BCSE302P – Database

Management Systems
Structured Query Language
Dr. K.P. Vijayakumar
VIT Chennai
 Introduction
 SQL stands for Structured Query Language.
 SEQUEL (Structured English Query
Language)
 Allows to create, access and manipulate
databases
 American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) and International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
 SQL 86 or SQL1
 SQL 92 or SQL2
 SQL 1999 – SQL3
 SQL 2003, SQL 2006, SQL 2008, SQL 2011,
SQL 2016, SQL 2019
 Schema, Catalog
 Database - Table
 Schema
 Structure of the table
 Structure of data
 Catalog
 contains a special schema
 Information of all the schemas
 Meta data, Data Dictionary
 data about data
 Data Types
 Data types defines the type of value to
be stored in the table.
 SQL data types can be broadly divided
into following categories.
 Numeric data types
 Date and Time data types
 Character and String data types
 Bit string -BIT(n)
 Boolean
 Miscellaneous data types – clob, blob, xml, cursor,
table etc.
 Data Types
 Numeric data types
 Number(n), Number(n,m), Decimal(n,m),
int, float
 n – no. of digits in a number. It ranges from
1 to 38
 m - no. of digits to the right of the decimal
point . It ranges from -84 to 127
 Date and Time data types
 DATE –YYYY- MM-DD,
 TO_DATE ()
 Data Types
 Character and String data types
 Char, Varchar,Varchar2
 Char - 2000 bytes
 Varchar, varchar2 - 4000 bytes
 Bit string -BIT(n)
 Boolean
 Miscellaneous data types – clob, blob,
xml, cursor, table etc.
DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
 Data Definition Language
 Data Manipulation Language
 Transaction Control Language
 Data Control Language
DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
SQL Commands

DDL DML TCL DCL

CREATE SELECT COMMIT REVOKE
ALTER INSERT ROLLBACK REVOKE
DROP UPDATE SAVEPOINT

RENAME DELETE

TRUNCATE
 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
 DDL Command :
 CREATE
 Syntax
 CREATE TABLE table_name ( column1 datatype, column2 datatype, column3
datatype, .... );
 Example
 Create table Student(Name varchar2(20), Regno number,Year number);

Name Regno Year

 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
 ALTER
 To add new column
 To modify existing column
 To drop existing column
 To rename the table
 To rename the column
 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
 ALTER
 To add new column

 Syntax:
Department
 ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;

 Example
 Alter table Student add dept varchar2(10);
 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
 ALTER
 To modify existing column

 Syntax:
 ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name datatype;
Varchar2(10)

 Example
 Alter table Student modify regno varchar2(10);
 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
 ALTER
 To drop existing column

 Syntax:
 ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name ;

 Example
 Alter table Student drop column year;
 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
Student
 ALTER
 To rename the table

 Syntax:
 ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME TO new_table_name ;

Students
 Example
 Alter table Student RENAME TO Students;
 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
 ALTER
 To rename existing column

 Syntax:
 ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME COLUMN Old_column_name To
New_column_name;

 Example
 Alter table Student RENAME COLUMN regno TO registration;
 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
 DROP – table structure will be removed
 Syntax
 DROP TABLE table_name;
 Example
 DROP TABLE Student;

 TRUNCATE – table structure will be retained, deletes only rows

 Syntax
 TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
 Example
 Truncate TABLE Student;
 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
DML Commands:
 Insert – To insert data into the table
 Syntax:
 Insert into Table_name Values(value1, value2, …);
 Insert into Table_name (Column1, Column2, …,) Values(value1, value2);
 Insert into Table_name Values(Column1, Column2, …);
 Example:
 insert into Student values('Vijay', '22BCE1001', 2);
 insert into Student (Name, Regno) values('Kumar', '22BCE1002');
 Insert into student values('&Name','&Regno',&year);
 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
 DML Commands:
 Select – To extract data from the table
 Syntax:
 Select * from Table_name;
 Select Column1, Column2, …, from Table_name;
 Select * from Table_name where condition;
 Select Column1, Column2, …, from Table_name where condition;
 Example:
 Select * from Student;
 Select Name, Dept from Student;
 Select * from Student where name=‘Ram’;
 Select Name from Student where Regno=’21BCE1002’;
 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
 DML Commands:
 UPDATE
 Syntax:
 UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ... WHERE
condition;
 Example:
 UPDATE Student SET Name=‘Ram’ WHERE Regno=‘22BCE1001’;
 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
 DML Commands:
 DELETE
 Syntax:
 DELETE FROM table_name ;
 DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
 Example:
 DELETE from Student;
 DELETE from Student where Name=‘Kumar’;
 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
 TCL Commands:
 COMMIT
 commits the current transaction, making its changes permanent.
 Syntax:
 COMMIT;
 Example:
 COMMIT;
 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
 TCL Commands:
 ROLLBACK
 rolls back the current transaction, canceling its changes.
 Syntax:
 ROLLBACK;
 Example:
 ROLLBACK;
 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
Privilege
 DCL Commands: SELECT
 GRANT INSERT
UPDATE
 Syntax:
DELETE
 GRANT privilege(s) ON object TO user;
REFERENCES
 Example:
ALTER
 GRANT ALL ON Student TO Vijay;
INDEX
 GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON Student TO Vijay;
ALL
 GRANT SELECT ON Student TO public;
 DDL, DML, TCL & DCL
 DCL Commands:
 REVOKE
 Syntax:
 REVOKE privilege(s) ON object FROM user;
 Example:
 REVOKE ALL ON Student FROM Vijay;
 REVOKE SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON Student FROM Vijay;
 REVOKE SELECT ON Student FROM public;