Name:.

Section:

AC and DC Machinery – Assignment 4

Questions:

7.1 What are slip and slip speed in an induction motor?

- The speed at which the induction motor work is known as the slip speed. The difference
between the synchronous speed and the actual speed of the rotor is known as the slip speed.

7.2 How does an induction motor develop torque?

- When AC is applied to stator of IM, the rotating magnetic field is set up. The magnetic flux
gets linked to the rotor conductor. The EMF is induced in the rotor and current starts flowing
through the rotor conductor because the conductors are short circuited by end rings. Due to an
interaction of magnetic field and the rotor current, the torque is produced which rotates the
rotor of IM.

7.3 Why is it impossible for an induction motor to operate at synchronous speed?

- The induction motor can't run at synchronous speed because it is not possible to run the
motor without load. Even the motor is at no load, there would be core loss, copper loss and air
friction loss. In a nutshell, the motor slip cannot be zero in any case.

7.4 Sketch and explain the shape of a typical induction motor torque-speed
characteristic curve.

- The torque-speed
characteristics of a 3-phase
induction motor is defined
as the curve plotted
between torque developed
and rotational speed of the
motor. It gives the
information about variation
in the motor torque with
the change in its speed.

7.5 What equivalent

circuit element has the most direct control over the speed at which the pullout
torque occurs?

- The rotor circuit resistance has significant impact on starting torque, the speed at which the
breakdown torque occurs, and the slip during the normal running operation.

7.6 What is a deep-bar cage rotor? Why is it used? What NEMA design class(es) can
be built with it?
- The Deep Bar Rotor in an induction motor is used to obtain high rotor resistance at starting
and low rotor resistance at the running condition. A bar may be assumed to be made up of a
number of narrow layers connected in parallel. The above figure shows three layers A, B, and C.

7.7 What is a double-cage cage rotor? Why is it used? What NEMA design class(es)
can be built with it?

- A Double Cage Induction motor is that type of motor in which a double cage or two rotor
windings or cages are used. This arrangement is used for obtaining high starting torque at a
low value of starting current. The stator of a double cage rotor of an induction motor is the
same as that of a normal induction motor. In the double cage rotor of an induction motor, there
are two layers of the bars.

7.8 Describe the characteristics and uses of wound-rotor induction motors and of
each NEMA design class of cage motors.

- A wound rotor induction motor (also known as a would round motor or slip ring induction
motor) is defined as a special type of 3 phase AC induction motor designed to provide high
starting torque by connecting an external resistance to the rotor circuit. The motor’s rotor is a
type of wound rotor. Hence why it is also known as a wound rotor or phase wound induction
motor.

7.9 Why is the efficiency of an induction motor (wound-rotor or cage) so poor at

high slips?

- The iron losses for a motor is a function of the motor voltage and therefore mostly fixed. The
copper losses is proportional to the square of the stator and rotor currents and therefore
increases rapidly as the stator and rotor current increases. If the slip doubles, both the stator
and rotor currents double and the copper losses become four times of what it was. Since
copper losses are usually designed to be equal to iron losses at about three-quarter load of a
motor, doubling the slip from that point will make losses close to three times full load and
therefore dramatically reduce the efficiency of the motor.

7.10 Name and describe four means of controlling the speed of induction motors.

- By Changing The Applied Voltage. In this method of speed control of induction motor, the
supply voltage is varied using an autotransformer. Practically, we cannot increase the voltage
levels beyond the rated voltage as the insulation stress will increase and lead to insulation
failure.

- By Changing The Applied Frequency. The flux density of the stator core is inversely
proportional to the applied frequency. To reduce the core losses and for the better performance
of the motor, the maximum flux density (Bm) must be maintained constant. This method
requires variable voltage and variable frequency converters, which makes this method an
expansive one. Still, this method offers a wide range of speed control without affecting the
efficiency of the motor.

- Constant V/F Control of Induction Motor This is the most common solution for the speed
control of induction motor. Like the above method, if the system frequency is decreased
keeping the rated source voltage, the flux of air gap will be saturated. This will cause an
additional current in the stator and distortion of the flux. Thus, the stator voltage must be
decreased with the frequency to keep the flux constant.

- Changing The Number Of Stator Poles. This method of speed control of induction motor can
only be applied to the squirrel cage induction motor. The number of poles in the rotor of a slip
ring induction motor is fixed, whereas the squirrel cage rotor can be adapted to any number of
poles. The poles of the induction motor can be changed in two ways. Multiple winding sets.
Consequent pole changing. In the first method, we use multiple winding sets of stator windings
designed for different sets of poles. While in operation, any one of them can be connected
according to the speed requirements of the user, and the other sets will keep in open.

7.11 Why is it necessary to reduce the voltage applied to an induction motor as

electrical frequency is reduced?

- This will cause an additional current in the stator and distortion of the flux. Thus, the stator
voltage must be decreased with the frequency to keep the flux constant.

7.12 Why is terminal voltage speed control limited in operating range?

- Because the voltage applied to the motor should not exceed the rated value, the range of this
region is normally limited to the speed at which the terminal voltage of the DC motor reaches
the rated value. This speed may be different from the rated speed depending on the operating
conditions.

7.13 What are starting code factors? What do they say about the starting current of
an induction motor?

- The letters start from A to V. The code letter sets limits on the amount of current the motor
can draw at starting conditions. These limits are expressed in terms of the starting apparent
power of the motor as a function of its horsepower rating.

7.14 How does a resistive starter circuit for an induction motor work?

- Stator resistance starter employs the reduced voltage starter technique to start motors.
External resistance is attached in series with all phases of a 3-phase induction motor's stator.
The resistor's function is to lessen the line voltage (subsequently decreasing the initial current)
connected to the stator.

7.15 What information is learned in a locked-rotor test?

- The blocked rotor test enables us to determine the efficiency and the circuit parameters of the
equivalent circuit of a 3-phase induction motor. In the blocked rotor test, the shaft of the motor
is locked so that it cannot rotate, and the rotor winding is short circuited.

7.16 What information is learned in a no-load test?

- The no-load test of an induction motor measures the rotational losses of the motor and
provides information about its magnetization current.

7.17 What actions are taken to improve the efficiency of modern high-efficiency
induction motors?

- A modern high-efficiency induction motor will be about as efficient as it can be without

increasing the manufacturing cost to an extent that would not be very attractive under most
circumstances. The design change that would probably have the biggest impact would be to
use copper rotor bars and end rings rather than aluminum. That is quite costly, but it is a
design feature used in Tesla electric car motors. The liquid cooling used by Tesla may not
increase the efficiency very much since power is required to circulate the coolant. Making the
motor physically larger and using a more effective radiating structure on the outside would
increase the efficiency by reducing the power required to move air through or across the
surface of a standard motor.

7.18 What controls the terminal voltage of an induction generator operating alone?

- A closed-loop controller has been developed employing SVM technique for maintaining the set
value of voltage and frequency at the stand-alone load terminals irrespective of rotational speed
of induction generator and the value of load.

7.19 For what applications are induction generators typically used?

- A type of alternating current (AC) electrical generator that uses the principles of induction
motors to produce electric power. Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their
rotors faster than synchronous speed. A regular AC induction motor usually can be used as a
generator, without any internal modifications. Because they can recover energy with relatively
simple controls, induction generators are useful in applications such as mini hydro power plants,
wind turbines, or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure.

7.20 How can a wound-rotor induction motor be used as a frequency changer?

- The frequency of the induced voltage in the rotor winding is fre = sfse. The value of s
depends on the actual rotor speed nm that can be controlled by the rotor resistance. Increasing
rotor resistance increases s and decreases speed.

PROBLEM SOLVING:

7-1. A dc test is performed on a 460-V ∆-connected 100-hp induction motor. If VDC

= 24 V and IDC = 80 A, what is the stator resistance R1? Why is this so?
7-2. A 220-V, three-phase, two-pole, 50-Hz induction motor is running at a slip of 5
percent.

Find:

(a) The speed of the magnetic fields in revolutions per minute

(b) The speed of the rotor in revolutions per minute
(c) The slip speed of the rotor
(d) The rotor frequency in hertz

7-3. Answer the questions in Problem 7-2 for a 480-V, three-phase, four-pole, 60-Hz
induction motor running at a slip of 0.035.
7-4. A three-phase, 60-Hz induction motor runs at 890 r/min at no load and at 840
r/min at

full load.

(a) How many poles does this motor have?

(b) What is the slip at rated load?
(c) What is the speed at one-quarter of the rated load?
(d) What is the rotor’s electrical frequency at one-quarter of the rated load?

7-5. A 50-kW, 440- V, 50-Hz, six-pole induction motor has a slip of 6 percent when
operating at full-load conditions. At full-load conditions, the friction and windage
losses are 300 W, and the core losses are 600 W. Find the following values for full-
load conditions:

(a) The shaft speed nm

(b) The output power in watts
(c) The load torque load τload newton-meters
(d) The induced torque τind in newton-meters
(e) The rotor frequency in hertz
7-6. A three-phase, 60-Hz, four-pole induction motor runs at a no-load speed of
1790 r/min and a full-load speed of 1720 r/min. Calculate the slip and the electrical
frequency of the rotor at no-load and full-load conditions. What is the speed
regulation of this motor [Equation (4- 68)]?

7-7. A 208-V, two-pole, 60-Hz Y-connected wound-rotor induction motor is rated at

15 hp. Its equivalent circuit components are:

For a slip of 0.05, find

(a) The line current IL
(b) The stator copper losses PSCL
(c) The air-gap power PAG
(d) The power converted from electrical to mechanical form PCONV
(e) The induced torque τIND
(f) The load torque τLOAD
(g) The overall machine efficiency
(h) The motor speed in revolutions per minute and radians per second
7-8. For the motor in Problem 7-7, what is the slip at the pullout torque? What is the
pullout torque of this motor?