Week 10:

Command prompt in Windows

To open the command prompt in Windows, open the Start menu and search for
"cmd." Press Enter or click on the result to open a command window—or right-
click the option to run it as an administrator, when necessary.

To check windows version (VER command )

CLI advantages and disadvantages
The advantages of a command-line interface are:

1. greater control of an OS or application;

2. faster management of many operating systems;

3. ability to store scripts to automate regular tasks;

4. basic command-line interface knowledge to help with troubleshooting, such

as network connection issues.

The disadvantages of a command-line interface are:

1. GUI is more user-friendly;

2. steeper learning curve associated with memorizing commands and

complex syntax/arguments;

3. different commands used in different shells.

Command
The most straightforward answer is that a command is a software program that,
when executed on the CLI, performs an action on the computer.

Many commands can be used by themselves with no further input. Some

commands require additional input to run correctly. This additional input comes
in two forms: options and arguments. Commands, options, arguments, variables,
and file names must be entered in lower case.
To check system date and time (date command, time command )
To check files and folders( dir command )
Power shell
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/scripting/overview?view=powershell-7.2

PowerShell is a cross-platform task automation solution made up of a command-

line shell, a scripting language, and a configuration management framework.
PowerShell runs on Windows, Linux, and macOS.

PowerShell on Windows 10
PowerShell is a more powerful command-line shell and scripting
language than Command Prompt. Since the release of Windows 10,
it's become the default choice, and there are many ways you can open
it. PowerShell is more complicated to use, but it's a much more robust
and powerful than Command Prompt.
Command Cmdlet name Description of command
alias
% ForEach-Object Performs an operation against each item in a
collection of input objects.
? Where-Object Selects objects from a collection based on their
property values.
ac Add-Content Appends content, such as words or data, to a
file.
asnp Add-PSSnapIn Adds one or more Windows PowerShell snap-
ins to the current session.
cat Get-Content Gets the contents of a file.
cd Set-Location Sets the current working location to a specified
location.
chdir Set-Location Sets the current working location to a specified
location.
clc Clear-Content Deletes the contents of an item, but does not
delete the item.
clear Clear-Host Clears the display in the host program.
clhy Clear-History Deletes entries from the command history.
cli Clear-Item Deletes the contents of an item, but does not
delete the item.
clp Clear-ItemProperty Deletes the value of a property but does not
delete the property.
cls Clear-Host Clears the display in the host program.
clv Clear-Variable Deletes the value of a variable.
cnsn Connect-PSSession Reconnects to disconnected sessions
compare Compare-Object Compares two sets of objects.
copy Copy-Item Copies an item from one location to another.
cp Copy-Item Copies an item from one location to another.
cpi Copy-Item Copies an item from one location to another.
cpp Copy-ItemProperty Copies a property and value from a specified
location to another location.
curl Invoke-WebRequest Gets content from a webpage on the Internet.
cvpa Convert-Path Converts a path from a Windows PowerShell
path to a Windows PowerShell provider path.
dbp Disable-PSBreakpoint Disables the breakpoints in the current
console.
del Remove-Item Deletes files and folders.
diff Compare-Object Compares two sets of objects.
dir Get-ChildItem Gets the files and folders in a file system drive.
dnsn Disconnect-PSSession Disconnects from a session.
ebp Enable-PSBreakpoint Enables the breakpoints in the current console.
echo Write-Output Sends the specified objects to the next
command in the pipeline. If the command is
the last command in the pipeline, the objects
are displayed in the console.
epal Export-Alias Exports information about currently defined
aliases to a file.
epcsv Export-Csv Converts objects into a series of comma-
separated (CSV) strings and saves the strings in
a CSV file.
epsn Export-PSSession Imports commands from another session and
saves them in a Windows PowerShell module.
erase Remove-Item Deletes files and folders.
etsn Enter-PSSession Starts an interactive session with a remote
computer.
exsn Exit-PSSession Ends an interactive session with a remote
computer.
fc Format-Custom Uses a customized view to format the output.
fl Format-List Formats the output as a list of properties in
which each property appears on a new line.
foreach ForEach-Object Performs an operation against each item in a
collection of input objects.
ft Format-Table Formats the output as a table.
fw Format-Wide Formats objects as a wide table that displays
only one property of each object.
gal Get-Alias Gets the aliases for the current session.
gbp Get-PSBreakpoint Gets the breakpoints that are set in the current
session.
gc Get-Content Gets the contents of a file.
gci Get-ChildItem Gets the files and folders in a file system drive.
gcm Get-Command Gets all commands.
gcs Get-PSCallStack Displays the current call stack.
gdr Get-PSDrive Gets drives in the current session.
ghy Get-History Gets a list of the commands entered during
the current session.
gi Get-Item Gets files and folders.
gjb Get-Job Gets Windows PowerShell background jobs
that are running in the current session.
gl Get-Location Gets information about the current working
location or a location stack.
gm Get-Member Gets the properties and methods of objects.
gmo Get-Module Gets the modules that have been imported or
that can be imported into the current session.
gp Get-ItemProperty Gets the properties of a specified item.
gps Get-Process Gets the processes that are running on the
local computer or a remote computer.
group Group-Object Groups objects that contain the same value for
 specified properties.
gsn Get-PSSession Gets the Windows PowerShell sessions on local
and remote computers.
gsnp Get-PSSnapIn Gets the Windows PowerShell snap-ins on the
computer.
gsv Get-Service Gets the services on a local or remote
computer.
gu Get-Unique Returns unique items from a sorted list.
gv Get-Variable Gets the variables in the current console.
gwmi Get-WmiObject Gets instances of Windows Management
Instrumentation (WMI) classes or information
about the available classes.
h Get-History Gets a list of the commands entered during
the current session.
history Get-History Gets a list of the commands entered during
the current session.
icm Invoke-Command Runs commands on local and remote
computers.
iex Invoke-Expression Runs commands or expressions on the local
computer.
ihy Invoke-History Runs commands from the session history.
ii Invoke-Item Performs the default action on the specified
item.
ipal Import-Alias Imports an alias list from a file.
ipcsv Import-Csv Creates table-like custom objects from the
items in a CSV file.
ipmo Import-Module Adds modules to the current session.
ipsn Import-PSSes sion Imports commands from another session into
the current session.
irm Invoke-RestMethod Sends an HTTP or HTTPS request to a RESTful
 web service.
ise powershell_ise.exe Explains how to use the PowerShell_ISE.exe
command-line tool.
iwmi Invoke-WMIMethod Calls Windows Management Instrumentation
(WMI) methods.
iwr Invoke-WebRequest Gets content from a web page on the Internet.
kill Stop-Process Stops one or more running processes.
lp Out-Printer Sends output to a printer.
ls Get-ChildItem Gets the files and folders in a file system drive.
man help Displays information about Windows
PowerShell commands and concepts.
md mkdir Creates a new item.
measure Measure-Object Calculates the numeric properties of objects,
and the characters, words, and lines in string
objects, such as files of text.
mi Move-Item Moves an item from one location to another.
mount New-PSDrive Creates temporary and persistent mapped
network drives.
move Move-Item Moves an item from one location to another.
mp Move-ItemProperty Moves a property from one location to
another.
mv Move-Item Moves an item from one location to another.
nal New-Alias Creates a new alias.
ndr New-PSDrive Creates temporary and persistent mapped
network drives.
ni New-Item Creates a new item.
nmo New-Module Creates a new dynamic module that exists only
in memory.
npssc New- Creates a file that defines a session
 PSSessionConfigurationFile configuration.
nsn New-PSSession Creates a persistent connection to a local or
remote computer.
nv New-Variable Creates a new variable.
ogv Out-GridView Sends output to an interactive table in a
separate window.
oh Out-Host Sends output to the command line.
popd Pop-Location Changes the current location to the location
most recently pushed to the stack. You can
pop the location from the default stack or from
a stack that you create by using the Push-
Location cmdlet.
ps Get-Process Gets the processes that are running on the
local computer or a remote computer.
pushd Push-Location Adds the current location to the top of a
location stack.
pwd Get-Location Gets information about the current working
location or a location stack.
r Invoke-History Runs commands from the session history.
rbp Remove-PSBreakpoint Deletes breakpoints from the current console.
rcjb Receive-Job Gets the results of the Windows PowerShell
background jobs in the current session.
rcsn Receive-PSSession Gets results of commands in disconnected
sessions.
rd Remove-Item Deletes files and folders.
rdr Remove-PSDrive Deletes temporary Windows PowerShell drives
and disconnects mapped network drives.
ren Rename-Item Renames an item in a Windows PowerShell
provider namespace.
ri Remove-Item Deletes files and folders.
 Remove-Job Deletes a Windows PowerShell background
rjb
job.
rm Remove-Item Deletes files and folders.
rmdir Remove-Item Deletes files and folders.
rmo Remove-Module Removes modules from the current session.
rni Rename-Item Renames an item in a Windows PowerShell
provider namespace.
rnp Rename-ItemProperty Renames a property of an item.
rp Remove-ItemProperty Deletes the property and its value from an
item.
rsn Remove-PSSession Closes one or more Windows PowerShell
sessions (PSSessions).
rsnp Remove-PSSnapin Removes Windows PowerShell snap-ins from
the current session.
rujb Resume-Job Restarts a suspended job
rv Remove-Variable Deletes a variable and its value.
rvpa Resolve-Path Resolves the wildcard characters in a path, and
displays the path contents.
rwmi Remove-WMIObject Deletes an instance of an existing Windows
Management Instrumentation (WMI) class.
sajb Start-Job Starts a Windows PowerShell background job.
sal Set-Alias Creates or changes an alias (alternate name)
for a cmdlet or other command element in the
current Windows PowerShell session.
saps Start-Process Starts one or more processes on the local
computer.
sasv Start-Service Starts one or more stopped services.
sbp Set-PSBreakpoint Sets a breakpoint on a line, command, or
variable.
sc Set-Content Replaces the contents of a file with contents
 that you specify.
select Select-Object Selects objects or object properties.
set Set-Variable Sets the value of a variable. Creates the
variable if one with the requested name does
not exist.
shcm Show-Command Creates Windows PowerShell commands in a
graphical command window.
si Set-Item Changes the value of an item to the valu

File Security

File security is a feature of your file system which controls which users can
access which files, and places limitations on what users can do to various files in
your computer.

File protection and security

Protection and security requires that computer resources such as CPU, softwares,
memory etc. are protected. This extends to the operating system as well as the
data in the system. ... The system must be protect against unauthorized access,
viruses, worms etc.