Networking Infrastructure

Chapter 7

IPv4 Addressing
Module Objectives
Module Title: IPv4 Addressing

Module Objective: Calculate an IPv4 subnetting scheme to efficiently segment your network.
Topic Title Topic Objective
IPv4 Address Structure Describe the structure of an IPv4 address including
the network portion, the host portion, and the
subnet mask.
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast Compare the characteristics and uses of the
unicast, broadcast and multicast IPv4 addresses.
Types of IPv4 Addresses Explain public, private, and reserved IPv4
addresses.
Network Segmentation Explain how subnetting segments a network to
enable better communication.
Subnet an IPv4 Network Calculate IPv4 subnets for a /24 prefix.
7.1 IPv4 Address Structure
IPv4 Address Structure
Network and Host Portions
• An IPv4 address is a 32-bit hierarchical address that is made up of a network portion
and a host portion.

• When determining the network portion versus the host portion, you must look at the
32-bit stream.
• A subnet mask is used to determine the network and host portions.
IPv4 Address Structure
The Subnet Mask
• To identify the network and host portions of an IPv4 address, the subnet mask is
compared to the IPv4 address bit for bit, from left to right.

• The actual process used to

identify the network and
host portions is called
ANDing.
IPv4 Address Structure
The Prefix Length
• A prefix length is a less cumbersome method used to identify a subnet mask address.

Prefix
• The prefix length is the number Subnet Mask 32-bit Address
Length
of bits set to 1 in the subnet 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 /8
mask. 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 /16

255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 /24

• It is written in “slash notation” 255.255.255.128 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 /25
therefore, count the number of
255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 /26
bits in the subnet mask and
255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 /27
prepend it with a slash.
255.255.255.240 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 /28

255.255.255.248 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 /29

255.255.255.252 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 /30

IPv4 Address Structure
Determining the Network: Logical AND
• A logical AND Boolean operation is used in determining the network address.
• Logical AND is the comparison of two bits where only a 1 AND 1 produces a 1 and any other
combination results in a 0.
• 1 AND 1 = 1, 0 AND 1 = 0, 1 AND 0 = 0, 0 AND 0 = 0
• 1 = True and 0 = False

• To identify the network address, the

host IPv4 address is logically
ANDed, bit by bit, with the subnet
mask to identify the network
address.
IPv4 Address Structure
Video – Network, Host and Broadcast Addresses
This video will cover the following:
• Network address
• Broadcast Address
• First usable host
• Last usable host
IPv4 Address Structure
Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses
• Within each network are three types of IP addresses:
• Network address
• Host addresses
• Broadcast address

Host
Network Portion Host Bits
Portion
Subnet mask 255 255 255 0
255.255.255.0 or /24 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Network address 192 168 10 0
All 0s
192.168.10.0 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 00000000
First address 192 168 10 1
All 0s and a 1
192.168.10.1 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 00000001
Last address 192 168 10 254
All 1s and a 0
192.168.10.254 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 11111110
Broadcast address 192 168 10 255
All 1s
192.168.10.255 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 11111111
7.2 IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and
Multicast
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Unicast
• Unicast transmission is sending a packet to one destination IP address.

• For example, the PC at 172.16.4.1 sends a unicast packet to the printer at

172.16.4.253.
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Broadcast
• Broadcast transmission is sending a packet to all other destination IP addresses.

• For example, the PC at 172.16.4.1 sends a broadcast packet to all IPv4 hosts.
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Multicast
• Multicast transmission is sending a packet to a multicast address group.

• For example, the PC at 172.16.4.1 sends a multicast packet to the multicast group
address 224.10.10.5.
7.3 Types of IPv4 Addresses
Types of IPv4 Addresses
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
• As defined in in RFC 1918, public IPv4 addresses are globally routed between
internet service provider (ISP) routers.

• Private addresses are common blocks of Network Address

RFC 1918 Private Address Range
addresses used by most organizations to and Prefix
assign IPv4 addresses to internal hosts. 10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0/12 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255

• Private IPv4 addresses are not unique
and can be used internally within any 192.168.0.0/16 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

network.

• However, private addresses are not globally routable.

Types of IPv4 Addresses
Routing to the Internet
• Network Address Translation (NAT) translates private IPv4 addresses to public IPv4
addresses.

• NAT is typically enabled

on the edge router
connecting to the internet.

• It translates the internal

private address to a public
global IP address.
Types of IPv4 Addresses
Special Use IPv4 Addresses
Loopback addresses
• 127.0.0.0 /8 (127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254)
• Commonly identified as only 127.0.0.1
• Used on a host to test if TCP/IP is operational.

Link-Local addresses
• 169.254.0.0 /16 (169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254)
• Commonly known as the Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses or self-
assigned addresses.
• Used by Windows DHCP clients to self-configure when no DHCP servers are
available.
Types of IPv4 Addresses
Legacy Classful Addressing
RFC 790 (1981) allocated IPv4 addresses
in classes
• Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8)
• Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 – 191.255.0.0 /16)
• Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 – 223.255.255.0 /24)
• Class D (224.0.0.0 to 239.0.0.0)
• Class E (240.0.0.0 – 255.0.0.0)

• Classful addressing wasted many IPv4

addresses.

Classful address allocation was replaced with

classless addressing which ignores the rules of
classes (A, B, C).
Types of IPv4 Addresses
Assignment of IP Addresses
• The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages and allocates blocks of
IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs).

• RIRs are responsible for

allocating IP addresses to ISPs
who provide IPv4 address
blocks to smaller ISPs and
organizations.
7.4 Network Segmentation
Network Segmentation
Broadcast Domains and Segmentation
• Many protocols use broadcasts or multicasts (e.g., ARP use broadcasts to locate
other devices, hosts send DHCP discover broadcasts to locate a DHCP server.)
• Switches propagate broadcasts out all interfaces except the interface on which it was
received.

• The only device that stops

broadcasts is a router.
• Routers do not propagate
broadcasts.
• Each router interface connects
to a broadcast domain and
broadcasts are only
propagated within that specific
broadcast domain.
Network Segmentation
Problems with Large Broadcast Domains
• A problem with a large broadcast domain is
that these hosts can generate excessive
broadcasts and negatively affect the network.

• The solution is to reduce the size of the

network to create smaller broadcast domains in
a process called subnetting.

• Dividing the network address 172.16.0.0 /16

into two subnets of 200 users each: 172.16.0.0
/24 and 172.16.1.0 /24.
• Broadcasts are only propagated within the
smaller broadcast domains.
Network Segmentation
Reasons for Segmenting Networks
• Subnetting reduces overall network traffic and improves network performance.
• It can be used to implement security policies between subnets.
• Subnetting reduces the number of devices affected by abnormal broadcast traffic.

• Subnets are used for a variety of reasons including by:

Location Group or Function Device Type

7.5 Subnet an IPv4 Network
Subnet an IPv4 Network
Subnet on an Octet Boundary
• Networks are most easily subnetted at the octet boundary of /8, /16, and /24.

• Notice that using longer prefix lengths decreases the number of hosts per subnet.

Prefix Length Subnet Mask Subnet Mask in Binary (n = network, h = host) # of hosts

nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh
/8 255.0.0.0 16,777,214
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh
/16 255.255.0.0 65,534
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh
/24 255.255.255.0 254
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Subnet an IPv4 Network
Subnet on an Octet Boundary (Cont.)
• In the first table 10.0.0.0/8 is subnetted using /16 and in the second table, a /24 mask.
Subnet Address Host Range Subnet Address
Host Range
(256 Possible (65,534 possible hosts per Broadcast (65,536 Possible Broadcast
(254 possible hosts per subnet)
Subnets) subnet) Subnets)
10.0.0.0/16 10.0.0.1 - 10.0.255.254 10.0.255.255 10.0.0.0/24 10.0.0.1 - 10.0.0.254 10.0.0.255
10.0.1.0/24 10.0.1.1 - 10.0.1.254 10.0.1.255
10.1.0.0/16 10.1.0.1 - 10.1.255.254 10.1.255.255
10.0.2.0/24 10.0.2.1 - 10.0.2.254 10.0.2.255
10.2.0.0/16 10.2.0.1 - 10.2.255.254 10.2.255.255
… … …
10.3.0.0/16 10.3.0.1 - 10.3.255.254 10.3.255.255
10.0.255.0/24 10.0.255.1 - 10.0.255.254 10.0.255.255
10.4.0.0/16 10.4.0.1 - 10.4.255.254 10.4.255.255 10.1.0.0/24 10.1.0.1 - 10.1.0.254 10.1.0.255
10.5.0.0/16 10.5.0.1 - 10.5.255.254 10.5.255.255 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 - 10.1.1.254 10.1.1.255

10.6.0.0/16 10.6.0.1 - 10.6.255.254 10.6.255.255 10.1.2.0/24 10.1.2.1 - 10.1.2.254 10.1.2.255

… … …
10.7.0.0/16 10.7.0.1 - 10.7.255.254 10.7.255.255
10.100.0.0/24 10.100.0.1 - 10.100.0.254 10.100.0.255
... ... ...
... ... ...
10.255.0.0/16 10.255.0.1 - 10.255.255.254 10.255.255.255 10.255.255.0/24 10.255.255.1 - 10.2255.255.254 10.255.255.255
Subnet an IPv4 Network
Subnet within an Octet Boundary
• Refer to the table to see six ways to subnet a /24 network.

Subnet Mask in Binary # of

Prefix Length Subnet Mask # of hosts
(n = network, h = host) subnets
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nhhhhhhh
/25 255.255.255.128 2 126
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnhhhhhh
/26 255.255.255.192 4 62
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnhhhhh
/27 255.255.255.224 8 30
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnhhhh
/28 255.255.255.240 16 14
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnhhh
/29 255.255.255.248 32 6
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnhh
/30 255.255.255.252 64 2
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
Subnet an IPv4 Network
Video – The Subnet Mask
• This video will demonstrate the process of subnetting.
Subnet an IPv4 Network
Packet Tracer – Subnet an IPv4 Network
In this Packet Tracer, you will do the following:

• Design an IPv4 Network Subnetting Scheme

• Configure the Devices
• Test and Troubleshoot the Network
7.6 Subnet a Slash 16 and a
Slash 8 Prefix
 # of
Prefix Length Subnet Mask Network Address (n = network, h = host) # of h
Subnet a Slash 16 and a Slash 8 Prefix subnets

Create Subnets with a Slash 16 prefix /17 255.255.128.0

nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nhhhhhhh.hhhhhh
hh
11111111.11111111.10000000.000000
2 32766
00
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnhhhhhh.hhhhhh
• The table highlights all /18 255.255.192.0
hh
4 16382
11111111.11111111.11000000.000000
the possible scenarios for 00

subnetting a /16 prefix. nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnhhhhh.hhhhhh

hh
/19 255.255.224.0 8 8190
11111111.11111111.11100000.000000
00
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnhhhh.hhhhhh
hh
/20 255.255.240.0 16 4094
11111111.11111111.11110000.000000
00
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnhhh.hhhhhh
hh
/21 255.255.248.0 32 2046
11111111.11111111.11111000.000000
00
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnhh.hhhhhh
hh
/22 255.255.252.0 64 1022
11111111.11111111.11111100.000000
00
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnh.hhhhhh
hh
/23 255.255.254.0 128 510
11111111.11111111.11111110.000000
00
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhh
hh
/24 255.255.255.0 256 254
11111111.11111111.11111111.000000
00
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nhhhhh
hh
/25 255.255.255.128 512 126
11111111.11111111.11111111.100000
Subnet a Slash 16 and a Slash 8 Prefix
Create 100 Subnets with a Slash 16 prefix
Consider a large enterprise that requires at least 100
subnets and has chosen the private address
172.16.0.0/16 as its internal network address.

• The figure displays the number of subnets that can be

created when borrowing bits from the third octet and
the fourth octet.
• Notice there are now up to 14 host bits that can be
borrowed (i.e., last two bits cannot be borrowed).

To satisfy the requirement of 100 subnets for the

enterprise, 7 bits (i.e., 27 = 128 subnets) would need to be
borrowed (for a total of 128 subnets).
Subnet a Slash 16 and a Slash 8 Prefix
Create 1000 Subnets with a Slash 8 prefix
Consider a small ISP that requires 1000 subnets for
its clients using network address 10.0.0.0/8 which
means there are 8 bits in the network portion and
24 host bits available to borrow toward subnetting.
• The figure displays the number of subnets that can be
created when borrowing bits from the second and third.
• Notice there are now up to 22 host bits that can be
borrowed (i.e., last two bits cannot be borrowed).

To satisfy the requirement of 1000 subnets for the

enterprise, 10 bits (i.e., 210=1024 subnets) would
need to be borrowed (for a total of 128 subnets)
Subnet a Slash 16 and a Slash 8 Prefix
Video – Subnet Across Multiple Octets
This video will demonstrate creating subnets across multiple octets.
Subnet a Slash 16 and a Slash 8 Prefix
Lab – Calculate IPv4 Subnets
In this lab, you will complete the following objectives:

• Part 1: Determine IPv4 Address Subnetting

• Part 2: Calculate IPv4 Address Subnetting
7.7 Subnet to Meet
Requirements
Subnet to Meet Requirements
Subnet Private versus Public IPv4 Address Space
Enterprise networks will have an:
• Intranet - A company’s internal network typically
using private IPv4 addresses.
• DMZ – A companies internet facing servers.
Devices in the DMZ use public IPv4 addresses.

• A company could use the 10.0.0.0/8 and subnet

on the /16 or /24 network boundary.

• The DMZ devices would have to be configured

with public IP addresses.
Subnet to Meet Requirements
Minimize Unused Host IPv4 Addresses and Maximize Subnets

There are two considerations when planning subnets:

• The number of host addresses required for each network
• The number of individual subnets needed

Subnet Mask in Binary # of

Prefix Length Subnet Mask # of hosts
(n = network, h = host) subnets
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nhhhhhhh
/25 255.255.255.128 2 126
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnhhhhhh
/26 255.255.255.192 4 62
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnhhhhh
/27 255.255.255.224 8 30
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnhhhh
/28 255.255.255.240 16 14
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnhhh
/29 255.255.255.248 32 6
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnhh
/30 255.255.255.252 64 2
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
Subnet to Meet Requirements
Example: Efficient IPv4 Subnetting
• In this example, corporate headquarters has
been allocated a public network address of
172.16.0.0/22 (10 host bits) by its ISP
providing 1,022 host addresses.

• There are five sites and therefore five internet

connections which means the organization
requires 10 subnets with the largest subnet
requires 40 addresses.

• It allocated 10 subnets with a /26 (i.e.,

255.255.255.192) subnet mask.
Subnet to Meet Requirements
Packet Tracer – Subnetting Scenario
In this Packet Tracer, you will do the following:

• Design an IP Addressing Scheme

• Assign IP Addresses to Network Devices and Verify Connectivity
7.8 VLSM
VLSM
IPv4 Address Conservation
Given the topology, 7 subnets are required (i.e, four LANs and three WAN links) and the
largest number of host is in Building D with 28 hosts.

• A /27 mask would provide 8 subnets of 30 host IP addresses and therefore support
this topology.
VLSM
IPv4 Address Conservation (Cont.)
However, the point-to-point WAN links only require two
addresses and therefore waste 28 addresses each for a total of
84 unused addresses.

• Applying a traditional subnetting scheme to this scenario is not very efficient and is
wasteful.

• VLSM was developed to avoid wasting addresses by enabling us to subnet a subnet.

VLSM
VLSM
• The left side displays the traditional subnetting scheme
(i.e., the same subnet mask) while the right side
illustrates how VLSM can be used to subnet a subnet
and divided the last subnet into eight /30 subnets.

• When using VLSM, always begin by satisfying the host

requirements of the largest subnet and continue
subnetting until the host requirements of the smallest
subnet are satisfied.

• The resulting topology with VLSM applied.

VLSM
VLSM Topology Address Assignment
• Using VLSM subnets, the LAN and inter-router networks can be addressed without
unnecessary waste as shown in the logical topology diagram.
7.9 Structured Design
Structured Design
IPv4 Network Address Planning
IP network planning is crucial to develop a scalable solution to an enterprise network.
• To develop an IPv4 network wide addressing scheme, you need to know how many subnets are
needed, how many hosts a particular subnet requires, what devices are part of the subnet, which
parts of your network use private addresses, and which use public, and many other determining
factors.

Examine the needs of an organization’s network usage and how the subnets will be
structured.
• Perform a network requirement study by looking at the entire network to determining how each
area will be segmented.
• Determine how many subnets are needed and how many hosts per subnet.
• Determine DHCP address pools and Layer 2 VLAN pools.
Structured Design
Device Address Assignment
Within a network, there are different types of devices that require addresses:
• End user clients – Most use DHCP to reduce errors and burden on network support staff. IPv6
clients can obtain address information using DHCPv6 or SLAAC.
• Servers and peripherals – These should have a predictable static IP address.
• Servers that are accessible from the internet – Servers must have a public IPv4 address, most
often accessed using NAT.
• Intermediary devices – Devices are assigned addresses for network management, monitoring,
and security.
• Gateway – Routers and firewall devices are gateway for the hosts in that network.

When developing an IP addressing scheme, it is generally recommended that you have a

set pattern of how addresses are allocated to each type of device.
Structured Design
Packet Tracer – VLSM Design and Implementation Practice
In this Packet Tracer, you will do the following:

• Examine the Network Requirements

• Design the VLSM Addressing Scheme
• Assign IP Addresses to Devices and Verify Connectivity
7.10 Practice and Quiz
Structured Design
Packet Tracer – Design and Implement a VLSM Addressing Scheme
In this Packet Tracer, you will do the following:

• Design a VLSM IP addressing scheme given requirements

• Configure addressing on network devices and hosts
• Verify IP connectivity
• Troubleshoot connectivity issues as required.
Structured Design
Lab - Design and Implement a VLSM Addressing Scheme
In this lab, you will complete the following objectives:

• Examine Network Requirements

• Design the VLSM Address Scheme
• Cable and Configure the IPv4 Network
Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module?
• The IP addressing structure consists of a 32-bit hierarchical network address that identifies a
network and a host portion. Network devices use a process called ANDing using the IP
address and associated subnet mask to identify the network and host portions.
• Destination IPv4 packets can be unicast, broadcast, and multicast.
• There are globally routable IP addresses as assigned by the IANA and there are three
ranges of private IP network addresses that cannot be routed globally but can be used on all
internal private networks.
• Reduce large broadcast domains using subnets to create smaller broadcast domains, reduce
overall network traffic, and improve network performance.
• Create IPv4 subnets using one or more of the host bits as network bits. However, networks
are most easily subnetted at the octet boundary of /8, /16, and /24.
• Larger networks can be subnetted at the /8 or /16 boundaries.
• Use VLSM to reduce the number of unused host addresses per subnet.
Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module? (Cont.)
• VLSM allows a network space to be divided into unequal parts. Always begin by satisfying
the host requirements of the largest subnet. Continue subnetting until the host requirements
of the smallest subnet are satisfied.
• When designing a network addressing scheme, consider internal, DMZ, and external
requirements. Use a consistent internal IP addressing scheme with a set pattern of how
addresses are allocated to each type of device.