Alternating Current

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120 Alternating Current
ALTERNATING
CURRENT
Chapter 07
Percentage of Questions in Last 34 Years’ in NEET / AIPMT from this Chapter
Percentage
A • Power in A.C. circuits, Resonance 33%
)
7%
(1
D
B • A.C., Circuits, LCR Series circuits, 30%

A (33%)
LC Oscillations
C (20%)
C • Eddy Current, Transformer 20%

B (30%)
D • A.C. Generator, Alternating current, terms 17%

related to alternating current
WHAT DO YOU WANT TO KNOW? 7.9 TRANSFORMERS
7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.10 SYNOPSIS
7.2 AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO A RESISTOR 7.11 MISCELLANEOUS Questions from NCERT
7.3 REPRESENTATION OF AC CURRENT & 7.12 NCERT Exemplar Questions

VOLTAGE BY ROTATING VECTOR PHASORS
7.13 ASSERTION-REASON & STATEMENT
7.4 AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO AN INDUCTOR BASED Questions from NCERT
7.5 AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO A CAPACITOR 7.14 MATRIX TYPE QUESTIONS
7.6 AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO A SERIES LCR 7.15 ARCHIVE QUESTIONS

CIRCUIT
7.16 ANSWER KEY
7.6.3 Resonance
7.7 POWER IN AC CIRCUIT : THE POWER

FACTOR
7.8 LC OSCILLATIONS
Alternating
Current : I Current
I 0 sin(t  ) RMS value of alternating Mean or average value of Peak current (I0)121
and
current and voltage alternating current & voltage voltage (V0) : The
Voltage V  VR2  VC2 I V 2I 2V maximum value of
I rms  0 Vrms  0 I mean  0 Vmean  0
2 2   current and voltage
Impedance Z  R 2  X 2C I0=2 Irms V0=2 Vrms
1
Phase difference :   tan 1 Alternating Transformer Device Step-up Ns E s Ip
CR current (I) and trans- K 1 K   
Changes a low N p E p Is
R2 alternating voltage of high former
Power factor : cos   voltage (V)
R 2  X 2C current into a high Step-down Np E p Is
I = I0 sin t; voltage of low trans- K  1 K   
Leading quantity : Current current and former N s E s Ip
V = V0 sin t
vice-versa
Current : I  I 0 sin(t  )
LC Circuit
Voltage V  R 2 ( VL  VC ) 2
ALTERNATING Power in
Voltage: V = VL – VC CURRENT an Ac. Impedance Z  R 2 ( X L  X C ) 2
Impedance: Z = XL – XC Direction of current Circuit X  XC
changes alternatively Pav = Vrms Phase difference : L
Phase difference: =90º R
and its magnitude Irms cos  at resonance X L  X C  Z min  R
Power factor: cos  = 0 changes continuously
Leading quantity: Either Band  width :   R ;
voltage or current L
Quality factor : Q  1 L
AC Circuit
Current : I  I 0 sin(t  ) R C
Voltage V  VR2  VL2

Inductive (L) Circuit Capacitive (C) Circuit Resistive (R) Circuit
Impedance Z  R 2  X 2L Current= I=I0 sin (t+/2) Current = I = I0 sin t
L Phase difference between Phase difference between
Phase difference :   tan 1 Phase difference between V and I :  = 90º or –/2 V and I :  = 0º
R V and I :  = 90º or /2 Power factor : cos  = 0 Power factor : cos  = 1
R Power factor : cos  = 0 Power : P = 0 VI
Power factor : cos   Power : P  0 0
R 2  X 2L Power : P = 0 Phasor : Current leads the 2
Phasor : Voltage leads the voltage by /2 Phasor : Current and
Leading quantity : voltage current by /2 voltage both in same phase
7.1 P.No.: 233

 When a resistor is connected across the terminals of a battery, a current is established in the circuit. The
current has a unique direction, it goes from the positive terminal to the negative terminal via the external
resistor. The magnitude of the current also remains almost constant. If the direction of the current in a
resistor or in any other element changes alternately, the current is called an alternating current (AC). In this
chapter, we shall study the alternating current that varies sinusoidally with time. Such a current is given by
i = i0 sin (t + ).
i
t
T
 The current repeats its value after each time interval T = 2/. This time interval is called the time period.
The current is positive for half the time period and is negative for the remaining half period. This means, its
direction reverses after each half time period. The maximum value of the current is i0 which is called the
peak current or the current amplitude. To get sinusoidally varying alternating current, we need a source
which can generate sinusoidally varying emf. An AC generator, also called an AC dynamo, can be used as
such a source. It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, producing an alternating emg.

AC AND DC CURRENT
 A current that changes its direction periodically is called alternating current (AC). If a current maintains its
direction constant it is called direct current (DC).
i i
constant dc periodic dc
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF AC GENERATION
 Alternating voltage is generated by rotating a coil of conducting wire in a strong magnetic field. The
magnetic flux linked with the coil changes with time and an alternating emf is thus induced. Instantaneous
flux linked with coil is
 
  ( A  B) n
 ABn cos( t   0 )
where A = area of the coil (in m2)
B = magnetic field (in tesla), n = number of turns

2
 = angular frequency =  2 ƒ (in rad s–1)
T
ƒ = frequency (in hertz); 0 = initial phase angle
With the change of time cos (t + 0) changes consequently an
emf V is induced. According to Faraday’s law  = t
d
V
dt
d
 [ Abn cos(t   0 )]  Abn sin(t   0 )  V  Vm sin(t   0 )
dt
Here Vm = voltage amplitude of sinusoidal voltage or the peak value of ac voltage
where Vm – ABn
ALTERNATING CURRENT AND VOLTAGE

 Voltage or current is said to be alternating if it is change continously in magnitude and perodically in
direction with time. It can be represented by a sine curve or cosine curve
I = I0 sin t or I = I0 cos t
where I = Instantaneous value of current at time t, I0 = Amplitude or peak value
 = Angular frequency   2  2 ƒ T = time period ; ƒ = frequency

T
I I
I0 3 I0
T
T/2 (3/4)T T 2 T
T 3T
T/4 t 4 4 t
–I0 –I0
I as a sine function of t I as a cosine function of t
Alternating Current 123

AMPLITUDE OF AC
 The maximum value of current in either direction is called peak value or the amplitude of current. It is
represented by I0.
Peak to peak value = 2I0
PERIODIC TIME
 The time taken by alternating current to complete one cycle of variation is called periodic time or time period
of the current.
FREQUENCY
 The number of cycle completed by an alternating current in one second is called the frequency of the
current.
Unit : cycle/s ; (Hz)
In India : ƒ = 50 Hz, supply voltage = 220 volt
In USA : ƒ = 60 Hz ,supply voltage = 110 volt
Condition required for Current/ Voltage to be Alternating

 Amplitude is constant  Alternate half cycle is positive and half negative
The alternating current continuously varies in magnitude and periodically reverses its direction.
I sinosudial AC I triangular AC
+ +
– t –
square wave AC saw tooth wave

I I
t t
I0 I0 I0
t t t
mixture of AC and DC
Not AC (direction not change) Not AC (not periodic)
AVERAGE VALUE OR MEAN VALUE

 The mean value of A.C over any half cycle (either positive or negative) is that value of DC which would send
same amount of charge through a circuit as is sent by the AC through same circuit in the same time.
T /2
 Idt
0
Average value of current for half cycle = T /2
 dt
0

Average value of I = I0 sin t over the positive half cycle :
T
 2
I 0 sin t dt 2 I0 T
2I
I av  0
T
   cos t 02  0
2
T 
 dt
0
 For symmetric AC, average value over full cycle = 0,

Average value of sinusoidal AC
As the average value of AC
Full cycle (+ve) half cycle (–ve) half cycle over a complete cycle is zero,
it is always defined over a
2I 0 2I 0 half cycle which must be
0
  either positive or negative.
MAXIMUM VALUE
 I = a sin IMax. = a
 I = a + b sin   IMax. = a + b ( if a and b > 0 )
 I = a sin  + b cos   IMax. = a 2  b2
 I = a sin2   IMax. = a (a > 0)
Root Mean square (rms) Value

 It is value of DC which would produce same heat in given resistance in given time as is done by the
alternating current when passed through the same resistance for the same time.
T
 I 2 dt
0
I rms  T rms value = Virtual value = Apparent value
 dt
0
 rms value of I = I0 sin t :

T
 ( I 0 sin t ) 2 dt T
I rms  0 I 02 T 1 T 1  cos 2t  1  t sin 2t  I
sin t dt = I 0
2
 dt  I 0   0

T
dt
=
T  0 T 
0  2 

 
T  2 2  2  0 2
0
Current Average Peak RMS Angular Frequency

I0
I1  I 0 sin t 0 I0 
2
I0 I0 I0
I 2  I 0 sin t cos t  sin 2t 0 
2 2 2 2
I0
I 3  I 0 sin t  I 0 cos t 0 2 I0 
2
 If nothing is mentioned then values printed in a.c circuit on electrical appliances, any given or unknown
values, reading of AC meters are assumed to be RMS.
Peak value
 For above varieties of current, rms value =
2
 AC can't be used in
1. Charging of battery or capacitor (as its average value = 0)
2. Electrolysis and electroplating (Due to large inertia, ions can not follow frequency of A.C)
Minimum, at that instant when they are near their peak values
 The rate of change of A.C.
Maximum, at that instant when they change their direction.
 For alternating current I0 > Irms > Iav.

 Average value over half cycle is zero if one quarter is positive and the other quarter is negative.
+
–
 Average value of symmetrical AC for a cycle is zero that is why average potential difference on any
element in A.C circuit is zero.
 The instrument based on heating effect of current are works on both A.C and D.C supply and also provides
same heating for same value of A.C (rms) and D.C. that's why a bulb is bright equally in D.C. and A.C. of
same value.
 If the frequency of AC is f then it becomes zero 2f times in one second and the direction of current changes
2ƒ times in one second. Also it become maximum 2f times in one second.
Find the average value of current shown graphically, from t = 0 to t = 2 sec.

i
(Amp)
10
0 1 2
t (sec)
From the i – t graph, area from t = 0 to t = 2 sec

1
= × 2 × 10 = 10 Amp. sec.
2
10
 Average Current = = 5 Amp.
2
2
Find the average value of current from t = 0 to t  , if the current varies as i = Im sin t .

i
2

Im  2  +
I m sin tdt
 
1  cos 
  p/w 2p/w
0
 i   0 0 t
2 2 –
 
It can be seen graphically that the area of i – t graph of one cycle is zero.
 in one cycle = 0.
Show graphically that the average of sinusoidally varying current in half cycle may or may not be zero
+ +
0 – t
Part A Part B
Figure shows two parts A and B, each half cycle. In part A we can see that the net area is zero
 in part A is zero.
In part B, area is positive hence in this part  0.
  3
Find the average value of current i = Im sin t from (i) t = 0 to t = (ii) t = to t = .
 2 2
3
2
 /
Im     I m sin tdt
 I m sin tdt  1  cos     
     2I m
 
2
(i) i  0
 (ii)  i   
 0.
 /  / 


Current in an A.C. circuit is given by i  2 2 sin   t   , then the average value of current during time
 4
t = 0 to t = 1 sec is:
1 1
i dt   4
i  2 2  sin   t   
0
1 0  4 
ROOT MEAN SQUARE VALUE :

t2
2
f dt
 Root Mean Square Value of a function, from t1 to t2, is defined as ƒrms = t1 .
t2  t1
2
Find the rms value of current from t = 0 to t = , if the current varies as i = Im sin t .

2 / 
 I m2 sin 2 tdt
0 I m2 I
irms    m
2 /  2 2
  3
Find the rms value of current i = Im sin t from (i) t = 0 to t = (ii) t = to t = .
 2 2
 / 3 /2
 I m2 sin 2 tdt  I
2
m sin 2 tdt
(i) 0 I m2 I (ii) i    I m2 I
irms    m rms
/2
  m
 / 2 2  / 2 2
Note :
1. The r m s values for one cycle and half cycle (either positive half cycle or negative half cycle) is same.
2. From the above two Ex.s note that for sinusoidal functions rms value (Also called effective value)
peak value I
 or I rms  m
2 2
Find the effective value of current i = 2 sin 100 t + 2 cos (100 t + 30º).
The equation can be written as i = 2 sin 100 t + 2 sin (100 t + 120º)

So phase difference  = 120º
( I m ) res  A12  A22  2 A1 A2 cos 
 1 2
 4  4  2  2  2     2, so effective value or rms value   2A
 2 2
SOME IMPORTANT WAVE FORMS AND THEIR RMS AND AVERAGE VALUE
Nature of wave form Wave–form RMS Value Average or mean
I0 2I 0
Sinusoidal +  0707I
.
0  2 2
0  0637I
. 0
– 
I0 I0
Half wave rectifired 0
 05I
. 0  0318I
. 0
 2 2 
I0 2I 0
Full wave rectifired 0  2 2
 0707I
. 0  0637I
.

Square or Rectangular +
–
I0 I0
I0 I0
Saw Tooth wave 0
 2
3 2
PHASOR DIAGRAMS
 Generally currents and voltages in ac circuits are represented in the form of phasors or anticlockwise
rotating vectors. The length of arrow represents the peak value of the quantity and its projection on x and y
axis gives its instantaneous value.
 For example let I = I 0 sin t, then it will be represented as shown in the figure. Length of arrow is I 0 which
represents the peak value of I. Its projection on y-axis is I0 sin t which represents the instantaneous value.
t is the phase angle which increases with time.
y
IA sin wt
I0
wt
I0 cos wt
x
Note : If the equation of current were in cosine form as I = I0 cos t, then projection on x-axis will represent
the instantaneous value.

are the instantaneous values of voltage and current,
01 then the rms values of voltage and current are
respectively
1. The rms value of AC which when passed through a
(1) 70.7 V, 70.7 mA (2) 70.7 V, 70.7 A
resistor produces heat, which is twice that produced
by a steady current of 1.414 amp in the same resistor is (3) 141.4 V, 141.4 mA (4) 141.4 V, 141.4 A
(1) 2 A (2) 3.46 A 7. The instantaneous values of current and voltage in an
(3) 2.818 A (4) 1.732 A  
AC circuit are given by I  6sin 100t   ,
2. The rms value of current in 50 Hz AC circuit is 6 A. The  4
average value of AC current over a cycle is  
V  5sin 100t   then
3  4
(1) 6 2 (2) (1) current leads the voltage by 45º
 2
6 (2) voltage leads the current by 90º
(3) Zero (4) (3) current leads the voltage by 90º
 2
3. An alternating current is given by i = i1 cos t + i2 sin (4) voltage leads the current by 45º
t. The rms current is given by 8. The equation of emf in an AC circuit is given by E = 60
i1  i2 | i1  i2 | sin (100t). What is the minimum time taken for the emf
(1) (2) to change from +30 V to –30 V?
2 2
E
i12  i22 i12  i22
(3) (4) +60
2 2 t
4. The instantaneous voltage of a 50 Hz generator giving –60
peal voltage as 300 V. The generator equation for this
voltage is (1) (1/100) s (2) 200 s
(1) V = 50 sin 300t (2) V = 300 sin 100t (3) 100 s (4) (1/200) s
(3) V = 6 sin 100t (4) V = 50 sin 100t 9. If instantaneous current is given by i = 4 cos (t + )
5. The alternating current in a circuit is given by amperes, then the r.m.s. value of current is
I = 50 sin 314 t. The peak value and frequency of the
current are (1) 4 amperes (2) 2 2 amperes
(1) I0 = 25 and f = 100 Hz (2) I0 = 50 and f = 50 Hz (3) 4 2 amperes (4) Zero amperes
(3) I0 = 50 and f = 100 Hz (4) I0 = 25 and f = 50 Hz 10. In an ac circuit, peak value of voltage is 423 volts. Its
effective voltage is
 
6. If E = 100 sin (100 t) volt and I  100sin 100t   mA (1) 400 volts (2) 323 volts
 3
(3) 300 volts (4) 340 volts
AC CIRCUITS
 Basic AC circuit elements are resistors, indicators and capacitor we will discuss the behaviour of each of
them when connected in ac circuits.
7.2 P.No.: 234
 A resistor connected to a source e of ac voltage as shown in the circuit diagram. The symbol for an ac source
on a circuit diagram is . For simplicity, we consider a source which produces sinusoidally varying potential
difference across its terminals. Let this potential difference, also called ac voltage, be given by
V = V0 sin t ...(i)
where V0 is the amplitude of the sinusoidal voltage and  is its angular frequency.
E R
AC voltage applied to a resistor

The instantaneous potential drop across the resistor R is
V0 sin t = IR
V0
or I sin t
R
I = I0 sin t ...(ii)
where I is the instantaneous current and the current amplitude I0 is given by
V V0
I0  0 ...(iii)
R
Equation (iii) is just Ohm’s law which for resistors work I0 V
equally well for both ac and dc voltages. The voltage across I
a pure resistor and the current through it, given by equation
(i) and (ii) are ploted as a function of time in figure. O  2 t
Note, that both V and I reach zero, minimum and maximum
values at the same time. Clearly, the voltage and current are
in phase for a circuit containing pure resistance.
We see that,. like the applied voltage, the current varies sinusoidally and has corresponding positive and
negative values during each cycle. Thus, the sum of the instantaneous current values over one complete
cycle is zero, and the average current is zero. The fact that the average current is zero, however, does not
mean that the average power is zero and that there is no dissipation of electrical energy. As you know, joule
heating is given by I2R and depends on I2 (which is always positive whether I is positive or negative) and not
on I. Thus there is Joule heating and dissipation of electrical energy when an ac current passes through a
resistor.
The instantaneous power dissipated in the resistor is
P  I 2 R  I 02 R sin 2 t ...(iv)
The average value of Power P over a cycle is
 1
P  I 02 R  I rms
2
R ...(v)
2
Where the bar over a letter (here, P) denotes its average value.
To express ac power in the same form as dc power (P = I2R), as special value of current is used. It is called,
root mean square (rms) or effective current and is denoted by Irms.
Similarly, we define the rms voltage or effective voltage
From equation (iii), we have
V0 = I 0R ...(vi)
V0 I0
or  R ...(vii)
2 2
or Vrms = Irms R ...(viii)
In terms of rms values, the equation for power and relation between current and voltage in ac circuits are
essentially the same as those for the dc case.

In fact, the Irms or rms current is the equivalent dc current that would produce same average power loss as
the alternating current. Equation (v) can also be written as
2
Vrms
P (since Vrms = Irms R) ...(ix)
R
A bulb is rated 60 W at 220 V/30 Hz. Find the maximum value of instantaneous current through the filament ?
Vmax  220 2  311 V
2202 220  220 2420

R    806.67 
P 60 2
Vmax 311
I   0.39 A
R 806.67
A light bulb is rated at 200 W for a 220 V supply. Find

(a) The resistance of the bulb
(b) The peak voltage of the source; and
(c) The rms current through the bulb.
(a) We are given P = 100 W and V = 220 V. The resistance of the bulb is
2
Vrms (220 V ) 2
R   242 
P 200 W
(b) The peak voltage of the source is
Vm  2 Vmax  311 V
(c) Since, P = Irms Vrms
P 200 W
I rms    0.90 A
Vrms 220 V
7.3 P.No.: 237
 In the previous section, we saw that the current through a resistor is in phase with the ac voltage. But this is
not so in the case of an inductor, a capacitor or a combination. In order to show phase relationship betwen
voltage and current in an ac circuit, we use the motion of phasors. The analysis of an ac circuit is facilitated
by the use of a phasor diagram. a phasor is a vector which rotates about the origin with angular speed , as
shown in figure. The vertical components of phasors V and I represent the sinusoidally varying quantities V
and I. The magnitudes of phasors V and I represent the amplitudes or the peak values V0 and I0 of these
oscillating quantities. Figure (a) shows the voltage and their relationship at time t1 i.e., corresponding to the
circuit show in figure for the case of an ac source connected to a resistor. The projection of voltage and
current phasors on vertical axis, i.e., V0 sin t and I0 sin t, respectively represent the instaneous value of
voltage and current at that instant. As they rotate with frequency , curves in figure (b) are generated which

represent the sinusoidal variation of voltage and current with time.
7.4 P.No.-237
 An ac source connected to an inductor as shown in the circuit below. Usually, inductors have appreciable
resistance in their windings but we shall assume that this is ideal inductor (having zero resistance). Thus, the
circuit is a purely inductive ac circuit. Let the voltage across the source be V = V0 sin t. Using the loop
equation (t) = 0, and since there is no resistor in the circuit.
...(x)
dI
V L 0
dt
V ~ L
An AC source connected to an inductor

where the second term is the self-induced emf in the inductor, and L is the self-inductance of the coil.
Combining equation (i) and (x), we have
dI V V0
  sin t ...(xi)
dt L L
V0 V0
dI  sin t dt  I  cos(t )
L L
 
Using  cos(t )  sin  t   , we have
 2
V0    
I sin  t    I  I m sin  t   ...(xii)
L  2  2
V0
where I m   is the amplitude of the current. The quantity L is analogous to the resistance and is called
L
inductive reactance, denoted by XL :
X L   L  2 fL ...(xiii)

The dimension of inductive reactance is the same as that of resistance and SI unit is ohm (). The inductive
reactance limits the current in a pure inductive circuit in the same way as does the resistance in a pure
resistive circuit. The inductive resistance is the directly proportional to the inductance frequency of the
voltage source.
A comparision of equation (i) and (ii) for the source voltage and the current in an inductor shows that the
 1
current lags the voltage by or one-quarter   cycle. Figure (a) shows the voltage and the current
2  4

phasors in the present case at instant t. The current phasor I is
behind the voltage phasor V. When rotated
2
with frequency  counter-clockwise, they generate the voltage and current given by equation (1) and (xii),
respectively and as shown in figure (b).
T  / 2 
We see that current reaches its maximum value later than the voltage by one-fourth of a period   .
4  
You have seen that an inductor has reactance that limits current similar to resistance in a dc circuit. Does it
also consume power like a resistance ? Let us try to find out.
The instantaneous power supplied to the inductor is
  IV
PL  IV  I m sin  t  V0 sin(t )   I 0V0 cos(t ).sin(t )   0 0 sin(2t ) ...(xiv)
 2 2
So, the average power over a complete cycle is zero
Since the average of sin (2t) over a complete cycle is zero.
Thus, the average power supplied to an inductor over one complete cycle is zero.
Physically, this result means the following, During the first quarter of each current cycle, the flux through the
inductor builds up and sets up a magnetic field and energy is stored in the inductor. In the next quarter of
cycle, as the current decreases, the flux decreases and the stored energy is returned to the source. Thus, in
each half cycle, the energy which is withdrawn from the source is returned to it without any dissipation of
power.
A pure inductor of 50.0 mH is connected to a source of 220 V. Find the inductive resistance and rms current
in the circuit if the frequency of the source is 50 Hz.
The inductive reactance.

X L  2 ƒ L  2  3.14  50  50  102   15.7 
Vrms 220V
The rms current in the circuit is I rms    14.01 A
X L 15.7
7.5 P.No.-241
 An ac source e connected to a capacitor only, a purely capacitive ac circuit is as shown.
A B
 C
An AC source connected to a capacitor
When the capacitor is connected to an ac source, as in figure, it limits or regulates the current, but does not
completely prevent the flow of charge. The capacitor is alternately charged and discharged as the current
reverses each half cycle. Let q(t) be the charge on the capacitor at any time t. The instantaneous voltage
V(t) across the capacitor is
q (t )
V (t )   q (t )  CV (t )  CV0 sin  t ...(xv)
C
dq
To find the current, we use the relation I 
dt
d
I (V0C sin t )  CV0 cos(t )
dt
 
Using the relation, cos(t )  sin  t   , we have
 2
 
I  I 0 sin  t   ...(xvi)
 2
where the amplitude of the oscillating current is
V0
I0 
( I / C )
V0
Comparing it to I 0  for a purely resistive circuitmm we find that (I / C) plays the role of resistance.
R
It is called capacitive reactance and is denoted by Xc,
1 1
Xc   ...(xvii)
C 2 ƒC

So that the amplitude of the current is
V0
I0  ...(xviii)
Xc
The dimension of capacitive reactance is the same as that of resistance and its SI unit is Ohm (). The
capacitive reactance limits the amplitude of the current in a purely capacitive circuit in the same way as
does the resistance in a purely resistive circuit. But it is inversely proportional to the frequency and the
capacitance.
V
V
I
t t
O t  
I
AS comparision of equation (XVI) with the equation of source voltage equation (i) shows that the current in
a capacitor leads the voltage by /2. Figure shows the phasor diagram at an instant t. here the current phasor
I is (/2) ahead of the voltage phasor V as they rotate counter clockwise. Figure shows the variation of
voltage and current with time. We see that the current reaches its maximum value earlier than the voltage by
one-fourth of a period.
The instantaneous power supplied to the capacitor is
Pc = IV = I0 cos (t) . V0 sin (t)
= I0 V0 cos (t) sin (t)
I 0V0
 sin(2t ) ...(xiv)
2
So, as in the case of an inductor, the average power over a cycle is zero.
Since average of sin 2t over a complete cycle is zero. As discussed in the case of an inductor, the energy
stored by a capacitor in each quarter period is returned to the source in the next quarter period.
Thus, we see that in the case of an inductor, the current lags the voltage by 90° and in the case of a capacitor,
the current leads the voltage by 90°.
30.0 µF capacitor is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz source. Find the capacitive resistance and the current (rms
and peak) in the circuit. If the frequency is doubled, what happens to the capacitive reactance and the
current.
The capacitive reactance is

1
Xc   106 
2 fC
The rms current is
Vrms
irms   2.08A
Xc
The peak current is
I 0  2 I rms  2.96 A
This current oscillates betwen 2.96A and – 2.96A and is ahead of the voltage by 90°.
If the frequency is doubled, the capacitive reactance is halved and consequently, the current is doubled.
7.6 P.No.-244
 Figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to an ac source . As usual, we take the voltage of the source
to be V = V0 sin t.
R
e C
An series LCR circuit connected

to an ac source
If q is the charge on the capacitor and I the current, at time t, we have, from Kirchhoff’s loop rule :
dI q
L  IR   V ...(xx)
dt C
We want to determine the instantaneous current I and its phase relationship to the applied alternating
voltage V. We shall use the technique of phasors to solve equation (xx) to obtain the time - dependence of I.
Combination of Components (R-L or R-C or L-C)

TERM R-L R-C L-C
R L R L
C C
Circuit
I is same in R and L I is same in R and C I is same in L and C

VR
VL I VL
V I
Phasor diagram I
VC VC
VR
V 2  VR2  VL2 V 2  VR2  VC2 V = VL – VC (VL > VC)
V = VC – VL (VC > VL)
       
Phase difference V leads I    0 to  V lags I     to 0  V lags I     if X C  X L 
 2  2   2 
in between V & I Z  R 2  X L2 Z  R 2  X C2 Z | X L  X C |
  
Impedance     , if X L  X C 
 2 
Variation of Z with f as f, Z as f ,   as f , Z first then
Z Z Z
R R
f f f
At very low f Z  R ( X L  0) Z  XC Z  XC
At very high f Z  XL Z  R ( X C  0) Z  XL
Calculate the impedance of the circuit shown in the figure. 40 

30 
Z  R 2  ( X c ) 2  (30)2  (40) 2  2500  50 
If XL = 50  and XC = 40 . Calculate effective value of current in given circuit.

XL = 50  XC = 40 
Z = XL – XC = 10 
V0 40 4
I0    4 A  I rms  2 2A
Z 10 2 V = 40 sin 100 volt
In given circuit calculate, voltage across inductor VR = 60 VL = ?
 V 2  VR2  VL2  VL2  V 2  VR2
VL  V 2  VR2  (100) 2  (60)2  6400  80 V V = 100 2 sin t volt

In given circuit find out : (i) impedance of circuit (ii) current in circuit 6 8
(i) Z  R 2  X C2  (6) 2  (8) 2  10 
(ii) V0 20 2
V  IZ  I    2 A. So I m   2A V = 20 sin  t volt
Z 10 2
When 10 V, dc is applied across a coil current through it is 2.5 A, if 10 V, 50 Hz A.C. is applied current
reduces to 2 A. Calculate reactance of the coil.
10
For 10 V D.C.  V = IR  Resistance of coil R   4 .
2.5
V 20
For 10 V A.C.  V = IZ  Z   5
I 10
 Z  R 2  X L2  5  R 2  X L2  25  X L2  52  42  X L  3 
When an alternating voltage of 220 V is applied across a device X, a current of 0.5 A flows through the
circuit and is in phase with the applied voltage. When the same voltage is applied across another device Y,
the same current again flows through the circuit but it leads the applied voltage by /2 radians.
(a) Name the devices X and Y.
(b) Calculate the current flowing in the circuit when same voltage is applied across the series
combination of X and Y.
(a) X is resistor and Y is a capacitor

(b) Since the current in the two devices is the same (0.5 A at 220 volt)
When R and C are in series across the same voltage then
220 Vrms 220 220
R  XC   440   I rms     0.35 A
0.5 2
R  XC2 2
(440)  (440) 2
440 2
L C R
INDUCTANCE, CAPACITANCE AND RESISTANCE IN SERIES
 (L-C-R series circuit)
A circuit containing a series combination of an resistance R, a coil of
inductance L and a capacitor of capacitance C, connected with a source
of alternating e.m.f. of peak value of E0, as shown in figure. A.C. source
 Phasor Diagram For Series L-C-R circuit
Let in series LCR circuit applied alternating emf is E = E0 sin t

E = E0 sin t.
As L, C and R are joined in series, therefore, current at any instant through the three elements has the same
amplitude and phase.
 However voltage across each element bears a different phase relationship with the current.
Let at any instant of time t the current in the circuit is I
Y
Let at this time t the potential differences across L, C, and R
VL Q
VL = I XL, VC = I XC and VR = I R
Now, VR is in phase with current I but VL leads I by 90°
While VC legs behind I by 90°.
The vector OP represents VR (which is in phase with I) the vector
O X
OQ represent VL (which leads I by 90°) VR P
and the vector OS represents VC (which legs behind I by 90°) VC S
VL and VC are opposite to each other.
If VL > VC (as shown in figure) the their resultant will be (VL – VC)
Y
which is represented by OT.
VL Q
Finally, the vector OK represents the resultant of VR and (VL – VC), T
that is, the resultant of all the three = applied e.m.f. K
)
mf
(VL – VC)
e
2 2 2 2 E lied
Thus E  V  (VL  VC )  I R  ( X L  X C )  I  pp
R
R 2  ( X L  X C )2 (a
E

2 O X
2 2  2 1  VR P
Impedance Z  R  ( X L  X C )  R    L 
 C 
VC
The phasor diagram also shown that in LCR circuit the applied e.m.f.
XL  XC
leads the current I by a phase angle  where tan  
R
SERIES LCR AND PARALLEL LCR COMBINATION
Series L-C-R circuit Parallel L-C-R circuit
 Circuit diagram
R
L C
R L
C
I same for R, L & C V same for R, L & C

 Phasor diagram
VL IC
I V
VR IR
VC IL
1. If VL > VC then 2. If IC > IL then

VL – VC I IC – IL V
VR IR
2. If VC > VL then 2. If IL > IC then
VC – VL VR I IL – IC IR V
3. V  VR2  (VL  VC )2 3. I  I R2  ( I L  I C ) 2
Impedance Z  R 2  ( X L  X C ) 2 Admittance Y  G 2  ( S L  SC ) 2
X L  X C VL  VC S L  SC I L  I C
tan    tan   
R VR G IR
4. Impedance triangle 4. Admittance triangle
 G
Z
X = XL – XC SL – SC
 Y
R
SERIES PARALLEL
(i) (a) If XL > XC then V leads I,  (positive) (a) If SL > SC (XL < XC), then V leads I,  (positive)
circuit nature inductive circuit nature inductive
(b) If XC > XL then V lags I,  (negative) (b) If SC > SL (XC < XL), then V lags I,  (negative)
circuit nature capacitive circuit nature capacitive
(ii) In A.C. circuit voltage for L or C may be greater than source voltage or current but it happens only
when circuit contains L and C both and on R, it is never greater than source voltage or current.
(iii) In parallel A.C. circuit phase difference between IL and IC is .
Find out the impedance of given circuit.

4 9 6
Z  R 2  ( X L  X C )2  42  (9  6)2  42  32  25  5 
( XL > XC  Inductive)
Find out impedance of given circuit. 3
2
6
2 2 1 1 12
Y  G  ( S L  SC )    6
36  6 3 
2 6
Y   Z  (capacitive, because XL > XC)
6 2
Find out reading of A C ammeter and also calculate the potential difference across resistance and capacitor.
V0 100 10 20 10

Z  R 2  ( X L  X C ) 2  10 2   I 0    A 10
Z 10 2 2
10 A
 ammeter reads RMS value, so its reading  2 2  5 A
So VR = 5 × 10 = 50 V and VC = 5 × 10 = 50 V E = 100 sin wt 100 pt volt
In LCR circuit with an AC source R = 300 , C = 20 µF, L = 1.0 H, Erms = 50 V and ƒ = 50/ Hz. Find RMS
current in the circuit.
Erms Erms 50
I rms   
Z  1 
2
 50 1 
2
R 2   L  3002   2   1 
 C   50 
20  106  2  

  
 50 50 1
I rms     0.1 A
 103 
2
100 9  16 10
(300) 2  100 
 2 
Calculate impedance of the given circuit :
5V 12 V
240 
Z 120
(i) (ii) I = 2A
Z=?
0.2F 1H 3
(iii)
V = 100 sin t volt
(i) It is parallel circuit so Y is evaluated

1 1 1
Y  S L  SC     Z = 240  (inductive)
120 240 240
Vs 13
(ii) Vs2 = 625 + 144 = 169  Vs = 13 volt therefore Z    6.5 
I 2
(iii) R = 3 , XL = L = 1 as ( = 1)
1 1
XC   5 So, Z2 = R2 + (XL – XC)2 = 32 + (1 – 5)2 = 25  Z = 5 
C (0.2) 1
02 (4) glows more brightly

16. A capacitor of capacitance 10 µF is connected to an
11. For a given frequency, the inductive reactance of a AC source and an AC ammeter. If the source voltage
coil at 100 H is 25 . For the same frequency, the varies as V = 50 2 sin 100 t, the reading of the ammeter
inductive reactance at 200 H will be is
(1) 25  (2) 50  (1) 50 mA (2) 70.7 mA
(3) 100  (4) Zero (3) 5.0 mA (4) 7.07 mA
12. In the case of an inductor,
(1) voltage lags the current by /2 17. An alternating emf e = 220 2 sin 100 t V is applied to
(2) voltage leads the current by /2 a capacitor of 1 µF. The current flowing through the
capacitor is
(3) voltage leads the current by /3
(4) voltage leads the current by /4 (1) 22 mA (2) 12 mA
13. If an alternating voltage V = V0 sin t is applied across (3) 32 mA (4) 42 mA
an inductance L, the current through the inductance 18. A capacitor of capacity C has reactance X. If the
will be capacitance and frequency become d ouble, then
reactance will be
 
(1) I = I0 sin t (2) I  I 0 sin  t   (1) 4X (2) X/2
 2
(3) X/4 (4) 2X
 
(3) I  I 0 sin  t   (4) I = I0 sin (t + ) 19. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283 V and angular
 2
frequency 320/s is applied to a series LCR circuit.
14. A pure inductance coil of 30 mH is connected to an AC
Given that R = 5 , L = 25 mH and C = 100 µF. The total
source of 220 V. The rms current in the coil is
impedance, and phase difference between the voltage
(1) 50.35 A (2) 23.4 A across the source and the current will respectively be
(3) 30.5 A (4) 12.3 A
15. In the A.C. circuit shown, keeping ‘K’ pressed, if an 5 8
(1) 10  and tan–1   (2) 10  and tan–1  
iron rod is inserted into the coil, the bulb in the circuit 3 3
Rod 5
Bulb Coil (3) 7  and tan–1   (4) 7  and 45º
3
20. A 50 Hz AC signal is applied in a circuit of inductance
K of (1/) H and resistance 2100 ohm. The impedance
A.C.
(1) gets damaged offered by the circuit is
(2) glows less brightly (1) 1500 ohm (2) 1700 ohm
(3) glows with same brightness (as before the rod is (3) 2102 ohm (4) 2500 ohm
inserted)
7.6.3 P.No.: 248

 A circuit is said to be resonant when the natural frequency of circuit is equal to frequency of the applied
voltage. For resonance both L and C must be present in circuit.
 There are two types of resonance :
1. Series Resonance 2. Parallel Resonance

SERIES RESONANCE
 At Resonance
1. XL = XC 2. VL = VC 3.  = 0 (V and I in same phase)
V
4. Zmin = R (impedance minimum) 5. Imax = (current maximum)
R
 Resonance frequency
1 1 1 1
 X L  X C  r L   r2   r   ƒr 
r C LC LC 2 LC
 Variation of Z with ƒ
1. If ƒ < ƒr, then XL < XC ; circuit nature capacitive, ƒ (negative)
2. At ƒ = ƒr, then XL = XC ; circuit nature Resistive, ƒ = zero
Z
3. If ƒ > ƒr, then XL > XC ; circuit nature is inductive, ƒ (positive)
Variation of I with ƒ as ƒ increase, Z first decreases then increase R
fr f
Imax
Imax
2 Imax = V
R
 I as ƒ increase, I first increase then decreases
ƒ
f1 fr f2 f
At resonance impedance of the series resonant circuit is minimum so it is called 'acceptor circuit' as it most
readily accepts that current out of many currents whose frequency is equal to its natural frequency. In radio
or TV tuning we receive the desired station by making the frequency of the circuit equal to that of the desired
station.
 Half power frequencies

The frequencies at which, power become half of its maximum value called half power frequencies
 Band width = ƒ = ƒ2 – ƒ1
 Quality factor Q : Q-factor of AC circuit basically gives an idea about stored energy & lost energy.
maximum energy stored per cycle
Q  2
maximum energy lost per cycle
1. It represents the sharpness of resonance.
2. It is unit less and dimension less quantity
I
( X L ) r ( X C ) r 2 ƒ r L 1 L ƒ r ƒr R1
3. Q      
R R R R C  ƒ band width
 Magnification R1 < R2 < R3

At resonance VL or VC = QE (where E = supplied voltage) R2
So at resonance Magnification factor = Q-factor
 Sharpness
Sharpness  Quality factor  Magnification factor R3
R decrease  Q increases  Sharpness increases ƒr ƒ

PARALLEL RESONANCE
 At resonance
1. SL = SC 2. IL = IC C
3.  = 0 4. Zmax = R (impedance maximum)
V L R
5. Imin = (current minimum)
R
1
 Resonant frequency : ƒ r 
2 LC
 Variation of Z with ƒ as ƒ increases, Z first increases then decreases
Z I
V
I min 
R
ƒr ƒr ƒ
1. If ƒ < ƒr, then SL > SC, ƒ (positive), circuit nature is inductive

2. If ƒ > ƒr, then SC > SL, ƒ (negative), circuit nature capacitive.
 Variation of I with ƒ as ƒ increases, I first decreases then increases
1 1 R2 L 1 R2
Note : For this circuit ƒ r   2  Z max  For resonance  2
2 LC L RC LC L
1. Series resonance circuit gives voltage amplificaltion while parallel resonance circuit gives current am-
plification.
2. At resonance current does not depend on L and C, it depends only on R and V.
3. At half power frequencies : net reactance = net resistance.
4. As R increases, bandwidth increases
5. To obtain resonance in a circuit following parameter can be altered :
(i) L (ii) C (iii) frequency of source.
6. Two series LCR circuit of same resonance frequency ƒ are joined in series then resonance frequency of
series combination is also ƒ.
7. The series resonance circuit called acceptor whereas parallel resonance circuit called rejector circuit.
8. Unit of LC is second
For what frequency the voltage across the resistance R will be maximum. 1 1
F 
 
R
It happens at resonance
1 1
f    500 Hz
2 LC 1 1
2  106 
 
A capacitor, a resistor and a 40 mH inductor are connected in series to an AC R = 220 

source of frequency 60Hz, calculate the capacitance of the capacitor, if the
current is in phase with the voltage. Also calculate the value of X and I. V1 V2 V3
300 V 300 V XV
I
At resonance
1 1 1 1 110 V, 60 Hz
L  ,C  2  2 2  2  176  F
C  L 4 ƒ L 4  (60)  40  103
2
V 110
V  VR  X  110 V and I   0.5 A
R 220
A coil, a capacitor and an A.C. source of rms voltage 24 V are connected in series. By varying the frequency
of the source, a maximum rms current 6 A is observed, If this coil is connected to a bettery of emf 12 V, and
internal resistance 4 , then calculate the current through the coil.
V V 24
At resonance current is maximum. I   Resistance of coil R   4
R I 6
E 12
When coil is connected to battery, suppose I current flow through it then I    1.5 A
Rr 44
Radio receiver receives a message at 300 m band. If the available inductance is 1 mH, then calculate
required capacitance.
Radio receives EM waves. (velocity of EM waves c = 3 × 108 m/s)

3  108 1 1
 c = ƒ  ƒ   106 Hz. Now ƒ   1 106  C  2  25 pF
300 2 LC 4 L  1011
C
In a L–C circuit parallel combination of inductance of 0.01 H and a
capacitor of 1 µF is connected to a variable frequency alternating
current source as shown in figure. Draw a rough sketch of the current A L
variation as the frequency is changed from 1 kHz to 3 kHz.
I
L and C are connected in parallel to the AC source,
1 1 104
So resonance frequency f     1.6 kHz
2 LC 2 0.01  106 2 1.6 kHz f

In case of parallel resonance, current in L–C circuit at resonance is zero.
So the I-ƒ curve will be as shown in figure.
7.7 P.No.-252
 The average power dissipation in LCR ac circuit
Let V = V0 sin t and I = I0 sin (t – )
Instantaneous power P = (V0 sin t) (I0 sin (t – ) = V0I0 sin t (sin t cos  – sin  cos t)
T
1 2
Average power =  (V0 I 0 sin t cos   V0 I 0 sin t cos t sin )dt
T0
1 T 2 1
T
 1 
 V0 I 0   sin t cos  dt   sin t cos t sin  dt   V0 I 0  cos   0  sin  
T 0 T0  2 
V0 I 0 cos 
 P  Vrms I rms cos 
2
Instantaneous Average power/actual power/ Virtual power/ apparent Peak power
power dissipated power/power loss Power/rms Power
P = VI P = Vrms Irms cos  P = Vrms Irms
P = V0 I 0
1. Irms cos  is known as active part of current or wattfull current, workfull current. It is in phase with
voltage.
2. Irms sin  is known as inactive part of current, wattless current, workless current. It is in quadrature
(90°) with voltage.
POWER FACTOR :
 Average power P  Erms I rms cos   rms power × cos 
Average power R
Power factor (cos ) = and cos  
rms Power Z
Power factor : (i) is leading if I leads V (ii) is lagging if I lags V
1. Pav  Prms .
2. Power factor varies from 0 to 1
Pure / Power factor
 V Average
Ideal Power = cos 
R 0 V , I same Phase 1 (max.) Vrms. Irms

L  V leads I 0 0
2
3. 
C  V lags I 0 0
2

Choke coil – V leads I 0 0
2
4. At resonance power factor is maximum ( = 0 so cos  = 1) and Pav = Vrms Irms
1
A voltage of 10 V and frequency 103 Hz is applied to µF capacitor in series with a resistor of 500 . Find

the power factor of the circuit and the power dissipated.
1 1
 XC    5000   Z  R 2  X C2  (500) 2  (500) 2  500 2 
2 ƒC 3 106
2  10 

R 500 1 (10)2 1 1
Power factor cos     , Power dissipated  Vrms I rms cos     W
Z 500 2 2 500 2 2 10
 
If V = 100 sin 100 t volt and I = 100 sin 100t   mA for an A.C. circuit then find out
 3
(a) phase difference between V and I (b) total impedance, reactance, resistance
(c) power factor and power dissipated (d) components contains by circuits

(a) Phase difference    (I leads V)
3
V0 100 1
(b) Total impedance Z   3
 1 k  Now resistance R  Z cos 60  1000   500 
I 0 100  10 2
3 500 R
reactance X  Z sin 60  1000    60°
2 3 X
(c)  = – 60°  Power factor = cos  = cos (– 60°) = 0.5 (leading) Z
100 0.1 1
Power dissipated P  Vrms I rms cos      2.5 W
2 2 2

(d) Circuit must contains R as   and as  is negative so C must be their, (L may exist but XC > XL)
2
1
If power factor of a R-L series circuit is when applied voltage is V = 100 sin 100 t volt and resistance of
2
circuit is 200 , then calculate the inductance of the circuit.
R 1 R
cos      Z  2 R  R 2  X L2  2 R  X L  3R
Z 2 Z
3R 3  200 2 3
 L  3R  L    H
 100 
A circuit consisting of an inductance and a resistance joined to a 200 volt supply (A.C.). It draws a current
of 10 ampere. If the power used in the circuit is 1500 watt. Calculate the wattless current.
Apparent power = 200 × 10 = 2000 W

True power 1500 3
 Power factor cos    
Apparent power 2000 4
2
 3  10 7
Wattless current  I rms sin   10 1     A
4 4
A coil has a power factor of 0.866 at 60 Hz. What will be power factor at 180 Hz.
Given that cos  = 0.866,  = 2ƒ = 2 × 60 = 120 rad/s,  '  2 ƒ '  2  180  360  rad/s
R
Now, cos    R  Z cos   0.866 Z
Z
But Z  R 2  ( L)2   L  Z 2  R 2  Z 2  (0.866 Z )2  0.5 Z
0.5 Z 0.5 Z
 L 
 120 
When the frequency is changed to  '  2  180  3  120  300 rad/s, then
inductive reactance  ' L  3 L  3  0.5Z  1.5
 New impedance Z '  [ R ' ( ' L) 2 ]  (0.866 Z )2  (1.5 Z )2  Z [(0.866) 2  (1.5) 2 ]  1.732 Z
R 0.866 Z
 New power factor    0.5
Z ' 1.732 Z
CHOKE COIL
 In a direct current circuit, current is reduced with the help of a tube light rod
resistance.
 Hence there is a loss of electrical energy I 2R per sec in the form
of heat in the resistance. But in an AC circuit the current can be
reduced by choke coil which involves very small amount of loss
of energy. Choke coil is a copper coil wound over a soft iron choke coil
laminated core. This coil is put in series with the circuit in which
current is to be reduced. It is also known as ballast.
 Circuit with a choke coil is a series L-R circuit. If resistance of choke coil = r (very small)
E
The current in the circuit I  with Z  ( R  r )2  ( L)2 . So due to large inductance L of the coil, the
Z
current in the circuit is decreased appreciably. However, due to small resistance of the coil r,
 The power loss in the choke
r r r
Pav = Vrms Irms cos  0  cos     0
Z 2 2 2
r  L  L
1. Choke coil is a high inductance and negligible resistance coil.

2. Choke coil is used to control current in A.C. circuit at negligible power loss
3. Choke coil used only in A.C. and not in D.C. circuit
4. Choke coil is based on the principle of wattless current.
5. Iron cored choke coil is used generally at low frequency and air cored at high frequency.
6. Resistance of ideal choke coil is zero
A choke coil and a resistance are connected in series in an a.c circuit and a potential of 130 volt is applied to
the circuit. If the potential across the resistance is 50 V. What would be the potential difference across the
choke coil.
V  VR2  VL2  VL  V 2  VR2  (130) 2  (50) 2  120 V
An electric lamp which runs at 80V DC consumes 10 A current. The lamp is connected to 100 V – 50 Hz ac
source compute the inductance of the choke required.
V 80
Resistance of lamp R   8
I 10
Let Z be the impedance which would maintain a current of 10 A through the Lamp when it is run on
V 100
100 Volt a.c. then. Z    10  but Z  R 2  ( L)2
I 10
6 6
 (L)2 = Z2 – R2 = (10)2 – (8)2 = 36  L = 6  L    0.02 H
 2  50
Calculate the resistance or inductance required to operate a lamp (60 V, 10 W) from a source of (100 V,
50 Hz)
(a) Maximum voltage across lamp = 60V R

 VLamp + VR = 100  VR = 40 V
Wattage 10 1
Now current througth Lamp is    A
voltage 60 6 100 V, 50 Hz
1
But VR  IR  40  ( R)  R  240 
6 L
(b) Now i n this case ( VLamp)2 + (VL)2 = (V)2

(60)2 + (VL)2 = (100)2  VL = 80 V
100V, 50Hz
Also VL = IXL = XL , so XL = 80 × 6 = 480  = L (2ƒ)  L = 1.5 H
A capacitor of suitable capacitance replace a choke coil in an AC circuit, the average power con-
sumed in a capacitor is also zero. Hence, like a choke coil, a capacitor can reduce current in AC circuit
without power dissipation.
Cost of capacitor is much more than the cost of inductance of same reactance that's why choke coil is
used.
A choke coil of resistance R and inductance L is connected in series with a capacitor C and complete
combination is connected to a.c. voltage, Circuit resonates when angular frequency of supply is  = 0.
(a) Find out relation betwen 0, L and C
(b) What is phase difference between V and I at resonance, L, R C
does it change when resistance of choke coil is zero?
1 1
(a) At resonance condition X L  X C  0 L   0  V = V0 sin (volt)
0C LC
R R
(b)  cos     1    0 , No, It is always zero.
Z R
03 25. In series LCR circuit R = 18  and impedance is 33 .

An rms voltage 220 V is applied across the circuit. The
true power consumed in a.c. circuit is
21. A series LCR circuit is connected to an AC source and
is showing resonance. Then (1) 220 W (2) 400 W
(1) VR = 0 (2) VL = VR (3) 600 W (4) 800 W
(3) VC = VR (4) VL = VC 26. In an LCR circuit, at resonance, the power dissipated
across L or C is
22. The resonant frequency of a LCR circuit depends upon
(1) the maximum
(1) L and R (2) C and R
(2) the minimum
(3) L and C (4) L, C and R
(3) equal that across R
23. What is the resonance frequency of a driven LCR
oscillator? (4) greater than that across R
27. The self inductance of the motor of an electric fan is 10
1 1
(1) (2) H. In order to impart maximum power at 50 Hz, it should
LC 2LC be connected to a capacitance of
(3) (LC) –1/2 (4) (2LC)–1/2
(1) 1 µF (2) 2 µF
24. An LCR series circuit is under resonance. If Im is current
(3) 4 µF (4) 8 µF
amplitude, Vm is voltage amplitude, R is the resistance,
28. A series RLC circuit, driven with E rms = 120 V at
Z is the impedance, XL is the inductive reactance and
frequency 50 Hz, contains an inductance with XL = 100
XC is the capacitive reactance, then
, a capacitance with X C = 110  and an unknown
Vm resistance R. For what value of R, the power factor is
(1) Im = VmZ (2) I m 
XL 0.9?
Vm Vm (1) 20  (2) 42 
(3) Im  (4) Im 
XC R (3) 59  (4) 110 

29. A resistor of 500 , an inductance of 0.5 H are in series 30. If E0 is the peak emf, I0 is the peak current and  is the
with AC which is given by V  100 2 sin(1000t ) . The phase difference between them, then the average power
power factor of the combination is dissipation in the circuit is
1 E0 I 0
1 1 (1) E0 I 0 (2)
(1) (2) 2 2
2 3
1 1
(3) 0.5 (4) 0.6 (3) E0 I 0 sin  (4) E0 I 0 cos 
2 2
7.8 P.No.-255
 The oscillation of energy between capacitor (electric field energy) and inductor (magnetic field energy) is
called LC Oscillation.
I
C L t
UNDAMPED OSCILLATION
 When the circuit has no resistance, the energy taken once from the source and given to capacitor keeps on
oscillating between C and L then the oscillation produced will be of constant amplitude. These are called
undamped oscillation.
After switch is closed
Q di Q d 2Q d 2Q 1
 L 0  L 2 0 2  Q0
C dt C dt dt LC
d2x 
By comparing with standard equation of free oscillation  2   2 x  0 
 dt 
1 1
2  Frequency of oscillation ƒ 
LC 2 LC
Charge varies sinusoidally with time q = qm cos t
dq  
Current also varies periodically with I   qm cos  t  
dt  2
1 qm2
If initial charge on capacitor is qm then electrical energy strored in capacitor is U E 
2 C
At t = 0 switch is closed, capacitor is starts to discharge.
As the capacitor is fully discharged, the total electrical energy is stored in the inductor in the form of mag-
netic energy.
1
U B  LI m2 where Im = max. current
2
1 qm2 1 2
(Umax)EPE = (Umax)MPE   LI m
2 C 2
DAMPED OSCILLATION
 Practically, a circuit can not be entirely resistanceless, so some part of energy is lost in resistance and
amplitude of oscillation goes on decreasing. These are called damped oscillation.

R L
1 R2
Angular frequency of oscillation    2
LC 4 L I
1 1 R2
Frequency of oscillation ƒ   2
2 LC 4 L t
1 R2
Oscillation to be real if  2 0
LC 4 L
1 R2
Hence for oscilation to be real  2
LC 4 L
1. In damped oscillation amplitude of oscillation decreases exponentially with time.

T 3T 5T
2. At t  , , , ..... energy stored is completely magnetic.
4 4 4
T 3T 5T
3. At t  , , , ..... energy is shared equally between L and C
8 8 8
  when charge is maximumum, current minimum 
4. Phase difference between charge and current is
2  when charge is minimum , current maximum 
An LC circuit contains a 20 mH inductor and a 50 µF capacitor with an initial charge of 10 mC. The
resistance of the circuit is negligible. Let the instant the circuit is closed to be t = 0.
(a) What is the total energy stored initially.
(b) What is the natural frequency of the circuit.
(c) At what time is the energy stored is completely magnetic.
(d) At what times is the total energy shared equally between inductor and the capacitor.
1 q 2 1 (10  103 ) 2
(a) UE     1.0 J
2 C 2 50  106
1 1
(b)    103 rad/sec  ƒ  159 Hz
3
LC 20  10  50
(c)  q = q0 cos t
Energy stored is completely magnetic (i.e. electrical energy is zero, q = 0)
T 3T 5 T 1
at t , , , ..... where T   6.3 ms
4 4 4 ƒ
q0
(d) Energy is shared equally between L and C when charge on capacitor become
2
T 3T 5T
So, at t  , , , .... energy is shared equally between L and C
8 8 8
EDDY CURRENT
When a changing magnetic flux is applied to a bulk piece of conducting material then circulating currents
called eddy currents are induced in the material. Because the resistance of the bulk conductor is usually low,
eddy currents often have large magnitudes and heat up the conductor.
 These are circulating currents like eddies in water.
 Experimental concept given by Focault hence also named as “Focault current”.
 The production of eddy currents in a metallic block leads to the loss of electric energy in the form of heat.
 By Lamination, slotting processes the resistance path for circulation of eddy current increases, resulting in to
weakening them and also reducing losses causes by them
Cause excessive electro Gradual damping

Plane metal Slotted metal
plate plate B Feeble eddy currents
× × Strong eddy
×
× × × currents
× × × ×
×
× ×
× × ×
× ×
(A) Strong eddies produced (B) Feeble eddies (C) Solid metallic core (D) Laminated core
 Application of eddy currents : Though most of the times eddy currents are undesirable but they find some
useful applications as enumerated below
1. Dead-beat galvanometer : A dead beat galvanometer means one whose pointer comes to rest in the
final equilibrium position immediately without any oscillation about the equilibrium position when a current
is passed in its coil.
This is achieved by winding the coil on a metallic frame, the large eddy currents induced in the frame
provide electromagnetic damping.
2. Electric-brakes : When the train is running its wheel is moving in air and when the train is to be stopped
by electric breaks the wheel is made to move in a field created by electromagnet. Eddy currents induced
in the wheels due to the changing flux oppose the cause and stop the train.
3. Induction furnace : Joule's heat causes the melting of a metal piece placed in a rapidly changing magnetic
field.
4. Speedometer : In the speedometer of an automobile, a magnet is geared to the main shaft of the vehicle
and it rotates according to the speed of the vehicle. The magnet is mounted in an aluminium cylinder with
the help of hair springs. When the magnet rotates, it produces eddy currents in the drum and drags it
through an angle, which indicates the speed of the vehicle on a calibrated scale.
5. Energy meter : In energy meters, the armature coil carries a metallic aluminium disc which rotates
between the poles of a pair of permanent horse shoe magnets. As the armature rotates, the current
induced in the disc tends to oppose the motion of the armature coil. Due to this braking effect, deflection
is proportional to the energy consumed.

AC GENERATOR / ALTERNATOR / DYNAMO
An electrical machine used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy is known as ac generator/
alternator.
 Principle : It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction i.e., when a coil is rotated in uniform
magnetic field, an induced emf is produced in it.
 Construction : The main components of ac generator are
B C
1. Armature : Armature coil (ABCD) consists of large
number of turns of insulated copper wire wound over a
soft iron core.
2. Strong field magnet : A strong permanent magnet or an
electromagnet whose poles (N and S) are cylindrical in N A D S
shape in a field magnet. The armature coil rotates between
B1
the pole pieces of the field magnet. The uniform magnetic
R1
field provided by the field magnet is perpendicular to the
axis of rotation of the coil. RL Output
3. Slip rings : The two ends of the armature coil are R2

connected to two brass slip rings R1 and R2. These rings B2
rotate along with the armature coil.
4. Brushes : Two carbon brushes (B1 and B2), are pressed against the slip rings. The brushes are fixed
while slip rings rotate along with the armature. These brushes are connected to the load through which the
output is obtained.
 Working : When the armature coil ABCD rotates in the magnetic field provided by the strong field magnet,
it cuts the magnetic lines of force. Thus the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and hence induced
emf is set up in the coil. The direction of the induced emf or the current in the coil is determined by the
Fleming’s right hand rule.
The current flows out through the brush B1 in one direction of half of the revolution and through the brush B2
in the next half revolution in the reverse direction. This process is repeated. Therefore, emf produced is of
alternating nature.
Nd
e  NBA sin t  e0 sin t where e0 = NBA 
dt
e e
i   0 sin t  i0 sin t R  Resistance of the circuit
R R
7.9 TRANSFORMERS P.No.: 259
It is a device which raises or lowers the voltage in ac circuits through mutual induction.
It consists of two coils wound on the same core. The alternating current passing through the primary creates a
continuously changing flux through the core. This changing flux induces an alternating emf in the secondary.
Laminated sheets
Loa d
Source ~ Input Output
Iron core

 Transformer works on ac only and never on dc.
 It can increase or decrease either voltage or current but not both simultaneously.
 Transformer does not change the frequency of input ac.
 There is no electrical connection between the winding but they are linked magnetically.
 Effective resistance between primary and secondary winding is infinite.
dS d
 The flux per turn of each coil must be same i.e. S  P ;   P.
dt dt
 If NP = number of turns in primary, NS = number of turns in secondary, VP = applied (input) voltage to
primary, VS = Voltage across secondary (load voltage or output), eP = induced emf in primary ; eS = induced
emf in secondary,  = flux linked with primary as well as secondary, iP = current in primary; iS = current in
secondary (or load current)
As in an ideal transformer there is no loss of power i.e. Pout  Pin so VS iS  VPiP and VP  eP . VS  eS .
es N s Vs iP
Hence     k ; k  Transformation ratio (or turn ratio)
eP N P VP iS
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
Step up transformer Step down transformer
It increases voltage and It decreases voltage and
d ecreases current increases current
P S P S
VS > VP VS < V P
NS > NP NS < NP
ES > EP ES < EP
i S < iP iS > iP
RS > RP RS < RP
t S > tP tS > tP
k >1 k<1
 Efficiency of transformer ( ) : Efficiency is defined as the ratio of output power and input power i.e.
Pout Vi
%  100  S S 100
Pin VPiP
For an ideal transformer Pout = Pin so   100% (But efficiency of practical transformer lies between 70% – 90%)
For practical transformer Pin  Pout  Plosses
So   Pout 100  Pout (P  P )

100  in L 100
Pin ( Pout  PL ) Pin

 Losses in transformer : In transformers some power is always lost due to, heating effect, flux leakage
eddy currents, hysteresis and humming.
1. Cu loss (i2R) : When current flows through the transformer windings some power is wasted in the form
of heat ( H  i 2 Rt ). To minimize this loss windings are made of thick Cu wires (To reduce resistance)
2. Eddy current loss : Some electrical power is wasted in the form of heat due to eddy currents, induced
in core, to minimize this loss transformers core are laminated and silicon is added to the core material as
it increases the resistivity. The material of the core is then called silicon-iron (steel).
3. Hystersis loss : The alternating current flowing through the coils magnetises and demagnetises the iron
core again and again. Therefore, during each cycle of magnetisation, some energy is lost due to hysteresis.
However, the loss of energy can be minimised by selecting the material of core, which has a narrow
hysterisis loop. Therefore core of transformer is made of soft iron. Now a days it is made of “Permalloy”
(Fe-22%, Ni-78%).
4. Magnetic flux leakage : Magnetic flux produced in the primary winding is not completely linked with
secondary because few magnetic lines of force complete their path in air only. To minimize this loss
secondary winding is kept inside the primary winding.
5. Humming losses : Due to the passage of alternating current, the core of the transformer starts vibrating
and produces humming sound. Thus, some part (may be very small) of the electrical energy is wasted in
the form of humming sounds produced by the vibrating core of the transformer.
 Uses of transformer : A transformer is used in almost all ac operations e.g.
1. In voltage regulators for TV, refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc.
2. In the induction furnaces.
3. Step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
4. In the transmission of ac over long distance.
Transmission lines
Low Low House or

G High V High V V Load factory
V
Power Step up Step down

Station transformer
transformer
5. Fig.in
Step down and step up transformers are used 23.27
electrical power distribution.
6. Audio frequency transformers are used in radiography, television, radio, telephone etc.
7. Radio frequency transformers are used in radio communication.
8. Transformers are also used in impedance matching.
04
Current
Impedance
31. Out of the following graphs, which graph shows the

correct relation (graphical representation) for LC
parallel resonant circuit? min
0 0 Fr
Impedance
max Frequency Frequency

Current
(3) (4)
min
(1) (1) (2) (2)

0 Fr 0 Fr (3) (3) (4) (4)
Frequency Frequency
(1) (2)

32. The LC parallel resonant circuit
(1) has a very high impedance 1
(3) (4) LC
LC
(2) has a very high current
(3) acts as resistance of very low value 37. The resonance frequency of the tank circuit of an
oscillator when 10/2 mH and C = 0.04 µF are connected
(4) has zero impedance
in parallel is
33. A charged capacitor C = 30 µF is connected to an
(1) 250 kHz (2) 25 kHz
inductor L = 27 mH. The angular frequency of their
oscillations is (3) 2.5 kHz (4) 25 MHz
(1) 9.1 × 10 3 (2) 3.0 × 103 38. The output of a step down transformer is measured to
be 48 V when connected to a 12 W bulb. The value of
(3) 1.1 × 10 3 (4) 0.3 × 103
peak current is
34. A fully charged capacitor C with initial charge q 0 is
connected to a coil of self inductance L at t = 0. The 1
time at which the energy is stored equally between the (1) 2A (2) A
2 2
electric and the magnetic fields is
 1 1
(1) (2) LC (3) A (4) A
 LC 4 2
4
(3) 2 LC (4) LC 39. For an ideal step-down transformer, the quantity which
is constant for both the coils is
35. An LC circuit contains a 20 mH inductor and a 50 µF
capacitor with an initial charge of 10 mC. The resistance (1) current in the coils
of the circuit is negligible. Let the instant at which the (2) voltage across the coils
circuit which is closed be t = 0. At what time is the (3) resistance of coils
energy stored completely magnetic?
(4) power in the coils
(1) t=0 (2) t = 1.54 ms
40. A transformer is used to light a 100 W, 110 V lamp from
(3) t = 3.14 ms (4) t = 6.28 ms a 220 V supply. If the supply current is 0.6 A, the
36. The natural frequency (0) of oscillations in LC circuit efficiency of the transformer is
is given by (1) 66% (2) 76%
1 1 1 1 (3) 86% (4) 96%
(1) (2)
2 LC 2 LC
7.10 Synopsis
T
 Idt
0 1
T
Average value I av   Idt
T 0
 T
 dt
0
T
2
 I dt
0
RMS value I rms  T
 dt
0
2V0 V
For sinusoidal voltage V = V0 sin t : Vav  & Vrms  0
 2
2I0 I
For sinusoidal current I = I0 sin(t + ) : Iav  & I rms  0
 2

 AC Circuits
I
I
V
V0
I sin t
R
V
I
V
I
V0  
I sin  t  
L  2
V
I
I
V
 
I  V0 Csin  t  
 2
 Impendance : Z = R 2  X 2 where X = reactance

 Series LCR Circuit
X = XL – XC
Z
2 2
Z = R 2   X L  XC  ; V  VR2   VL  VC 
R
 Power Factor = cos = R/Z At resonance : XL = XC  Z = R, V = VR
 LC Oscillation
L
q = q0 sin (t + ), I = I0 cos(t + ) I 0  q 0 
1 2 q2 q2 1
Energy = LI   0  LI20 = constant
2 2C 2C 2
1
Comparison with SHM q  x, I  v, L  m, C 
K C

 Comparison of Damped Mechanical & Electrical Systems
(a) Series LCR circuit :
d 2 q R dq 1 V
2
  q  0 cos t
dt L dt LC L
compare with mechanical damped system equation
d 2 x b dx k F
2
  x  0 cos t
dt m dt m m
where b = damping coefficient.
Mechanical system Electrical system (series RLC)
Displacement (x) Charge (q)

Driving force (F) Driving voltage (V)
Kinetic energy Electromagnetic energy of moving charge
2
1 2 1  dq 
L
1 2
 mv    Li
2  2  dt  2
1 2 q2
Potential energy kx Energy of static charge
2 2C
mass (m) (1/C)

Power P = Fv Power P = VI
Damping (b) Resistance (R)
(b) Parallel LCR circuit : In this case
 dd  dd 11dd dd2  11 dd 11 V

I = IL + IC + IR =  CC    2
 2
  0sin
sint t
LL dtdt  dtdt RRdtdt dt RC
RC dt LCLC ZCZC
Displacement (x)  Flux linkage ()
 dx   d 
Velocity    Voltage  
 dt   dt 
Mass (m)  Capacitance (C)
Spring constant (k)  Reciprocal Industance (1/L)
Damping coefficient (b)  Reciprocal resistance (1/R)
Driving force (F)  Current (i)
1. The power is transmitted from a power house on high (1) 3A (2) 3 3A

voltage ac because
(1) Electric current travels faster at higher volts (3) 3 2A (4) 2 3A
(2) It is more economical due to less power wastage 10. A generator produces a voltage that is given by V =
(3) It is difficult to generate power at low voltage 240 sin 120 t, where t is in seconds. The frequency and
(4) Chances of stealing transmissio n lines are r.m.s. voltage are
minimized (1) 60 Hz and 240 V (2) 19 Hz and 120 V
2. The potential difference V and the current i flowing (3) 19 Hz and 170 V (4) 754 Hz and 70 V
through an instrument in an ac circuit of frequency ƒ
are given by V = 5 cos t volts and I = 2 sin t amperes 11. If E0 represents the peak value of the voltage in an ac
(where  = 2 ƒ). The power dissipated in the instrument circuit, the r.m.s. value of the voltage will be
is E0 E0
(1) Zero (2) 10 W (1) (2)
 2
(3) 5 W (4) 2.5 W E0 E0
3. In an ac circuit, V and I are given by V = 100 sin (100 t) (3) (4)
 2
  12. The peak value of 220 volts of ac mains is
volts, I  100sin 100t   mA. The power dissipated (1) 155.6 volts (2) 220.0 volts
 3
in circuit is (3) 311.0 volts (4) 440 volts
(1) 10 4 watt (2) 10 watt 13. A sinusoidal ac current flows through a resistor of
(3) 2.5 watt (4) 5 watt resistance R. If the peak current is Ip, then the power
dissipated is
4. Alternating current can not be measured by dc ammeter
because 1 2
(1) I p2 R cos (2) I pR
(1) ac cannot pass through dc ammeter 2
(2) Average value of complete cycle is zero 4 1 2
(3) I p2 R (4) I pR
(3) ac is virtual  
(4) ac changes its direction 14. A 40  electric heater is connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz
5. The resistance of a coil for dc is in ohms. In ac, the mains supply. The peak value of electric current flowing
resistance in the circuit is approximately
(1) Will remain same (2) Will increase (1) 2.5 A (2) 5.0 A
(3) Will decrease (4) Will be zero (3) 7 A (4) 10 A
6. If instantaneous current is given by i = 4 cos (t + ) 15. The frequency of ac mains in India is
amperes, then the r.m.s. value of current is (1) 30 c/s or Hz (2) 50 c/s or Hz
(1) 4 amperes (2) 2 2 amperes (3) 60 c/s or Hz (4) 120 c/s or Hz
16. The r.m.s. value of an ac of 50 Hz is 10 amp. The time
(3) 4 2 amperes (4) Zero amperes
taken by the alternating current in reaching from zero
7. In an ac circuit, peak value of voltage is 423 volts. Its to maximum value and the peak value of current will be
effective voltage is (1) 2 × 10–2 sec and 14.14 amp
(1) 400 volts (2) 323 volts (2) 1 × 10–2 sec and 7.07 amp
(3) 300 volts (4) 340 volts (3) 5 × 10–3 sec and 7.07 amp
8. In an ac circuit I = 100 sin 200 t. The time required for (4) 5 × 10–3 sec and 14.14 amp
the current to achieve its peak value will be 17. The root mean square value of the alternating current
1 1 is equal to
(1) sec (2) sec
100 200 (1) Twice the peak value
1 1 (2) Half the peak value
(3) sec (4) sec
300 400 1
9. The peak value of an Alternating current is 6 amp, then (3) times the peak value
2
r.m.s. value of current will be (4) Equal to the peak value

18. The peak value of an alternating e.m.f. E is given by E 26. Choke coil works on the principle of
= E0 cos t is 10 volts and its frequency is 50 Hz. At (1) Transient current (2) Self induction
1 (3) Mutual induction (4) Wattless current
time t  sec, the instantaneous e.m.f. is
600 27. A choke coil has
(1) 10 V (2) 5 3V (1) High inductance and low resistance
(3) 5V (4) 1V (2) Low inductance and high resistance
(3) High inductance and high resistance
 
19. If a current I given by I 0 sin  t   flows in an ac (4) Low inductance and low resistance
 2
28. Choke coil is used to control
circuit across which an ac potential of E = E0 sin t has
(1) ac (2) dc
been applied, then the power consumption P in the
(3) Both ac and dc (4) Neither ac nor dc
circuit will be
29. Current in the circuit is wattless, if
E0 I 0
(1) P  (2) P  2 E0 I 0 (1) Inductance in the circuit is zero
2 (2) Resistance in the circuit is zero
E0 I 0 (3) Current is alternating
(3) P  (4) P = 0
2 (4) Resistance and inductance both are zero
20. In an ac circuit, the instantaneous values of e.m.f. and 30. The phase angle between e.m.f. and current in LCR
  series ac circuit is
current are e = 200 sin 314 t volt and i  sin  314t  
 3 (1) 0 to  / 2 (2)  / 4
ampere. The average power consumed in watt is (3)  / 2 (4) 
(1) 200 (2) 100 31. A choke coil is preferred to a rheostat in ac circuit as
(3) 50 (4) 25 (1) It consumes almost zero power
21. An ac generator produced an output voltage E = (2) It increases current
170 sin 377 t volts, where t is in seconds. The frequency (3) It increases power
of ac voltage is
(4) It increases voltage
(1) 50 Hz (2) 110 Hz
32. An alternating e.m.f. is applied to purely capacitive
(3) 60 Hz (4) 230 Hz circuit. The phase relation between e.m.f. and current
22. In general in an alternating current circuit flowing in the circuit is or in a circuit containing
(1) The average value of current is zero capacitance only
(2) The average value of square of the current is zero (1) e.m.f. is ahead of current by  / 2
(3) Average power dissipation is zero (2) Current is ahead of e.m.f. by  / 2
(4) The phase difference between voltage and (3) Current lags behind e.m.f. by 
current is zero (4) Current is ahead of e.m.f. by 
23. An alternating current is given by the equation . 33. An ac source is connected to a resistive circuits. Which
i  i1 cos t  i2 sin t. The r.m.s. current is given by of the following is true
1 1 (1) Current leads the voltage and both are in same
(1) (i1  i2 ) (2) (i1  i2 ) 2 phase
2 2
1 2 2 1/ 2 1 2 2 1/ 2 (2) Current lags behind the voltage and both are in
(3) (i1  i2 ) (4) (i1  i2 ) same phase
2 2
(3) Current and voltage are in same phase
24. In an ac ci rcuit, the current i s given by
(4) Any of the above may be true depending upon
  the value of resistance
i  5sin 100t   and the ac potential is
 2 34. The average power dissipated in a pure inductor of
V  200sin (100) volt. Then the power consumption is inductance L when an ac current is passing through it,
(1) 20 watts (2) 40 watts is
(3) 1000 watts (4) 0 watt 1 2 1 2
(1) LI (2) LI
25. An electric lamp is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz supply. 2 4
Then the peak value of voltage is (3) 2LI 2 (4) Zero
(1) 210 V (2) 211 V
(Inductance of the coil L and current I)
(3) 311 V (4) 320 V

35. An alternating current of frequency ‘ƒ’ is flowing in a (1) Leads the e.m.f. by 90°
circuit containing a resistance R and a choke L in series. (2) Lags behind the e.m.f. by 90°
The impedance of this circuit is (3) Sometimes leads and sometime lags behind the
e.m.f.
(1) R + 2fL (2) R 2  4 2 f 2 L2 (4) Is in phase with the e.m.f.
44. A 20 volts ac is applied to a circuit consisting of a
(3) R 2  L2 (4) R 2  2 fL resistance and a coil with negligible resistance. If the
voltage across the resistance is 12 V, the voltage across
36. A resonant ac circuit contains a capacitor of capacitance
the coil is
10 –6 F and an inductor of 10 –4 H. The frequency of
(1) 16 volts (2) 10 volts
electrical oscillations will be
(3) 8 volts (4) 6 volts
(1) 10 5 Hz (2) 10 Hz 45. A resistance of 300  and an inductance of (1/) henry
5
10 10 are connected in series to a ac voltage of 20 volts and
(3) Hz (4) Hz 200 Hz frequency. The phase angle between the voltage
2 2
37. Power delivered by the source of the circuit becomes and current is
maximum, when 4 1 3
(1) tan 1 (2) tan
1 3 4
(1)  L  C (2) L  3
C 1 1 2
(3) tan (4) tan
2 2 5
 1 
(3) L    (4)  L  C 46. The power factor of LCR circuit at resonance is
 C 
38. An alternating voltage is connected in series with a (1) 0.707 (2) 1
resistance R and an inductance L. If the potential drop (3) Zero (4) 0.5
across the resistance is 200 V and across the inductance 47. An inductance of 1 mH a condenser of 10 µF and a
is 150 V, then the applied voltage is resistance of 50  are connected in series. The
(1) 350 V (2) 250 V reactances of inductor and condensers are same. The
(3) 500 V (4) 300 V
reactance of either of them will be
39. An inductive circuit contains resistance of 10  and
(1) 100  (2) 30 
an inductance of 20 H. If an ac voltage of 120 V and
frequency 60 Hz is applied to this circuit, the current (3) 3.2  (4) 10 
would be nearly 48. The natural frequency of a L-C circuit is equal to
(1) 0.32 amp (2) 0.016 amp
(3) 0.48 amp (4) 0.80 amp 1 1
(1) LC (2)
40. Same current is flowing in two alternating circuits. The 2 2 LC
first circuit contains only inductance and the other
contains only a capacitor. If the frequency of the e.m.f. 1 L 1 C
of ac is increased, the effect on the value of the current (3) (4)
2 C 2 L
will be
(1) Increases in the first circuit and decreases in the 49. An alternati ng voltage E  200 2 sin (100 t ) is
other
connected to a 1 microfarad capacitor through an ac
(2) Increases in both the circuits
ammeter. The reading of the ammeter shall be
(3) Decreases in both the circuits
(4) Decreases in the first circuit and increases in the (1) 10 mA (2) 20 mA
other (3) 40 mA (4) 80 mA
41. A capacitor is a perfect insulator for 50. An ac circuit consists of an inductor of inductance 0.5
(1) Alternating currents (2) Direct currents H and a capacitor of capacitance 8 µF in series. The
(3) Both ac and dc (4) None of these current in the circuit is maximum when the angular
42. In a circuit containing an inductance of zero resistance, frequency of ac source is
the e.m.f. of the applied ac voltage leads the current by
(1) 500 rad/sec (2) 2 × 105 rad/sec
(1) 90° (2) 45°
(3) 4000 rad/sec (4) 5000 rad/sec
(3) 30° (4) 0°
43. In a pure inductive circuit or In an ac circuit containing
inductance only, the current
(Concept Builder)
1. If the rms current in a 50 Hz ac circuit is 5 A, the value 4. To reduce the resonant frequency in an LCR series
of the current 1/300 seconds after its value becomes circuit with a generator
zero is (1) the generator frequency should be reduced.
(2) another capacitor should be added in parallel to
(1) 5 2 A (2) 5 3/ 2 A the first.
(3) 5/6 A (4) 5/ 2 A (3) the iron core of the inductor should be removed.
(4) dielectric in the capacitor should be removed.
2. An alternating current generator has an internal

5. Which of the following combinations should be
resistance Rg and an internal reactance Xg. It is used to
selected for better tuning of an LCR circuit used for
supply power to a passive load con sisting of a
communication?
resistance Rg and a reactance XL. For maximum power
to be delivered from the generator to the load, the value (1) R = 20 , L = 1.5 H, C = 35µF.
of XL is equal to (2) R = 25 , L = 2.5 H, C = 45µF.
(1) zero (2) Xg (3) R = 15 , L = 3.5 H, C = 30µF.
(4) R = 25 , L = 1.5 H, C = 45µF.
(3) –X g (4) Rg
6. An inductor of reactance 1 and a resistor of 2 are

3. When a voltage measuring device is connected to AC connected in series to the terminals of a 6 V (rms) a.c.
mains, the meter shows the steady input voltage of source. The power dissipated in the circuit is
220V. This means (1) 8 W (2) 12 W
(1) input voltage cannot be AC voltage, but a DC (3) 14.4 W (4) 18 W
voltage.
(2) maximum input voltage is 220V. 7. The output of a step-down transformer is measured to
(3) the meter reads not v but < v2 > and is calibrated be 24 V when connected to a 12 watt light bulb. The
value of the peak current is
to read  v2  .
(1) 1/ 2 A (2) 2A
(4) the pointer of the meter is stu ck by some
(3) 2A (4) 2 2 A
mechanical defect.
• Instructions for Questions 1 to 5 • Instructions for Questions 6 to 10

Given bel ow are two statements : one is labelled as Given below are two statements :
Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
In the light of the above s tatements, choose the most
In the light of the above s tatements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
appropriate answer from the options given below :
(1) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A) (2) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct (3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
explanation of (A) (4) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
(3) (A) is correct the (R) is not correct
(4) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct 6. Statement I : When capacitive reactance is smaller than
the inductive reactance in LCR current, e.m.f. leads the
1. Assertion : An inductor is connected to an ac source. current.
When the magnitude of current decreases in the circuit, Statement II : The phase angle is the angle between
energy is absorbed by the ac source. the alternating e.m.f. and alternating current of the
Reason : When current through an inductor decreases, circuit.
the energy stored in inductor decreases.
7. Statement I : Chock coil is preferred over a resistor to

2. Assertion : Average power consumed in an ac circuit
is equal to average power consumed by resistors in adjust current in an ac circuit.
the circuit. Statement II : Power factor for inductance is zero.
Reason : Average power consumed by capacitor and
inductor in an ac circuit is zero. 8. Statement I : If the frequency of alternating current in
an ac circuit consisting of an inductance coil is
3. Assertion : In series LCR circuit resonance can take increased then current gets decreased.
place.
Statement II : The current is inversely proportional to
Reason : Resonance takes place if inductance and
capacitive reactances are equal and opposite. frequency of alternating current.
4. Assertion : The alternating current lags behind the 9. Statement I : An alternating current does not show
e.m.f. by a phase angle of /2, when ac flows through any magnetic effect.
an inductor.
Statement II : Alternating current varies with time.
Reason : The inductive reactance increases as the
frequency of ac source decreases.
10. Statement I : The dc and ac both can be measured by a
5. Assertion : Capacitor serves as a block for dc and hot wire instrument.
offers an easy path to ac. Statement II : The hot wire instrument is based on the
Reason : Capacitive reactance is i nversely principle of magnetic effect of current.
proportional to frequency.
(Direct from
NCERT)
Match the List – I and List – II and choose the correct rad s–1. The information of phase difference between the
combination from the options given. current and source voltage in each situation of List-I is
1. Match the following given in List-II. Match the circuit components in List-I
with corresponding results in List-II
List - I List - II
List - I List - II
(a) Inductance of a coil (i) Depends on resistivity
(b) Capacitance (ii) Depends on shape (a) (i) The magnitude of
(c) Impedance of coil (iii)Depends on medium 10  500 µF required phase
inserted difference is /2.
(d) Reactance of a (iv) Depends on external (b) (ii) The magnitude of
capacitor voltage source 5H required phase
(1) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (ii, iii); (c) – (ii); (d) – (iv) difference is /4.
(2) (a) – (ii, iii); (b) – (ii, iii); (c) – (i, ii, iii, iv) ; (d) – (ii, iii, iv) (c) (iii) The current leads in
(3) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (i, iii); (c) – (ii, iii); (d) – (ii, iv) 5H 3 µF phase to source voltage
(4) (a) – (i); (b) – (iii, iv); (c) – (i); (d) – (iii) (d) (iv) The current lags in
1 k 5H phase to source
2. In List-I, variation of current i with time t is given in the voltage.
figure. In List-II, root mean square current irms and average
(1) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (ii, iii); (c) – (ii); (d) – (iv)
current are given. Match List-I with corresponding
(2) (a) – (i, iii, iv); (b) – (i, iii); (c) – (ii); (d) – (ii, iv)
quantities given in List-II
(3) (a) – (ii, iii); (b) – (i, iv); (c) – (i, iii); (d) – (ii, iv)
List - I List - II (4) (a) – (i); (b) – (iii, iv); (c) – (i); (d) – (iii)
i
100
i0 4. In series R-L-C circuit, R = 100 , C = µF and

O t i0 100
(a) T/2 T (i) irms  L mH are connected to an ac source as shown in
– i0 3 
figure. The rms value of ac voltage is 220 V and its
i frequency is 50 Hz. In List-I, some physical quantities are
i0 mentioned, while in List-II, information about quantities
3T/4 are provided. Match the entries of List-I with the entries
(b) O T/4 T/2 T
t (ii) Average current for
of List-II.
– i0 positive half cycle is i0
i L R C
i0
(c) (iii) Average current for
O t
T/2 T
– i0 positive half cycle is i0/2
220 V, 50 Hz
i List - I List - II
i0 (a) Average power dissipated (i) zero
(d) O t (iv) Full cycle average (b) Average power dissipated (ii) non-zero
T/2 T (c) Average power dissipated (iii) 163 SI units
current is zero
in the capacitor is
(1) (a) – (iv); (b) – (i, iv); (c) – (ii, iv); (d) – (ii) (d) The rms voltage across (iv) 265.7 SI units
(2) (a) – (i, iii, iv); (b) – (i, iii); (c) – (ii); (d) – (ii, iv) the capacitor is
(3) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (i, iii); (c) – (ii, iii); (d) – (ii, iv) (1) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (ii, iii); (c) – (ii); (d) – (iv)
(4) (a) – (i); (b) – (iii, iv); (c) – (i); (d) – (iii) (2) (a) – (i, iii, iv); (b) – (i, iii); (c) – (ii); (d) – (ii, iv)
3. Four different circuit components are given in each (3) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (i, (iii); (c) – (ii, iii); (d) – (ii, iv)
situation of List-I and all the components are connected (4) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (i); (c) – (i); (d) – (ii, iii)
across an ac source of same angular frequency  = 200
(Previous Year Questions)
1. A wire of resistance R is connected in series with an 8. What is the value of inductance L for which the current
inductor of reactance  L. Then quality factor of RL is maximum in a series LCR circuit with C = 10 µF and 
circuit is [AIPMT-2000] = 1000 s–1 ? [AIPMT-2006]
R L (1) 100 mH
(1) (2) (2) 1 mH
L R
R L (3) Cannot be calculated unless R is known
(3) 2 2 2 (4) (4) 10 mH
R  L R   2 L2
2
9. The primary and secondary coils of a transformer have
2. The reactance of a capacitor of capacitance C is X. If 50 and 1500 turns respectively. If the magnetic flux 
both the frequency and capacitance be doubled, then linkedwith the primary coil is given by  = 0 + 4 t,
new reactance will be [AIPMT-2001] where  is in weber, t is time in second and 0 is a
(1) X (2) 2X constant, the outpur voltage across the secondary coil
(3) 4 X (4) X/4 is [AIPMT-2007]
3. What is the cause of “Green house effect”? (1) 90 V (2) 120 V
[AIPMT-2002] (3) 220 V (4) 30 V
(1) Infrared rays (2) Ultraviolet rays 10. A transformer is used to light a 100 W and 110 V lamp
(3) X-rays (4) Radio-waves from a 220 V mains. If the main current is 0.5 A, the
4. For a series LCR circuit, the power loss at resonance is efficiency of the transformer is approximately
[AIPMT-2002] (1) 30% (2) 50% [AIPMT-2007]
(3) 90% (4) 10%
V2 11. The velocity of electromagnetic radiation in a medium
(1) (2) i2 C
1 of permittivity 0 and permeability 0 is given by
L 
C [AIPMT-2008]
V2 0
(3) i2 R (4) (1)
0 (2) 0 0
C
5. In a circuit, L, C and R are connected in series with an 1 0
alternating voltage source of frequency ƒ. the current (3) (4)
0 0 0
leads the voltage by 45°. The value of C is
[AIPMT-2005] 12. In an AC circuit the emf (V) and the current (i) at any
instant are given respectively by [AIPMT-2008]
1 1
(1) (2) V = V0 sin t, i = i0 sin (t – )
2 ƒ(2 ƒ L  R )  ƒ(2 ƒ L  R )
The average power in the circuit over one cycle of AC
1 1
(3) (4) is
2 ƒ(2 ƒ L  R )  ƒ(2 ƒ L  R )
6. The core of a transformer is laminated because V0i0 V0i0
(1) (2) sin 
[AIPMT-2006] 2 2
(1) energy loss es due to eddy currents may be V0i0
(3) cos  (4) V0 i0
minimised 2
(2) the weight of the transformer may be reduced 13. Power dissipated in an L-C-R series circuit connected
(3) rusting of the core may be prevented to an AC source of emf  is [AIPMT-2009]
(4) ratio of voltage in primary and secondary may
 2R  1 
2
be increased 2  2 R2   L  
(1)  2  1   (2)  C 
7. A coil of inductive reactance 31  has a resistance of 8  R   L   
. It is placed in series with a condenser of capacitative   C   R
reactance 25 . The combination is connected to an
AC source of 110 V. The power factor of the circuit is   1 
2
  2R
 2  R 2   L    2
(1) 0.56 (2) 0.64 [AIPMT-2006]   C   (4)  1 
(3) R 2   L 
(3) 0.80 (4) 0.33 
R  C 

14. A 220 V input is supplied to a transformer. The output 1. When capacitor is air filled.
circuit draws a current of 2.0 A at 440 V. If the efficiency 2. When capacitor is mica filled.
Current through resistor is i and voltage across
of the transformer is 80%, the current drawn by the
capacitor is V then
primary windings of the transformer is[AIPMT-2010]
(1) Va < Vb (2) Va > Vb
(1) 3.6 A (2) 2.8 A (3) ia > ib (4) Va = Vb
(3) 2.5 A (4) 5.0 A 22. A resistance ‘R’ draws power ‘P’ when connected to
15. In the given circuit, the reading of voltmeter V1 and V2 an AC source. If an inductance is now placed in series
are 300 V each. The reading to the voltmetmeter V3 and with the resistacne, such that the impedance of the
ammeter A are respectively [AIPMT-2010] circuit becomes ‘Z’ the power drawn will be
2
R R
(1) P  (2) P [AIPMT-2015]
Z
  Z
R
(3) P   (4) P
Z
23. A 100  resistance and a capacitor of 100  reactance
are connected in series across a 220 V source. When
(1) 150 V, 2.2 A (2) 220 V, 2.2 A the capacitor is 50% charged, the peak value of the
(3) 220 V, 2.0 A (4) 100 V, 2.0 A displacement current is [NEET-2016]
16. An AC voltage is applied to a resistance R and an (1) 2.2 A (2) 11 A
inductor L in series. If R and the inductive reactance (3) 4.4 A (4) 11 2 A
are both equal to 3 , the phase difference between 24. The potential differences across the res istance,
the applied voltage and the current in the circuit is capacitance and inductance are 80 V, 40 V and 100 V
(1) /4 (2) /2 [AIPMT-2011] respectively in an L-C-R circuit. The power factor of
(3) zero (4) /6 this circuit is [NEET-2016]
17. In an AC circuit an alternati ng voltage (1) 0.4 (2) 0.5
e  200 2 sin 100 t volt is connected to a capacitor of (3) 0.8 (4) 1.0
capacity 1 µF. The rms value of the current in the circuit 25. Which of the following combinations should be
is [AIPMT-2011] selected for better tuning of an L-C-R circuit used for
(1) 100 mA (2) 200 mA communication? [NEET 2016]
(3) 20 mA (4) 10 mA (1) R - 20 , L - 1.5 H, C = 35 µF
18. In an electrical circuit, R, L, C and an AC voltage source (2) R - 25 , L - 2.5 H, C = 45 F
are all connected in series. When L is removed from (3) R - 15 , L - 3.5 H, C = 30 F
the circuit, the phase difference between the voltage (4) R - 25 , L - 1.5 H, C = 45 F
and the current in the circuit is  /3. If instead, C is 26. An inductor 20 mH, a capacitor 50 µF and a resistor 40
removed from the circuit, the phase difference is again  are connected in series across a source of emf V = 10
/3. The power factor of the circuit is [AIPMT-2012] sin 340 t. The power loss in AC circuit is [NEET-2016]
(1) 1/2 (2) 1/ 2 (1) 0.67 W (2) 0.76 W
(3) 0.89 W (4) 0.51 W
(3) 1 (4) 3/2 27. Figure shows a circuit that contains three indentical
19. A coil of self-inductance L is connected in series with resistors with resistance R = 9.0  each, two identical
a bulb B and an AC source. Brightness of the bulb inductors with inductance L = 2.0 mH each, and an
decreases when [NEET-2013] ideal battery with emf  = 18 V. The current i through
(1) frequency of the AC source is decreased the battery just after the switch closed is [NEET-2017]
(2) number of turns in the coil is reduced
(3) a capacitance of reactance XC = XL is included in
the same circuit
(4) an iron rod is inserted in the coil
20. A transformer having efficiency of 90% is working on
200 V and 3 kW power supply. If the current in the
secondary coil is 6 A, the voltage across the secondary (1) 2 mA (2) 4 A
coil and the current in the primary coil respectively are (3) 2 A (4) 0 A
[AIPMT-2014] 28. An inductor 20 mH, a capacitor 100 µF and a resistor
(1) 300 V, 15 A (2) 450 V, 15 A 50 are connected in series across a source of emf,
(3) 450 V, 13.5 A (4) 600 V, 15 A V = 10 sin 314 t. The power loss in the circuit is
21. A series R-C circuit is connected to an alternating (1) 0.79 W (2) 0.43 W [NEET-2018]
voltage source. Consider two situation [AIPMT-2015] (3) 2.74 W (4) 1.13 W

29. The variation of e.m.f. with time for four types of 35. A series LCR circuit containing 5.0 H inductor, 80 µF
generators are shown in the figures. Which amongst capacitor and 40  resistor is connected to 230 V
them can be called AC? [NEET-2019] variable frequency ac source. The angular frequencies
of the source at which power transferred to the circuit
E E
is half the power at the resonant angular frequency are
t t likely to be : [NEET-2021]
(1) (2)
(1) 25 rad/s and 75 rad/s (2) 50 rad/s and 25 rad/s
(3) 46 rad/s and 54 rad/s (4) 42 rad/s and 58 rad/s
E E 36. The peak voltage of the ac source is equal to :
t t [NEET-2022]
(3) (4)
(1) the value of voltage supplied to the current
(1) only (1) (2) (1) and (4) (2) the rms value of the ac source
(3) (1), (2), (3), (4) (4) (1) and (2) (3) 2 times the rms value of the ac source
30. A circuit when connected to an AC source of 12V gives
a current of 0.2 A. The same circuit when connected to (4) 1/ 2 times the rms value of the ac source
a DC source of 12 V, gives a current of 0.4 A. The circuit 37. A series LCR circuit with inductance 10 H, capacitance
is: [NEET-2019] 10 µF, resistance 50  is connected to an ac source of
(1) Series LCR (2) Series LR voltage, V = 200 sin (100 t) volt. If the resonant
(3) Series RC (4) Series LC frequency of the LCR circuit is no and the frequency
of the ac source is n, then [NEET-2022]
31. A 40 µF capacitor is connected to a 200 V,50 Hz ac
supply. The rms value of the current in the circuit is, 50
(1) νO = ν = Hz
nearly: [NEET-2020] π
(1) 2.05 A (2) 2.5 A 50
(2) O  Hz,   50 Hz
(3) 25.1 A (4) 1.7 A 
32. A light bulb and an inductor coil are connected to an 100
ac source through a key as shown in the figure below. (3) ν = 100 Hz, ν O = Hz
π
The key is closed and after sometimes an iron rod is
(4)  O    50 Hz
inserted into the interior of the inductor. The glow of
the light bulb [NEET-2020] 38. Given below are statements : [NEET-2022]
Statement I : In an ac circuit, the current through a
capacitor leads the voltage across it.
Statemen t II : In a.c. circuits contain ing pure
capacitance only, the phase difference between the
current and the voltage is  :
(1) increases (2) decreases In the light of the above statements, choose the most
appropriate answer from the options given below :
(3) remains unchanged (4) will fluctuate
(1) Both statement-I and statement-II are correct
33. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac voltage
source. When L is removed from the circuit, the phase (2) Both statement-I and statement-II are incorrect
difference between current and voltage, is /3. If instead (3) Statement-I is correct the statement-II is incorrect
C is removed from the circuit, the phase difference is (4) Statement-I is incorrect but statement-II is correct
again /3 between current and voltage. The power 39. An inductor of inductance 2 mH is connected to a 220
factor of the circuit is: [NEET-2020] V, 50 Hz a.c. source. Let the inductive reactance in the
(1) 0.5 (2) 1.0 circuit is X1. If a 220 V dc source replaces the ac source
(3) –1.0 (4) zero in the circuit, then the inductive reactance iin the circuit
34. A capacitor of capacitance 'C', is connected across an is X2. X1 and X2 respectively are : [NEET-2022]
ac source of voltage V, given by V = V 0 sin t The (1) 6.28 , zero (2) 6.28 , infinity
displacement current between the p lates of the (3) 0.628 , zero (4) 0.628 , infinity
capacitor, would then be given by : [NEET-2021] 40. A standard filament lamp consumes 100 W when
V connected to 200 V ac mains supply. The peak current
(1) I d  V0 C cos t (2) I d  0 cos t through the bulb will be : [NEET-2022]
C
V0 (1) 0.707 A (2) 1 A
(3) Id  sin t (4) I d  V0C sin t (3) 1.414 A (4) 2 A
C
7.16
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM (DPP) – 01 36. (3) 37. (2) 38. (2) 39. (2) 40. (4)
1. (1) 2. (3) 3. (4) 4. (2) 5. (2) 41. (2) 42. (1) 43. (2) 44. (1) 45. (1)
6. (1) 7. (3) 8. (1) 9. (2) 10. (3) 46. (2) 47. (4) 48. (2) 49. (2) 50. (1)
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM (DPP) – 02 NCERT EXEMPLAR OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
11. (2) 12. (2) 13. (2) 14. (2) 15. (2) 1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (3)
16. (1) 17. (1) 18. (3) 19. (4) 20. (3) 6. (3) 7. (1)
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM (DPP) – 03 ASSERTION–REASON & STATEMENT QUESTIONS
21. (4) 22. (3) 23. (3) 24. (4) 25. (4) 1. (1) 2. (1) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (1)
26. (2) 27. (1) 28. (1) 29. (1) 30. (4) 6. (2) 7. (1) 8. (1) 9. (2) 10. (3)
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM (DPP) – 04 MATRIX TYPE QUESTIONS
31. (4) 32. (1) 33. (3) 34. (2) 35. (2) 1. (2) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (4)
36. (3) 37. (2) 38. (2) 39. (4) 40. (2)
ARCHIVE QUESTIONS
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS FROM NCERT
1. (2) 2. (4) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (3)
1. (2) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (2) 6. (1) 7. (3) 8. (1) 9. (2) 10. (3)
6. (2) 7. (3) 8. (4) 9. (3) 10. (3) 11. (3) 12. (3) 13. (1) 14. (4) 15. (2)
11. (4) 12. (3) 13. (2) 14. (3) 15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (3) 18. (3) 19. (4) 20. (2)
16. (4) 17. (3) 18. (2) 19. (4) 20. (3) 21. (2) 22. (1) 23. (1) 24. (3) 25. (3)
21. (3) 22. (1) 23. (3) 24. (4) 25. (3) 26. (4) 27. (2) 28. (1) 29. (3) 30. (2)
26. (2) 27. (1) 28. (1) 29. (2) 30. (1) 31. (2) 32. (2) 33. (2) 34. (1) 35. (3)
36. (3) 37. (1) 38. (3) 39. (3) 40. (1)
31. (1) 32. (2) 33. (3) 34. (4) 35. (2)

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Active site edutech- 9844532971

120 Alternating Current

B • A.C., Circuits, LCR Series circuits, 30%

C • Eddy Current, Transformer 20%

D • A.C. Generator, Alternating current, terms 17%

WHAT DO YOU WANT TO KNOW? 7.9 TRANSFORMERS

7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.10 SYNOPSIS

7.2 AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO A RESISTOR 7.11 MISCELLANEOUS Questions from NCERT

7.3 REPRESENTATION OF AC CURRENT & 7.12 NCERT Exemplar Questions

7.5 AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO A CAPACITOR 7.14 MATRIX TYPE QUESTIONS

7.6 AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO A SERIES LCR 7.15 ARCHIVE QUESTIONS

7.7 POWER IN AC CIRCUIT : THE POWER

Voltage V  VR2  VL2

7.1 P.No.: 233

122 Alternating Current

ALTERNATING CURRENT AND VOLTAGE

 = Angular frequency   2  2 ƒ T = time period ; ƒ = frequency

Alternating Current 123

Condition required for Current/ Voltage to be Alternating

square wave AC saw tooth wave

AVERAGE VALUE OR MEAN VALUE

124 Alternating Current

 For symmetric AC, average value over full cycle = 0,

Root Mean square (rms) Value

 rms value of I = I0 sin t :

Current Average Peak RMS Angular Frequency

Alternating Current 125

 For alternating current I0 > Irms > Iav.

Find the average value of current shown graphically, from t = 0 to t = 2 sec.

From the i – t graph, area from t = 0 to t = 2 sec

126 Alternating Current

Alternating Current 127

ROOT MEAN SQUARE VALUE :

The equation can be written as i = 2 sin 100 t + 2 sin (100 t + 120º)

128 Alternating Current

( I m ) res  A12  A22  2 A1 A2 cos 

Nature of wave form Wave–form RMS Value Average or mean

Alternating Current 129

7.2 P.No.: 234

130 Alternating Current

AC voltage applied to a resistor

Alternating Current 131

Vmax  220 2  311 V

2202 220  220 2420

A light bulb is rated at 200 W for a 220 V supply. Find

7.3 P.No.: 237

132 Alternating Current

An AC source connected to an inductor

Alternating Current 133

134 Alternating Current

The inductive reactance.

 An ac source e connected to a capacitor only, a purely capacitive ac circuit is as shown.

An AC source connected to a capacitor

Alternating Current 135

The capacitive reactance is

136 Alternating Current

An series LCR circuit connected

Combination of Components (R-L or R-C or L-C)

I is same in R and L I is same in R and C I is same in L and C