BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

BE8256 BASICMECHANICALENGINEERING LTPC

4004
OBJECTIVE

 To impart knowledge on thermodynamics and thermal engineering power generating units such as
engines and theory of machines

UNITI LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 12

Basic concepts and hints; Zerothlaw; First Law of Thermodynamics - Statement and application; Steady
flow energy equation-problems-Second law of Thermodynamics–Kelvin- Plank statement and Clausius
statement- problems; Limitations; Heat Engine, Refrigerator and HeatPump, Available energy, Third law of
Thermodynamics-Statement.
UNITII HEATING AND EXPANSION OF GASES 12
Expressions for work done,Internal energy and heat transfer for Constant Pressure, Constant Volume,
Isothermal, Adiabatic and Polytropic processes-Derivations and problems; Free expansion and Throttling
process.
UNITIII AIRSTANDARDCYCLES 12
Carnot cycle; Stirlings cycle; Joule cycle; Otto cycle; Diesel cycle; Dual combustion Cycle- Derivations and
problems.
UNITIV I.C.ENGINES, STEAM AND ITS PROPERTIES AND TEAM 12
Engine nomenclature and classification; SI Engine; CI Engine; Four Stroke cycle,Two stroke cycle;
Performance of I.C.Engine; Brake thermal efficiency; Indicated Thermal Efficiency, Specific fuel
consumption.
Steam- Properties of steam; Dryness fraction; latent heat; Total heat of wet steam; Dry steam; Superheated
steam. Use of steam tables; volume of wet steam,volume of superheated steam; External work of
evaporation; Internal energy; Entropy of vapour, Expansion of vapour, Rankine cycle.Steam
turbines–Impulse and Reaction types- Principles of operation.
UNITV SIMPLE MECHANISM, FLYWHEEL, DRIVES AND BALNCING 12

Definition of Kinematic Links, Pairs and Kinematic Chains; Flywheel-Turning moment Diagram;
Fluctuation of Energy. Belt and rope drives; Velocity ratio; slip; Creep; Ratio of tensions; Length of belt;
Power Transmitted; gear trains-types. Balancing of rotating masses in same plane; Balancing of masses
rotating in different planes.

TOTAL:60PERIODS
OUTCOME
• Students should learn thermodynamics and thermal engineering to understand the principles behind the
operation of thermal equipments like IC engines and turbines etc., Students should be able to appreciate
the theory behind operation of machinery and be able to design simple mechanisms
TEXTBOOKS

1. Nag,P.K.,“EngineeringThermodynamics“,IIndEdition,TataMcGrawHillPublishingCo., Ltd.,1995
2. Rajput,R.K,“ThermalEngineering”,Laxmipublications(P)Ltd,2001
3. KhurmiR.S.,andGuptaJ.K,“TheoryofMachines”,EurasiaPublishingHouse(P)Ltd.,2004.
 BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

REFERENCES
1. Bhaskaran,K.A.,andVenkatesh,A.,“Engineering Thermodynamics“,TataMcGrawHill,1973.
2. KhurmiR.S., andGuptaJ.K,“Thermal Engineering”,S.Chand&Company(P) Ltd.,2001.
3. KothandaramanandDhomkundwar,”:AcourseinThermal Engineering(SIUnits)”,Dhanpat Rai and Sons,
Delhi (2001)
4. PandyaA.andShah,“ TheoryofMachines“,CharatakarPublishers,1975.
5. Smith,“Chemical Thermodynamics“,ReinholdPublishingCo.,1977.
Course Outcomes (COs):

No. Description Unit covered

C205.1 Ability to understand and analyze the laws of thermodynamics 1
Ability to understand and analyze different processes involved in
C205.2 2
thermodynamic systems
C205.3 Ability to understand and analyze different types air standard cycles 3
Ability to understand and analyze the working principle of IC engines
C205.4 4
and properties of steam
Ability to understand the basic concepts of different mechanisms,
C205.5 5
Flywheel,drives and balancing systems

Attainment of POs and PSOs through COs (Legends : 1 – Low , 2 – Medium, 3 – High)

PSO 1

PSO 2
PO 10

PO 11

PO 12
PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

ME6404

C406.1 3 3 2 1 - 2 1 1 2 1 - 3 3 1

C406.2 3 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 - 3 3 1

C406.3 3 3 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 2

C406.4 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 3 3 1

C406.5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 1 3 3 2

RELATION BETWEEN COURSE CONTENT WITH COs

UNIT I –LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

Course
Knowledg
S.No Topics Outcome
e Level
s
1 U,E,AN,AP Zeroth law and First law of thermodynamics C205.1
U,E,AN,A C205.1
2 Steady flow energy equation
P
U,E,AN,A C205.1
3 Second law of thermodynamics
P
U,E,AN,A C205.1
4 Kelvin Plank statement and Clausius statement
P
U,E,AN,A C205.1
5 Heat engine, Heat pump, Refrigerator
P
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

U,E,AN,A C205.1
6 Availableenergy
P
U,E,AN,A C205.1
7 Third law of thermodynamics
P

UNIT II – HEATINGANDEXPANSIONOFGASES

Course
Knowledg
S.No Topics Outcome
e Level
s
1 U,E,AN,AP ConstantPressure process C205.2
U,E,AN,A C205.2
2 Constant Volume process
P
U,E,AN,A C205.2
3 Isothermal process
P
U,E,AN,A C205.2
4 Adiabatic process
P
U,E,AN,A C205.2
5 Polytropicprocesses
P
U,E,AN,A C205.2
6 Free expansionprocess
P
U,E,AN,A C205.2
7 Throttlingprocess
P

UNIT III – AIRSTANDARDCYCLES

Course
Knowledg
S.No Topics Outcome
e Level
s
1 U,AN,AP Carnotcycle C205.3
U,E,AN,A C205.3
2 Stirlingscycle
P
U,E,AN,A C205.3
3 Joulecycle
P
U,E,AN,A C205.3
4 Otto cycle
P
U,E,AN,A C205.3
5 Dieselcycle
P
6 U,AN,AP DualcombustionCycle C205.3

UNIT IV- I.C.ENGINES,STEAM ANDITSPROPERTIESANDTEAM

Course
Knowledg
S.No Topics Outcome
e Level
s
1 U,AN,AP SI Engine andCI Engine C205.4
U,E,AN,A C205.4
2 Four StrokeandTwostroke cycle
P
3 U,AN,AP PerformanceofI.C.Engine C205.4
U,E,AN,A C205.4
4 Propertiesofsteam
P
5 U,E,AN,A Rankine cycle C205.4
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

P
U,E,AN,A C205.4
6 Impulseand Reactionturbines
P

UNIT V- SIMPLEMECHANISM,FLYWHEEL,DRIVESANDBALANCING
Course
Knowledg
S.No Topics Outcome
e Level
s
1 U,AN,AP Kinematic Links,Pairs and Kinematic Chains C205.5
U,E,AN,A C205.5
2 Flywheel and TurningmomentDiagram
P
3 U,AN,AP FluctuationofEnergy C205.5
U,E,AN,A C205.5
4 Belt andropedrives
P
U,E,AN,A C205.5
5 gear trains
P
U,E,AN,A C205.5
6 Balancingofmasses
P

R – Remember, Ap – Apply, An – Analyze, U- Understand, E-Evaluate, C-Create

UNIT I– LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

PART – A(C205.1)
1. Define Thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics is an axiomatic science which deals with the relations among heat, work and
properties of system which are in equilibrium. It describes state and changes in state of physical
systems.
2. Describe the thermodynamic system
System : A system is a finite quantity of matter or a prescribed region of space
Boundary : The actual or hypothetical envelope enclosing the system is the boundary of the
system.
Surrounding : Anything outside the system is known as the surrounding
Universe : A system and surrounding together comprise a universe
3. Classify thermodynamic systems. Give an example for each system.
Open system [e.g. a geyser], Closed system [e.g. a system of steam in a pressure cooker], and
Isolated system [e.g. a system of liquid in a thermos flask].
4. What is the thermodynamic properties of system.
Thermodynamic property is any characteristic of a substance which is used to identify the state of
the system and can be measured, when the system remains in an equilibrium state
5. Distinguish between the terms ‘state’ and ‘process’ of thermodynamics.
State is a condition of the system when it has definite values for all its properties. When one or
more properties change in an operation, it is said to undergo a process.
6. What is a quasi staticprocess?Give an example.
A process in which the system departs from equilibrium state only by a very small extent is quasi-
equilibrium process. [Quasi means almost]. Slow compression and slow expansion of a system of
gas are quasi-equilibrium processes.
7. What is the requirement for thermal equilibrium? Which law governs it?
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

If two systems which are in mechanical, chemical and phase equilibrium do not exchange heat
with each other, they will be under thermal equilibrium. Zeroth law governs thermal equilibrium.
8. State Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
If a body A is in thermal equilibrium with a body B, and also separately with a body C, then B
and C are in thermal equilibrium with each other
9. State First Law of Thermodynamics for a closed system undergoing (a) a cycle (b) a process.
 Q  W
(a) Cycle Cycle (b) Q – W = E
10. Define thermodynamic equilibrium?
It is a state of balance; a system is said to be thermodynamic equilibrium if the conditions for
thermal, mechanical and chemical equilibrium are satisfied.
11. What is a steady flow process?
It is a process in which, properties at any location are constant with respect to time. For a flow
process to be steady, there should be no accumulation of mass or energy.
12. Write down the equation for first law for a steady flow process.

Where,
Q = Heat supplied (or entering the boundary) per kg of fluid,
W = Work done by (or work coming out of the boundary) 1 kg of
fluid C = Velocity of fluid , Z = Height above datum, p =
Pressure of the fluid,
u = Internal energy per kg of fluid, and pv = Energy required for 1 kg of fluid.
13. What is PMM1?
An imaginary machine which supplies work continuously without any other form of energy
input is Perpetual Motion Machine of First kind (PMM1).

14. List the limitations of First law of Thermodynamics.

First law does not indicate whether a process is possible or not. It does not give any information
regarding the extent of conversion of heat into work.
15. State Kelvin Planck’s Statement of Second law of thermodynamics.
It is impossible for a heat engine to produce net work in a cycle if it exchanges heat with a single
reservoir.
16. State Clausius statement of II law of thermodynamics.
It is impossible to construct a device which will transfer heat from a cold body to hot body
without any external aid.
17. Define Heat engine.
A heat engine is a device which is used to convert the thermal energy into mechanical energy.
18. Explain the term source and sink.
Source is a thermal reservoir, which supplies heat to the system and sink is a thermal reservoir,
which takes the heat from the system.
19. Define Heat pump.
A heat pump is a device, which is working in a cycle and transfers heat from a lower temperature
region to higher temperature region.
20. Define the term COP?
Co-efficient of performance is defined as the ratio of heat extracted or rejected to work input.
Heat extracted or rejected
COP = --------------------------------
Work input
21. Define refrigerator
A refrigerator is a device which operating in a cyclic process, maintains the temperature of a
cold body at a temperature lower than the temperature of the surroundings.

22. What is the difference between a heat pump and a refrigerator?

BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

Heat pump is a device which operating in cyclic A refrigerator is a device which operating in a
process, maintains the temperature of a hot body cyclic process, maintains the temperature of a cold
at a temperature higher than the temperature of body at a temperature lower than the temperature
surroundings. of the surroundings.
23. Define available energy and unavailable energy.
Available energy is the maximum thermal useful work under ideal condition. The remaining
part, Which cannot be converted into work, is known as unavailable energy.
24. Define availability.
The maximum useful work obtained during a process in which the final condition of the system
is the same as that of the surrounding is called availability of the system.
25. State third law of thermodynamics.
The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero.
PART – B(C205.1)
1. (i)Derive the steady flow energy equation, stating the assumptions made.
(ii) Enumerate and explain the limitations of first law of thermo dynamics.
2. A closed vessel contains at3 kg of CO2at pressure 70 kPa and temperature 300K. Heat is supplied
to the vessel till the gas attains 140 kPa of pressure. Calculate : (a) final pressure (b) work done on or
by the gas (c) heat added and (d) change in internal energy. For CO2: take Cv= 0.65 kJ/kg K.
3.1.5 kg of Nitrogen contained in a cylinder at pressure 6 bar and temperature 300K expands three
times its original volume. Assuming the expansion process to be isobaric, make calculations for : (i)
initial volume (ii) final temperature (iii) work done by gas (iv) heat added (v) change in internal
energy.
4. A perfect gas flows through a nozzle where it expands in a reversible adiabatic manner. The inlet
conditions are 22 bar, 500°C, 38 m/s. At exit the pressure is 2 bar. Determine the exit velocity and exit
area if the flow rate is 4kg/s. Take R = 190J/kgK and = 1.35
5. The gas leaving the turbine jet engine flows steadily into the jet pipe with enthalpy 960 kJ/kgand
velocity 250m/s relate to the pipe. The exit from the pipe is at enthalpy 860 kJ/kg and the exhaust is in
line with intake. Neglecting heat loss from the system , determine the relative velocity of gas leaving
the pipe.
6. A gas turbine receives 60kg/min of fuel air mixture at 4MPa pressure, 1320K temperature with a
velocity of 200m/s. At exit the mixture has 0.1MPa pressure and 100m/s velocity. The turbine is well
insulated and the flow process can be assumed adiabatic. Evaluate the power output of the turbine.
Neglect changes in elevation and TakeCp= 1.05kJ/kgK R = 300J/kgK and = 1.4.
7. A heat engine is used to drive a heat pump. The heat transfers from the heat engine and from the
heat pump are used to heat the water circulating through the radiators of a building. The efficiency of
the heat engine is 27% and the COP of the heat pump is 4. Evaluate the ratio of the heat transfer to the
circulating water to the heat transfer to the heat engine.
8. A heat pump is run by a reversible heat engine operating between reservoirs at 800°C and 50°C.
The heat pump working on Carnot cycle picks up 15 kW heat from reservoir at 10°C and delivers it to
a reservoir at 50°C. The reversible engine also runs a machine that needs 25 kW. Determine the heat
received from highest temperature reservoir and heat rejected to reservoir at 50°C.
9. A heat pump working on the Carnot cycle takes in heat from a reservoir at 5°C and delivers heat to
a reservoir at 60°C. The heat pump is driven by a reversible heat engine which takes in heat from a
reservoir at 840°C and rejects heat to a reservoir at 60°C. The reversible heat engine also drives a
machine that absorbs 30 kW. If the heat pump extracts 17 kJ/s from the 5°C reservoir, determine (a)
The rate of heat supply from the 840°C source (b) The rate of heat rejection to the 60°C sink.
10. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at 827ºC and 27ºC. Engine drives a
Carnotrefrigerator maintaining –13ºC and rejecting heat to reservoir at 27ºC. Heat input to the engine
is 2000 kJ and the net work available is 300 kJ. How much heat is transferred to refrigerant and total
heat rejected to reservoir at 27ºC.
11. A heat engine develops 10 kW power when receiving heat at the rate of 2250 kJ/min. Evalute the
corresponding rate of heat rejection from the engine and its thermal efficiency.
12. The electric heating system used in many houses consists of simple duct with resistance wire. Air
isheated as it flows over resistance wires. Consider a 15 kW electric heating system. Air enters the
heating section at 100 kPa and 17°C with a volume flow rate of 150m3/min. If heat is lost from the air
in the ductto the surroundings at a rate of 200 W, determine the exit temperature of air.
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

13. A reversible heat engine delivers 0.6 kW power and rejects heat energy to a reservoir at 300 K at
the rate of 24 kJ/min. Make calculations for the engine efficiency and the temperature of the thermal
reservoir supplying heat to the engine.
14. A reversible heat engine operates between 875K and 310K and drives a reversible refrigerator
operating between 310K and 255K. The engine receives 2000kJ of heat and the net work output from
the arrange equals 350 kJ. Make calculations for the cooling effect.
15. A reversible heat engine receives heat from two thermal reservoirs at 870K and 580K, and rejects
50 kW of heat to a sink at 290K. If the engine output is 85kW, make calculations for the engine
efficiency and heat supplied by each reservoir.
PART – C(C205.1)
1. A domestic food refrigerator maintains a temperature of -10ºC whilst the ambient air temperature
is -30ºC. The heat leakage into the freezer is estimated to be at the continuous rate of 2kg/s.
Determine the least power needed to pump out this heat continuously.
2. An ice-making plant produces ice at atmospheric pressure and at 0°C from water. The mean
temperature of the cooling water circulating through the condenser of the refrigerating machine is
18°C. Evaluate the minimum electrical work in kWh required to produce 1 tonne of ice (The enthalpy
of fusion of ice at atmospheric pressure is 333.5 kJ/kg).
3. 1 kg of ice at–5°C is exposed to the atmosphere which is at 25°C. The ice melts and comes into
thermalequilibrium. (i) Determine the entropy increase of the universe (ii) What is the minimum
amount of work necessary to convert the water back into ice at – 5°C ?Take :cp of ice = 2.093
kJ/kg°C, Latent heat of fusion of ice = 333.33 kJ/kg.

UNIT – II HEATING AND EXPANSION OF GASES

PART – A(C205.2)
1. State the thermodynamic definition of work.
In thermodynamics work done by a system on its surroundings is defined as that interaction
whose sole effect, external to the system is equivalent to raising of a mass through a certain
distance.
2. Define work and its Sign convention
Work is transient quantity which appears at the boundary when a system changes its state due to
the movement of a part of the boundary under the action of a force.
Sign convention :
If the work is done by the system, Work output of the system = + W If the work is done on the
system, Work input to system = – W
3. Define specific heat.
Amount of heat required to raise a unit mass of a substance through unit rise in temperature.
4. Define specific heat at constant volume.
Amount of heat required to raise a unit mass of a substance through unit rise in temperature when
the volume remains constant.
5. Define specific heat at constant pressure.
Amount of heat required to raise a unit mass of a substance through unit rise in temperature when
the pressure remains constant.
6. Isentropic process need not be necessarily an adiabatic process – justify
Entropy increases due to irreversibility and decreases due to heat loss. If these two changes are
equal in magnitude, the process would be isentropic without being adiabatic.
7. Define an isentropic process.
Isentropic process is also called as reversible adiabatic process. It is a process which follows the
law of pvγ= C is known as isentropic process. During this process entropy remains constant and
no heatenters or leaves the gas.
8. What is the difference between adiabatic and isentropic processes?
Adiabatic process is a process without heat transfer. Isentropic process is a process with no
change in entropy. A reversible adiabatic process is isentropic.
9. Define Internal Energy.
Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a gas due to its molecular interactions. Its denoted
as U.
10. Define enthalpy of a system.
It is the sum of internal energy and flow energy. i.e. H = U+ pV
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

11. Define constant volume process.

A change in the state of a system at constant volume is called isochoric or constant volume
process. An isochoric process results when the gas system is heated or cooled in an enclosed
space.
12. Define constant pressure process.
A change in the state of a system at constant pressure is called isobaric or constant pressure
process. An isobaric process can be carried out in a piston-cylinder assembly with the piston
loaded with a constant dead weight.
13. Define isothermal process.
A change in the state of a system at constant temperature is called isothermal process, here
changing variables are pressure and volume.
14. Define adiabatic process.
A change in the state of the system without heat exchange with the surrounding medium is called
an adiabatic process, here changing variables are pressure, volume and temperature.
15. Define polytropic process.
The equation pVn = C is called polytropic law, and the process in which the state of the system
changes in accordance with this correlation is called a polytrpoic process.
16. Define Ideal gas.
It is defined as a gas having no forces of intermolecular attraction. These gases will follow the gas
laws at all ranges of pressures and temperatures.
17. Define Real gas.
It is defined as a gas having the forces of attraction between molecules tends to be very small at
reduced pressures and elevated temperatures.
18. Define equation of state.
The relation between the independent properties such as pressure, specific volume and
temperature for a pure substance is known as the equation of state.
19. State Boyle’s law.
It states that volume of a given mass of a perfect gas varies inversely as the absolute pressure
when temperature is constant.

20. State Charle’s law.

It states that if any gas is heated at constant pressure, its volume changes directly as its absolute
pressure.
21. State Joule’s law.
Joule’s law states, “the internal energy of a given quantity of a gas depends only on the
temperature”.
22. Define free expansion process.
When a gas expands suddenly into a vacuum through a large orifice is known as free expansion
process.
23. Explain the throttling process.
When a gas or vapour expands and flows through an aperture of small size, the process is called
as throttling process.
24. Write down the characteristic gas equation.
Characteristic gas equation is pV = mRT
Where, p = pressure
V= volume
R= characteristic gas constant
T = Temperature
25. State Avagadro’s law.
The number of moles of any gas is proportional to the volume of gas at a given pressure and
temperature.
PART – B(C205.2)

1. Derive the expressions for work done, internal energy and heat transfer for the following
processes:
(i) Constant volume process
(ii) Constant pressure process
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

2. Derive the expressions for work done, internal energy and heat transfer for the following
processes:
(i) Isothermal process
(ii) Adiabatic process
3. Derive the expressions for work done, internal energy and heat transfer for the polytropic process.
4. A mass of 1.5 kg of air is compressed in a quasi-static process from 0.1 MPa to 0.7 MPa for
whichpV = C. The initial density of air is 1.16 kg/m3. Find the work done by the piston to compress
the air.
5. A mass of gas is compressed in a quasi-static process from 80 kPa, 0.1 m3 to 0.4 MPa, 0.03 m3.
Assuming that the pressure and volume are related by pVn = constant, find the work done by the gas
system.
6. At the beginning of the compression stroke of a two-cylinder internal combustion engine the air is
at a pressure of 101.325 kPa. Compression reduces the volume to 1/5 of its original volume, and the
law of compression is given by pV1.2 = constant. If the bore and stroke of each cylinder is 0.15 m and
0.25 m, respectively, determine the power absorbed in kW by compression strokes when the engine
speed is such that each cylinder undergoes 500 compression strokes per minute.
7. A system of volume V contains a mass m of gas at pressure p and temperature T. The
macroscopic properties of the system obey the following relationship:
Where a, b, and R are constants. Obtain an expression for the displacement work done by the system
during a constant-temperature expansion from volume V1 to volume V2.Calculate the work done by a
system which contains 10 kg of this gas expanding from 1 m3 to 10 m3 at a temperature of 293 K. Use
the values a = 15.7 ×10 Nm4 , b = 1.07 ×10−2m3 , and R = 0.278 kJ/kg-K.
8. 0.15 m3 of an ideal gas at a pressure of 15 bar and 550 K is expanded isothermally to 4 times
the initial volume. It is then cooled to 290 K at constant volume and then compressed back
polytropically to its initial state. Calculate the net work done and heat transferred during the cycle.
9. 0.2 m3 of air at 4 bar and 130°C is contained in a system. A reversible adiabatic expansion takes
place till the pressure falls to 1.02 bar. The gas is then heated at constant pressure till enthalpy
increases by 72.5 kJ. Calculate (i) The work done (ii) The index of expansion, if the above processes
are replaced by a single reversible polytropic. Process giving the same work between the same initial
and final states. Take Cp = 1 kJ/kg K, Cv = 0.714 kJ/kg K.
10. A cylinder contains 0.45 m3 of a gas at 1 × 105 N/m2 and 80°C. The gas is compressed to a
volume of 0.13 m3, the final pressure being 5 × 105 N/m2. Determine :(i) The mass of gas (ii) The
value of index „n‟ for compression (iii) The increase in internal energy of the gas (iv) The heat
received or rejected by thegas during compression.. Take = 1.4, R = 294.2 J/kg°C.
11. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes beginning at an initial
state wherep1 = 1 bar, V1 = 1.5 m3 and U1 = 512 kJ. The processes are as follows:
(i) Process 1–2: Compression with pV = constant to p2 = 2bar, U2 = 690 kJ,
(ii) Process 2–3: W23 = 0, Q23 = –150 kJ, and
(iii) Process 3–1: W31 = +50 kJ. Neglecting KE and PE changes,
determine the heat interactions Q12 and Q31.
12. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following processes:
(i) Process 1–2: Constant pressure p = 1.4 bar, V1 = 0.028 m3, W12 = 10.5 kJ
(ii) Process 2–3: Compression with pV = constant, U3 = U2
(iii) Process 3–1: Constant volume, U1 – U3 = – 26.4 kJ.
There are no significant changes in KE and PE. (a) Sketch the cycle on a p–V diagram, (b) Calculate
the network for the cycle in kJ (c) Calculate the heat transfer for process 1–2, (d) Show that cycle ΣQ
= ΣW.
13. A system composed of 2 kg of the above fluid expands in a frictionless piston and cylinder
machine froman initial state of 1 MPa, 100°C to a final temperature of 30°C. If there is no heat
transfer, find the network for the process. Also show that the equation representing the path of the
expansion in the pV-plane is given by pvl.4 = constant.
14. A mass of 8 kg gas expands within a flexible container so that the p–v relationship is of the from
pVl.2=constant. The initial pressure is 1000 kPa and the initial volume is 1 m3. The final pressure is 5
kPa. If specific internal energy of the gas decreases by 40 kJ/kg, find the heat transfer in magnitude
and direction.
15. A piston-cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of air initially at 2 MPa and 350ºC. The air is first
expandedisothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed polytropically with a polytropic exponent of
1.2 to the initial pressure, and finally compressed at the constant pressure to the initial state.
Determine the boundarywork for each process and the network of the cycle.

PART – C(C205.2)
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

1. A mass of air is initially at 260 ºC and 700 KPa, and occupies 0.028 m3. The air is expanded at
constantpressure to 0.084 m3. A polytropic process with n=1.5 is then carried out followed by a
constant temperature process which completes a cycle. All the process are reversible.
(i)Sketch the cycle in T-S and P-V planes, (ii) Find the heat received and heat rejected in the
cycle.
2. A vessel of constant volume 0.3 m3contains air at 1.5 bar and is connected via a valve, to a large
maincarrying air at a temperature of 38°C and high pressure. The valve is opened allowing air to enter
the vessel and raising the pressure therein to 7.5 bar. Assuming the vessel and valve to be thermally
insulated, find the mass of air entering the vessel.
3. 90 kJ of heat are supplied to a system at a constant volume. The system rejects 95 kJ of heat at
constantpressure and 18 kJ of work is done on it. The system is brought to original state by adiabatic
process. Determine :
(i) The adiabatic work ;
(ii) The values of internal energy at all end states if initial value is 105 kJ.

UNIT – III AIR STANDARD CYCLES

PART – A(C205.3)
1. List the assumption made in Air standard cycle.
(i) Air is the working fluid and it obeys the perfect gas laws.
(ii) The engine operates in a closed cycle. The cylinder is filled with constant amount of working
substance and the same fluid is used repeatedly and hence mass remains constant.
(iii) The working fluid is homogeneous throughout at all times and no chemical reaction takes place,
inside the cylinder.
(iv) The compression and expansion processes are assumed to be adiabatic.
(v) The values of specific heat (Cp and Cv) of the working fluid remains constant.
(vi) All processes are internally reversible and no mechanical or frictional losses to occur throughout
the process.
(vii) Combustion is replaced by heat addition process and exhaust is replaced by heat rejection
process.
2. What is an air standard efficiency?
It is defined as the efficiency produced by the ideal engine with air as a working medium.

3. Define carnot cycle.

The Carnot cycle has the greatest efficiency possible of an engine (although other cycles have the
same efficiency) based on the assumption of the absence of incidental wasteful processes such as
friction, and the assumption of no conduction of heat between different parts of the engine at
different temperatures.
4. List the process involved in carnot cycle.
Process 1-2 = A reversible isothermal gas expansion process
Process 2-3 = A reversible adiabatic gas expansion process
Process 3-4 = A reversible isothermal gas compression process.
Process 4-1 = A reversible adiabatic gas compression process.

5. Define compression ratio.

It is defined as the ratio of the stroke volume of cylinder to the clearance volume.

6. Define Clearance Volume.

It is the minimum volume occupied by the fluid in the cylinder when the piston reaches the top
dead centreposition.

7. Draw P-V and T-S diagram for carnot cycle.

BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

8. Draw the theoretical and actual P-V diagram for four stroke Petrol engine.

9. List the process involved in Otto cycle.

Process 1-2 = Adiabatic compression Process 2-3 = Constant volume heat addition
Process 3-4 = Adiabatic expansion Process 4-1 = Heat rejection at constant volume
10. Draw P-V and T-S diagram for Otto cycle.

11. Write the expression for air standard efficiency of an Otto cycle
1
 Otto  1   1
r
12. List the processes involved in Dual combustion cycle.
Process 1-2 = Reversible Adiabatic (Isentropic) compression
Process 2-3 = Addition of heat at Constant volume
Process 3-4 = Addition of heat at Constant pressure
Process 4-5 = Reversible adiabatic (Isentropic) expansion
Process 5-1 = Heat rejection at constant volume
13. Write the expression for air standard efficiency and mean effective pressure of
Brayton/Joule cycle.
1
 Brayton  1   1

r

14. Draw the actual P-V diagram of two stroke engine.

BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

15. Differentiate any four major difference between otto and diesel cycle.
S.No. Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle
1 Constant volume cycle Constant pressure cycle
2 Heat is added at constant Heat is added at constant
volume process pressure process
3 1 
1 rc  1
 Otto  1   Diesel  1  .
r  1  .r  1 rc  1
4 Efficiency is high Efficiency is low
16. Draw P-V and T-S diagram for Diesel cycle

17. Write the expression for air standard efficiency of Diesel cycle.

1 r 1
 Diesel  1   1 . c
 .r rc  1

18. Draw P-V and T-S diagram for Dual combustion cycle. [May 2013]

19. List the processes involved in Diesel cycle.

Process 1-2 = Adiabatic compression Process 2-3 = Constant pressure heat addition
Process 3-4 = Adiabatic expansion Process 4-1 = Heat rejection at constant volume
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

20. Write the expression for air standard efficiency of Dual combustion cycle.
1  

rc  1
 dual  1   1  
r  (   1)   (rc  1)  ,
21. List the parameters involved in comparing efficiency of otto, diesel and dual
combustion cycles.
(i) Compression ratio (ii) Maximum pressure (iii) Heat supplied and heat rejected, (iv) Net work
output.
22. What are the processes involved in Brayton /Joule cycle.
Process 1-2 = Reversible Adiabatic (Isentropic) compression
Process 2-3 = Addition of heat at Constant pressure
Process 3-4 = Reversible adiabatic (Isentropic) expansion
Process 4-1 = Heat rejection at constant pressure (work done)

23. Draw P-V and T-S diagram for Brayton / Joule cycle.

24. List out the process involved in stirling cycle.

Process 1-2 Isothermalexpansion
Process 2-3 Constant-volume
Process 3-4Isothermalcompression.
Process 4-1Constant-volume heat addition
25. Draw P-V and T-S Diagram of Stirling cycle.

PART – B(C205.3)
1. Derive an expression for the air-standard efficiency and state the assumption of ancarnot cycle.
2. Derive the expression for air standard efficiency of stirlingcycle.
3. Derive an expression for the air-standard efficiency and state the assumption of an otto cycle.
4. An engine works on otto cycle. The initial pressure and temperature of the air is 1bar and 40˚C.
825kJ of heat is supplied per kg of air at the end of compression find the temperature and pressure at
all salient points if the compression ratio is 6. Also find the efficiency. Assume air as the working
fluid & take all ideal conditions.
5. An Otto cycle has an compression ratio of 7. The initial pressure and temperature at the beginning
of compression stroke is 1 bar and 40o C. The heat supplied is 2510 kJ/kg. Find (i) Maximum
temperature and pressure, (ii) Work done per kg of air, (iii) Cycle efficiency and Assume, Cpand Cv, R
and γ suitably.
6. Derive an expression for the air-standard efficiency of diesel cycle.Explain why the efficiency of
Otto cycle is greater than that of the diesel cycle for the same compression ratio.
7. The swept volume of a diesel engine working on a dual cycle is 0.0053 m3 and clearance volume
is 0.0035 m3. The maximum pressure is 65 bar. Fuel injection ends at 5% of the stroke. The
temperature and pressure at the start of compression are 800C and 0.9 bar. Determine the air standard
efficiency of the cycle. Take ɤ=1.4 for air.
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

8. Derive the expression for air standard efficiency of duel combustion cycle.
9. An air-standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 10. The pressure and temperature at the
beginning of compression are 1 bar and 270C. The maximum pressure reached is 42 bar and
maximum temperature is 15000C. Determine (i) the temperature at the end of constant volume heat
addition (ii)cut-off ratio (iii) work done per kg of air and (iv) the cycle efficiency. Assume Cp = 1.004
kJ/kg K, Cv = 0.717 kJ/kg K for air.
10. A gas turbine on works air standard brayton cycle. The intial condition of air is 25 C and 1 bar the
maximum pressure and temperature are limited to 3bar and 650˚C. Determine i) Cycle efficiency
ii)Heat supplied and rejected per kg of air iii)Work output iv)Exhaust temperature
11. Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine plant operating on brayton cycle at 1 bar, 27 ˚C. The
pressure ratio in the cycle is 6. If Wt = 2.5 Wc where Wt and Wc are the turbine and compressor work
respectively, calculate the maximum temperature and the cycle efficiency.
12. In a gas turbine plant working on the Brayton cycle the air at the inlet is at 27°C, 0.1 MPa. The
pressure ratio is 6.25 and the maximum temperature is 800°C, The turbine and compressor
efficiencies are 80%. Find i) the compressor work per kg of air, ii) the turbine work per kg of air, iii)
the heat supplied per kg of air, iv) the cycle efficiency, andv) the turbine exhaust temperature.
13. Derive the expression for air standard efficiency of brayton cycle.
14. In an air standard brayton cycle. The intial condition of air is 38˚C. and 1 bar the maximum
pressure and temperature are limited to 4bar and 850˚C. Determine i) Cycle efficiency ii)Heat
supplied and rejected per kg of air iii)Work output iv)Exhaust temperature
15. The swept volume of a diesel engine working on a dual cycle is 0.008 m3 and clearance volume is
0.0045 m3. The maximum pressure is 55 bar. Fuel injection ends at 4% of the stroke. The temperature
and pressure at the start of compression are 700°C and 0.95 bar. Determine the air standard efficiency
of the cycle. Take ɤ=1.4 for air.

PART – C(C205.3)
1. Consider an air standard cycle in which the air enters the compressor at 1.0 bar and 20°C. The
pressure of air leaving the compressor is 3.5 bar and the temperature at turbine inlet is 600°C.
Determine per kg of air, (i)Efficiency of the cycle, (ii) Heat supplied to air, (iii) Work available at the
shaft,(iv) Heat rejected in the cooler and (v) Temperature of air leaving the turbine. For air γ = 1.4 and
Cp =1.005 kJ/kg K.
2. List the applications of air standard otto cycle, diesel cycle and dual cycle and derive its
efficiencies
3. Air standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18. The pressure at the beginning of the
compression stroke is 1 bar and the temperature is30 0C.The heat supplied is 1800 kJ/kg.Determine:
(i) Thermal efficiency, (ii) Pressure and temperature at salient points, (iii) Heat rejected, Assume, Cp
and Cv , R and γ suitably.

UNIT – IV IC ENGINE STEAM AND ITS PROPERTIES

PART – A(C205.4)
1. Classify IC engine?
According to working cycle: a) Four stroke cycle engine b) Two stroke cycle engine
According to the type of fuel used: a) Petrol Engine b) Diesel Engine c) Gas Engine
According to the method of ignition: a) Spark Ignition (SI) b) Compression Ignition (CI)
According to the cooling system: a) Air cooled Engine b) Water cooled Engine
According to the arrangement of cylinders: a) Horizontal Engine b) Vertical Engine c) V – Type
Engine d) Radial Engine e) In – Line Engine f) Opposite Cylinder Engine
According to the number of cylinders: a) Single cylinder b) Multi cylinder
According to the speed of the Engine: a) Low speed b) High speed c) Medium speed
According the Lubrication system: a) Wet sump Lubrication Engine b) Dry sump Lubrication
Engine, According to the Valve Opining: a) Over head valve Engine b) Side valve Engine
2. Define swept volume in IC Engine.
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

The volume swept by the piston during one stroke is called the swept volume (or) piston
displacement. In other words, swept volume is the volume covered by the piston while moving
from TDC to BDC.
3. What is scavenging in IC engine?
The process of pushing out of exhaust gases from the cylinder by admitting the fresh charge into
the cylinder is known as scavenging.
4. What do you mean by short circuiting of two stroke engine?
In two stroke engine at certain speed the air fuel mixture is directly come out from the cylinder
without undergoing combustion process is called short circuiting of two stroke engine.
5. What do you mean by overlap period ?
The time duration during which both inlet and exhaust valves remain open is called as overlap
period
6. What are the functions of a flywheel?
A flywheel is an inertial energy-storage device. It absorb mechanical energy and serves as a
reservoir, storing energy during the period when the supply of energy is more than the requirement
and releases it during the period when the requirement of energy is more than the supply.
7. What are the advantages of four stroke cycle engine over two stroke cycle engine?
More torque produced, Lower pollutants , Fuel consumption is lower and Efficiency is higher
8. Define the term Brake power.
Brake power is the power output of the drive shaft of the engine without the power loss caused by
gears, transmission, friction etc. it is also called as useful power or true power.
9. Define compression ratio of each engine?
The static compression ratio of an internal-combustion engine or external combustion engine is a
value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion chamber from its largest capacity to
its smallest capacity. It is a fundamental specification for many common combustion engines.In a
piston engine, it is the ratio between the volume of the cylinder and combustion chamber when
the piston is at the bottom of its stroke, and the volume of the combustion chamber when the
piston is at the top of its stroke.
10. What is a heat engine?
A heat engine is a device which converts heat energy into a thermal energy. Types of heat
engines External combustion engines and Internal combustion engines
11. What are the main components of an IC engine?
The main components on an IC engine are
 Cylinder block
 Cylinder head
 Piston
 Combustion chamber
 Inlet & exhaust valve
 Cam shaft
 Flywheel
 Crank case
12. What is the function of spark plug in a S.I engine?
At the end of the compression stroke, the air – fuel mixture is ignited with the help of a spark plug
located on the cylinder head and combustion of mixture tales place.
13. List the strokes that constitute a four stroke engine?
 Suction stroke
 Compression stroke
 Expansion stroke (or) Power stroke
 Exhaust stroke
14. Whatisqualityofsteam?/Whatdoyouunderstandfromtheword‘DrynessFraction’?
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

The ratio of mass of vapour to themassofmixtureofvapourand liquid water.

15. Why cannota throttling calorimetermeasure quality ofsteam, ifthesteamis very wet?
Ifthesteamisverywet,evenafterthrottlingitmayremainwetandthestatecan’tbelocatedwith
pressureandtemperaturemeasurement. Thereforethequalitycan’tbefound.
16. Whatarethefourprocessesthatmakeupthesimple ideal Rankine cycle?
Process1–2:Isentropicexpansionoftheworkingfluidthroughtheturbinefromsaturatedvaporat state
1 to the condenser pressure.
Process2–3:Heattransferfromtheworkingfluidasitflowsatconstantpressurethroughthecondenserwithsat
uratedliquid at state 3.
Process 3–4:Isentropic compression in thepumpto state 4 in the compressed liquid region.
Process4–1:Heattransfertotheworkingfluidasitflowsatconstantpressurethroughtheboiler to
completethecycle.
17. ShowRankine cycle on T-s diagram.

18. Whatarethewaysby which Ranking cycle efficiencymaybeimproved?

(i) Operatingtheboilerat high pressurewithreheat and (ii) regeneration.
19. What are the effects of super saturation?
(i) There is an increase in the entropy and specific volume of steam
(ii)The heat drop is reduced below that for thermal equilibrium as an consequence the exit
velocity is reduced.
(iii)The density of supersaturated steam will be more than for the equilibrium conditions
which gives the increase in the mass of steam discharged.
(iv)The dryness fraction of steam is improved.
20. Classify steam turbine according to the classification of flow.
i) Impulse turbine ii) Reaction turbine iii) combination of impulse and reaction
21. What do you mean by bleeding in steam turbine?
Bleeding is the process of draining steam from the turbine at certain points during its expansion
and using this steam for heating the feed water supplied to the boiler.

22. Differentiate impulse turbine and reaction turbine.

S.No Particulars Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine
Only in nozzles and not in In fixed blades (nozzles) as well as in
1 Pressure drop
moving blades. moving blades.
2 Area of blade channels Constant Varyin
3 Blades Profile type Aerofoil type.
4 Admission of steam Not all round All round or complete
Fixed blades similar to moving blades
Diaphragm contains the
5 Nozzles attached to the casing serve as nozzles
nozzle
and guide the steam.
23. Define blade efficiency or diagram efficiency
It is the ratio of work done on the blade per second to the energy entering the blade per second.
24. Define stage efficiency.
The stage efficiency covers all the losses in the nozzles, blades, diaphragms and discs that
associated with that stage.
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

Networkdoneonshaftperkgofsteamflowing
 stage 
adiabaticheatdropperstage
25. What are the advantages of velocity compounded impulse turbine?
i) Owing to relatively large heat drop, a velocity compounded impulse turbine requires a
comparatively small number of stages.
ii) Due to number of stages being small, its cost is less
iii) The steam temperature is sufficiently low in a two or three row wheel, therefore cast iron
cylinder may be used. This will cause saving in material cost.

PART – B(C205.4)
1. Discuss the construction and working of a 4 stroke engine with sketch.
2. Discuss the construction and working of a 2 stroke engine with sketch.
3. Explain a typical valve timing diagram and the significance of each angle in the valve timing
diagram.
4. Discuss the difference between theoretical and actual valve timing diagram of a diesel engine.
5. Draw and explain the Port timing diagram of a 2 stroke diesel engine.
6. Discuss difference between 4 stroke engine and 2 stroke engine
7. Discuss difference between petrol engine and Diesel engine
8. A four-cylinder, four-stroke oil engine 10 cm in diameter and 15 cm in stroke develops a torque
of 185 Nm at 2000 rpm. The oil consumption is 14.5 lit/hr. The specific gravity of the oil is 0.82
and calorific value of oil is 42000 kJ/kg. If the imep taken from the indicated diagram is 6.7 bar
find, (i) mechanical efficiency (ii) brake thermal efficiency (iii) Brake mean effective pressure
(iv) Specific fuel consumption in litres on brake power basis.
9. Following data relate to a 4-cylinder four-stroke petrol engine. Air-fuel ratio by weight = 16:1,
calorific value of the fule = 45200 kJ/kg, mechanical efficiency = 82 %, air-standard efficiency =
52% ,relatie efficiency = 70%, volumetric efficiency = 78%, stroke/bore ratio = 1.25, suction
conditions = 1 bar, 25ᵒC, r.p.m. = 2400 and power at brake = 72 kW. Calculate (i) Compression
ratio, (ii) Indicated thermal efficiency (iii) Brake specific fuel consumption.
10. Air consumption for a four stroke petrol engine is measured by means of a circular orifice of
diameter 3.5cm. The coefficient of discharge for the orifice is 0.6 and the pressure across the
orifice is 14cm of water. The barometer reads 760mm of Hg. The temperature of air in the room
is 24°C. The piston displacement volume is 1800cm3. The compression ratio is 6.5. The fuel
consumption is 0.13 kg/min and calorific value is 44000 kJ/kg. The brake power developed at
2500rpm is 28kW.(i) Air fuel ratio, (ii) Volumetric efficiency on the basis of air alone, (iii) Brake
mean effective pressure, (iv) Relative efficiency on brake thermal efficiency basis.
11. Steamat480°C,90barissuppliedtoaRankinecycle.Itisreheatedto12barand480°C.The
minimumpressureis0.07bar.Findtheworkoutputandcycleefficiency usingsteamtableswithand
withoutconsideringpump work.
12.Steamat30barand350°Cisexpandedinanon-flowisothermalprocesstoapressureof1bar.The
temperature and pressure of the surroundings are 25°C and 100 kParespectively.
Determinethemaximumworkthatcanbeobtainedfromthisprocessperkg ofsteam.Alsofind the
maximum useful work.
13.Differentiate between Impulse and reaction turbines.
14.With a neat sketch, explain the working principle of an impulse turbine.
15.With a neat sketch, explain the working principle of a reaction turbine.

PART – C(C205.4)

1. Following data relate to a 4-cylinder four-stroke petrol engine. Air-fuel ratio by weight = 16:1,
calorific value of the fule = 45200 kJ/kg, mechanical efficiency = 82 %, air-standard efficiency = 52%
,relatie efficiency = 70%, volumetric efficiency = 78%, stroke/bore ratio = 1.25, suction conditions =
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

1 bar, 25ᵒC, r.p.m. = 2400 and power at brake = 72 kW. Calculate (i) Compression ratio, (ii) Indicated
thermal efficiency (iii) Brake specific fuel consumption.
2. Air consumption for a four stroke petrol engine is measured by means of a circular orifice of
diameter 3.5cm. The coefficient of discharge for the orifice is 0.6 and the pressure across the orifice is
14cm of water. The barometer reads 760mm of Hg. The temperature of air in the room is 24°C. The
piston displacement volume is 1800cm3. The compression ratio is 6.5. The fuel consumption is 0.13
kg/min and calorific value is 44000 kJ/kg. The brake power developed at 2500rpm is 28kW.(i) Air
fuel ratio, (ii) Volumetric efficiency on the basis of air alone, (iii) Brake mean effective pressure, (iv)
Relative efficiency on brake thermal efficiency basis.
3. Explain in detail about working of diesel pump & diesel injector with neat sketch.

UNIT – V SIMPLE MECHANISM, FLYWHEEL, DRIVES AND BALANCING

PART – A(C205.5)
1. Define Link and List the various type of link.
Link is a resistant body is one which is capable of transmitting the required motion and force
with negligible deformation in the direction of force transmission.
Types of links: 1) Rigid Link 2) Flexible link 3) Fluid link
2. Define the kinematic chain.
Kinematic chain is defined as the combination of kinematic pairs in which each link forms a pair
of two kinematic pairs and the relative motion between the links is either completely constrained
or successfully constrained. When a number of links connected in space make relative motion of
any point on a link with respect to any other point on the other link follow a definite law it is
known as kinematic chain.
3. Define Kinematic Pair.
When two links are in contact with each other it is known as a pair. If the pair makes constrain
motion it is known as kinematic pair.
4. When a linkage becomes mechanism?
A mechanism is formed by fixing one of the links of a chain. The process of choosing
different linksof a kinematic chain for making different kind of mechanism is called
Kinematic Inversion.
5. Differentiate between Machine and Mechanism.
Machine Mechanism

Machine is a mechanism or collection of Combination of rigid or resistant bodies

mechanism which transmits force from the connected that they move upon each other
source of power to the resistance (load) to with definite relative motion,
overcome and thus performs useful
mechanical work.

Eg. Lather, Shaping Machine etc. Eg. Single slider mechanism in IC engine

All machines are mechanism All mechanism are not machine

6. Define Velocity Ratio.
It is the ratio of the speed of driving pulley to the driven pulley in a belt drive. It can be
expressed as VR = N2/N1 = [D1+t] / [D2+t], N1, N2 – Speed of driving and driven pulley, D1,
D2 – Diameter, t – thickness.
7. What is meant by initial tension in belts?
In order to' increase the frictional grip between the belt and pulleys, the belt is tightened up.
Due to this the belt gets subjected to some tension even when the pulleys are stationary. This
tension in the belt is called initial tension (To).
8. State the law of belting?
Law of belting states that the centre line of the belt as it approaches the pulley must lie in a
plane perpendicular to the axis of the pulley or must lie in the plane of the pulley, otherwise
the belt will runoff the pulley.
9. What is wipping? How it can be avoided in belt drives?
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

If the centre distances between two pulleys are long then the belt begins to vibrate in a
direction perpendicular to the direction of motion of belt. This phenomenon is called as
wipping. Wipping can be avoided by using idler pulleys.
10. What is Creep in the case of belt drives?
The relative motion between belt and pulley surface due to unequal stretching of the two
sides of drive. The effect of creep slow down the speed of the belt on the driving pulley than
the peripheral velocity of pulley.
11. State the significance of turning moment diagram.
It is the graphical representation of the turning moment or crank effort for various position of
the crank.In turning moment diagram, the turning moment is taken as the ordinate (Y-axis)
and crank angle as abscissa (X-axis).
12. Define the terms coefficient of fluctuation of energy.
It is the ratio of maximum fluctuation of energy to the work done per cycle.
Maximum fluctuation of energy (E )
CE = Work done per cycle
13. Explain the term maximum fluctuation of energy in flywheels
The difference between the maximum and minimum energies is known as maximum
fluctuation of energy.
ΔE = Maximum Energy – Minimum Energy.
14. List out the few machines in which flywheel are used.
1. Punching machines 2. Shearing machines
3. Riveting machines 4. Crushing machines
15. Why smaller flywheels are used in multi cylinder engines?
In multi cylinder engine more than one power stroke is produced per second. So the need to
store energy in flywheel is lesser than single cylinder engines.
16. Define (a) Module (b) Diametrial Pitch of gears.
Module (m): is the ratio of pitch diameter to the number of teeth on the gear. m = D/T, where
D-pitch circle diameter, T – no of teeth. Diametrial Pitch: It is the number of teeth per unit
pitch circle = T/D.
17. Define gear train.
A combination of gears that is used for transmitting motion from one shaft to another shaft is
known as gear train. E.g. spur gear, spiral gear.
18. Define undercutting in Gears.
The under cutting concept in gearing is, when the two gears mates, pinions whose base circle
is more than the dedendum circle, therefore the profile of tooth below the base circle is non–
involute. In this case the profile of wheel and pinion will not be tangent to each other and the
tip of the wheel will dig out or interfere with the flank of the pinion and remove the part of
material called under cut and the process of removal of material is under cutting of gears. The
teeth of pinion will become weak due to undercutting.
19. State law of gearing.
The common normal at the point of contact between a pair of teeth must always pass through
the pitch point for all positions of the mating gears.
20. What are the advantage of Helical gears over Spur Gears
Noise less operation, b) High power transmission c) Fully engaged d) High speed operation.
21. Define gear ratio. [Anna University, November 2013]
It is the ratio of number of teeth on the gear [T] to the number of teeth on the pinion. [t]. Gear
ratio = T/t.
22. What is meant by balancing of rotating masses?
The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of the centrifugal
force of the first mass, is called balancing of rotating masses.
23. Write the importance of balancing?
If the moving part of a machine are not balanced completely then the inertia forces are set up
which may cause excessive noise, vibration, wear and tear of the system. So balancing of
machine is necessary.
24. Write different types of balancing.
1. Balancing of rotating masses
(a) Static balancing (b) dynamic balancing
2. Balancing of reciprocating masses.
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

25. Define static balancing.

The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This requires that the line of action
of three centrifugal forces must be the same. In other words, the centre of the masses of the
system must lie on the axis of rotation. This is the condition for static balancing.
26. Define dynamic balancing.
The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This requires that the line of action
of three centrifugal forces must be the same. In other words, the centre of the masses of the
system must lie on the axis of rotation. This is the condition for static balancing.
The net couple due to the dynamic forces acting on the shaft is equal to zero. In other words,
the algebraic sum of the moments about any point in the plane must be zero.
The above conditions together give dynamic balancing.

PART – B(C205.5)
1. (i) Classify Kinematic Pairs based on degrees of freedom
(ii) What is Inversion and list its properties
2. Define inversion of mechanism. Explain the inversions of four bar mechanism with neat
sketch with suitable example. (or) Sketch & explain any three kinematic inversion of 4 bar chain.
3. The radius of gyration of a fly wheel is 1 meter and the fluctuation of speed is not to exceed
1% of the mean speed of the flywheel. If the mass of the flywheel is 3340 kg and the steam engine
develops 150 kW at 135 rpm, then find (i) maximum fluctuation of energy and (ii) coefficient of
fluctuation of energy.
4. A single cylinder vertical engine has a bore of 100 mm and a stroke of 120 mm has a
connecting rod of 250mm long. The mass of the piston is 1.1kg. The speed is 2000rpm. On the
expansion stroke, with a crank at 20° from top dead center, the gas pressure is
700kN/mm2.Determine (i) Net force acting on the piston (ii) Resultant load on the gudgeon pin (iii)
Thrust on the cylinder walls, and (iv) Speed above which, other things remaining the same, the
gudgeon pin load would be reversed in direction.
5. The crank and connecting rod of a petrol engine running at 1800 r.p.m.are 50 mm and 200 mm
respectively. The diameter of the piston is 80 mm and the mass of the reciprocating parts is 1 kg.
At a point during the power stroke, the pressure on the piston is 0.7 N/mm2, when it has moved 10
mm from the inner dead centre. Determine : 1. Net load on the gudgeon pin, 2. Thrust in the
connecting rod, 3. Reaction between the piston and cylinder, and 4. The engine speed at which the
above values become zero.
6. The turning moment diagram for a multicylinder engine has been drawn to a scale1mm = 600N-
mvertically and1mm = 3° horizontally. The intercepted areas between the output torque curve and
the mean resistance line, taken in order from one end, are as follows :+ 52, – 124, + 92, – 140, +
85, – 72 and + 107mm2 , when the engine is running at a speed of600r. p . m .If the total
fluctuation of speed is not to exceed ± 1.5%of the mean, find the necessary mass of the flywheel
of radius0.5m.
7. A flat belt, 8 mm thick and 100 wide transmits power between two pulleys, running at 1600
m/min. The mass of the belt is 0.9 kg/m length. The angle of lap in the smaller pulley is 165o and
the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley is 0.3. If the maximum permissible stress in
the belt is 2 MN/m2. Find: (i) Maximum power transmitted and; (ii) Initial tension in the belt.
8. Determine the width of a 9.75 mm thick leather belt required to transmit 15 kW from a
motor running at 900 rpm. The diameter of the driving pulley is 300 mm. The driven pulley
runs at 300 rpm and the distance between the centres of two pulleys is 3 m. The density of the
leather can be taken as 1000 kg/mm3. Take μ = 0.3 and maximum allowable shear in the leather
= 2.5 MPa and the drive is open type.
9. Two pulleys, one 450mm diameter and the other 200mm diameter are in parallel shafts
1.95m apart and are connected by a crossed belt. Find the length of the belt required and the
angle of contact between the belt and each pulley. What power can be transmitted by the belt
when the larger pulley rotates at 200rpm if the maximum permissible tension in the belt is 1kN
and the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley is 0.25?
10. Calculate: (i) Length of path of contact (ii) Arc of contact and (iii) the contact ratio when a
pinion having 23 teeth drives a gear having teeth 57. The profile of the gears is involute with
pressure angle 20o, and module 8mm and addendum equal to one module.
BE8256 Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

11. Calculate (i) the length of path of contact (ii) arc of contact and (iii) contact ratio when a
pinion having 23 teeth drives a gear having 57 teeth. The profile of the gear involute with
pressure angle 20°, module 8mm and addendum equal to one module.
12. Two gear wheels mesh externally and are to give a velocity ratio of 3 to 1. The teeth are of
involute form; module=6mm, addendum=one module, pressure angle= 20°. The pinion rotates
at 90 rpm. Determine (1) the number of teeth on the pinion to avoid interference on it and the
corresponding number of teeth on the wheel, (2) The length of path and arc of contact, (3) the
number of pairs of teeth in contact, and (4) the maximum velocity of sliding.
13. Four masses A, B, C and D revolve at equal radii and are equally spaced along a shaft. The
mass B is 7 kg and the radii of C and D make angles of 90° and 240° respectively with the
radius of B. Find the magnitude of the masses A, C and D and the angular position of A so that
the system may be completely balanced.
14. Four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 attached to a rotating shaft on the same plane are 200 kg,
300 kg, 240 kg and 260 kg respectively. The corresponding radii of rotation are 0.2 m; 0.15 m,
0.25 m and 0.3 m respectively and the angle between successive masses are 45°, 75° and 135°.
Find the position and magnitude of the balance mass required, if the radius of rotation is 0.2 m.
15. Differentiate between static balancing and Dyanamicbalancing.

PART – C(C205.5)
1. Sketch and explain any various types of straight-line motion generating mechanism.
2. A band brake is lined with 10 wooden blocks each of which subtends an angle of 18° at the
centre of the brake drum. If the coefficient of friction between the blocks and the wheel is 0.36,
find the ratio between the greatest and the least tension in the band when the brake is in action.
3. A 3 cylinder radial engine driven by a common crank has the cylinders spaced at 120°. The
stroke is 125 mm; the length of the connecting rod is 225 mm and the reciprocating mass per
cylinder 2 kg. Calculate the primary and secondary forces at crank shaft speed of 1200 rpm.