel operation of alternators.
2) Repairs and maintenance of individual generating unit can
be done by keeping the continuity of supply.
3) Economy
4) Additional sets can be connected in parallel to meet the increasing demand.

PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.
2) Keep all the switches S1, S2, SL1, SL2, and SL3 in open position and put on the
 DC supply.
3) Start the DC motor and bring the speed very near to synchronous speed of the
alternator.
4) Put on AC supply and measure its voltage by keeping the position of switch S2
online side.
5) Now keep the switch S2 on alternator side and
adjust its field current such that it gives voltage equal
to the line voltage.
6) Now put on the switches SL1, SL2, SL3 watch the changes in the glow of three
sets of lamps. At one instant two will be equally bright
while the third set will be fully dark. Then the set which is
fully dark slowly starts becoming bright and one set from the to
which were bright starts dimming. A position will come when this set
will become fully dark while other two will be equally bright.
7) Make small adjustment in speed and excitation of alternator to get long dark and
bright periods.
8) At an instant when pair IR -IR is dark and IB-IB are equally bright,
close switch S-1 to synchronize the alternator to bus. Observe the
reading of ammeter which should be minimum.

RESULT & CONCLUSION:

An alternator can be synchronized with the bus. At the time of synchronization

voltage and frequency of the incoming alternator should be equal to
the bus voltage and frequency and also the voltage of incoming
alternator should be in phase with the bus with respect to external
load.

EXPERIMENT NO-10
 AIM: - To determine speed-torque characteristics of a three-phase induction motor
by

(i) keeping v/f ratio constant

(ii) (ii) increasing frequency at the rated voltage.

Theory: -

An induction motor compared to a dc motor has some major advantages such

as - Absence of brushes, commutator segments, rugged construction, being
cheap, lesser maintenance requirements and smaller size for the same power
output. Due to these advantages’ induction machines have become more popular in
industrial applications. For any motor load application, it is imperative to
know the torque speed characteristic of the motor. Consider a three-phase
squirrel cage induction motor whose stator has three windings displaced in
space by 120◦. When they are excited with currents that are displaced in time
by 120◦, a rotating magnetic field rotating at a speed called synchronous speed
Ns is set up. The synchronous speed, Ns is given by (1).
Ns = 120 f ÷ P
where, f is the frequency of the currents and P is the number of poles. If the
rotor of the induction
motor rotates at a speed, Nr, then the slip, s is defined by (2).
Ns − Nr
sN=
s

The torque developed by the induction motor is given by (3).

where ωs is the synchronous speed in rps, Vs is the voltage applied to the stator,
I2, R2, X2 are the rotor current, resistance and reactance referred to stator
respectively. R1, X1 are the stator resistance and reactance respectively. R1, X1 are
the stator resistance and reactance respectively. If (3) is plotted, we get the T-Nr
characteristics as shown in Fig. 1. The maximum torque developed, Tm and the
slip,sm at which Tm occurs is given by

T-Nr characteristics with variable stator voltage

If voltage applied to the stator of the induction motor is varied, developed
torque will vary with a relation T ∝ Vs2. The maximum torque developed, Tm is
also proportional to square of the applied voltage as in (4), but sm is
independent of applied voltage. So, if the T-Nr characteristics is plotted for
different voltages, we get the characteristics as shown in Fig.2.

Figure 1: T-Nr characteristics of a three-phase induction motor

Vs1

Vs2

Figure 2: T-Nr characteristics of a sthree phase induction motor with variable

m

voltage control

T-Nr characteristics with V/f control

If the motor is operated with a variable voltage- variable frequency source, we
can implement constant V/f control of the induction motor, where the operating
flux φ is kept constant.

where Kc is the machine constant, E is the induced voltage in the stator, φ is

the rated flux in the air-gap, Nst is the number of turns in the stator.
Assuming Vs = E, if the V/f ratio is kept constant, φ will also be constant.
If Vs = KVsrated and f = Kfrated, then the slip will be as follows.
where the term sK is the slip speed, that is the drop in motor speed from no
load speed (Kωs).
The expression for the developed torque with V/f control will be given by (9).

So with V/f control, the maximum torque developed is independent of K, but

sm is inversely propor- tional to K. From (9), for any given torque,T , the drop
in motor speed from no load speed, (sK) will be same for any value of K.
Thus , with V/f control, the T-Nr characteristics for different values of K
will be parallel to each other as shown in Fig.3.

K = 0.5 K =1
T

0 Nr Ns

1 s 0
Figure 3: T-Nr characteristics of a three phase induction motor with V/f
control

The starting torque ( for s=1), Tst is given by (11). Thus, Tst ∝ 1/K.

Procedure:

Variable voltage control:

A. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 4. In this experiment the motor is
loaded with a mechanical system.
B. Initially no load is applied to the motor. Set the output of the
autotransformer to zero and switch on the three-phase supply.
C. Vary the voltage applied to the stator using autotransformer. Increase the
voltage to half the rated value. Increase the load slowly to get different torque
and speed points to get the T-Nr characteristics at half the rated voltage. Make sure
that the motor is not loaded above its rated current.
 Power Analyser
3 phase
A
50 Hz
3 phase V
440V Mechanical
Auto X’mer
3 phase IM
load
B

Figure 4: Circuit diagram for variable voltage control

D. Now reduce the load to zero and repeat the same steps[A-C] with
rated voltage applied to the stator.

E. Bring the load to zero. Then bring the autotransformer to zero position
and switch off the supply.

V/f control:
A. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 5.

B. Initially no load is applied to the motor. Switch on the variable

frequency drive. Set the speed at half the synchronous speed. Press the RUN
button in VFD.
C. Increase the load slowly to get different torque and speed points to get
the T-Nr characteristics at K=0.5.
D. Now set the speed in VFD as the synchronous speed of the motor and
repeat the same steps[A-C] to obtain the characteristics at K=1.

E. Bring the load to zero. Then turn off the VFD and switch off the
supply.

Power Analyser

230V
A
50Hz
V
A Variable Mechanica
3 phase
IM l load
frequency

N
Figure 5: Circuit diagram for V/f control
Result: -
Lab Rubrics
Parameter Allocated Performance Level
weightage LOW Medium High
30%-55% 56% -80% 81%-100%
Viva-voce 60% Poor Moderate Excellent
Record 20% Poor Moderate Excellent
Writing
Experiment 20% Poor Moderate Excellent
Execution
Total 100%