POLYSEMY
POLYSEMY
POLYSEMY
Polysemy in linguistics
Polysemy comes from the Greek words “poli” and “sēma” which together mean 'many
signs’.
The opposite of polysemy is monosemy (when one word has only one meaning).
Polysemy is related to homonymy (one word that has multiple meanings but is
pronounced and/or spelt the same).
Both meanings of dish imply some kind of 'food being served'. They're related by sense
but have different definitions.
Again, both meanings refer to 'a section that sticks out from the main body'. The
definitions are different but the polysemous words are still related to each other.
Polysemy in semantics
He has served his time in prison → spend some time (in prison).
Polysemous words
Because polysemous words have more than one meaning, they can cause lexical
ambiguity.
This can happen when someone hears or reads something without the same frame of
reference or contextual information as the speaker/writer.
For example: 'Let's go to the bank!' isn't clear. Does this mean 'a river bank' or 'a financial
institution'?
One fundamental characteristic of polysemous words is that all the different meanings are
associated in related senses. Because of this, polysemous words often have denotative and
connotative meanings.
For instance:
Head: of a body (denotative) and the person at the top of a company (connotative).
If you read or hear two words that are written or pronounced the same but have
different meanings, they are likely to be either an example of polysemy or homonymy.
Deciding what kind of relationship the two words have can be challenging, but not once
you understand the differences between these terms.
Polysemous Words
ex: noun-noun:
Homonymic Words
Refers to words with different meanings but with the same pronunciation and/or spelling.
Homographs: words with different meanings and pronunciation but written the same, eg,
to lead (verb)= [pronounced “lid”] and lead (noun)=[pronounced “led”]
Homophones: words with different meanings and spellings but the same pronunciation,
eg, write, right, and rite.
Homonymy defines words with multiple meanings but are written and/or pronounced
the same.
If the words have multiple forms (multiple entries in a dictionary), this is,
a verb and noun, they are homonyms.
Example: Address has two meanings and two different word classes:
to speak to (verb)
and
a location (noun).
If the two words stem from a single form (one entry in a dictionary), this is,
a verb or noun, they are polysemies.
Ex: the word bright ('shining' and 'intelligent') is an example of polysemy because it only
has one form (adjective) and both meanings are related.
If the two words stem from a single form (one entry in a dictionary), this is, a verb or noun,
they are polysemies.
Ex: the word bright ('shining' and 'intelligent') is an example of polysemy because it only
has one form (adjective) and both meanings are related.
2. Check if the different meanings are related.
The two meanings of address ('to speak to' and 'a location') are not related.
The multiple polysemous word meanings are listed under one dictionary entry.
The opposite of polysemy is monosemy (a word that has one meaning only).
2) Por disfrute
Guessing from context (adivinando del contexto): utilizando conocimiento previo del
tema y de las ideas en el texto como pistas para los significados de palabras desconocidas,
en vez de detenerse a buscarlas.
They allow the reader to convert a printed text into a meaningful language with independence,
comprehension, and fluency, and to interact with the message.
These skills if understood well once, they can definitely enhance the reading skills and increase
the quality and quantity of output that we get from after reading.
1. Skimming.
2. Scanning.
3. Active Reading.
4. Detailed Reading.
5. Structure-Proposition-Evaluation
6. Survey-Question-Read-Recite-Review.
Skimming
used for getting the gist (essence) of the whole text lead. We generally use this technique
at the time of reading a newspaper or magazine.
Under this technique, we read quickly to get the main points and skip over the detail.
It is useful in getting a preview of a passage before reading it in detail or reviving
understandings of a passage after reading it in detail.
Scanning
is a reading strategy that is used for getting some specific points by looking at the whole
text.
For highlighting the important points of a book; the readers can skim through the
summary or the preface or the beginning and end chapters of that book.
For example, this technique is used for looking up a name from the telephone guidebook.
Skimming and scanning are reading techniques that use rapid eye movement and keywords to
move quickly through text for slightly different purposes.
While skimming tells you what general information is within a section, scanning helps you locate a
particular fact. Skimming is like snorkeling, and scanning is more like pearl diving.
Use skimming in previewing (reading before you read), reviewing (reading after you read),
determining the main idea from a long selection you don't wish to read, or when trying to find
source material for a research paper.
Use scanning in research to find particular facts, to study fact-heavy topics, and to answer
questions requiring factual support.
Main Idea (Idea Principal): El tópico o idea grande sobre lo que escribe un texto
informativo.
Texto Informativo: escritos que dan información o hechos acerca de gente, cosas
o eventos reales.
• identificar los detalles clave que llevan al mensaje o lección central de una historia.
Detalles clave: Importantes piezas de información que apoyan al mensaje o lección central
de una historia.
• Las ideas clave en un texto informativo pueden ser descritas usando ilustraciones y
detalles en el texto.
• Las ilustraciones para apoyar las ideas claves presentadas en un texto informativo.
• Identificar detalles importantes que apoyan a las ideas clave en un texto informativo.
Donde:
IDEAS PRINCIPALES = cada uno de los subtemas del texto, relevantes para el tema.
a) Nouns:
Abscess: absceso
Acne: acné (“barros”, “granos”)
Agitation: agitación (emocional)
Anxiety: ansiedad
Anger: enojo
Apathy: apatía
Asphyxia: asfixia
Suffocation: sofocación/ sofocamiento
Backache: dolor de espalda
Baldness: calvicie
Belching: eructo, eructar, “repetir”
Bleeding: sangrado
Blemish: mancha
Blindness: ceguera
Blister: ampolla
Boil: comedón (grano)
Bruise: moretón, magulladura.
Bump: chichón/chipote, hinchazón localizada, masa/bulto
Bunion: juanete
Burn: quemadura
Chilblain: sabañón
Chills: escalofríos
Choke: ahogo, ahogamiento
Circumcision: circuncisión
Cold: resfriado, catarro
Colic: cólico
Collapse: colapso
Coma: coma
Complaint: queja
Congestion: congestión
Constipation: constipación/estreñimiento
Contractions: contracciones
Earache: dolor de oído
Eczema: eczema
Edema: edema
Eruption: erupción, ronchas
Euphoria: euforia (excitación emocional)
Exhaustion: agotamiento, cansancio extremo
Fatigue: fatiga, cansancio excesivo
b) Adjectives
2) Por disfrute
Guessing from context (adivinando del contexto): utilizando conocimiento previo del
tema y de las ideas en el texto como pistas para los significados de palabras desconocidas,
en vez de detenerse a buscarlas.
They allow the reader to convert a printed text into a meaningful language with independence,
comprehension, and fluency, and to interact with the message.
These skills if understood well once, they can definitely enhance the reading skills and increase
the quality and quantity of output that we get from after reading.
1. Skimming.
2. Scanning.
3. Active Reading.
4. Detailed Reading.
5. Structure-Proposition-Evaluation
6. Survey-Question-Read-Recite-Review.
Skimming
used for getting the gist (essence) of the whole text lead. We generally use this technique
at the time of reading a newspaper or magazine.
Under this technique, we read quickly to get the main points and skip over the detail.
It is useful in getting a preview of a passage before reading it in detail or reviving
understandings of a passage after reading it in detail.
Scanning
is a reading strategy that is used for getting some specific points by looking at the whole
text.
For highlighting the important points of a book; the readers can skim through the
summary or the preface or the beginning and end chapters of that book.
For example, this technique is used for looking up a name from the telephone guidebook.
Skimming and scanning are reading techniques that use rapid eye movement and keywords to
move quickly through text for slightly different purposes.
While skimming tells you what general information is within a section, scanning helps you locate a
particular fact. Skimming is like snorkeling, and scanning is more like pearl diving.
Use skimming in previewing (reading before you read), reviewing (reading after you read),
determining the main idea from a long selection you don't wish to read, or when trying to find
source material for a research paper.
Use scanning in research to find particular facts, to study fact-heavy topics, and to answer
questions requiring factual support.
Main Idea (Idea Principal): El tópico o idea grande sobre lo que escribe un texto
informativo.
Texto Informativo: escritos que dan información o hechos acerca de gente, cosas
o eventos reales.
• identificar los detalles clave que llevan al mensaje o lección central de una historia.
Detalles clave: Importantes piezas de información que apoyan al mensaje o lección central
de una historia.
• Las ideas clave en un texto informativo pueden ser descritas usando ilustraciones y
detalles en el texto.
• Las ilustraciones para apoyar las ideas claves presentadas en un texto informativo.
• Identificar detalles importantes que apoyan a las ideas clave en un texto informativo.
Donde:
IDEAS PRINCIPALES = cada uno de los subtemas del texto, relevantes para el tema.
a) Nouns:
Abscess: absceso
Acne: acné (“barros”, “granos”)
Agitation: agitación (emocional)
Anxiety: ansiedad
Anger: enojo
Apathy: apatía
Asphyxia: asfixia
Suffocation: sofocación/ sofocamiento
Backache: dolor de espalda
Baldness: calvicie
Belching: eructo, eructar, “repetir”
Bleeding: sangrado
Blemish: mancha
Blindness: ceguera
Blister: ampolla
Boil: comedón (grano)
Bruise: moretón, magulladura.
Bump: chichón/chipote, hinchazón localizada, masa/bulto
Bunion: juanete
Burn: quemadura
Chilblain: sabañón
Chills: escalofríos
Choke: ahogo, ahogamiento
Circumcision: circuncisión
Cold: resfriado, catarro
Colic: cólico
Collapse: colapso
Coma: coma
Complaint: queja
Congestion: congestión
Constipation: constipación/estreñimiento
Contractions: contracciones
Earache: dolor de oído
Eczema: eczema
Edema: edema
Eruption: erupción, ronchas
Euphoria: euforia (excitación emocional)
Exhaustion: agotamiento, cansancio extremo
Fatigue: fatiga, cansancio excesivo
b) Adjectives
Los términos médicos generalmente están formados de un radical (raíz), que es la parte principal
del término, complementado con prefijos y sufijos derivados de los idiomas griego y latín.
Existen millares de términos médicos. Aquí solo mencionaremos las raíces, prefijos y sufijos más
usuales para estructurar la terminología médica.
It’s the word part that usually, but not always, indicates the part of the body involved.
It acts as the foundation for most medical terms. It gives the essential meaning of the term.
It cannot stand alone. A suffix must always be added at the end of the word to complete the
term. When a prefix is added, it’s always placed at the beginning of the word.
Cyan = blue
Poli = gray
Erythr = red
Leuk = white
Melan = black
Hemat = blood
Electr = electricity
Gastr = stomach
Cardi = heart
Enter = intestine
Aden = gland
Arthr = joint
Bi = life
Carcin = cancer
Some medical terms have more than one root in its structure.
Combining Word
Combining Word: It’s a word root with a combining vowel added at the end, when the following suffix
starts with a consonant, with some exceptions.
Cyan/o = blue
Poli/o = gray
Erythr/o = red
Leuk/o = white
Melan/o = black
Hemat/o = blood
Electr/o = electricity
Gastr/o = stomach
Cardi/o = heart
Enter/o = intestine
Aden/o = gland
Arthr/o = joint
Bi/o = life
Carcin/o = cancer
Suffix
A suffix is a word particle that always goes at the end of the medical term.
It usually, but not always, indicates the procedure, condition, disorder or disease.
Examples:
A prefix always comes at the beginning of a word to influence the meaning of the term.
Pre = before
Peri = surrounding
Post = after
Examples:
Ot/o (ear) + rhin/o (nose) + laryng (throat) + ology (study of) = Otorhinolaryngology (the
study of the ears, nose and throat).
Trans (across) + hepat (liver) + ic (pertaining to) = transhepatic (pertaining to across the
liver).
Cardiology: cardiología
Dermatology: dermatología
Medical Genetics: genética médica
Endocrinology: endocrinología
Gastroenterology: gastroenterología
Gynecology: ginecología
Hematology: hematología
Neurology: neurología
Oncology: oncología
Ophtalmology: oftalmología
Pathology: patología
Psychology: psicología
Rheumatology: reumatología
Allergology: alergología
Anesthesiology: anestesiología
Chiropractic: quiropráctica
Nutriology: nutriología
Epidemiology: epidemiología
Pneumology: neumología
Midwife: partera
Naturopath: naturista
Neurosurgeon: neurocirujano
Obstetrics: obstetricia
Optometry: optometría
Orthopedics: ortopedia
Osteopathy: osteopatía
Traumatology: traumatología
Pediatrics: pediatría
Pharmaology: farmacología
Chiropody: podología
Radiology: radiología
Immunology: inmunología
Otorhinolaryngology: otorrinolaringología
Neonatology: neonatología
Surgery: cirugía
Pediatric surgery: cirugía pediátrica
Family Medicine: medicina familiar
Intensive medicine: medicina intensiva
Rehabilitation: rehabilitación
Molecular genetics: genética molecular
Geriatrics: geriatría
VOCABULARY: MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS
2) Por disfrute
Guessing from context (adivinando del contexto): utilizando conocimiento previo del
tema y de las ideas en el texto como pistas para los significados de palabras desconocidas,
en vez de detenerse a buscarlas.
They allow the reader to convert a printed text into a meaningful language with independence,
comprehension, and fluency, and to interact with the message.
These skills if understood well once, they can definitely enhance the reading skills and increase
the quality and quantity of output that we get from after reading.
1. Skimming.
2. Scanning.
3. Active Reading.
4. Detailed Reading.
5. Structure-Proposition-Evaluation
6. Survey-Question-Read-Recite-Review.
Skimming
used for getting the gist (essence) of the whole text lead. We generally use this technique
at the time of reading a newspaper or magazine.
Under this technique, we read quickly to get the main points and skip over the detail.
It is useful in getting a preview of a passage before reading it in detail or reviving
understandings of a passage after reading it in detail.
Scanning
is a reading strategy that is used for getting some specific points by looking at the whole
text.
For highlighting the important points of a book; the readers can skim through the
summary or the preface or the beginning and end chapters of that book.
For example, this technique is used for looking up a name from the telephone guidebook.
Skimming and scanning are reading techniques that use rapid eye movement and keywords to
move quickly through text for slightly different purposes.
While skimming tells you what general information is within a section, scanning helps you locate a
particular fact. Skimming is like snorkeling, and scanning is more like pearl diving.
Use skimming in previewing (reading before you read), reviewing (reading after you read),
determining the main idea from a long selection you don't wish to read, or when trying to find
source material for a research paper.
Use scanning in research to find particular facts, to study fact-heavy topics, and to answer
questions requiring factual support.
Main Idea (Idea Principal): El tópico o idea grande sobre lo que escribe un texto
informativo.
Texto Informativo: escritos que dan información o hechos acerca de gente, cosas
o eventos reales.
• identificar los detalles clave que llevan al mensaje o lección central de una historia.
Detalles clave: Importantes piezas de información que apoyan al mensaje o lección central
de una historia.
• Las ideas clave en un texto informativo pueden ser descritas usando ilustraciones y
detalles en el texto.
• Las ilustraciones para apoyar las ideas claves presentadas en un texto informativo.
• Identificar detalles importantes que apoyan a las ideas clave en un texto informativo.
Donde:
IDEAS PRINCIPALES = cada uno de los subtemas del texto, relevantes para el tema.