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    Biology Semester 1 Assignment

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    anadal2025
    This document summarizes the key points from a biology semester 1 assignment completed by student Adriana Nadal. It includes summaries of the student's application of the scientific method to study alertness, descriptions of electron orbitals and bond types, stages of the water cycle, structures of ribosomes and plasma membranes, types of cellular respiration and mutations, and Punnett squares on genetic disorders. The assignment demonstrates the student's understanding of core biology concepts.

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    Biology Semester 1 Assignment

    Uploaded by

    anadal2025
    33 views2 pages
    This document summarizes the key points from a biology semester 1 assignment completed by student Adriana Nadal. It includes summaries of the student's application of the scientific method to study alertness, descriptions of electron orbitals and bond types, stages of the water cycle, structures of ribosomes and plasma membranes, types of cellular respiration and mutations, and Punnett squares on genetic disorders. The assignment demonstrates the student's understanding of core biology concepts.

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    This document summarizes the key points from a biology semester 1 assignment completed by student Adriana Nadal. It includes summaries of the student's application of the scientific method to study alertness, descriptions of electron orbitals and bond types, stages of the water cycle, structures of ribosomes and plasma membranes, types of cellular respiration and mutations, and Punnett squares on genetic disorders. The assignment demonstrates the student's understanding of core biology concepts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views2 pages

    Biology Semester 1 Assignment

    Uploaded by

    anadal2025
    This document summarizes the key points from a biology semester 1 assignment completed by student Adriana Nadal. It includes summaries of the student's application of the scientific method to study alertness, descriptions of electron orbitals and bond types, stages of the water cycle, structures of ribosomes and plasma membranes, types of cellular respiration and mutations, and Punnett squares on genetic disorders. The assignment demonstrates the student's understanding of core biology concepts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Biology Semester 1 Assignment

    Student Name: Adriana Nadal


    Student ID: JM2308927

    1. How the student applied the scientific method:

    • Observation: Feeling sleepy after lunch.


    • Question: How can she stay more alert in her mid-afternoon class?
    • Hypothesis: Physical activity or water consumption might help.
    • Experiment: Tried jumping jacks and sipping water.
    • Observation (Experiment 1): Jumping jacks didn't work.
    • Observation (Experiment 2): Water helped her stay alert and attentive.
    • Conclusion: Bringing a water bottle to class helps her stay attentive and alert.

    2. More accurate way to describe electron orbitals:

    • It would be more accurate to characterize electron orbitals as areas with a high likelihood of discovering an
    electron. This probability distribution is represented by the quantum mechanical model or the electron cloud
    model.

    3. Covalent bonds vs. Ionic bonds:

    • Covalent bonds: Formed by sharing electrons, typically occurs between nonmetals.


    • Ionic bonds: Formed by transferring electrons, typically occurs between a metal and a nonmetal.

    4. Water cycle stages:

    • Evaporation: Water turns into vapor.


    • Condensation: Vapor forms clouds.
    • Precipitation: Water falls as rain, snow, etc.
    • Runoff/Infiltration: Water returns to oceans or infiltrates into the ground.

    5. Symbiotic relationship of Toxoplasma with cats:

    • * Mutualism, whereby the cat is not seriously damaged while Toxoplasma gains from the cat's reproduction.

    6. Ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:

    • Prokaryotic cells: Smaller ribosomes; free in cytoplasm.


    • Eukaryotic cells: Larger ribosomes; free in cytoplasm or bound to endoplasmic reticulum.

    7. Structure of the plasma membrane:

    • Facing the environment: Phospholipid heads.


    • Facing the cell: Phospholipid tails.
    • Inside the membrane: Proteins, cholesterol.

    8. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic respiration:

    • Aerobic: Requires oxygen, more ATP produced. Final electron acceptor: Oxygen.
    • Anaerobic: Doesn't require oxygen, less ATP produced. Final electron acceptor: Various, not oxygen.

    9. Meiosis vs. Mitosis:


    • Meiosis: 4 daughter cells, haploid, for gamete formation.
    • Mitosis: 2 daughter cells, diploid, for growth and repair.

    10. Importance of cell cycle regulators:

    • Regulate cell division, prevent uncontrolled growth. If unregulated, can lead to cancer or other disorders.

    11. Punnett square for sickle cell anemia:

    • XD (normal allele), Xd (sickle cell allele).


    • • XD • Xd
    • Xd • No disease • Carrier
    • XD • No disease • No disease

    12. Hershey-Chase experiment:

    • Used radioactive sulfur (in protein) and phosphorus (in DNA) to show that DNA, not protein, is the carrier of
    genetic information.

    13. Three main types of RNA:

    • mRNA (messenger RNA): Carries genetic information.


    • tRNA (transfer RNA): Carries amino acids to the ribosome.
    • rRNA (ribosomal RNA): Forms part of the ribosome.

    14. Frameshift vs. Single nucleotide substitution mutation:

    • Frameshift: Insertion or deletion of nucleotides, alters the reading frame.


    • Single nucleotide substitution: Replacement of one nucleotide, may or may not change the amino acid.

    15. Muscular dystrophy Punnett square:

    • XD (normal allele), Xd (muscular dystrophy allele).


    • • XD • Xd
    • Xd • Disease • Carrier
    • XD • No disease • No disease

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