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    Mantle 1

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    SUNRICK Gilbero
    The mantle is the layer between the Earth's crust and outer core. It makes up 84% of the Earth's volume and is composed mostly of silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron. The mantle is divided into layers based on seismic results, including the upper mantle from the Moho boundary to 410 km deep, the transition zone from 410-660 km, and the lower mantle from 660-2,891 km deep. Convection currents in the mantle are believed to cause the movement of tectonic plates at the Earth's surface.

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    Mantle 1

    Uploaded by

    SUNRICK Gilbero
    15 views3 pages
    The mantle is the layer between the Earth's crust and outer core. It makes up 84% of the Earth's volume and is composed mostly of silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron. The mantle is divided into layers based on seismic results, including the upper mantle from the Moho boundary to 410 km deep, the transition zone from 410-660 km, and the lower mantle from 660-2,891 km deep. Convection currents in the mantle are believed to cause the movement of tectonic plates at the Earth's surface.

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    The mantle is the layer between the Earth's crust and outer core. It makes up 84% of the Earth's volume and is composed mostly of silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron. The mantle is divided into layers based on seismic results, including the upper mantle from the Moho boundary to 410 km deep, the transition zone from 410-660 km, and the lower mantle from 660-2,891 km deep. Convection currents in the mantle are believed to cause the movement of tectonic plates at the Earth's surface.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    15 views3 pages

    Mantle 1

    Uploaded by

    SUNRICK Gilbero
    The mantle is the layer between the Earth's crust and outer core. It makes up 84% of the Earth's volume and is composed mostly of silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron. The mantle is divided into layers based on seismic results, including the upper mantle from the Moho boundary to 410 km deep, the transition zone from 410-660 km, and the lower mantle from 660-2,891 km deep. Convection currents in the mantle are believed to cause the movement of tectonic plates at the Earth's surface.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Name: Sunrick B.

    Gilbero
    Subject: Earth Sciences

    The Mantle
    The mantle is a layer between the crust and the outer core. Earth's mantle is
    a silicate rocky shell with an average thickness of 2,886 kilometers (1,793 mi). The
    mantle under the crust is about 1,800 miles deep (2,890 km). It is composed mostly of
    silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron. Intense heat causes the rocks to rise. They
    then cool and sink back down to the core.

    This convection like a lava lamp is believed to be what causes the tectonic plates to
    move. When the mantle pushes through the crust, volcanoes erupt. The mantle makes
    up about 84% of Earth's volume. The mantle encloses the hot core rich
    in iron and nickel, which makes up about 15% of Earth's volume.

    Two main zones are distinguished in the upper mantle:

    The inner asthenosphere composed of plastic flowing rock of varying thickness, on


    average about 200 km (120 mi) thick, and the lowermost part of
    the lithosphere composed of rigid rock about 50 to 120 km (31 to 75 mi) thick. A thin
    crust, the upper part of the lithosphere, surrounds the mantle and is about 5 to 75 km
    (3.1 to 46.6 mi) thick.
    The lithosphere (Ancient Greek: λίθος [lithos] for "rocky", and σφαίρα [sphaira] for
    "sphere") is the rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet, On Earth, it is
    composed of the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on
    time scales of thousands of years or greater. The outermost shell of a rocky planet, the
    crust, is defined on the basis of its chemistry and mineralogy.
    The asthenosphere (from Greek ἀσθενής asthenḗs 'weak' + "sphere") is the highly
    viscous, mechanically weak and ductilely deforming region of the upper mantle of
    the Earth.

    Structure
    The mantle is divided into sections which are based upon results from seismology.
    These layers (and their thicknesses/depths) are the following:

     The upper mantle (starting at the Moho, or base of the crust around 7 to 35 km (4.3
    to 21.7 mi) downward to 410 km (250 mi)),
     The transition zone (410–660 km or 250–410 mi),
     The lower mantle (660–2,891 km or 410–1,796 mi),
     Anomalous core–mantle boundary with a variable thickness (on average
    ~200 km (120 mi) thick).

    The top of the mantle is defined by a sudden increase in seismic velocity, which was
    first noted by Andrija Mohorovičić in 1909; this boundary is now referred to as
    the Mohorovičić discontinuity or "Moho". The uppermost mantle plus overlying crust are
    relatively rigid and form the lithosphere, an irregular layer with a maximum thickness of
    perhaps 200 km (120 mi).

    Temperature
    In the mantle, temperatures range between 500 to 900 °C (932 to 1,652 °F) at the upper
    boundary with the crust to over 4,000 °C (7,230 °F) at the boundary with the core.

    This figure is a snapshot of one time-step in a model of mantle convection. Colors


    closer to red are hot areas and colors closer to blue are cold areas. In this figure, heat
    received at the core–mantle boundary results in thermal expansion of the material at the
    bottom of the model.
    Exploration
    Exploration of the mantle is generally conducted at the seabed rather than on land
    because of the relative thinness of the oceanic crust as compared to the significantly
    thicker continental crust.
    The first attempt at mantle exploration, known as Project Mohole, was abandoned in
    1966 after repeated failures and cost over-runs. The deepest penetration was
    approximately 180 m (590 ft). In 2005 an oceanic borehole reached 1,416 metres
    (4,646 ft) below the sea floor from the ocean drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution.
    The Chikyu Hakken mission attempted to use the Japanese vessel Chikyu to drill up to
    7,000 m (23,000 ft) below the seabed. This is nearly three times as deep as preceding
    oceanic drillings.

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