Lesson 2 MIL  Ex: Arial, Helvetica, Tahoma,

Verdana, Calibri
TEXT INFORMATION AND MEDIA SLAB SERIF
TEXT  carries a solid and heavy look to the text
 a simple and flexible format presenting  can be used for large advertising signs on
information or conveying ideas whether hand- billboards
written, printed or displayed onscreen (Source:  ex: Rockwell, Playbill
MIL TG by CHED) SCRIPT
 any ‘’human-readable sequence of characters’’  draws much attention to itself because of its
that can form intelligible words (Rouse, 2015) brush-like strokes
TYPES OF TEXT AND COMMON FILE FORMATS  must be used sparingly and not be used in large
HYPERTEXT body text
 serve to link different electronic documents and  usually used in wedding invitation cards or other
enable users to jump from one to other in a formal events
nonlinear way.  ex: Edwardian, Vladimir, Kunstler
PLAINTEXT or UNFORMATTED TEXT DECORATIVE
 fixed sized characters having essentially the  caters to a wide variety of emotions (such as
same type of appearance celebration, fear, horror, etc.) or themes (such as
FORMATTED TEXT cowboys, circus, holidays, summer, kiddie, etc.)
 appearance can be changed using font  Chiller, Jokerman, Curlz MT
parameters (bold, underline, italic, font size, font TYPES OF FILE FORMATS
color, etc.)  There are many different types of file
When we format text, we design it based on the purpose, formats, and each format represents a particular
theme, context, concept, occasions, target audience, formality,
way of storing the data that makes up a file. You
etc. Using Typefaces help us best to accomplish this simple
task need to understand different file types, so you
TYPEFACE know what is safe and what isn’t. Some computer
 also called font, font type, or type; refers to the
viruses masquerade as other types of files.
representation or style of a text in the digital COMMON FILE FORMATS
format. .TXT (text)
 unformatted text document by an editor as
 usually comprised of alphabets, numbers,
punctuation marks, symbols and other special notepad on Windows platform
characters
TYPES OF TYPEFACES
SERIF .DOC (document)
 a native format for storing documents created by
 connotes formality and readability in a large
number of texts MS Word package
 contain a rich set of formatting capabilities
 usually used for the body text of books,
newspapers, magazines, and research .PDF (Portable Document Format)
 developed by Adobe systems for cross platform
publication
 give a classic or elegant look when used for title
exchange of documents, supports image and
or heading graphics
 ex: Times New Roman, Garamond,
.PS (PostScript)
 a page description language used mainly for
Baskerville
desktop publishing; capability of containing text
SANS SERIF and images on the same page.
 brings a clean and minimalist look to the text
.RTF (Rich Text Format)
 cross platform document exchange; default
 used for the clear and direct meaning of text such
as road signage, building directory, or nutrition format for Mac OS X’s default editor TextEdit
facts in food packages .doc and .rtf appears to be one and the same, don’t you
 give a modern look and is used primarily in
think? Almost
webpage design
  DOC. is actually an improved and updated
version of RTF
Both RTF format and DOC format are developed by
Microsoft for Word. RTF is a format older than DOC.
 DOC file carries more formatting than RTF. The
options RTF can provide are simple and limited.
It can just support format like italics, types, font
sizes, and boldface, while DOC can support
users to format their documents in any ways they
want.
 Microsoft has stopped developing RTF, but it
never stops improving DOC. More recent
versions of Microsoft Office can not be saved in
RTF any longer, while the brand-new incarnation
4. ALIGNMENT
of the DOC is the DOCX.
 how the text is positioned in the page
 RTF files are much smaller than DOC files. Due
 left, center, right, or justified
to the great number of formatting, you could keep
a. CENTER: Use it when you have few short
in DOC files, the amount of data is great.
lines of text. This option must NEVER be use
However, the size of RTF files is very small.
in full paragraphs because it’s difficult to read
 RTF file can be edited with any text editor, while
b. LEFT: The text aligned to the left is the most
you can neither encode nor view information of
common choice. For the reader it’s
DOC files if you don’t have the correct
comfortable and secure. If you want to stay
application.
conservative, this is the safest choice.
 RTF is less safe than DOC, because you can
c. RIGHT: Right aligned texts will require
encrypt the DOC files.
additional effort to the reader. It can be a
DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS
good option to create more attention to
1. EMPHASIS
specific words.
 importance or value given to a part of the text
d. JUSTIFIED: This option is the most used in
based content
books, magazines and newspapers. It’s
o make the text bold
formal, neat, and helps organize the text,
o Italicized
especially if you are using columns.
o have a heavier weight
5. ORGANIZATION
o darkened or lightene
 conscious effort to organize the different text
o enlarged
elements in a page
2. APPROPRIATENESS  ensures connection among elements
 how fitting or suitable the text is used for a
specific audience, purpose or event
 Varied font styles for different mood, theme,
purpose, event, etc.
3. PROXIMITY
 how near or how far the text elements from each
other
 bring related elements close together

6. REPETITION
 consistency of elements
 unity of the entire design
 repeating some typefaces within the page
7. CONTRAST
 creates visual interest
 two elements are different from each other
Lesson 3 MIL
As media users, you need to carefully consider the way
you behave and act online as it defines what kind of
person you are. The way you choose to behave online
requires you to think carefully about many decisions you
may usually take for granted. One useful way to look at
this is to consider the idea of "netiquette" or Internet or
Network Etiquette by Shea. 3. SOCIAL JOURNALISM
Since we utilize media and technology most of the time,  Journalists are using social media to make their
we call ourselves media users. However, we should be content available to more people.
more than that. We must not only know how to use media 4. CROWDSOURCING
but most importantly possess the knowledge and skills to  The practice of obtaining needed services, ideas,
effectively use them. Only then we can be identified or content by soliciting contributions from a large
as digital citizens. group of people and especially from the online
Your digital footprint is the record of all your interactions community.
online. Once something is posted or shared online, it can
be there forever. Understanding your digital footprint
helps you choose and control what you leave online for
others to find.
The Internet has changed the way we live. It has
improved the way we communicate with people and how
we share information. However, the Internet can also
cause problems/issues. Here are some examples to start PEOPLE IN MEDIA
with, some are mundane while some are serious.  They are the people behind another form of
PEOPLE MEDIA media.
An assembly of people with a common interest where  Media practitioners
they become the main means of mass communication.  Provide information coming from their expert
PEOPLE AS MEDIA VS. PEOPLE IN MEDIA knowledge or first hand experience of events
PEOPLE AS MEDIA TYPES OF JOURNALIST BY MEDIUM
 People who are well-oriented to media sources  Print Journalists - deal with delivering news
and messages and able to provide information as through newspapers, magazines, etc.
possible  Photojournalists - photograph, edit, and display
 The person serves as the medium for another images in order to tell a visual story. They are
person to learn or acquire new knowledge. skilled at interpreting and communicating an
1. OPINION LEADERS event through a photograph(s).
 Highly exposed to and actively using media  Broadcast Journalists - deal with broadcasting
 Source of viable interpretation of messages for news through television or radio.
lower-end media users  Multimedia Journalists - storytellers who work
 Opinions are accepted by a group across many dimensions. They work in
2. CITIZEN JOURNALISM multimedia journalism leverage digital tools and
 People without professional journalism training social media platforms to share their stories with
can use the tools of modern technology and a particular audience online.
internet to create, augment or fact-check media NETIQUETTE OR NETWORK ETIQUETTE
on their own or in collaboration with others.  A set of rules for behaving properly online.
(Shea, 1997) Rules, that may not be strictly
enforced or even regularly followed is important
to keep everyone online in check.
RULE 1: REMEBER THE HUMAN
 Putting oneself to others’ shoes can put
everything in the right perspective. Remembering
that the receiver on the other side of your
 computer or phone screen is another person is crucify others with a different view. Opinions are
vital to avoiding hurting other people’s feelings. always allowed to be voiced online but at the end
Empathy is one of the most powerful motivations of the day, everyone just has to agree to
for some basic decency online. disagree.
RULE 2: ADHERE TO THE SAME STANDARDS OF RULE 8: RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE PRIVACY
BEHAVIOR ONLINE THAT ONE FOLLOWS IN REAL  People dependence on social media has put
LIFE everyone’s lives under a microscope. No one
 In real life, actions have consequences, should access social media profiles of others
something one would be wise to remember without their consent. Let anyone choose what
cyberspace. Good netiquette is derived from the information to share and who to share them with
same standards set in real life. If your online online. Respecting other people’s privacy is not
behavior doesn’t meet that, would be good to re- just good netiquette, it is everyone’s
evaluate your actions. responsibility.
RULE 3: KNOW WHERE YOU ARE IN CYBERSPACE RULE 9: DON’T ABUSE ONE’S OWN POWER
 The cyberspace may be as vast as the actual  If one has been given some authority over online
outer space. Acceptable behavior varies on the networks he or she must not use it out of the
domain you are on. If posting daily accounts of context of one’s own job. Power, even if it is as
your life is acceptable on blogging domain, kit is small as being entrusted with a Facebook
improper on academic ones. Knowing where you password, must not be abused.
are in cyberspace helps in practicing good RULE 10: BE FORGIVING OF OTHER PEOPLE’S
netiquette. MISTAKE
RULE 4: RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE’S TIME AND  There have been no truer words spoken than the
BANDWIDTH words “No one is perfect.” It is true that people
 Bandwidth is the information-carrying capacity of make mistakes, even online. So be forgiving of
the wires and channels that connect everyone in other people’s mistakes. Forgiving other people
cyberspace. Between school and works, social for their mistakes isn’t just good netiquette, it is
life, chores, errands to run, and safeguarding also basic good manners.
one’s health, 24 hours no longer seem enough. It
is important to ensure that one is not wasting it THINK BEFORE YOU CLICK
by delivering nonsense or unsolicited information.  Simply means that before you post anything, you
RULE 5: MAKE ONESELF GOOD ONLINE need to think about the effects of sharing that
 Making oneself look good online means information. If the information is meant to be kept
appearing as a decent, smart, and well rounded private, you must make sure that you keep these
individual, through what one writes. Look good, information as secure as possible.
by being a responsible contributor in the age of DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP
media information.  A digital citizen refers to a person who has the
RULE 6: SHARE EXPERT KNOWLEDGE knowledge and skills to effectively use digital
 Experts contributing valuable information, and technologies to communicate with others,
making them available to many, is indeed a participate in society and create and consume
positive effect of the media and information age. digital content.
 Anyone with access to the internet can share  is defined by the quality of habits, actions, and
data and information to the world. While this consumption patterns that impact the ecology of
raises credibility issues among many data found digital content and communities
online, it also increases the number of accurate Ways on How to Practice Digital Citizenship:
facts contributed by experts.  Communicating with respect
RULE 7: HELP KEEPS FLAME WARS UNDER  Respecting other’s privacy
CONTROL  Seeing things from another perspective
 “Flaming” is what people do when they express a  Adding helpful information/context to a
strongly held opinion without holding back any discussion or wiki page
emotions (Shea, 1997).  Supporting others by offering useful
 Keep in mind that having the right to speech and feedback
expression does not give anyone the right to
  Encouraging them, or sharing work they’re Be yourself but be your best self
proud of DIGITAL ISSUES IN THE PHILIPPINES
ALL GOOD CITIZENS: A. STEREOTYPING
 Protect private information for themselves and  is defined as the process of labeling an entire
others group of people according to the characteristics
 Stay safe online of some.
 Balance the time they spend online and using  The media have been found guilty of stereotyping
media multiple times. As a form of communication that
 Respect themselves and others deals with the general public, it is not hard to see
 Stand up to Cyberbullying when they see it why the media is prone to generalization.
happening A. Gender Roles
 Respect copyright and intellectual property B. Racial Discrimination
 Carefully manage their Digital Footprint CONFLICT OF INTEREST
DIGITAL FOOTPRINTS  Journalism professor Adam Peneberg (2007)
 “Your digital footprint is anything that is about you defined conflict of interest as situations in which
or put out by you online.” - Brian Harrington there are competing professional, personal
 A digital footprint is a trail of data you create and/or financial obligations or interests that
while using the Internet. It includes the websites compete with the journalist’s/author’s obligation
you visit, emails you send, and information you to his outlet and audience.
submit to online services. The following are some of the potential conflicts of
TWO TYPES OF DIGITAL FOOTPRINTS interest according to Peneberg (2007):
 A "passive digital footprint" is a data trail you  Writing about friends and family members
unintentionally leave online.  Quid pro quo: Promising something in return.
 An "active digital footprint" includes data that you  Investments: Any financial entanglement with the
intentionally submit online. subjects
PASIVE DIGITAL FOOTPRINT  Political Views
 For example, when you visit a website, the web  Blogs: Writing blogs raises ethical concerns and
server may log your IP address, which identifies credibility issues since it is considered personal,
your Internet service provider and your and opinion based on content.
approximate location. While your IP address may CENSORSHIP
change and does not include any personal  Philip Steele (1999) defines censorship as any
information, it is still considered part of your attempt to limit or prevent the free exchange of
digital footprint. A more personal aspect of your information. It suppresses information, ideas, or
passive digital footprint is your search history, artistic expression.
which is saved by some search engines while FORMS OF CENSORSHIP
you are logged in. 1. Preventive – exercised before the expression is
ACTIVE DIGITAL FOOTPRINT made public. Examples of which includes
 Sending an email contributes to your active government restrains, licensing, and self-
digital footprint, since you expect the data be censorship.
seen and/or saved by another person. The more 2. Punitive – exercised after expression is made
email you send, the more your digital footprint public. This type of censorship is penalizing in
grows. Since most people save their email nature
online, the messages you send can easily remain 3. Taboo – is censorship of that which society
online for several years or more. deems inappropriate or offensive.
BE CAREFUL ABOUT:
 What you share
 Where you share
 With whom you share
BE SMART ABOUT:
 Sites you visit
 Emails you open
 Links you click
 Spreading progovernment or pro- party
Lesson 4 MIL 
propaganda
MEDIA INFORMATION, TECHNOLOGY AND NEWS  Attacking the opposition
LITERACY  Driving division and polarization
 News literacy is defined as “the ability to use  Suppressing participation through personal
critical thinking skills to judge the reliability and attacks and harassment
credibility of news reports, whether they come via FACEBOOK is the dominant platform for cyber troop
print, television or internet.” (Stony Brook Center activity
for News Literacy) CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION DISORDER
STATUS OF CRITICAL THINKING STUDENTS MISINFORMATION
 Standford University study 7,800 students  Information is false, but the person disseminating
“stunning and dismaying consistency” “bleak” it believes that it is true
CONSEQUENCES OF INFORMATION DISORDER FOR DISINFORMATION
JOURNALISM AND SOCIETY  Information is false, and the person
 Erosion of trust in journalism and journalists disseminating it knows it is false. It is a
 Loss of distinction between quality reporting and deliberate, intentional llie
disinformation MALINFORMATION
 Stress on journalism business model  Information is based on reality but used to inflict
 Weakening of role of journalists as agents for harm
accountability
 Crackdowns that undermine press freedom and WHAT SKILLS DO WE NEED TO POSSESS TO
freedom of expression COUNTER INFORMATION DISORDER?
 Malicious targeting of journalists MEDIA, INFORMATION, TECHNOLOGY, AND NEWS
NEWS DRIVERS LITERACY
 IMPORTANCE LITERACY
 PROMINENCE  Is the ability to read and write. It also refers to the
 HUMAN INTEREST possession of enough reading and writing ability
 CONFLICT to function in society (Graff, 2019)
 CHANGE  Adding the ability to understand a simple
 PROXIMITY message in any language or dialect, the concept
 TIMELINESS of basic literacy comes in.
 MAGNITUDE
 If a person has these abilities with the further
 RELEVANCE
addition of numeracy skills, then one has attained
 ODDITY/UNUSUALNESS
a significantly higher level of literacy called
3 JOURNALISTIC PROCESS functional literacy.
 Verification
People who cannot read and write are called illiterate.
 Independence
People are called functionally illiterate if they cannot read
 Accountability
or write well enough to carry out activities that are
common in the social settings they encounter.
THE INFORMATION DISORDER IS GLOBAL
“The Philippines represents a national context where What are the most frequent causes of illiteracy in adults?
disinformation is becoming even more entrenched into
 Parents with little schooling;
the political system.”
 Lack of books at home and lack of stimulation for
 Ong and Cabanes, 2019
reading;
 The Philippines showed evidence of organized
 Doing badly at or dropping out of school;
social media manipulation by government and
political parties.  Difficult living conditions, including poverty;
 Social media manipulation is done by “cyber  Learning disabilities, such as dyslexia,
troops” - defined as government or political party dysorthographia, etc.
actors tasked with manipulating public opinion
online MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY (UNESCO)
Message strategies used by cyber troops:
 a set of competencies that empowers citizens to 5 COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION LITERACY
access, retrieve, understand, evaluate and use, a. Identify
create, as well as share information and media b. Find
content in all formats, using various tools, in a critical, c. Evaluate
ethical, and effective way, in order to participate and d. Apply
engage in personal, professional, and societal e. Acknowledge
activities An information literate person…
MEDIA LITERACY  recognizes the importance of information,
 According to European Commission (2007), it is the  practices ethical behavior with regard to information
ability to access media, to understand and to critically and technology, and
evaluate different aspects of the media and the  participates effectively in groups to pursue and
media contents and to create communication a generate information.
variety of concepts TECHNOLOGY LITERACY
 Aufderheide (2011) defines as a movement designed  In 1980, technology literacy meant knowing how to
to help to understand, to produce and negotiate program code. In 1995, it meant knowing how to work
meanings in a culture of images, words and sounds. basic tools like word processing and spreadsheets.
 Media literacy is the ability to identify different types  The Colorado Department of Education defines it as
of media and understand the messages they're the ability to responsibly use technology to
sending. communicate, solve problems, access, manage,
integrate, evaluate, design, and create information to
improve learning, and acquire lifelong knowledge and
skills in the 21st century.
3 DIMENSIONS OF TECHNOLOGY LITERACY
a. Knowledge
b. Capabilities
c. Critical Thinking and Decision Making
NEWS LITERACY
 the ability to use critical thinking skills to judge the
reliability and credibility of news reports, whether
they come via print, television or internet (Stony
KEY CONCEPTS OF MEDIA LITERACY Brook Center for News Literacy).
 Media are constructions 4 INFORMATION LITERACY CHALLENGES FOR CIVIL
 Media have commercial implications SOCIETY
 Audiences negotiate meaning  overwhelming amount of information
 Media have social and political implications  new technologies
 Each medium has a unique aesthetic form  conflict between speed and accuracy
The digital age has made it easy for anyone to create  internet and social media
media. We don't always know who created something, CRITICAL THINKING trains us to take a step back, to
why they made it, and whether it's credible. This makes evaluate facts and form evidence-based conclusions.
media literacy tricky to learn and teach. Nonetheless, - Open-mindedness
media literacy is an essential skill in the digital age. - Inquisitiveness
- Willingness to reconsider and revise
INFORMATION LITERACY - Trust in processes of reasoned inquiry
 It emphasizes the need for careful retrieval and - Flexibility
selection of information available in the - Concern to be well-informed
workplace, at school, and in all aspects of - Fair-mindedness
personal decision making, especially in the areas - Prudence in judgements
of citizenship and health. - Alertness to opportunities for critical thinking
 According to Hobbs (2006), a prime emphasis is - Recognizing one’s own biases, prejudices,
laced on recognizing message quality, stereotypes, or egocentric tendencies
authenticity, and credibility. - Understanding opinions of others
 - Self-confidence in one’s abilities to reason
Philippines is the third “most ignorant” regarding their
nation’s key issues, and third “most confident” about
their opinions.
“A strong democracy requires access to high-quality
information and an ability for citizens to come
together to debate, discuss, deliberate, empathize,
and make concessions.”

WHAT CAN NEWS DO FOR DEMOCRACY? It is information that makes the subject a citizen
 Information and allows him or her to exercise rights
 Investigation effectively- Loic Hervouet
 Analysis
 Social Empathy
 Public Forum
 Mobilization
In a nutshell…
Media- ability to critically consume, understand, analyze,
evaluate, and produce any type of media.
Information- ability to know when there is a need for more
information and ability to locate, evaluate, and use the
right information according to that need.
Technology- ability to effectively use, access, understand,
evaluate, create, and communicate through technology
tools.
News- the ability to use critical thinking skills to judge the
reliability and credibility of news reports, whether they
come via print, television, or internet.

EXAMPLES
MEDIA
- Internet Surfing
- Utilizing databases
- Using social media for leisure and entertainment
INFORMATION
- Content knowledge
- Knowledge assembly
- Developing new insights
- Selecting credible sources of data
- Disseminates messages in an ethical manner
TECHNOLOGY
- Computer parts expertise
- Changing television settings
- Comparing laptop/phone specs
- Troubleshooting internet connection
NEWS
- Cross-referencing news articles
- Checking the accuracy of TV weather report
online
- Securing the authenticity and reliability of news
provider