CAD // CAM

CAD CAM
Text Books:

P. N. Rao (2004), CAD/CAM Principles and Applications, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.
McMohan Chris and Jimmie Brown (1998),

CAD/CAM Principles, Practice and Manufacturing Management, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

Amerouche Farid (2004), Principles of Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing,

2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

Zeid Ibrahim (2005), Mastering CAD/CAM, McGraw Hill, New York.

James V. Valentino and Joseph Goldenberg (2003), Introduction to Computer Numerical Control (CNC). 3rd Edition.

Tien-Chien Chang, Richard A. Wysk and Hsu-Pin Wang (1998), Computer-Aided Manufacturing, 2nd Edition, Prentice
Hall.

Frank Nanfara, Tony Uccello and Derek Murphy (2001), The CNC Workshop
Version 2.0, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall.

Jon Stenerson and Kelly Curran (2001), Computer Numerical Control: Operation and Programming, 2nd Edition, Prentice
Hall.

Robert Quesada (2005), Computer Numerical Control: Machining and Turning Centres, Prentice Hall.

Warren S. Seames (2002), Computer Numerical Control: Concepts and Programming, 4th Edition, Delmar
UNIT 11
UNIT
INTRODUCTION TO CAD/CAM

Advantages of CAD/CAM

Computers in Industrial Manufacturing

CAD/CAM = Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided
Manufacturing.
It is the technology concerned with the use of computers to
perform design and manufacturing functions.

CAD can be defined as the use of computer systems to perform

certain functions in the design process.

CAM is the use of computer systems to plan, manage and control

the operations of manufacturing plant through either direct or
indirect computer interface with the plant’s production resources
Advantages of CAD/CAM systems
• Greater flexibility. • Better product
• Reduced lead times. design.
• Reduced inventories. • Greater
• Increased Productivity. manufacturing
control.
• Improved customer
• Supported
service.
integration.
• Improved quality.
• Reduced costs.
• Improved
• Increased utilization.
communications with
suppliers. • Reduction of
machine tools.
• Less floor space.
Product cycle

Stages in Design Process

CAD/CAM Hardware

Basic Stucture of CPU

Memory Types
Memory Types

•ROM - Read only memory

•PROM - Programmable ROM
•EPROM - Erasable programmable ROM
•EEPROM - Electrically erasable and programmable ROM
•RAM - Random access memory
•Flash memory
Input Devices
Input Devices
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Light pen
• Joystick
• Digitizer
• Tablet
KEYBOARD
Mouse
 MOUSE

TWO BUTTON MOUSE

WITH SCROLL WHEEL

WIRELESS MOUSE
LIGHT PEN
Light pen
TOUCH PAD
TRACK POINT
TRACKBALL
JOYSTICK
GRAPHICS TABLET
Puck or pointing device used with tablets and digitizers
Digitizer
Touch Sensitive Screen

 A Touch Sensitive Screen

is an input device as well
as an output device.
 There are three forms of
touch screen: pressure-
sensitive, capacitive
surface and light beam.
Out put Devices
a. Soft Copy Devices

b. Hard Copy Devices

OUTPUT DEVICES
OUTPUT DEVICES
 Output can be divided into two types  soft copy output
and hard copy output.
 Softcopy output is temporary output and it refers to
information displayed on a screen or in audio or voice
form through speakers. This kind of output disappears
when the computer is switched off.
 Hardcopy output is permanent output and refers to
output printed onto paper.
 Typical Output Devices

 VDU or Monitor  Plotter

 Multimedia Projector  Flatbed
 Impact Printer  Drum
 Dot Matrix  Electrostatic
 Daisy Wheel  Voice Response
 Non-Impact Printer  Speech Synthesis
 Thermal  Robot/Control System
 Ink Jet  Machine Tool
 Laser  Microfilm/Microfiche
 Monitors
Monitors and their capabilities depend on:
 Graphics/Video card or adaptor
 Size
 Resolution
 Display quality
 Graphics/Video Card or Adaptor
 Is an electronic link between the processor and
the monitor.
 Size
 This is the diagonal dimension of the screen.
(Common sizes include 15”, 17” and 19”
monitors)
Monitor - Display quality

 This depends on the type of monitor as well as the

refresh rate
 In a faster device the output is scanned across the
screen many times a second and it either leaves a
glowing dot or it doesn't (see the animation). The
dots join up to form the picture that we see on the
screen.
 VDUs - Screen Resolution
 Resolution is the clarity or sharpness
of an image when displayed on the
screen.
 The more pixels there are on a screen,
the greater the level of detail that can
be shown in an image, and the higher
the resolution.
 VGA (Video Graphics Array) = 640 x
480 pixels
 SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array) =
800 x 600 pixels
 XGA (Extended Graphics Array) = Diagram of different
1024 x 768 pixels screen resolutions
Monitors

 Visual Display Units (VDU) or monitors are used to

visually interface with the computer and are similar in
appearance to a television.
 Visual Display Units display images and text which
are made up of small blocks of coloured light called
pixels.
 The resolution of the screen improves as the number
of pixels is increased. Most monitors have a 4:3 width
to height ratio.
 Two types of Monitors: CRT and Flatpanel
Display Devices
• Cathode ray tube (CRT) display,
• Plasma panel display or
• Liquid crystal display (LCD).
Cathode Ray Tube
CRT – Cathode Ray Tube

 The most common type

of display screen, the
technology is the same
as that of a television
screen.

A cathode ray monitor

CRTs (cont.)

 Strong electrical fields and high voltage

 Very good resolution
 Heavy, not flat
Schematic diagram of a CRT
Cathode ray tube
The standard output device for CAD is a monitor display. Among
the available technologies, the CRT is the most dominating and
has produced a wide range of extremely effective graphics display.

•The electron gun generates the electrons.

•The focusing unit focuses the electrons into beam.

•The deflection system controls x and y, or the horizontal and

vertical positions of the graphics information through the
display controller, which typically sits between the computer
and CRT.
CRT Display
• Stroke-writing and
• Raster scan
The graphics display can be divided into two types based on the
scan technology used to control the electron beam when
generating graphics on the screen:

Random scan: the screen is not scanned in particular order.

Raster scan: the screen is scanned from left to right, top to

bottom, all the times to generate graphics.
Techniques for generating Flicker free image on the Screen:

1.Direct Beam Refresh Tube (DBRT)

2.Direct View Storage Tube(DVST)

3.Raster Display
The three existing CRT displays that are based on these
techniques are:

1. The refresh (calligraphic) display. (based on random

scan technology)

2. Direct view storage tube (based on random scan

technology)

3. Raster display (based on raster scan technology).

Refresh Display
Direct View Storage Tube
LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
Flat Panel
LCD – Liquid Crystal Display

 Smaller, lighter and they use much less power than a

CRT display
 Frequently used on laptop computers
 Another type of flat panel display is the gas plasma

A LCD monitor
Liquid Crystal Displays
 Liquid crystal displays use small flat chips
which change their transparency properties
when a voltage is applied.
 LCD elements are arranged in an n x m array
call the LCD matrix
 Level of voltage controls gray levels.
 LCDs elements do not emit light, use
backlights behind the LCD matrix
LCDs (cont.)

Wavefront
distortion
Small Diffuser filter
LCD Linear
fluorescent
Linear Module Color Polarizer
tubes
Polarizer Filter
 LCDs (cont.)
 Color is obtained by placing filters in front of each
LCD element
 Usually black space between pixels to separate
the filters.
 Because of the physical nature of the LCD matrix,
it is difficult to make the individual LCD pixels very
small.
 Image quality dependent on viewing angle.
LCDs (cont.)

LCD resolution is often quoted as number

of color elements not number of RGB
triads. R G B R G B R G

B R G B R G B R

R G B R G B R G

Example: 320 horizontal by 240 vertical elements =

76,800 elements
Equivalent to 76,800/3 = 25,500 RGB pixels
"Pixel Resolution" is 185 by 139 (320/1.73, 240/1.73)
LCDs (cont.)
 Passive LCD screens  Active LCD screens
 Cycle through each  Each element
element of the LCD contains a small
matrix applying the transistor that
voltage required for maintains the
that element. voltage until the next
 Once aligned with the refresh cycle.
electric field the  Higher contrast and
molecules in the LCD much faster
will hold their response than
alignment for a short passive LCD
time
Advantages of LCDs

 Flat
 Lightweight
 Low power consumption
FLAT PANEL DISPLAY

Transparent Thin Film

Transistor (TFT)
Hard Copy Devices
• Graphical printers

• Plotters

• Photographic devices
Hard Copy Devices
• Graphical printers

• Plotters

• Photographic devices
Graphical printers
• Impact dot matrix printer
• Thermal transfer
• Ink jet printer
• Laser printer
• Colour copiers
Output Devices - Printers

 You can print out information that is in the

computer onto paper. By printing you create what
is known as a 'hard copy'.
 There are different kinds of printers which vary in
their speed and print quality.
 The two main types of printer are impact and
non-impact.
 Impact Printers

Impact Printers use a print head containing a number of

metal pins which strike an inked ribbon placed between
the print head and the paper.

Some print heads have only 9

pins to make the dots to build
up a character; some have 24
pins which produce a better
resolution.
The main types are:
Dot Matrix Printer
Daisywheel Printer An impact printer
showing detail of
print head
 Dot Matrix Printer
 Characters are formed from a
matrix of dots.
 The speed is usually 30 - 550
characters per second (cps).
 This is the cheapest and
noisiest of the printer family.
The standard of print obtained
is poor.
 These printers are cheap to run A dot matrix printer
and relatively fast. They are
useful for low quality carbon
copy printing.
 Daisywheel Printer

 Molded metal characters like those in a

typewriter are mounted on extensions
attached to a rotating wheel and are
printed onto the paper by means of a
hammer and print ribbon.
 This results in a great deal of movement
and noise during the printing of
documents, so printing is slow (less than
90 cps).
 The standard of print is similar to that
produced by an electric typewriter. As
the characters on the wheel are fixed, A daisy wheel
the size and font can only be changed by
using a different wheel. However, this is showing detail
very rarely done. of the
characters
Non-Impact Printers

 Non-impact printers are much quieter than impact

printers as their printing heads do not strike the
paper.
 Most non-impact printers produce dot-matrix
patterns.
Several different technologies have been used to
provide a variety of printers.
 The main types of non-impact printer are:
 Thermal Printer
 Laser Printer
 Ink Jet Printer
 Thermal Printers

 Characters are formed by heated

elements being placed in contact with
special heat sensitive paper forming
darkened dots when the elements
reach a critical temperature.
 Thermal printer paper tends to darken
over time due to exposure to sunlight
and heat. The standard of print A fax machine uses
produced is poor.
a thermal printer
 Thermal printers are widely used in
battery powered equipment such as
portable calculators.
 Laser Printer
 Laser printers use a process similar to
a photocopying machine.
 Laser Printers use a laser beam and
dry powdered ink toner to produce a
fine dot matrix pattern being
transferred to the page and then fused
on to it by heat and pressure.
 This method of printing can generate
about 4 pages of A4 paper per minute. A laser printer
Laser Printer

 Colour laser printers are expensive They work

by printing 4 times.....Once with Cyan toner,
then with Magenta toner, then Yellow then
Black.
 The standard of print is very good and laser
printers can also produce very good quality
printed graphic images too.
 Prices of laser printers are falling rapidly, so
they are becoming one of the most popular
printers.
Inkjet printers

 Inkjet printers produce an

image by spraying ink onto the
paper.
 Colour graphics may be
produced by spraying cyan,
magenta, yellow and black
inks.
 Very common for most home
users of computers as they are
cheap to buy and can print in
both colour and black and
white.
Braille Printer

 Braille Printer - by
converting text into the
Braille code, this printer
produces patterns of
raised dots on paper for
use by the blind.
Plotters

 Plotters are used to produce high quality precision

graphics usually on large sheets of paper.
 They are slow, but can draw continuous colours often
in a variety of colours.
 They are especially useful for architectural drawings,
building plans and CAD (Computer Aided Design)
applications, where precision drawing is required.
 A mechanical arm holds a pen which can be moved
across the page.
Plotters

 The paper is sometimes laid on a flat bed (flat bed

plotter) or on a rotating drum (drum plotter).
Flatbed Plotters
Drum Plotter
Sound Output

 Computer synthesised voice and music output is now

well established using a speaker as an output device.
 Sound cards need to be installed in microcomputers to
obtain good quality sound for music software or
games.
 A simple speaker will make a range of sounds both
computer generated and the speaking voice.
Voice Response Unit

 Selects digitised audio recording of words, phrases,

music, alarms or anything you might record.
 Audio is pre-recorded and stored on disk.
 When output occurs a particular sound is converted
back to analog before being routed to the speaker.
Speech Synthesis Systems

 Converts raw data into electronically produced

speech. (Text to Speech)
 Used for computer aided conversations by hearing
and speech impaired persons or converting
conversations from one language into another.
 Problems with speech synthesis:
 Vocal inflections and phrasing
 Software requires considerable training
Robot/Control Systems

 The output from a computer may be in the form of a

signal to a hardware device.
 In a control system, sensors are used to measure a
physical quantity and send input to the controlling
computer. The computer responds by sending an
output signal which may activate an item of
hardware.
COM (Computer Output on Microfilm)

 COM is a technique of reducing documents in size

and photographically printing them so that they can
be read using a special magnifying machine.
 Microfilm is a roll of film and microfiche is a
rectangular sheet of film on which many frames
(pages of information) can be stored.
Microfiche & Microfiche Reader

Microfiche Reader
Multimedia Projector

 Used to create and deliver dynamic multimedia

presentations.
 Contains an LCD panel, whatever is displayed on
this panel is shown on the screen.
 Can be connected to the computer, television, cable
and even video.
Storage Devices
 Storage Devices

• Floppy disks,
• Winchester disks,
• Magnetic tapes,
• Magnetic tape cartridges
• Compact disk ROMS, and
• DVD