The C++ Language Tutorial

Basics of C++

// my first program in C++ Hello World!

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}

//

#
#include
<iostream>

main

main ()

{}
 The C++ Language Tutorial

cout
Hello World

cout iostream std

//
#
cout
{}

int main ()
{
cout << " Hello World!";
return 0;
}

int main () { cout << "Hello World!"; return 0; }

;
 The C++ Language Tutorial

// my second program in C++ Hello World! I'm a C++ program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
cout << "Hello World! ";
cout << "I'm a C++ program";
return 0;
}

main

int main () { cout << " Hello World! "; cout << " I'm a C++ program "; return 0; }

int main ()
{
cout <<
"Hello World!";
cout
<< "I'm a C++ program";
return 0;
}

// line comment
/* block comment */

//
/*
*/
 The C++ Language Tutorial

/* my second program in C++ Hello World! I'm a C++ program

with more comments */

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
cout << "Hello World! "; // prints Hello
World!
cout << "I'm a C++ program"; // prints I'm a
C++ program
return 0;
}

// /* */
 The C++ Language Tutorial

a = 5;
b = 2;
a = a + 1;
result = a b;

a b result

asm, auto, bool, break, case, catch, char, class, const, const_cast, continue, default, delete,
do, double, dynamic_cast, else, enum, explicit, export, extern, false, float, for, friend, goto,
if, inline, int, long, mutable, namespace, new, operator, private, protected, public, register,
reinterpret_cast, return, short, signed, sizeof, static, static_cast, struct, switch, template,
this, throw, true, try, typedef, typeid, typename, union, unsigned, using, virtual, void,
volatile, wchar_t, while

and, and_eq, bitand, bitor, compl, not, not_eq, or, or_eq, xor, xor_eq
 The C++ Language Tutorial

RESULT result Result

char

short int
short

int

long int long

bool

float
double
long double

wchar_t

int
char short
int long char
float double long double
 The C++ Language Tutorial

int a;
float mynumber;

int a
float mynumber a
mynumber

int a, b, c;

a b c int

int a;
int b;
int c;

char short long int

signed unsigned

unsigned short int NumberOfSisters;

signed int MyAccountBalance;

signed unsigned

int MyAccountBalance;

signed

char
signed char unsigned char signed
unsigned char

short long
short short int long long int

short Year;
short int Year;

signed unsigned signed int

unsigned int

unsigned NextYear;
unsigned int NextYear;
 The C++ Language Tutorial

// operating with variables 4

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
// declaring variables:
int a, b;
int result;

// process:
a = 5;
b = 2;
a = a + 1;
result = a b;

// print out the result:

cout << result;

// terminate the program:

return 0;
}

a b result int
 The C++ Language Tutorial

main

main main

type identifier = initial_value ;

int a = 0;

()

type identifier (initial_value) ;

int a (0);

// initialization of variables 6

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
int a=5; // initial value = 5
int b(2); // initial value = 2
int result; // initial value
undetermined

a = a + 3;
result = a b;
cout << result;

return 0;
}

string
 The C++ Language Tutorial

<string> std
using namespace

// my first string This is a string

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
string mystring = "This is a string";
cout << mystring;
return 0;
}

string mystring = "This is a string";

string mystring ("This is a string");

// my first string This is the initial string content

#include <iostream> This is a different string content
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
string mystring;
mystring = "This is the initial string content";
cout << mystring << endl;
mystring = "This is a different string content";
cout << mystring << endl;
return 0;
}
 The C++ Language Tutorial

a = 5;

1776
707
273

"
1776

0
0x

75 // decimal
0113 // octal
0x4b // hexadecimal

int u l

75 // int
75u // unsigned int
75l // long
75ul // unsigned long

e
e
e
 The C++ Language Tutorial

3.14159 // 3.14159
6.02e23 // 6.02 x 10^23
1.6e 19 // 1.6 x 10^ 19
3.0 // 3.0

double float long double

f l

3.14159L // long double

6.02e23f // float

e f l

'z'
'p'
"Hello world"
"How do you do?"

'

"

x
'x'

x x 'x'
'x'

\n \t
\
 The C++ Language Tutorial

\n
\r
\t
\v
\b
\f
\a
\' '
\" "
\? ?
\\ \

'\n'
'\t'
"Left \t Right"
"one\ntwo\nthree"

\23 \40
x \x20 \x4A

"string expressed in \
two lines"

"this forms" "a single" "string" "of characters"

wchar_t
char

L"This is a wide character string"

bool
true false

#define
 The C++ Language Tutorial

#define identifier value

#define PI 3.14159
#define NEWLINE '\n'

PI NEWLINE

// defined constants: calculate circumference 31.4159

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

#define PI 3.14159
#define NEWLINE '\n'

int main ()
{
double r=5.0; // radius
double circle;

circle = 2 * PI * r;
cout << circle;
cout << NEWLINE;

return 0;
}

#define
PI NEWLINE
3.14159 '\n'

#define
; ;

const

const int pathwidth = 100;

const char tabulator = '\t';

pathwidth tabulator
 The C++ Language Tutorial

a = 5;

a =

a = b;

a b
a

b a
b a

// assignment operator a:4 b:7

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
int a, b; // a:?, b:?
a = 10; // a:10, b:?
b = 4; // a:10, b:4
a = b; // a:4, b:4
b = 7; // a:4, b:7

cout << "a:";

cout << a;
cout << " b:";
cout << b;

return 0;
}

a 4 b 7 a
b a = b
 The C++ Language Tutorial

a = 2 + (b = 5);

b = 5;
a = 2 + b;

5 b a 2
b a 7

a = b = c = 5;

5 a b c

a = 11 % 3;

a 2 2 11 3

value += increase; value = value + increase;

a = 5; a = a 5;
a /= b; a = a / b;
price *= units + 1; price = price * (units + 1);
 The C++ Language Tutorial

// compound assignment operators 5

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
int a, b=3;
a = b;
a+=2; // equivalent to a=a+2
cout << a;
return 0;
}

++
+=1 =1
c++;
c+=1;
c=c+1;

++a a++ a++ ++a

a++

B=3; B=3;
A=++B; A=B++;
// A contains 4, B contains 4 // A contains 3, B contains 4

B A B A
B
 The C++ Language Tutorial

(7 == 5) // evaluates to false.
(5 > 4) // evaluates to true.
(3 != 2) // evaluates to true.
(6 >= 6) // evaluates to true.
(5 < 5) // evaluates to false.

a=2 b=3 c=6

(a == 5) // evaluates to false since a is not equal to 5.

(a*b >= c) // evaluates to true since (2*3 >= 6) is true.
(b+4 > a*c) // evaluates to false since (3+4 > 2*6) is false.
((b=2) == a) // evaluates to true.

= ==
==

((b=2) == a) 2 b a
2

!(5 == 5) // evaluates to false because the expression at its right (5 == 5) is true.

!(6 <= 4) // evaluates to true because (6 <= 4) would be false.
!true // evaluates to false
!false // evaluates to true.

&& ||
&&
&& a &&
b

||
a
|| b
 The C++ Language Tutorial

( (5 == 5) && (3 > 6) ) // evaluates to false ( true && false ).

( (5 == 5) || (3 > 6) ) // evaluates to true ( true || false ).

condition ? result1 : result2

condition result1 result2

7==5 ? 4 : 3 // returns 3, since 7 is not equal to 5.

7==5+2 ? 4 : 3 // returns 4, since 7 is equal to 5+2.
5>3 ? a : b // returns the value of a, since 5 is greater than 3.
a>b ? a : b // returns whichever is greater, a or b.
// conditional operator 7

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
int a,b,c;

a=2;
b=7;
c = (a>b) ? a : b;

cout << c;

return 0;
}

a 2 b 7 a>b
b
7

a = (b=3, b+2);
 The C++ Language Tutorial

3 b b+2 a a
5 b 3

&
|
^
~
<<
>>

()
int i;
float f = 3.14;
i = (int) f;

3.14 3
(int)

i = int ( f );

a = sizeof (char);

1 char
sizeof

a = 5 + 7 % 2
 The C++ Language Tutorial

a = 5 + (7 % 2) // with a result of 6, or
a = (5 + 7) % 2 // with a result of 0

::

() [] . > ++ dynamic_cast static_cast

reinterpret_cast const_cast typeid
++ ~ ! sizeof new delete

* &

(type)

.* >*

* / %

<< >>

< > <= >=

== !=

&

&&

||

?:

= *= /= %= += = >>= <<= &= ^= |=

( )

a = 5 + 7 % 2;
 The C++ Language Tutorial

a = 5 + (7 % 2);

a = (5 + 7) % 2;
 The C++ Language Tutorial

iostream

cout

cout <<

cout << "Output sentence"; // prints Output sentence on screen

cout << 120; // prints number 120 on screen
cout << x; // prints the content of x on screen

<<
Output sentence 120 x cout
"

"

cout << "Hello"; // prints Hello

cout << Hello; // prints the content of Hello variable

<<

cout << "Hello, " << "I am " << "a C++ statement";

Hello, I am a C++ statement

<<

cout << "Hello, I am " << age << " years old and my zipcode is " << zipcode;

age 24 zipcode 90064

Hello, I am 24 years old and my zipcode is 90064

cout
 The C++ Language Tutorial

cout << "This is a sentence.";

cout << "This is another sentence.";

This is a sentence.This is another sentence.

cout
cout \n

cout << "First sentence.\n ";

cout << "Second sentence.\nThird sentence.";

First sentence.
Second sentence.
Third sentence.

endl

cout << "First sentence." << endl;

cout << "Second sentence." << endl;

First sentence.
Second sentence.

endl '\n'
cout
\n endl

>> cin

int age;
cin >> age;

int age cin

cin RETURN
cin RETURN

cin
 The C++ Language Tutorial

// i/o example Please enter an integer value: 702

The value you entered is 702 and its double is
#include <iostream> 1404.
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
int i;
cout << "Please enter an integer value: ";
cin >> i;
cout << "The value you entered is " << i;
cout << " and its double is " << i*2 << ".\n";
return 0;
}

cin

cin

stringstream

cin >> a >> b;

cin >> a;
cin >> b;

a b

cin >>
cin >> mystring;

cin

getline
cin
 The C++ Language Tutorial

// cin with strings What's your name? Juan SouliÃ‾¿½

#include <iostream> Hello Juan SouliÃ‾¿½.
#include <string> What is your favorite team? The Isotopes
using namespace std; I like The Isotopes too!

int main ()
{
string mystr;
cout << "What's your name? ";
getline (cin, mystr);
cout << "Hello " << mystr << ".\n";
cout << "What is your favorite team? ";
getline (cin, mystr);
cout << "I like " << mystr << " too!\n";
return 0;
}

getline mystr

<sstream> stringstream

string mystr ("1204");

int myint;
stringstream(mystr) >> myint;

string "1204" int stringstream

stringstream
cin
>> int

myint 1204

// stringstreams Enter price: 22.25

#include <iostream> Enter quantity: 7
#include <string> Total price: 155.75
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
string mystr;
float price=0;
int quantity=0;

cout << "Enter price: ";

getline (cin,mystr);
stringstream(mystr) >> price;
cout << "Enter quantity: ";
getline (cin,mystr);
stringstream(mystr) >> quantity;
cout << "Total price: " << price*quantity <<
endl;
return 0;
}

cin mystr
quantity
The C++ Language Tutorial
 The C++ Language Tutorial

Control Structures

{ }

{ statement1; statement2; statement3; }

{}
{}

if

if (condition) statement

condition statement
statement
x is 100 x 100

if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";

{ }

if (x == 100)
{
cout << "x is ";
cout << x;
}

else
if

if (condition) statement1 else statement2

 The C++ Language Tutorial

if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";
else
cout << "x is not 100";

x is 100 x 100 x is
not 100

if + else
x

if (x > 0)
cout << "x is positive";
else if (x < 0)
cout << "x is negative";
else
cout << "x is 0";

{ }

while (expression) statement

// custom countdown using while Enter the starting number > 8

8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, FIRE!
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
int n;
cout << "Enter the starting number > ";
cin >> n;

while (n>0) {
cout << n << ", ";
n;
}

cout << "FIRE!\n";

return 0;
}

while
n>0 n
n>0
 The C++ Language Tutorial

n
n>0

cout << n << ", ";

n;
n n 1

n;
n n>0
n 0

do statement while (condition);

condition
statement condition
0

// number echoer Enter number (0 to end): 12345

You entered: 12345
#include <iostream> Enter number (0 to end): 160277
using namespace std; You entered: 160277
Enter number (0 to end): 0
int main () You entered: 0
{
unsigned long n;
do {
cout << "Enter number (0 to end): ";
cin >> n;
cout << "You entered: " << n << "\n";
} while (n != 0);
return 0;
}

for (initialization; condition; increase) statement;

 The C++ Language Tutorial

statement condition
for initialization increase

initialization

condition statement

statement { }
increase

// countdown using a for loop 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, FIRE!

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
for (int n=10; n>0; n ) {
cout << n << ", ";
}
cout << "FIRE!\n";
return 0;
}

initialization increase
for (;n<10;)
for (;n<10;n++)

,
for initialization ,

for ( n=0, i=100 ; n!=i ; n++, i )

{
// whatever here...
}

n i

n 0 i 100 n!=i n i n
i n i
50
 The C++ Language Tutorial

break

// break loop example 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, countdown aborted!

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
int n;
for (n=10; n>0; n )
{
cout << n << ", ";
if (n==3)
{
cout << "countdown aborted!";
break;
}
}
return 0;
}

continue

// continue loop example 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, FIRE!

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
for (int n=10; n>0; n ) {
if (n==5) continue;
cout << n << ", ";
}
cout << "FIRE!\n";
return 0;
}

goto

goto
 The C++ Language Tutorial

// goto loop example 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, FIRE!

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
int n=10;
loop:
cout << n << ", ";
n ;
if (n>0) goto loop;
cout << "FIRE!\n";
return 0;
}

exit cstdlib

exit

void exit (int exitcode);

exitcode
0

if
else if

switch (expression)
{
case constant1:
group of statements 1;
break;
case constant2:
group of statements 2;
break;
.
.
.
default:
default group of statements
}

expression constant1
group of statements 1 break break
switch

constant1 constant2
group of statements 2 switch

expression
case
default:
 The C++ Language Tutorial

switch (x) {
if (x == 1) {
case 1:
cout << "x is 1";
cout << "x is 1";
}
break;
else if (x == 2) {
case 2:
cout << "x is 2";
cout << "x is 2";
}
break;
else {
default:
cout << "value of x unknown";
cout << "value of x unknown";
}
}

switch
break

switch break

break
switch
break switch
{ }

switch (x) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
cout << "x is 1, 2 or 3";
break;
default:
cout << "x is not 1, 2 nor 3";
}

case n: n case (1..3):

if else if
 The C++ Language Tutorial

type name ( parameter1, parameter2, ...) { statements }

type
name
parameters
int x

statements { }

// function example The result is 8

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int addition (int a, int b)

{
int r;
r=a+b;
return (r);
}

int main ()
{
int z;
z = addition (5,3);
cout << "The result is " << z;
return 0;
}

main

main z int
addition

main addition
5 3 int a int b
 The C++ Language Tutorial

main main
addition 5 3 int a int
b

addition int r r=a+b r

a b a b 5 3 8

return (r);

addition
main
addition return addition
r return (r); 8

z addition (5, 3) 8
addition (5,3) 8

cout << "The result is " << z;

 The C++ Language Tutorial

a b r main addition
z addition
main
 The C++ Language Tutorial

// function example The first result is 5

#include <iostream> The second result is 5
using namespace std; The third result is 2
The fourth result is 6
int subtraction (int a, int b)
{
int r;
r=a b;
return (r);
}

int main ()
{
int x=5, y=3, z;
z = subtraction (7,2);
cout << "The first result is " << z << '\n';
cout << "The second result is " << subtraction (7,2) << '\n';
cout << "The third result is " << subtraction (x,y) << '\n';
z= 4 + subtraction (x,y);
cout << "The fourth result is " << z << '\n';
return 0;
}

subtraction

main subtraction

z = subtraction (7,2);
cout << "The first result is " << z;

z = 5;
cout << "The first result is " << z;

cout << "The second result is " << subtraction (7,2);

subtraction
cout

cout << "The second result is " << 5;

5 subtraction (7,2)

cout << "The third result is " << subtraction (x,y);

 The C++ Language Tutorial

subtraction
subtraction x y 5
3 2

z = 4 + subtraction (x,y);

z = subtraction (x,y) + 4;

z = 4 + 2;
z = 2 + 4;

type name ( argument1, argument2 ...) statement

type

void

// void function example I'm a function!

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void printmessage ()
{
cout << "I'm a function!";
}

int main ()
{
printmessage ();
return 0;
}

void
printmessage

void printmessage (void)

{
cout << "I'm a function!";
}

void
 The C++ Language Tutorial

printmessage

printmessage ();

printmessage;
 The C++ Language Tutorial

addition

int x=5, y=3, z;

z = addition ( x , y );

x y 5 3
x y

a b 5 3
a b x y
x y

// passing parameters by reference x=2, y=6, z=14

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void duplicate (int& a, int& b, int& c)

{
a*=2;
b*=2;
c*=2;
}

int main ()
{
int x=1, y=3, z=7;
duplicate (x, y, z);
cout << "x=" << x << ", y=" << y << ", z=" << z;
return 0;
}

duplicate
&
 The C++ Language Tutorial

a b c x y z
a x b
y c z

x y z duplicate
main

void duplicate (int& a, int& b, int& c)

void duplicate (int a, int b, int c)

&
x y z

// more than one returning value Previous=99, Next=101

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void prevnext (int x, int& prev, int& next)

{
prev = x 1;
next = x+1;
}

int main ()
{
int x=100, y, z;
prevnext (x, y, z);
cout << "Previous=" << y << ", Next=" << z;
return 0;
}
 The C++ Language Tutorial

// default values in functions 6

#include <iostream> 5
using namespace std;

int divide (int a, int b=2)

{
int r;
r=a/b;
return (r);
}

int main ()
{
cout << divide (12);
cout << endl;
cout << divide (20,4);
return 0;
}

divide

divide (12)

divide divide
2
int b=2 int b
6 12/2

divide (20,4)

b int b=2 b
4 5 20/4
 The C++ Language Tutorial

// overloaded function 10
#include <iostream> 2.5
using namespace std;

int operate (int a, int b)

{
return (a*b);
}

float operate (float a, float b)

{
return (a/b);
}

int main ()
{
int x=5,y=2;
float n=5.0,m=2.0;
cout << operate (x,y);
cout << "\n";
cout << operate (n,m);
cout << "\n";
return 0;
}

operate
int float

int
float

operate int

float
operate

inline

inline type name ( arguments ... ) { instructions ... }

inline
 The C++ Language Tutorial

n! = n * (n 1) * (n 2) * (n 3) ... * 1

5! = 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 120

// factorial calculator Please type a number: 9

#include <iostream> 9! = 362880
using namespace std;

long factorial (long a)

{
if (a > 1)
return (a * factorial (a 1));
else
return (1);
}

int main ()
{
long number;
cout << "Please type a number: ";
cin >> number;
cout << number << "! = " << factorial (number);
return 0;
}

factorial
0

long

main
main
 The C++ Language Tutorial

type name ( argument_type1, argument_type2, ...);

{ }
;

protofunction int

int protofunction (int first, int second);

int protofunction (int, int);

// declaring functions prototypes Type a number (0 to exit): 9

#include <iostream> Number is odd.
using namespace std; Type a number (0 to exit): 6
Number is even.
void odd (int a); Type a number (0 to exit): 1030
void even (int a); Number is even.
Type a number (0 to exit): 0
int main () Number is even.
{
int i;
do {
cout << "Type a number (0 to exit): ";
cin >> i;
odd (i);
} while (i!=0);
return 0;
}

void odd (int a)

{
if ((a%2)!=0) cout << "Number is odd.\n";
else even (a);
}

void even (int a)

{
if ((a%2)==0) cout << "Number is even.\n";
else odd (a);
}

odd even

void odd (int a);

void even (int a);

main

odd even even odd

The C++ Language Tutorial

odd even
even odd
 The C++ Language Tutorial

Compound data types

int

int

int billy

int
0 4 0

type name [elements];

type int float name elements

[]

billy

int billy [5];

elements []

{ }

int billy [5] = { 16, 2, 77, 40, 12071 };

 The C++ Language Tutorial

{ }
[ ] billy
{ }

[ ]
{ }

int billy [] = { 16, 2, 77, 40, 12071 };

billy

name[index]

billy int

75 billy

billy[2] = 75;

billy a

a = billy[2];

billy[2] int

billy billy[2] billy[0]

billy[1] billy[2] billy[4]
billy

[ ]

[
]
 The C++ Language Tutorial

int billy[5]; // declaration of a new array

billy[2] = 75; // access to an element of the array.

billy[0] = a;
billy[a] = 75;
b = billy [a+2];
billy[billy[a]] = billy[2] + 5;
// arrays example 12206
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int billy [] = {16, 2, 77, 40, 12071};

int n, result=0;

int main ()
{
for ( n=0 ; n<5 ; n++ )
{
result += billy[n];
}
cout << result;
return 0;
}

jimmy int

int jimmy [3][5];

jimmy[1][3]
 The C++ Language Tutorial

char century [100][365][24][60][60];

char

int jimmy [3][5]; // is equivalent to

int jimmy [15]; // (3 * 5 = 15)

#define WIDTH 5 #define WIDTH 5

#define HEIGHT 3 #define HEIGHT 3

int jimmy [HEIGHT][WIDTH]; int jimmy [HEIGHT * WIDTH];

int n,m; int n,m;

int main () int main ()

{ {
for (n=0;n<HEIGHT;n++) for (n=0;n<HEIGHT;n++)
for (m=0;m<WIDTH;m++) for (m=0;m<WIDTH;m++)
{ {
jimmy[n][m]=(n+1)*(m+1); jimmy[n*WIDTH+m]=(n+1)*(m+1);
} }
return 0; return 0;
} }
 The C++ Language Tutorial

#define

#define HEIGHT 3

#define HEIGHT 4

[]

void procedure (int arg[])

int arg

int myarray [40];

procedure (myarray);

// arrays as parameters 5 10 15
#include <iostream> 2 4 6 8 10
using namespace std;

void printarray (int arg[], int length) {

for (int n=0; n<length; n++)
cout << arg[n] << " ";
cout << "\n";
}

int main ()
{
int firstarray[] = {5, 10, 15};
int secondarray[] = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10};
printarray (firstarray,3);
printarray (secondarray,5);
return 0;
}

int arg[] int

 The C++ Language Tutorial

for

base_type[][depth][depth]

void procedure (int myarray[][3][4])

[]