PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32

SAMPLE PAPER TEST 10 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024

(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: SCIENCE MAX. MARKS: 80
CLASS : X DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instruction:
1. This Question Paper has 5 Sections A-E.
2. Section A has 20 MCQs carrying 1 mark each.
3. Section B has 5 questions carrying 02 marks each.
4. Section C has 6 questions carrying 03 marks each.
5. Section D has 4 questions carrying 05 marks each.
6. Section E has 3 case based integrated units of assessment (04 marks each) with sub-parts of the
values of 1, 1 and 2 marks each respectively.
7. All Questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice in 2 Qs of 5 marks, 2 Qs of 3 marks
and 2 Questions of 2 marks has been provided. An internal choice has been provided in the
2marks questions of Section E
8. Draw neat figures wherever required. Take π =22/7 wherever required if not stated.
SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 20 carry 1 mark each.
1. Which of the following reactions is a neutralisation reaction?
(a) 4Na + Cl2 → 2Na2O (b) Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2
(c) MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2 (d) HNO3 + NaOH → NaNO2 + H2O
Ans: (d) HNO3 + NaOH → NaNO2 + H2O

2. Identify the unsaturated compounds from the following

(i) Propane(ii) Propene (iii) Propyne (iv) Chloropropane
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iv) (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
Ans: (d) (ii) and (iii)
Propene has double bond and Propyne is having a triple bond. Hence they are unsaturated
compounds.

3. Sodium hydroxide is termed an alkali while Ferric hydroxide is not because:

(a) Sodium hydroxide is a strong base, while Ferric hydroxide is a weak base.
(b) Sodium hydroxide is a base which is soluble in water while Ferric hydroxide is also a base
but it is not soluble in water.
(c) Sodium hydroxide is a strong base while Ferric hydroxide is a strong acid.
(d) Sodium hydroxide and Ferric hydroxide both are strong base but the solubility of Sodium
hydroxide in water is comparatively higher than that of Ferric hydroxide.
Ans: (b) Sodium hydroxide is a base which is soluble in water while Ferric hydroxide is also a
base but it is not soluble in water.

4. Which among the following statement(s) is (are) true?

Exposure of silver chloride to sunlight for a long duration turns grey due to:
(i) The formation of silver by decomposition of silver chloride.
(ii) Sublimation of silver chloride.
(iii) Decomposition of chlorine gas from silver chloride.
(iv) Oxidation of silver chloride.
(a) (i) only (b) (i) and (iii) (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iv) only
Ans: (a) (i) only (b)
In the presence of sunlight, the heavy amount of energy of light decomposes AgCl to silver
(Ag+) and chloride (Cl−) ions. The silver flakes are truly black which when fully spread over
white silver chloride looks grey.

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5. When Sodium bicarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, the gas evolved is:
(a) Hydrogen; it gives pop sound with burning match stick.
(b) Hydrogen; it turns lime water milky.
(c) Carbon dioxide; it turns lime water milky.
(d) Carbon dioxide; it blows off a burning match stick with a pop sound.
Ans: (c) Carbon dioxide; it turns lime water milky.

6. A metal ribbon ‘X’ burns in oxygen with a dazzling white flame forming a white ash ‘Y’. The
correct description of X, Y and the type of reaction is:
(a) X = Ca ; Y = CaO ; Type of reaction = Decomposition
(b) X = Mg ; Y = MgO ; Type of reaction = Combination
(c) X = Al ; Y = Al2O3 ; Type of reaction = Thermal decomposition
(d) X = Zn ; Y = ZnO ; Type of reaction = Endothermic
Ans: (b) X = Mg ; Y = MgO ; Type of reaction = Combination

7. A cross between pea plant with white flowers (vv) and pea plant with violet flowers (VV)
resulted in F2 progeny in which ratio of violet (VV) and white (vv) flowers will be:
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 3 : 1 (d) 1 : 3
Ans: (a) 1 : 1

8. In plants the role of cytokinin is:

(a) Promote cell division. (b) Wilting of leaves.
(c) Promote the opening of stomatal pore. (d) Help in the growth of stem.
Ans: (a) Promote cell division.

9. Acid present in tomato is:

(a) Methanoic acid (b) Acetic acid (c) Lactic acid (d) Oxalic acid
Ans: (d) Oxalic acid

10. The figure given below shows a schematic plan of blood circulation in humans with labels (i) to
(iv). Identify the correct label with its functions?

(a) (i) Pulmonary vein - takes impure blood from body part.
(b) (ii) Pulmonary artery - takes blood from lung to heart.
(c) (iii) Aorta - takes blood from heart to body parts.
(d) (iv) Vena cava - takes deoxygenated blood from body parts to right auricle.
Ans: (d) (iv) Vena cava - takes deoxygenated blood from body parts to right auricle.

11. Length of pollen tube depends on the distance between:

(a) pollen grain and upper surface of stigma
(b) pollen grain on upper surface of stigma and ovule
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 (c) pollen grain in anther and upper surface of stigma
(d) upper surface of stigma and lower part of style
Ans: (b) pollen grain on upper surface of stigma and ovule

12. Which among the following statements are true for sexual reproduction in flowering plants?
(i) It requires two types of gametes.
(ii) Fertilisation is a compulsory event.
(iii) It always results in formation of zygote.
(iv) Offspring formed are clones.
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iv)
Ans: (c) (i), (ii) and (iii)

13. In an electrical circuit, three incandescent bulbs A, B, and C of rating 40 W, 100 W, and 60 W,
respectively are connected in parallel to an electric source. Which of the following is likely to
happen regarding their brightness?
(a) Brightness of all the bulbs will be the same.
(b) Brightness of bulb A will be the maximum.
(c) Brightness of bulb B will be more than that of A and C.
(d) Brightness of bulb C will be less than that of B.
Ans: (c) Brightness of bulb B will be more than that of A and C.

14. A student learns that magnetic field strength around a bar magnet is different at every point.
Which diagram shows the correct magnetic field lines around a bar magnet?
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Ans: (c)
Two magnetic field lines never interest each other. Outside the magnet, the magnetic field lines
are directed from North pole of the magnet towards the South pole. The magnetic field lines at
any one point give the direction of magnetic field at that point

15. The resistance of a resistor is reduced to half of its initial value. If other parameters of the
electrical circuit remain unaltered, the amount of heat produced in the resistor will become:
(a) four times (b) two times (c) half (d) one fourth
Ans: (b) two times

16. If the field lines in a magnetic field are parallel and equidistant, the magnetic field is
(a) Uniform (b) Non uniform (c) Zero (d) None of these
Ans: (a) Uniform

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 DIRECTION: In the question number 17 and 20, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct option
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A)
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

17. Assertion (A): Reaction of Quicklime with water is an exothermic reaction.

Reason (R): Quicklime reacts vigorously with water releasing a large amount of heat.
Ans: (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A)

18. Assertion (A): The wires supplying current to an electric heater are not heated appreciably.
Reason (R): Resistance of connecting wires is very small and H<< R.
Ans: (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A)
We know that heat produced, H = I2Rt.
As the resistance of connecting wires is very small, so connecting wires do not get heated up
appreciably.

19. Assertion (A): At puberty, in boys, voice begins to crack and thick hair grows on face.
Reason (R): At puberty, there is decreased secretion of testosterone in boys.
Ans: (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Puberty in boys is regulated by male sex hormone called testosterone, which are secreted by
testes. In puberty, secondary sexual characters like growth of hair on face, chest, broadening of
shoulders and deepening of voice occurs.

20. Assertion (A): The inner walls of the small intestine have finger like projections called villi
which are rich in blood.
Reason (R): These villi have a large surface area to help the small intestine in completing the
digestion of food.
Ans: (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A)

SECTION – B
Questions 21 to 26 carry 2 marks each.

21. Draw a well labelled diagram of stomata. List two functions of stomata.
Ans:

Functions of stomata are:

(i) Help in the exchange of gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen from the leaves of the plants.
(ii) Help in the transport of water, minerals and food materials in plants by transpiration.
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 (iii) Transpiration occurring through stomata on leaves helps in cooling of leaf surface.

22. Why is KOH solution kept in the test-tube inside the airtight conical flask while doing the
experiment of respiration of seeds?
Ans: KOH is a chemical that is used to absorb carbon dioxide.
During respiration, the germinating seeds release Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Germination is a
process where the growth of the seeds begins. The KOH solution kept in the test tube inside the
airtight conical flask absorbs the released Carbon Dioxide by the seeds. This creates space in the
conical flask and an equal volume of the water rises in the tube. Hence this shows seeds are
respiring and CO2 gas is evolved in the process of respiration.

23. Observe the following diagram and answer the questions following it :

(i) Identify the defect of vision shown.

(ii) List its two causes.
(iii) Name the type of lens used for the correction of this defect.
Ans: (i) Myopia, as image is formed before the retina for far away objects.
(ii) Possible causes are:
(1) Elongation of eyeballs.
(2) Excessive curvature of eye lens.
(iii) Correction: Using concave lens of suitable focal length.
OR
The colour of clear sky from the earth appears blue but from the space it appears black. Why?
Ans: The sky appears blue because of the presence of atmosphere, which scatters maximum
blue light. Since, Earth has atmosphere, so particles present in it, make scattering of light
possible for blue colour. Space has no atmosphere so there is no intervening particle to obstruct
light so as to scatter light. Hence, it appear dark from space.

24. A student took a small amount of copper oxide in a conical flask and added dilute hydrochloric
acid to it with constant stirring. He observed a change in colour of the solution.
(i) Write the name of the compound formed and its colour.
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction involved.
Ans: (i) The compound formed is Copper (II) chloride or cupric chloride (CuCl2).
The colour of CuCl2 is blue-green.
(ii) The balanced chemical equation is:
CuO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
OR
The industrial process used for the manufacture of caustic soda involves electrolysis of an
aqueous solution of compound ‘X’. In this process, two gases ‘Y’ and ‘Z’ are liberated. ‘Y’ is
liberated at cathode and ‘Z’, which is liberated at anode, on treatment with dry slaked lime
forms a compound ‘B’. Name X, Y, Z and B.
Ans: Compound X is NaCl(aq), which is a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride in
water.
Compound Y is H2 (Hydrogen gas), liberated at cathode.
Compound Z is Cl2, (Chlorine gas), liberated at anode.
Treatment of gas Z (Cl2) with dry slaked lime, Ca(OH)2 , gives bleaching powder (CaOCl2).
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
Hence, Compound B is CaOCl2
The overall balanced chemical equation is:
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 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)

25. Name the part of brain which is responsible for the following actions :
(i) Maintaining posture and balance
(ii) Beating of heart
(iii) Thinking
(iv) Blood pressure
Ans: (i) Cerebellum
(ii) Medulla
(iii) Cerebrum
(iv) Medulla
OR
Where are auxins synthesized in a plant ? Which organ of the plant shows :
(i) Positive phototropism
(ii) Negative geotropism
(iii) Positive hydrotropism
Ans: Auxins are synthesized in the growing regions at the tip of the shoot and root in a plant.
(i) Positive phototropism – Shoot
(ii) Negative geotropism – Shoot
(iii) Positive hydrotropism – Root

26. While teaching the chapter "Our Environment", the teacher stressed upon the harmful effects of
burning of fossil fuels, plastic paper, etc. The students noticed the extensive use of plastic and
polythene in daily life, which can be avoided and the surroundings can be kept clean. They
decided to make their school "Plastic and Polythene" free and motivated each other for its
minimum use.
(a) Why should the use of polythene and plastic be reduced in daily life?
(b) In what way the students would have avoided the use of plastic and polythene in their
school?
Ans: (a) Because they are non-biodegradable.
(b) (i) Carrying tiffin and water in steel containers.
(ii) Encourage the use of ink pens (ball pens are made up plastic) / or any other.

SECTION – C
Questions 27 to 33 carry 3 marks each.
27. Name the hormone which regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in our body.
Which gland secretes this hormone? Why is it important for us to have iodised salt in our diet?
Ans: (i) The hormone which regulates carbohydrates, protein and fat metabolism in our body is
thyroxine.
(ii) Thyroxine hormone is secreted by thyroid gland.
(iii) Iodised salt in diet is important because it contains iodine, which is essential for the
synthesis of thyroxine hormone by the thyroid gland. In case of iodine deficiency in our diet,
there would be less production of thyroxine hormone, which may result into a disease called
goitre.
OR
Reproduction is one of the most important characteristics of living beings. Give three reasons in
support of the statement.
Ans: Reproduction is an important characteristic of living beings because:
(i) It promotes continuity of life.
(ii) It promotes stability of species.
(iii) It includes creation of variations that are the basis of evolution.
28. If the image formed by a lens for all positions of an object placed in front of it is always erect
and diminished, what is the nature of this lens ? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer. If
the numerical value of the power of this lens is 10D, what is its focal length in the Cartesian
system?
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 Ans: If image formed by a lens is always erect and diminished for all values of ‘u’, therefore,
the lens is concave lens (diverging lens).

We know that power of a concave lens is negative.

P = –10b
1 1 1
P  f   = –0.1m or –10 cm
f P 10
OR
An object of height 10 cm is placed 25 cm away from the optical centre of a converging lens of
focal length 15 cm. Calculate the image-distance and height of the image formed.
Ans: Given, Object's height, h0 = 10 cm
Object distance u = –25 cm
Focal length of convex lens, f = 15 cm
Image distance, v = ?
Height of image, hi = ?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53 2
Using the lens formula:         
f v u v f u 15 25 75 75
75
So, image distance (v) =  37.5cm
2
h v v 37.5
From the magnification: i   hi   h0   10  15cm
h0 u u 25
An inverted image of 15 cm which will be formed at 37.5 cm from the given of lens.

29. Refractive index of water with respect to air is 1.33 and that of diamond is 2.42.
(a) In which medium does the light move faster, water or diamond?
(b) What is the refractive index of diamond with respect to water?
Ans: (a) Refractive index = speed of light in vacuum/speed of light in medium.
Since the refractive index of diamond is more, hence the speed of light is lesser in diamond.
(b) Let speed of light in water vw and in diamond be vd.
Refractive index of diamond w.r.t. water is say n = Speed of light in water/speed of light in
diamond.
n = vw /vd
v
Dividing both numerator and denominator by speed of light (c) we get n  w/ c
vd / c
∴ n = 2.42/1.33 = 1.82 (approx.)

30. (i) Why is an alternating current (A.C.) considered to be advantageous over direct current (D.C.)
for the long distance transmission of electric power ?
(ii) How is the type of current used in household supply different from the one given by a
battery of dry cells ?
(iii) How does an electric fuse prevent the electric circuit and the appliances from a possible
damage due to short circuiting or overloading.
Ans: (i) Alternating current can be transmitted over long distances at very high voltages so as to
ensure that current value is very low and as a result very low amount of energy is lost during

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 transmission. When it reaches near the household, the voltage can be stepped down to restore
required value of current whereas the voltage of direct current cannot be stepped up and down.
(ii) The type of current used in domestic household supply is alternating while a battery of dry
cells supplies direct current.
(iii) Electric fuse is made of wires of very low melting point. If there is a current larger than the
specified value, the temperature of fuse wire increases and it melts to break the electric circuit
and stop the flow of unduly high electric current. This saves appliances from possible damage.

OR
For the current carrying solenoid as shown, draw magnetic field lines and give reason to explain
that out of the three points A, B and C, at which point the field strength is maximum and at
which point it is minimum?

Ans: (i) The field strength will be maximum at point A as A is inside the solenoid where the
field lines have highest density.
(ii) The field strength will be minimum at point B as field lines have least density.

31. (a) From the following groups of organisms, create a food chain which is the most advantageous
for Human being in terms of energy.

(b) State the possible disadvantage if the cereal plant is growing in a soil rich in pesticides.
(c) Construct a food web using the organisms mentioned above.
Ans: (a) Short food chains are more efficient in terms of energy. The shorter the food chain is,
more is the available amount of energy. Hence, the food chain which is the most advantageous
for Human being in terms of energy is:
Cereal Plant → Human being
(b) Harmful for human consumption as the traces of pesticide will be carried by food.
(c)

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32. (i) While electrolysing water before passing the current some drops of an acid are added. Why ?
Name the gases liberated at cathode and anode. Write the relationship between the volume of
gas collected at anode and the volume of gas collected at cathode.
(ii) What is observed when silver chloride is exposed to sunlight ? Give the type of reaction
involved.
Ans: (i) Water is a non-electrolyte so, the addition of acid will make it a good conductor of
electricity. By this action, ions will be produced due to dissociation of acidified water that acts
as a charge carriers for the faster conduction of electricity.
The gas liberated at the cathode is Hydrogen gas. The gas liberated at the anode is Oxygen gas.
In the electrolysis of water, the ratio of volumes of hydrogen and oxygen obtained is 2:1 i.e. 2
volumes of hydrogen and 1 volume of oxygen combines to form water.
(ii) When silver chloride is exposed to light, it decomposes to form silver metal and chlorine
gas. The type of reaction is photolytic decomposition.

33. (i) Suggest a safe procedure of diluting a strong concentrated acid.

(ii) Name the salt formed when sulphuric acid is added to sodium hydroxide and write its pH.
(iii) Dry HCl gas does not change the colour of dry blue litmus paper. Why?
Ans: (i) The acid is always diluted by adding the acid to water slowly and with constant stirring.
In addition to it, it is advised to wear gloves and goggles and maintain safe distance.
(ii) The salt formed when sulphuric acid is added to sodium hydroxide is sodium sulphate.
The balanced equation is:
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Its pH is approximately equal to 7.
(iii) The colour of litmus paper changes only in the presence of ions like hydrogen (H+) or
hydronium (H3O+) ions.
HCl can produce these ions only in the form of aqueous solution.
Hence, dry HCl gas does not change the colour of dry litmus paper.

SECTION – D
Questions 34 to 36 carry 5 marks each.

34. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba.

Ans: Amoeba shows holozoic nutrition which is comprised of Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption,
Assimilation and Egestion.
Ingestion:
Ameoba traps food particles through fingerlike projections called pseudopodia. Pseudopodia
present outside its body and helps in taking food along with water
Digestion:
Food vacuoles are made after ingesting the food. Enzymes are released in the food vacuole for
digestion.
Absorption:
After digestion, nutrients enter the cytoplasm through osmosis.
Assimilation:
Nutrients are utilized by the cell for various purposes.
Egestion:
Food vacuole goes near the cell membrane to empty its contents outside the cell. This results in
the expulsion of waste materials from the cell.

35. (i) How is electric current related to the potential difference across the terminals of a conductor?
Draw a labelled circuit diagram to verify this relationship.
(ii) Why should an ammeter have low resistance ?
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 (iii) Two V - I graphs A and B for series and parallel combinations of two resistors are as
shown. Giving reason state which graph shows (a) series, (b) parallel combination of the
resistors.

Ans: (i) The ratio of potential difference to the flow of current in conductor is constant which is
called the resistance of the conductor provided the physical conditions of the conductor remains
constant. This is called Ohm's Law.
Mathematically, V/I = R (constant)
Circuit diagram:

(ii) An ammeter is a device used to measure the amount of current flowing in a circuit. The
resistance of an ideal ammeter should be zero as it is always connected in series in a circuit.
Hence, its resistance adds to the total resistance of the circuit. If the resistance of the ammeter
would be high, then the total resistance would be too high. This in turn would decrease the
amount of current flowing through the circuit.
(iii) The slope of I-V graph gives the reciprocal of resistance. So, the graph with a lesser slope
will indicate a larger resistance.
The series combination of resistances has a large net resistance than the corresponding parallel
combination. So, Graph A indicates series combination and graph B indicates parallel
combination.

36. (i) Draw the structure of the following compounds: (a) Butanoic acid (b) Chloropentane
(ii) How are structure (i) and structure (ii) given below related to one another ? Give reason to
justify your answer.

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 Draw one more possible structure for above case.
(iii) Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds on the basis of their
general formula.
Ans: (i) (a) The structure of butanoic acid is:

(b) The structure of chloropentane is:

(ii) Structures (i) and (ii) are structural isomers of each other as they have different structures
but same molecular formula (C6H14).
Another structural isomers is n-Hexane.

(iii) Difference between saturated and unsaturated compounds are:

Saturated compounds Unsaturated compounds
They have single bonds between carbon They have at least one double or triple
atoms. bond between carbon atoms.
Their general formula is CnH2n+2. Alkenes (which have double bond)
have general formula as CnH2n.
Alkynes (which have triple bond) have
general formula as CnH2n–2.
OR
(i) What are soaps? Explain the mechanism of cleansing action of soap with the help of a
labelled diagram.
(ii) Detergents are better than soaps. Justify.
Ans: (i) Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. They are formed by
the reaction between an alkali (sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) and a fat or oil.
Cleansing action of soap:
 The long hydrocarbon chain of the soap is nonpolar and tends to avoid water. When soap
is added to water, the hydrophobic tail is attracted to the dirt, oil or grease, while the
hydrophilic head is attracted to the water molecules.
 The hydrophobic tail surrounds the oil or grease droplet, forming a sphere called a
micelle.

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  The soap molecules on the outside of the micelle are attracted to the water molecules
and are washed away with the water, carrying the micelle and dirt along with it.
 When the soap and water are rinsed off, the dirt, oil, and grease are removed from the
surface.

Formation of micelles
(ii) Detergents are better than soaps as:
 Detergents work better in hard water than soaps as they do not react with the minerals in
hard water to form insoluble compounds.
 Detergents can be used in both hot and cold water, whereas soaps work better in hot
water.
 Detergents are more effective in removing grease and oil stains than soaps.
 Detergents are less likely to leave a residue on clothes, unlike soaps.

SECTION – E(Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 37 to 39 carry 4 marks each.
37. Case Study – 1
The pH of a solution is a measure of its hydrogen ion (H+) concentration. It is measured
generally using pH scale. The values on pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
A pH of 1 is very acidic and corresponds to a high concentration of H+ ions. A pH of 14 is very
basic and corresponds to a low concentration of H+ ions. The pH of a neutral solution is 7. The
table given below shows the pH and H+ ion concentration of some common aqueous solutions.
The leftmost column shows the number of moles of H+ ions in 1 mole of liquid.
The pH and Hydrogen ion (H+) Concentration of Some Solutions
H+
Concentration pH Solution
(moles)
10–1 1
–2
10 2 Gastric (stomach) juice, cola, lemon
juice
–3
10 3 Vinegar
10–4 4 Tomato juice
–5
10 5 Black coffee, rain water
10–6 6 Urine
–7
10 7 Pure water
10–8 8 Sea water
–9
10 9 Baking soda
–10
10 10
10–11 11 Milk of magnesia
–12
10 12 Household bleach
10–13 13 Oven cleaner
–14
10 14
(i) How is the hydrogen ion concentration and pH related to each other?
(ii) On the basis of above table, arrange the following in the decreasing order of H+
concentration.
Pure water, tomato juice, milk of magnesia, sea water
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 (iii) A solution of pH 2 is filled in two separate beakers. A few drops of methyl orange and
phenolphthalein are added into separate solutions. How will the colour of the indicators change?
OR
(iii) Two solutions X and Y have pH values of 3.0 and 9.5 respectively. Which of these will turn
litmus solution from blue to red and which will turn phenolphthalein from colourless to pink?
Ans: (i) pH is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration.
(ii) The decreasing order of H+ concentration is Tomato juice > Pure water > Sea water > Milk
of magnesia
(iii) The solution of pH 2 is acidic in nature. So, the colour change is Methyl orange: red;
phenolphthalein: colourless
OR
(iii) X will turn blue litmus to red because it is acidic in nature having pH value less than 7. Y
will turn phenolphthalein from colourless to pink because it is basic in nature having pH value
greater than 7

38. Case Study – 2

The ability of a medium to refract light is expressed in terms of its optical density. Optical
density has a definite connotation. It is not the same as mass density. On comparing two media,
the one with the large refractive index is optically denser medium than the other. The other
medium with lower refractive index is optically rarer. Also the speed of light through a given
medium is inversely proportional to its optical density.
(i) Determine the speed of light in diamond if the refractive index of diamond with respect to
vacuum is 2.42. Speed of light in vacuum is 3×108 m/s. [1]
(ii) Refractive indices of glass, water and carbon disulphide are 1.5, 1.33 and 1.62 respectively.
If a ray of light is incident in these media at the same angle (say θ), then write the increasing
order of the angle of refraction in these media. [1]
(iii) The speed of light in glass is 2×108 m/s and in water is 2.25×108 m/s. [2]
(a) Which one of the two is optically denser and why ?
(b) A ray of light is incident normally at the water-glass interface when it enters a thick glass
container filled with water. What will happen to the path of the ray after entering the glass ?
Give reason.
OR
(iii) The absolute refractive indices of water and glass are 4/3 and 3/2 respectively. If the speed
of light in glass is 2×108 m/s, find the speed of light in (i) vacuum and (ii) water. [2]
Ans: (i) Since,
Refractive index (μ) = Speed of light in vaccum (c) / Speed of light in any medium (v)
Therefore; v = c / μ
Given: μ = 2.42, c = 3 × 108 m/s
3 108
So, speed of light in diamond, vD  = 1.24 × 108 m/s
2.42
(ii) Carbon disulphide is most dense and water is least dense.
sin i 
From Snell’s law:    sin r 
sin r sin i
Since, sin i is same.
sin i sin i sin i
So,  
1.33 1.5 1.62
Hence, for angle of refraction increasing order will be: rcs < rg < rw
(iii) (a) Speed of light is more in rarer medium than denser medium. So, glass is denser.
(b) When light is incident normally at waterglass interface, it goes straight through the medium
with no bending. It is because, by bending light prefers to go shortest path. In case when
normally incident, it is already along shortest path.
(iii) Since, μ = c / ν
Given, μw = 4/3 and μg = 3/2
Speed of light in glass, vg = 2 × 108 m/s
(i) μg = c/νg

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 13 -

 ⇒ c = μg × vg
3
⇒ c = × 2 × 108 m/s ⇒ c = 3 × 108 m/s
2
(ii) Since, μw = c / νw
3 108
⇒ vw = ⇒ vw = 2.25 ×108 m/s
4/3
39. Case Study – 3
The most obvious outcome of the reproductive process is the generation of individuals of
similar design, but in sexual reproduction they may not be exactly alike. The resemblances as
well as differences are marked. The rules of heredity determine the process by which traits and
characteristics are reliably inherited. Many experiments have been done to study the rules of
inheritance.
(i) Why an offspring of human being is not a true copy of his parents in sexual reproduction? [1]
(ii) While performing experiments on inheritance in plants, what is the difference between F1
and F2 generation? [1]
(iii) Why do we say that variations are useful for the survival of a species over time ? [2]
OR
(iii) Study Mendel’s cross between two plants with a pair of contrasting characters. [2]
RRYY × rryy
Round Yellow Wrinkled Green
He observed 4 types of combinations in F2 generation. Which of these were new combinations ?
Why do new features which are not present in the parents, appear in F2 generation ?
Ans: (i) An offspring is not a true copy of his parents in sexual reproduction because of
variations due to recombination of genetic material from two different parents.
(ii) All the F1 offspring are genetically identical and exhibit the dominant trait.
F2 offspring can exhibit a range of dominant to recessive traits.
(iii) Variations help the organism to become more adapted to the changing environmental
conditions. This helps the organisms to overcome the adverse conditions.
OR
Round Green and Wrinkled Yellow are the new combinations in F2 generation.
New features which are not present in parents appear in F2 generation due to the segregation of
different combinations of alleles of different characters independently during gamete formation
and fertilisation.

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 14 -