Practical Research 2

Quarter 2 – Module 1
Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

LESSON 1 Quantitative Research Designs

What I know
1. D
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. A
9. C
10. A
11. C
12. B
13. D
14. D
15. A

What’s New
Activity 1: Plan your work
Directions: Pretend that you are conducting a study on academic adjustments of
teachers and students on the learning delivery modes during this time of COVID–19
pandemic. Come up with a plan on how you are going to obtain the necessary data for
this study. Draw a procedural flowchart to illustrate your plan.
What’s More
Activity 2: Quantitative Research Designs Summary
Directions: Using the template below, summarize the five quantitative research designs
according to its goal, and its corresponding variable manipulation.

Research Goal How variable is handled

Design or manipulated
Descriptive To describe the Variables are measured and observed
characteristics or without any additional processing.
behaviors of a Presenting a truthful picture of current
particular circumstances or relationships is the goal.
phenomenon.
Correlational To examine the The purpose of measuring variables in
relationship between their natural state is to determine the
two or more variables. strength and direction of any relationships
between them. There isn't any variable
manipulation.
Ex post facto To investigate the The researcher does not change the
consequences of an independent variable; rather, she
uncontrollable observes or measures it as it is, then
independent variable investigates how it affects the dependent
(such as gender or variables.
ethnicity) after it has
naturally happened.
Quasi To evaluate how an The independent variable is changed,
experimental independent variable however there may not be a random
and a dependent assignment because of pragmatic or
variable are causally moral considerations. Variable control is
related. possible with this concept, although not
as much as with an actual experiment.
Experimental To determine if a The researcher purposefully modifies the
dependent variable independent variable, and subjects are
and an independent split into experimental and control groups
variable are causally at random. Increased control over
related. irrelevant factors is made possible by this
method, which improves internal validity.
Activity 3. Choose the Appropriate Research Design
Directions: Determine the quantitative research design appropriate for the sample
research titles. Make sure to explain your choice into two to three sentences.
1. Relationship between Academic Stressors and Learning Preferences of Senior High
School Students.
Quantitative Research Design: Correlational Research Design
Explanation: Since a correlational design does not need variable manipulation, it is a
suitable method for investigating the link between learning preferences and academic
pressures. The degree and direction of link between these two variables may be
determined with the use of this design.
2. Reading Electronic Learning Materials as a Support for Vocabulary of Grade 1 Pupils
Quantitative Research Design: Experimental Research Design
Explanation: An experimental design is appropriate because it enables the independent
variable (reading electronic learning materials) to be changed and its effects on the
dependent variable (Grade 1 students' vocabulary) to be observed. Internal validity can
be improved by randomly assigning participants to experimental and control groups.
3. Impact of the Implementation of COVID – 19 Health Protocols in Supermarkets on
Consumer Behaviors
Quantitative Research Design: Ex Post Facto Research Design
Explanation: Using an ex post facto approach enables the researcher to examine how
the imposition of non-negotiable COVID-19 health guidelines has affected consumer
behavior. The independent variable is measured and observed in its natural setting.
4. Effects of Morning Exercise on the Health Anxiety Level of Senior Citizens
Quantitative Research Design: Quasi-Experimental Research Design
Explanation: A quasi-experimental design is appropriate since it allows the
independent variable (morning exercise) to be changed in order to evaluate the impact
on senior people' health anxiety levels. Random assignment may be limited by ethical
or practical considerations, rendering it quasi-experimental.
5. Measuring the Gadgets Usage of Children at Home during COVID-19 Community
Quarantine
Quantitative Research Design: Descriptive Research Design
Explanation: During the COVID-19 community quarantine, a descriptive design is
appropriate for tracking how much time kids spend on electronics at home. Without
changing any parameters, the goal of this design is to give a precise representation of
the current state of affairs.
6. Level of Academic Achievement of Senior High Schools in Different Learning
Modalities
Quantitative Research Design: Comparative Research Design
Explanation: When evaluating the degree of academic success in senior high schools
with various learning modes, a comparative design is suitable. In order to find any
discrepancies, this design compares the results between several groups.
7. Effects of Story Telling on Quality of Sleep of Children
Quantitative Research Design: Experimental Research Design
Explanation: It is appropriate to use an experimental design to look at how storytelling
affects kids' sleep quality. The researcher can create a cause-and-effect link between
the independent variable (storytelling) and the dependent variable (sleep quality) by
adjusting the independent variable and applying random assignment.

What I have learned

1. This time, I've discovered that choosing the right statistical analysis methods to aid
in the analysis and interpretation of the study's data collection is a crucial
component of the quantitative research design. Making ensuring the research
design is legitimate, dependable, and applicable to the population under study is
also crucial. Furthermore, choosing the best design for a given research issue may
be aided by having a thorough grasp of the many kinds of quantitative research
designs, such as survey, experimental, and correlational designs.
2. To determine the specific quantitative research design employed in a study,
individuals can check the methodology section of the research paper or report. This
section usually provides a detailed explanation of the research design, along with
information on the variables studied, the research population, the data collection
methods, and the statistical analysis techniques employed. Reviewing this section
can provide a clear idea of the research design used in the study. Additionally,
individuals can look for specific keywords or phrases that indicate the type of
research design used, such as "experimental design," "correlational study," or
"survey research." These terms can offer insight into the research design used and
help individuals understand the study better.
What I can do
Choose your Appropriate Research Design
Directions: Perform the following task. From what you have learned in this lesson, what is
the appropriate research design for your current research problem? Justify your choice.
Research Design: Investigating the Relationship Between Study Habits and Academic
Performance Among College Students.
Justification: Since the purpose of the study is to examine the link between two variables
(study habits and academic achievement) without changing them, a correlational design is
acceptable. The research can statistically assess the strength and direction of the
relationship between study habits and academic achievement by gathering data on these
factors.

LESSON 2: Sampling Procedure and the

Sample

Activity 1: Determine the Sampling Procedure

Directions: Identify the sampling procedure used in each given situation. Write your answer
on the space provided and then explain your choice.

Sample situation Sampling Justification

procedure
1. Alex’s target population for his Random To guarantee that, every employee has
study are the employees of hotels Sampling an equal chance of being included, 10
in Mindanao. Since there are too (Two-Stage hotels will be randomly selected from
many employees in these Sampling) the population, and employees inside
establishments, he randomly those hotels will also be randomly
selected ten hotels based on selected. The representativeness of
hotel size. And then he randomly the sample from the greater population
selected employees as of Mindanao hotel employees is
participants in his study. increased by this two-stage random
sampling approach.
2. Dianne wants to know if the Systematic Dianne methodically chose every sixth
new learning modalities in the Random name on the student list. This
first semester affects the Sampling technique guarantees a representative
academic performance of senior sample from the total student body by
 high students. He took all the lists offering an organized and objective
of all students in her school and process of participant selection.
selected every 6th name to be
part of her study
3. Faye wants to survey all the Stratified By grouping the parents into strata
parents in Cagayan de Oro who Random according to whether or not they
opt to enroll their elementary Sampling choose to enroll their elementary
children to an online class. All in children in an online course, Faye
all, there 26,000 parents. Faye chose to use stratified sampling. This
decided to have 380 from the enables representation from every
target population. grouping, guaranteeing a more
thorough comprehension of the many
viewpoints prevalent among the
community.

Activity 2: Search the design and sampling procedure.

Directions: Search on the internet for a sample research study. Identify the research design
used and its sampling procedure.

Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

Title of the The Effects of The Relationship The Impact of
research study Mindfulness between Social Classroom
Meditation on Stress Media Use and Body Environment on
and Anxiety in College Image Concerns Student Learning
Students among Young Adults
Research design Randomized Correlational study Quasi-experimental
controlled trial design
Characteristics College students Young adults Middle school
of population students
Sampling Random sampling Convenience Cluster sampling
procedure sampling
Sample size 60 participants 200 participants 240 students
Source https://www.ncbi.nlm https://link.springer.c https://www.science
.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ om/article/10.1007/s direct.com/science/a
PMC6015478/ 11199-018-0893-1 rticle/pii/S18770428
15010283
What I have learned
Directions: As you have learned from this lesson, answer each question comprehensively.
1. What do I know about the population and sample of the study?
Recognizing the full group that the research wants to explore is necessary in order to
understand the population, of which the sample is a subset. For inferences about the
population to be meaningfully drawn, the sample has to be representative. The
population's characteristics and the sample selection process have an influence on the
study's external validity.
2. I have learned that when determining the sample size of the study
Now I know that selecting the appropriate sample size for a study necessitates taking into
account a number of variables, including the significance level, the population's variability,
and the required degree of precision. Achieving relevant findings necessitates striking a
balance between realistic limits and available resources, as well as the requirement for a
suitably big sample size.
3. Now I know that sampling procedures involve…
The methodical process of choosing people or units from a broader population is what
sampling operations entail. Simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified
sampling, and cluster sampling are examples of common approaches. Selecting a sample
strategy has an impact on how representative and generalizable study results are.

LESSON 3 Research Instrument, 3 Validity

and Reliability

Activity 1. Let’s talk

Directions: Read the questions about tools. Then, write your answer on the corresponding
space.
1. Why is it necessary to use the right tools for a particular task?
For a work to be completed effectively, accurately, and efficiently, the correct instruments
must be used. When the proper instruments are used for their intended purposes,
achieving desired results is made easier. If the wrong tools are used, mistakes, inefficiency,
or an inability to complete the work successfully might result.
 2. What will happen if research instruments are not prepared carefully?
Research validity and reliability may be jeopardized if instruments are not appropriately
prepared. Instruments that are ill-conceived or not properly constructed may cause
erroneous data gathering, which might produce unreliable results. Ensuring the quality and
reliability of study outputs requires meticulous preparation of research equipment.

Activity 2. Let’s read

1. What do you think must have been done to avoid the said situation?
A comprehensive pre-testing or pilot study should have been carried out to find and fix any
problems with the research equipment before to the real data collecting in order to prevent
the situation. This would include enhancing and modifying the instruments in response to
comments and observations made throughout the pilot stage.

2. What can you say about the result of investigation?

It's difficult to remark on the investigation's findings without knowing more about the
particular circumstances. In the event that the inquiry uncovered problems stemming from
shoddy instrument preparation, it emphasizes the need of careful instrument construction
and testing to guarantee the authenticity and dependability of data.
3. How will you relate the scenario to the conduct of a quantitative research study?
In quantitative research, the scenario emphasizes the value of meticulous planning and
testing. Similar problems may occur in a research project if instruments are not properly
prepared, which might result in biased or incorrect findings. It highlights how important it is
for researchers to put time and effort into creating and validating research instruments in
order to guarantee the validity of their findings.
Activity 3. Qualify and Rate the Instrument
Directions: Look for sample research instruments from previously conducted research.
Rate it on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = lowest, 5 = highest) based on the criteria given. Then justify
you’re rating.

Sample Instruments Likert Scale to Measure the Attitude of Students Towards

(provide a title of the Distance Learning
instrument if possible):
Purpose of the Research To measure the attitude of students towards distance
Instrument: learning
Number of Items: 5 Scale used: 5-point Likert Scale
Criteria for Evaluation Rating Justification
of Instrument
Concise 4 The instrument is concise and straightforward,
containing only five items that are easy to
understand and answer.
Sequential 5 The items are arranged sequentially, making it
easy for respondents to provide their
responses.
Valid and Reliable 3 The instrument lacks information on how its
validity and reliability were established.
Therefore, it is difficult to determine how
reliable and valid the instrument is.
Easily Tabulated 5 The instrument is easily tabulated, as it uses a
5-point Likert scale that can be easily analyzed
using statistical tools.

Activity 4. Search and evaluate the instrument.

Directions: Search for a sample research study. Identify the ways of establishing the
validity and reliability of the instrument.

Example 1 Example 2
Title of the Research Study Job Satisfaction Survey Self-Efficacy Scale for
Academic Achievement
Type of Research Instrument Questionnaire Survey
Way of Developing the Modified an existing Developed a new
Instrument instrument to suit the instrument corresponding
specific context. to the study's variables.
Scale Used Semantic Differential Likert Scale
How was the validity of the Established through Ensured through content
instrument established? content validity, aligning validity by aligning items
 with experts' suggestions with the theoretical
and objectives. construct of self-efficacy.
How was the reliability of the Assessed using internal Achieved through internal
instrument established? consistency reliability consistency reliability,
through Cronbach’s alpha. employing Cronbach’s
alpha.
Source Journal of Organizational Journal of Educational
Behavior Research Psychology

Activity 5. Let’s go online

1. Why is it important to have a good research instrument?
It is important to have a good research instrument because it ensures that the data
collected is accurate, reliable, and valid. A good research instrument helps to minimize
errors and biases in the data collection process, which in turn leads to more accurate and
reliable results. It also allows researchers to gather data in a more systematic and
organized way, making it easier to analyze and interpret the data.
2. Differentiate validity and reliability. Explain how they complement each other to
make a good research instrument.
Validity and reliability are two important aspects of a good research instrument. Validity
refers to the extent to which a research instrument measures what it is supposed to
measure. A research instrument that has high validity measures what it claims to measure
accurately and appropriately. On the other hand, reliability refers to the consistency and
stability of the research instrument over time. A research instrument that has high
reliability produces consistent results when used repeatedly.
LESSON 5 Planning Data Collection
Procedure

Activity 1: What’s the Procedure

Looking at the flowchart of the data gathering procedure, what do you think is the research
design of the study?
Based on the given data, I think the research is Descriptive Research Design
1. Before (Preparation Phase)
• Preparation for data collecting includes obtaining consent, creating a questionnaire,
and calculating the sample size using a stratified random approach.
• The reference to using a stratified random approach to determine the sample size
implies that representation from several strata is intended.

2. During (Data Collection Phase)

• A research study's data gathering phase often involves giving respondents
instructions and distributing the questionnaire.
• The utilization of a questionnaire denotes a methodical approach to data collection.

3. After (Data Analysis Phase)

• Typically, descriptive research involves encoding and evaluating the acquired data,
with an emphasis on summarizing and presenting the information.

Activity 2. Arrange your Steps

Directions: Arrange the following steps in data gathering into their correct sequence, 1 as
being the first step, and 10 as the last step.

Order Steps
3 The respondents will have a chance to have a look at the performance tasks.
6 Each of the participants will be interviewed for individual filling out of the
personal background of media literacy information.
8 The researcher will meet the participants eight times in a four-month data
gathering period.
 5 The participants will answer the learning activity sheet (LAS) after practicing
the new approach.
7 The data collection in each group will be supervised by two experienced
Information Technology teachers to ensure proper implementation of the
intervention.
4 The participants will read example situations about media literacy that are
not familiar to them.
2 The new approach in assessing the performance tasks of learners will be
implemented.
1 The list of performance tasks and assessment tools will be prepared.
9 The media literacy summative test will be administered after the
implementation of the new approach in assessing performance tasks.
10 The test results will be encoded for summary and will be analyzed.

What I have learned

1. This time, I have learned that quantitative data is a type of data that deals with numbers
and statistics. It involves the collection and analysis of numerical data to describe and
understand a phenomenon. Quantitative data is based on objective facts, and it can be
measured, counted, or compared. It is used to quantify the frequency of occurrence, the
magnitude of the effect, and the relationship between variables. In quantitative research,
data is collected through surveys, experiments, and observations using tools such as
questionnaires, statistical software, and databases.

2. Techniques in quantitative data gathering help to ensure that the data collected is
accurate, reliable, and valid. One common technique is sampling, which involves selecting
a subset of the population to represent the whole population. This technique helps to
reduce the time and cost of data collection. Other techniques include randomization,
which reduces bias in data collection, standardization, which ensures that data is
collected in a consistent manner, and statistical analysis, which helps to describe and
summarize the data collected.

3. In planning my data gathering procedure, I need to consider several factors, including the
research question, the population of interest, the sample size, the data collection method,
and the data analysis techniques. I should also consider ethical issues such as informed
consent, privacy, and confidentiality. It is important to ensure that the data collection
procedure is reliable, valid, and ethical to obtain accurate and meaningful results. Finally, I
need to plan for data storage and management to ensure that data is secure and
accessible for future analysis.
LESSON 6: Planning Data Analysis

Activity 1: Statistics Recall

Directions: From your previous lessons, recall the following terms in Statistics. Write its
definition or description and purpose or function in analyzing data. Fill in the boxes to
provide the information about these statistical terms or you may use a separate sheet. Use
the table for your answer.

Terms Definition or Description Purpose or Function

Data Raw facts or information that Serves as the foundation for
can be systematically collected statistical analysis, providing
and analyzed. the information needed to draw
conclusions or make
inferences.
Frequency The count of occurrences of Describes the distribution of
values or events in a dataset. values and helps identify
patterns or trends in the data.
Percentage A proportion or ratio expressed Provides a standardized way to
as a fraction of 100. express the relative size or
contribution of a part to a
whole.
Mean The arithmetic average of a set Represents the central
of values. tendency of a dataset and is
used to summarize and
describe the average value.
Standard Deviation A measure of the dispersion or Indicates the extent to which
spread of values in a dataset. individual data points deviate
from the mean, providing
insights into the variability of
the data.
Table An arrangement of data in rows Organizes and simplifies
and columns for systematic complex data, making it easier
presentation. to interpret and compare
values.
Figure Visual representations of data, Enhances the communication
such as charts or graphs. of patterns, trends, and
relationships in the data,
making it more accessible and
understandable.
 Parametric test Statistical tests based on Suitable for normally
specific assumptions about the distributed data, allowing for
population distribution. more powerful and precise
statistical inferences.
Non-Parametric test Statistical tests that do not rely Appropriate for non-normally
on specific assumptions about distributed data or when
the population distribution. assumptions of parametric
tests cannot be met.
Correlation A statistical measure that Identifies and measures the
quantifies the strength and degree of association between
direction of a linear relationship variables, helping to
between two variables. understand patterns of co-
variation.
Regression A statistical technique used to Predicts or explains the
model the relationship between variation in a dependent
a dependent variable and one variable based on the values of
or more independent variables. independent variables.

Activity 2. Step by step analysis

Directions: From the concept presented in this lesson, create five simple basic procedures
in planning the data analysis. What to do beforehand (pre-process) is already given as your
guide.

Step To Do
Pre-process Identify the types of variables, research question, hypothesis, and
scale of measurement.
Define Variables Clearly define and categorize variables as either independent or
dependent. Identify the nature (categorical or numerical) and level
of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).
Formulate Develop a clear and specific research question that aligns with the
Research Question study's objectives and variables.
Formulate If applicable, formulate null and alternative hypotheses based on
Hypothesis the research question. Specify the expected relationships between
variables.
Determine Scale of Determine the appropriate scale of measurement for each
Measurement variable, considering whether they are nominal, ordinal, interval, or
ratio.
Plan Data Based on the variables and research question, plan the data
Collection collection method and design a suitable data collection
instrument.
Activity 3. Choose the Appropriate Statistical Test
Directions: Determine the statistical test/s appropriate for the sample research. Make sure
to explain your decision in one to two sentences.
1. Relationship between Academic Stressors and Learning Preferences of Senior High
School Students.
Statistical Test/s: Pearson's correlation coefficient.
Explanation: Examining the link between learning preferences and academic pressures is a
good use of Pearson's correlation, which is suited for determining the direction and
strength of a linear relationship between two continuous variables.
2. Reading Electronic Learning Materials as a Support for Vocabulary of Grade 1
Pupils.
Statistical Test/s: Paired sample t-test.
Explanation: The mean vocabulary scores before and after exposure to electronic learning
materials may be compared using a paired sample t-test, which can shed light on the
intervention's efficacy.
3. Impact of the Implementation of COVID – 19 Health Protocols in Supermarkets on
Consumer Behaviors.
Statistical Test/s: Chi-square test.
Explanation: If a significant link exists between the application of health procedures and
categorized consumer behaviors, it may be examined using a chi-square test.
4. Effects of Morning Exercise on the Health Anxiety Level of Senior Citizens.
Statistical Test/s: Independent samples t-test.
Explanation: When comparing the mean health anxiety levels of two independent groups
(e.g., morning exercisers and non-exercisers), an independent samples t-test can be used.
5. Measuring the Gadgets Usage of Children at Home during Quarantine.
Statistical Test/s: Descriptive statistics (mean, median, mode).
Explanation: To summarize and characterize the central trend and variability in children's
gadget usage during quarantine, descriptive statistics would be suitable. Given that the
query appears to be primarily focused on descriptive analysis, no inferential test is given.
What I have learned
1. This time, I have learned that quantitative research and statistics are closely related.
Quantitative research is a research method that involves collecting and analyzing
numerical data through statistical techniques. Statistics, on the other hand, is a branch of
mathematics that deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and
organization of data. In other words, statistics is a tool used in quantitative research to
analyze and interpret data.
2. The factors to consider before planning the data analysis of the research study are the
research questions, research design, data collection method, data type, sample size, and
statistical assumptions. The research questions will guide the selection of appropriate
statistical techniques. The research design will determine the type of data to be collected
and the appropriate statistical technique to be used. The data collection method will affect
the quality of the data collected and the statistical test to be used. The data type will
determine the appropriate statistical technique to be used. The sample size will affect the
power of the statistical test. Finally, the statistical assumptions will determine the
appropriate statistical test to be used.
3. The specific statistical tests to be used in a research study depend on the research
questions, research design, data collection method, data type, sample size, and statistical
assumptions. There are various statistical tests available for different types of data. For
example, if the data is continuous and normally distributed, parametric tests such as t-test
and ANOVA can be used. If the data is not normally distributed or the sample size is small,
non-parametric tests such as the Mann-Whitney U-test and the Kruskal-Wallis test can be
used. It is important to select the appropriate statistical test to ensure that the conclusions
drawn from the data are valid and reliable.

LESSON 7: Presenting Research 7

Methodology

Activity 1. Personal Work Evaluation

Direction: Rate your own paper using the rubric below. For the purpose of improvement,
rate your output as honestly as you can. Use the following scale in evaluating your own
paper.
1. – 4
 2. –4
3. –5
4. –4
5. –4

Activity 2. Reflection
1. My highest would be 5, and my lowest would be 4. In research, I always came
prepared.
2. I always came prepared because I love research subjects.

Activity 3. Let’s go online

1. From this module, I have learned various skills, content, and attitudes in identifying and
stating the research problem. I have acquired knowledge on the importance of a well-
defined research problem, how to formulate research questions and objectives, how to
conduct a literature review, how to identify research gaps, and how to narrow down the
research problem. I have also learned to have a critical and analytical attitude when
identifying and stating the research problem.
2. To improve my research writing skills in quantitative research, I can make use of various
resources available such as online courses, books on research writing, and academic
journals. I can also practice writing research papers and seek feedback from my peers and
professors to improve my writing skills. Additionally, I can attend workshops or seminars on
research writing to enhance my skills. Finally, I can learn from well-written research papers
and identify their writing style and structure to improve my own writing.