Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

•Chapter 2
Basic Object Oriented Programming Concepts

1
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Review
• A Java program consists of a set of classes.
• The Java program must have a main() method from where it begins its
execution.
• Variables defined in a class are called the instance variables.
• There are two types of casting:widening and narrowing.
• Variables are basic unit of storage.
• Each variable has a scope and lifetime.
• Arrays are used to store several items of same data type in consecutive memory
locations.

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 2 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Review Contd…
• Java provides different types of operators. They include:
• Arithmetic
• Bitwise
• Relational
• Logical
• Conditional
• Assignment
• Java supports the following programming constructs:
• if-else
• switch
• for
• while
• do-while
• The three jump statements-break,continue and return helps to transfer control to
another part of the program.

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 3 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Objectives
• Explain the Java Program Structure
• Design a Simple Class
• Create objects
• Explain the concept of methods in a class
• Implement constructors
• List the features of Inheritance
• Differentiate between Overloading and Overriding of methods
• Identify the access specifiers and method modifiers

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 4 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Java Program Structure

• Environment Information
• Class Declaration
• Tokens:
• Identifiers
• Keywords / Reserve words
• Separators
• Literals
• Operators

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 5 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Data Abstraction
• Data Abstraction is the process of identifying and grouping
attributes and actions related to a particular entity as relevant to
the application at hand
• Advantages:
• It focuses on the problem
• It identifies the essential characteristics and actions
• It helps to eliminate unnecessary detail

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 6 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Data Abstraction (Contd...)

Attributes Actions

Name of the Customer Accept name of the customer

Address of the Customer Accept address of the customer

Model of the car bought Accept the model of the car purchased

Salesman who sold the car Accept the salesman name who sold the car

Generate the bill

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 7 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Class
• A Class defines an entity in terms of common characteristics and
actions
Class Customer
Name of the customer
Address of the customer
Model of the car bought
Salesman’s name who sold the car
Accept Name
Accept Address
Accept Model of the car purchased
Accept the name of the salesman who sold the car
Generate the bill

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 8 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Class
• A class defines a new data type.
• Every time an instance of a class is created, an object is created.
• The object contains its own copy of each instance variable defined
by the class.
• A dot operator ( . ) is used to access these variables.
• The dot operator links the name of the object with the name of an
instance variable.

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 9 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Object
• An object is an instance of class

 Stephen
 Boston
 Opel Astra
 Robin

Stephen is an Object of the class Customer

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 10 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Object (Contd…)
• Attribute
• Characteristic that describes an object
• Operation
• Service that can be requested of an object
• Method
• Specification of how the requested operation is carried out
• Message
• Request for an operation

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 11 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Declaring Objects
• When a new class is created, a new data type is created.
• Objects are declared to represent the class.
• Obtaining objects of a class is a two-step process. They are:
• First, a variable of the class type has to be declared. The variable does not define
an object. It is a variable that can refer to an object.
• Second, an actual physical copy of the object must be acquired and assigned to
that variable. It is done by using the new operator.
• The new operator dynamically allocates memory for an object and returns a
reference to it.
• All class objects must be dynamically allocated.

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 12 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Class vs. Object

• Class defines an entity, while an object is the actual entity
• Class is a conceptual model that defines all the characteristics and
actions required of an object, while an object is a real model
• Class is a prototype of an object
• All objects belonging to the same class have the same
characteristics and actions

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 13 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Methods in Classes
• A method is defined as the actual implementation of an operation on an object.
• Syntax
access_specifier modifier datatype method_name (parameter_list)
{
//body of the method
}
 A method is always invoked relative to some objects of its class.
 Within a method there is no need to specify the object a second time.

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 14 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Sample Usage of Method

class Temp Output
{
static int num = 10;
public void show()
{
System.out.println(num);
}
public static void main(String [] arg)
{
Temp tobj = new Temp();
tobj.show();
Temp t1Obj = new Temp();
Temp.num = 20;
t1Obj.show();
}
}

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 15 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Methods in Classes Contd...

• Methods that have a return type other than void, return a value to
the calling routine using the return statement.
• Many methods need parameters.
• Parameters allow a method to be generalized.

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 16 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Class Constructors
• Special methods are used to initialize member variables of the
class.
• It has the same name as the Class name and does not have a
return type.
• Called automatically and immediately after an object is created.
• Two types of constructors:
• Parameterized constructors
• Implicit or default constructors

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 17 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Data Encapsulation
• The process of hiding the implementation details of an object from
its user is called Encapsulation
• Advantages:
• All attributes and methods required to accomplish a job can be created
• Only those attributes and/or methods to be accessed by others can be
made visible

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 18 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Inheritance
• The attributes set for a class are inherited by the sub classes defined within the
class.
• A class that is inherited from another class is called subclass.
• The class from which another class is derived is called superclass.
• Subclass is a specialized superclass and can access all the instance variables and
methods defined by the superclass.
• To inherit a class, one has to use the keyword extends in the subclass.

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 19 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Inheritance

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 20 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Inheritance (Contd...)

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 21 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Inheritance (Contd...)

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 22 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Derived Class constructors

• Has the same name as the subclass.

• Statement that calls the constructor of the superclass should be the first statement in the
constructor of a subclass.
• The keyword super is sued to call the superclass constructor.
• The keyword super can also be used to refer to methods or instance
variable of the superclass.

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 23 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Methods Overloading

• Characteristics of overloaded methods are:

• Defined in the same class
• Have the same name
• Have different parameter lists

• Overloaded methods are a form of compile time polymorphism.

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 24 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Methods Overriding

• Characteristics of overridden methods are:

• Defined in the superclass as well as in the subclass.
• Are redefined in the subclass.

• Overridden methods are a form of runtime polymorphism.

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 25 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Access Specifiers for Methods

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 26 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Method Modifiers
• static

• final

• abstract

• native

• synchronized

• volatile

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 27 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Nested Classes

 Defining one class within another is called ‘Nesting’.

 Scope of a nested class is within the enclosing class.
 There are two types of nested class. They are:
 Static
 Non-static
 Inner Class is the non-static nested class.

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 28 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Summary
• Import statements are used to access the Java packages required for the execution of the
program.
• A token is the smallest unit in a program. There are five categories of tokens:
• Identifiers
• Keywords
• Separators
• Literals
• Operators
• Class declaration only creates a template and not an actual object.
• Objects are instances of a class and have physical reality.
• Method is the actual implementation of an operation on an object.

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 29 of 20

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Summary Contd…
• Constructors are used for automatic initialization of objects at the time of creation.
• The super keyword is used for calling the superclass constructors.
• To inherit a class from the superclass, the extends keyword is used.
• Overloaded methods are a form of static polymorphism and Overridden methods are a form of
dynamic polymorphism.
• Java access specifiers: public, protected, private help in the implementation of
encapsulation.
• The following modifiers are provided by Java: static, final, abstract, native,
synchronized, and volatile.
• Nested class can be static or non-static.

Java Simplified / Session 4 / 30 of 20