AAIT

Introduction to Emerging Technologies

Chapter 4
Internet of Things (IoT)

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 Key Topics
After accomplishing this chapter, students will be able
to:
➢ Describe IoT
➢ Explain the history of IoT (Reading!)
➢ Describe the pros and cons of IoT
➢ Explain how IoT works
➢ Explain the architecture of IoT
➢ Describe IoT tools and platforms (Reading!)
➢ Describe some of the application areas of IoT

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 What is IoT?
Key Features of IoT
 AI
 Connectivity
 Sensors
 Active Engagement
 Small Devices

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 What is IoT?
 According to the Internet Architecture Board’s (IAB)
definition,
 IoT is the networking of smart objects, meaning a huge
number of devices intelligently communicating in the
presence of internet protocol that cannot be directly
operated by human beings but exist as components in
buildings, vehicles or the environment.
 According to the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) organization’s definition,
 IoT is the networking of smart objects in which smart
objects have some constraints such as limited bandwidth,
power, and processing accessibility for achieving
interoperability among smart objects.

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 What is IoT?
 According to the IEEE Communications category magazine’s
definition,
 IoT is a framework of all things that have a representation in the
presence of the internet in such a way that new applications
and services enable the interaction in the physical and virtual
world in the form of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication
in the cloud.
 According to the Oxford dictionary’s definition,
 IoT is the interaction of everyday object’s computing devices
through the Internet that enables the sending and receiving of
useful data.

 The term Internet of Things (IoT) according to the 2020

conceptual framework is expressed through a simple
formula:
IoT= Services + Data + Networks + Sensors

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 What is IoT?
 Generally,
 The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of
physical objects or "things" embedded with
electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect
and exchange data.
 IoT consists of any device with an on/off switch
connected to the Internet. This includes almost
anything you can think of, ranging from cell phones
to building maintenance to jet engines of an airplane.

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 What is IoT?
 IoT has found its application in several areas such as
connected industry, smart-city, smart-home, smart-
energy, connected car, smart agriculture, connected
building and campus, health care, logistics, among
other domains

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 Advantages of IoT?
 Improved Customer Engagement : achieves richer and
more effective engagement with audiences.
 Technology Optimization − improved device use, and
aid in more powerful improvements to technology.
 Reduced Waste − provides real-world information
leading to the more effective management of
resources.
 Enhanced Data Collection − It allows to collect data
accurately with little human intervention.

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 Limitations of IoT?
 Due to large number of connected devices and more
information is shared between devices, the potential
that a hacker could steal confidential information also
increases.
 If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every
connected device will become corrupted.
 Since there’s no international standard of compatibility
for IoT, it’s difficult for devices from different
manufacturers to communicate with each other.
 Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive
numbers maybe even millions of IoT devices and
collecting and managing the data from all those
devices will be challenging.
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 Challenges of IoT?
 Security − The system offers little control despite any
security measures. This leaves users exposed to various
kinds of attackers.
 Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides substantial
personal data in extreme detail without the user's active
participation.
 Complexity − IoT systems complicated in terms of design,
deployment, and maintenance given their use of multiple
technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies.
 Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an
IoT system to integrate easily with another.
 Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of
business, must comply with regulations. Its complexity
makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging
when many consider standard software compliance a
battle.
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 How IoT works
 IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by
connecting to an IoT gateway or another edge device
where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or
analyzed locally.
 Sometimes, these devices communicate with other
related devices and act on the information they get
from one another.
 The devices do most of the work without human
intervention, although people can interact with the
devices.

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 Architecture of IoT
 The architecture of IoT devices comprises four major
components: sensing, network, data processing, and
application layers.

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 Architecture of IoT
I) Sensing Layer - The main purpose of the sensing
layer is to identify any phenomena in the devices’
peripheral and obtain data from the real world.
A sensor hub is a common connection point for
multiple sensors that accumulate and forward sensor
data to the processing unit of a device.
 Actuators can also intervene to change the physical
conditions that generate the data.

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 Architecture of IoT
 Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into three
broad categories:
 Motion Sensors: measure the change in motion as well
as the orientation of the devices.
 Environmental Sensors: Sensors such as Light
sensors, Pressure sensors, etc. are embedded in IoT
devices to sense the change in environmental
parameters in the device’s peripheral.
 Position sensors: Position sensors of IoT devices deal
with the physical position and location of the device.
The most common position sensors used in IoT
devices are magnetic sensors and Global Positioning
System (GPS) sensors. Magnetic sensors are usually
used as digital compass and help to fix the orientation
of the device display. On the other hand, GPS is used
for navigation purposes in IoT devices
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 Architecture of IoT
II) Network Layer - acts as a communication channel to
transfer data, collected in the sensing layer, to other
connected devices.
 In IoT devices, the network layer is implemented by
using diverse communication technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave, LoRa, cellular network,
etc.) to allow data flow between other devices within
the same network.

III) Data Processing Layer - consists of the main data

processing unit of IoT devices.
 It takes data collected in the sensing layer and
analyses the data to make decisions based on the
result.
 This layer may share the result of data processing with
other connected devices via the network layer.

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 Architecture of IoT
IV) Application Layer - implements and presents the
results of the data processing layer to accomplish
various applications of IoT devices.
 is a user-centric layer that executes various tasks for
the users.
 Example: diverse IoT applications such as smart
transportation, smart home, personal care,
healthcare, etc.

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 Devices and Networks
 IoT devices are meant to work in concert for people at
home, in industry or in the enterprise.
 As such, the devices can be categorized into three
main groups: consumer, enterprise and industrial.
 Consumer connected devices include smart TVs,
smart speakers, toys, wearables, and smart
appliances. smart meters, commercial security
systems and smart city technologies such as those
used to monitor traffic and weather conditions are
examples of industrial and enterprise IoT devices.

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 Devices and Networks
 IoT network typically includes a number of devices
with constrained resources (power, processing,
memory, among others) and some of those devices
may be massively deployed over large areas like smart
cities, industrial plants, whereas others may be
deployed in hard-to-reach areas like pipelines
hazardous zones, or even in hostile environments like
war zones.
 Therefore, the efficient management of IoT networks
requires considering both the constraints of low power
IoT devices and the deployment complexity of the
underlying communication infrastructure.

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 Devices and Networks
.

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 Applications of IoT
Agriculture :
 For indoor planting, IoT makes monitoring and management
of micro-climate conditions a reality, which in turn increases
production.
 For outside planting, devices using IoT technology can
sense soil moisture and nutrients, in conjunction with
weather data, better control smart irrigation and fertilizer
systems.
 If the sprinkler systems dispense water only when needed,
for example, this prevents wasting a precious resource.

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 Applications of IoT
Consumer Use:
 For private citizens, IoT devices in the form of wearables and
smart homes make life easier. Wearables cover accessories
such as Fitbit, smartphones, Apple watches, health monitors,
to name a few.
 These devices improve entertainment, network connectivity,
health, and fitness. Smart homes take care of things like
activating environmental controls so that your house is at
peak comfort when you come home.
 Dinner that requires either an oven or a crockpot can be
started remotely, so the food is ready when you arrive.
 Security is made more accessible as well, with the consumer
having the ability to control appliances and lights remotely,
as well as activating a smart lock to allow the appropriate
people to enter the house even if they don’t have a key.
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 Applications of IoT
Healthcare:
 First and foremost, wearable IoT devices let hospitals
monitor their patients’ health at home, thereby reducing
hospital stays while still providing up to the minute real-time
information that could save lives.
 In hospitals, smart beds keep the staff informed as to the
availability, thereby cutting wait time for free space.
 Putting IoT sensors on critical equipment means fewer
breakdowns and increased reliability, which can mean the
difference between life and death.
 Elderly care becomes significantly more comfortable with
IoT.
 In addition, real-time home monitoring, sensors can also
determine if a patient has fallen or is suffering a heart attack.
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 Applications of IoT
Insurance:
 Insurance companies can offer their policyholders discounts
for IoT wearables such as Fitbit.
 By employing fitness tracking, the insurer can offer
customized policies and encourage healthier habits, which in
the long run benefits everyone, insurer, and customer alike.

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 Applications of IoT
Manufacturing:
 The world of manufacturing and industrial automation is
another big winner in the IoT sweepstakes.
 RFID and GPS technology can help a manufacturer track a
product from its start on the factory floor to its placement in
the destination store, the whole supply chain from start to
finish.
 These sensors can gather information on travel time, product
condition, and environmental conditions that the product was
subjected to. Sensors attached to factory equipment can
help identify bottlenecks in the production line, thereby
reducing lost time and waste. Other sensors mounted on
those same machines can also track the performance of the
machine, predicting when the unit will require maintenance,
thereby preventing costly breakdowns.
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 Applications of IoT
Retail:
 Online and in-store shopping sales figures can control
warehouse automation and robotics, information gleaned
from IoT sensors.
 Much of this relies on RFIDs, which are already in heavy use
worldwide.

Transportation:
 GPS is being utilized to help transportation companies plot
faster and more efficient routes for trucks hauling freight,
thereby speeding up delivery times. There’s already
significant progress made in navigation, once again alluding
to a phone or car’s GPS. But city planners can also use that
data to help determine traffic patterns, parking space
demand, and road construction and maintenance.
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 Applications of IoT
Utilities:
 The information provided by IoT sensors can aid in the
creation of algorithms that regulate energy usage and make
the appropriate adjustments, eliminating the human
equation,
 With IoT-driven environmental control, businesses and
private residences can experience significant energy
savings, which in the long run, benefits everyone, including
the environment.

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End of Chapter Four!

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