UNIT-22 Network Infrastructure for EE-commerce.

OSI REFERENCE MODEL :- The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)

reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding how different
networking technologies communicate and interact with each other. It was
developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the late
1970s as a way to standardize network communication protocols.

The OSI model divides the networking process into seven layers, each of which
represents a different aspect of the networking process. These layers are:

1. Physical layer - This layer deals with the physical transmission of data over
the network, such as electrical or optical signals over a wire.

2. Data link layer - This layer handles the transfer of data between two nodes
on the
he same physical network, including error detection and correction.

3. Network layer - This layer manages the addressing and routing of data
across multiple networks.
 4. Transport layer - This layer provides reliable data delivery services between
end devices, including flow control and error recovery.

5. Session layer - This layer manages the connections and communications

between applications running on different devices.

6. Presentation layer - This layer handles data representation and formatting,

including encryption and decryption of data.

7. Application layer - This layer provides interfaces for applications to access

network services, such as email or file transfer.

The OSI model provides a common language for describing how different
networking technologies work together, and helps ensure interoperability between
different vendors and devices.

UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol :-

It is a communication protocol used for transmitting data over a network. Unlike
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), which provides reliable, ordered, and error-
checked delivery of data, UDP provides an unreliable, unordered, and unchecked
delivery mechanism.

UDP is often used for applications that require fast, low-latency data transmission
and can tolerate some packet loss, such as online gaming, video streaming, and
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol). Since UDP does not include mechanisms for
ensuring the delivery or reliability of data, applications using UDP need to
implement their own error checking and correction mechanisms.

UDP uses port numbers to identify different services on a computer, which enables
multiple applications to run on the same device without interfering with each other.
It is a connectionless protocol, meaning that it does not establish a dedicated
connection before transmitting data. Instead, packets are sent to the recipient
without any prior negotiation.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): is a communication
protocol that is used to establish a connection between two devices over a network.
It is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol (IP) suite, which also
includes IP and various other protocols.

TCP ensures reliable delivery of data between devices by dividing the data into
packets, assigning a sequence number to each packet, and verifying that all packets
are received and in the correct order. It also provides flow control, congestion
control, and error detection and correction mechanisms to ensure that data is
transmitted accurately and efficiently.

TCP is widely used in applications such as web browsing, email, file transfer, and
other client-server applications that require reliable data transfer over a network.

#IP stands for Internet Protocol. It is a set of rules and standards that govern
how data is transmitted over the internet. IP defines how data packets are
formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received between devices on a
network.

There are two versions of IP in use today: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 uses 32-bit
addresses and is the most widely used version of IP. However, the increasing
number of devices connected to the internet has led to a shortage of available IPv4
addresses. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, which provides a much larger pool of
addresses, making it possible to connect more devices to the internet.
Different between TCP and UDP
 Connection-Oriented vs Connectionless:  UDP, on the other hand, is a
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, connectionless protocol, which means that
which means that it establishes a reliable it doesn't establish a connection before
connection between two devices before transmitting data.
transmitting data.

 Reliability: TCP is a reliable protocol  UDP is an unreliable protocol because it

because it ensures that all packets are doesn't guarantee that all packets will be
received and in the correct order. received or in the correct order.

 Speed: Because TCP establishes a  UDP, being connectionless, is faster

connection before transmitting data, it can because it doesn't need to establish a
take longer to transmit data compared to connection before transmitting data.
UDP.

 Packet Size: TCP packets are larger than  TCP packets can be up to 64KB in size,
UDP packets. while UDP packets are not limited to
64KB.

 Usage: TCP is commonly used for  UDP is commonly used for applications
applications that require reliable data that require fast data transmission, such as
transmission, such as email, file transfer, online gaming, video streaming, and VoIP.
and web browsing.

Circuit switching:
Circuit switching is a communication method used in telecommunications where a
dedicated communication path is established between two devices for the duration
of the conversation or data transmission.

In circuit switching, the communication path is reserved and dedicated for the
entire duration of the communication, even if there is no data being transmitted.
This ensures that the communication is fast and reliable as the communication path
is exclusively dedicated to the communication, and there is no need to compete for
bandwidth with other users.

Example of circuit switching is the use of traditional landline telephones. When

two people want to communicate, they establish a circuit or a dedicated path
through the telephone network.
#Packet switching:
Packet switching is a method of transmitting data over a computer network in
which messages are divided into small units called packets, each with its own
destination address. These packets are then sent independently across the network
and may take different routes to reach their destination.

DEFINATION OF (GSM) Global System For

Mobile Communication.
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications, which is a digital cellular
technology used in mobile communication systems.

In GSM, users share the same frequency band by using a Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) technique, where the frequency is divided into time slots and each user is assigned a
time slot to transmit their data. This allows multiple users to share the same frequency band by
transmitting their data during different time slots.
The benefits of GSM include increased capacity, improved call quality, and global roaming
capabilities. GSM has been used in 2G, 3G, and 4G cellular networks and has paved the way for
the development of newer mobile communication technologies.

DEFINATION OF (GSM) Global System For Mobile

Communication.
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a standard for mobile communication used
in many countries around the world. The four basic elements of GSM are:

1. Mobile Station (MS): This is the mobile device used by the end-user, such as a mobile
phone or a tablet.

2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS): The BSS is responsible for managing communication
between the MS and the network. It consists of two components: the Base Transceiver
Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). The BTS is responsible for
transmitting and receiving radio signals to and from the MS, while the BSC manages the
handover of calls between BTSs.

3. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS): The NSS is responsible for managing

communication between different networks, such as between a GSM network and a
fixed-line telephone network. It consists of several components, including the Mobile
Switching Center (MSC), which controls the routing of calls and manages the handover
of calls between BTSs.
 4. Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS): The OSS is responsible for managing and
maintaining the GSM network. It includes functions such as network planning, network
optimization, and network maintenance.

DEFINATION OF (CDMA) Code Division Multiple Access:

CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access, which is a wireless communication
technology that allows multiple users to share the same frequency channel by using unique codes
to differentiate the signals.

In CDMA, each user is assigned a unique code to modulate their signal, which is then
transmitted over the same frequency band as other users. The receiver then uses the same code to
demodulate the signal and recover the original data.

CDMA offers several advantages over other wireless technologies, such as increased capacity
and improved security. Since each user's signal is spread over a wide frequency band, multiple
users can transmit at the same time without interfering with each other. Additionally, the unique
codes used in CDMA make it difficult for unauthorized users to intercept or disrupt the signal.

CDMA is widely used in cellular phone networks and other wireless communication systems.

ARCHITECTURE OF CDMA
Different between GSM VS CDMA
GSM CDMA

 Technology: GSM uses Time Division  CDMA uses Code Division Multiple
Multiple Access (TDMA) technology. Access technology.

 Network: GSM networks use SIM  CDMA networks, on the other hand, use
(Subscriber Identity Module) cards to store Electronic Serial Numbers (ESNs) and
user information and authenticate users. Mobile Equipment Identifiers

 Roaming: GSM is more widely used  CDMA networks tend to be more regional,
globally, which means it's easier to roam so roaming is not as seamless.
between different networks in different
countries.

 Voice quality: CDMA has better voice  It uses a wider bandwidth to transmit voice
quality than GSM. data.

 Security: CDMA is considered more  It uses unique codes to transmit data,

secure than GSM making it harder to intercept.


Definition Of WiMax:
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communication
technology that provides high-speed data transfer over long distances. It is based on the IEEE
802.16 standard and uses radio frequencies in the 2-11 GHz range to transmit data.

WiMAX offers faster data transfer rates than traditional wireless technologies, such as WiFi, and
can cover a larger area. It can also support more users simultaneously, making it a viable solution
for providing wireless Internet access in densely populated areas.

Overall, WiMAX is a technology that offers high-speed wireless data transfer over long
distances and has the potential to provide a cost-effective alternative to traditional wired
broadband solutions.
Definition Of WIFI:-
WiFi is a technology that enables wireless networking between devices. It allows devices such as
smartphones, laptops, and tablets to connect to the internet and communicate with each other
over a wireless network without the need for cables. WiFi operates on radio frequencies,
typically 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz, and uses radio waves to transmit and receive data between devices.
It is a common feature of many homes, businesses, and public spaces, and is widely used for
internet access and other forms of wireless communication.

Different between WiMax & WIFI

WiMax. Wi-Fi.

 Coverage area: WiMax (Worldwide

Wifi (Wireless Fidelity) is designed for shorter-
range wireless communication within a small area,
Interoperability for Microwave Access) is
typically up to a few hundred feet.
designed to provide wireless broadband
access over long distances, typically up to
several miles .
 Speed: WiMax can provide faster data  Wifi typically offers speeds up to several
transmission speeds than Wifi, with hundred Mbps, but the actual speeds can
theoretical speeds of up to 70 Mbps or vary depending on factors such as distance
more. from the access point and network
congestion.

 Cost: WiMax requires specialized  Wifi, on the other hand, is widely available
 equipment and infrastructure, which can be and typically requires only a compatible
expensive to deploy and maintain. device and a Wifi router.

Definition of Long Term Evaluation. (LTE).

Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for wireless broadband communication for mobile
devices and data terminals. It is a 4G (fourth-generation) wireless communication technology
that offers high-speed data transfer rates for internet access, video streaming, and other data-
intensive applications.

LTE is designed to provide improved network capacity, higher data rates, and better quality of
service than previous mobile communication technologies such as 3G and 2G. It uses advanced
digital signal processing and multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology to
achieve high data transfer rates of up to 1 Gbps (Gigabit per second) for download and up to 500
Mbps for upload.

LTE also uses a flat IP-based network architecture, which enables more efficient data transfer
and lower latency. This makes it well-suited for real-time applications like online gaming, video
conferencing, and voice-over-IP (VoIP) calls.