Programming

Fundamentals in C++
What programming language are you most
comfortable with?
(put your answers the chat)
 Object-Oriented
Roadmap Programming

C++ basics
Implementation
User/client
vectors + grids arrays

dynamic memory
stacks + queues
management
sets + maps linked data structures

real-world
Diagnostic algorithms

Life after CS106B!

Core algorithmic recursive
Tools testing analysis problem-solving
 Object-Oriented
Roadmap Programming

C++ basics
Implementation
User/client
vectors + grids arrays

dynamic memory
stacks + queues
management
sets + maps linked data structures

real-world
Diagnostic algorithms

Life after CS106B!

Core algorithmic recursive
Tools testing analysis problem-solving
 Why C++?
Today’s What do core programming
questions fundamentals look like in C++?

How do we test code in CS106B?

What’s next?
Why C++?
Review: How is C++ different from other languages?
● C++ is a compiled language (vs. interpreted)
○ This means that before running a C++ program, you must first compile it to
machine code.
Review: How is C++ different from other languages?
● C++ is a compiled language (vs. interpreted)

● C++ is gives us access to lower-level computing resources (e.g. more direct

control over computer memory)
○ This makes it a great tool for better understanding abstractions!
Review: How is C++ different from other languages?
● C++ is a compiled language (vs. interpreted)

● C++ is gives us access to lower-level computing resources (e.g. more direct

control over computer memory)

● If you’re coming from a language like Python, the syntax will take some getting
used to.
○ Like learning the grammar and rules of a new language, typos are
expected. But don’t let this get in the way of working toward literacy!
Review: How is C++ different from other languages?
● C++ is a compiled language (vs. interpreted)

● C++ is gives us access to lower-level computing resources (e.g. more direct

control over computer memory)

● If you’re coming from a language like Python, the syntax will take some getting
used to.
Zoom Poll!
Where does C++ rank among the popular programming
languages of the world?
C++ Overview
If someone claims to have the perfect programming language,
he is either a fool or a salesman or both.
– Bjarne Stroustrup, Inventor of C++
C++ History
● C++ is a high-performance, robust (and complex) language built on top of the C
programming language (originally named C with Classes)
○ Bjarne Stroustrup, the inventor of C++, chose to build on top of C because it was fast, powerful,
and widely-used
C++ History
● C++ is a high-performance, robust (and complex) language built on top of the C
programming language (originally named C with Classes)
○ Bjarne Stroustrup, the inventor of C++, chose to build on top of C because it was fast, powerful,
and widely-used
● C++ has been an object-oriented language from the beginning
○ We will spend the middle portion of this class talking about the paradigm of object-oriented
programming
C++ History
● C++ is a high-performance, robust (and complex) language built on top of the C
programming language (originally named C with Classes)
○ Bjarne Stroustrup, the inventor of C++, chose to build on top of C because it was fast, powerful,
and widely-used
● C++ has been an object-oriented language from the beginning
○ We will spend the middle portion of this class talking about the paradigm of object-oriented
programming
● C++ is quite mature and has become complex enough that it is challenging to
master the language
○ Our goal in this class will be to help you become literate in C++ as a second programming
language
C++ History
● C++ is a high-performance, robust (and complex) language built on top of the C
programming language (originally named C with Classes)
○ Bjarne Stroustrup, the inventor of C++, chose to build on top of C because it was fast, powerful,
and widely-used
● C++ has been an object-oriented language from the beginning
○ We will spend the middle portion of this class talking about the paradigm of object-oriented
programming
● C++ is quite mature and has become complex enough that it is challenging to
master the language
○ Our goal in this class will be to help you become literate in C++ as a second programming
language
C++ Benefits and Drawbacks
Benefits
C++ Benefits and Drawbacks
Benefits

● C++ is fast
○ Get ready for the Python vs C++ speed
showdown during Assignment 1!
C++ Benefits and Drawbacks
Benefits

● C++ is fast
○ Get ready for the Python vs C++ speed
showdown during Assignment 1!
● C++ is popular
○ Many companies and research projects
use C++ and it is common for coding
interviews to be conducted in C++
C++ Benefits and Drawbacks
Benefits

● C++ is fast
○ Get ready for the Python vs C++ speed
showdown during Assignment 1!
● C++ is popular
○ Many companies and research projects
use C++ and it is common for coding
interviews to be conducted in C++
● C++ is powerful
○ C++ brings you closer to the raw
computing power that your computer
has to offer
C++ Benefits and Drawbacks
Benefits Drawbacks

● C++ is fast
○ Get ready for the Python vs C++ speed
showdown during Assignment 1!
● C++ is popular
○ Many companies and research projects
use C++ and it is common for coding
interviews to be conducted in C++
● C++ is powerful
○ C++ brings you closer to the raw
computing power that your computer
has to offer
C++ Benefits and Drawbacks
Benefits Drawbacks

● C++ is fast ● C++ is complex

○ Get ready for the Python vs C++ speed ○ We will rely on the Stanford C++
showdown during Assignment 1! libraries to provide a friendlier
● C++ is popular level of abstraction
○ Many companies and research projects ○ In the future, you may choose to
use C++ and it is common for coding
explore the standard libraries
interviews to be conducted in C++
● C++ is powerful
○ C++ brings you closer to the raw
computing power that your computer
has to offer
C++ Benefits and Drawbacks
Benefits Drawbacks

● C++ is fast ● C++ is complex

○ Get ready for the Python vs C++ speed ○ We will rely on the Stanford C++
showdown during Assignment 1! libraries to provide a friendlier
● C++ is popular level of abstraction
○ Many companies and research projects ○ In the future, you may choose to
use C++ and it is common for coding
explore the standard libraries
interviews to be conducted in C++
● C++ can be dangerous
● C++ is powerful
○ "With great power comes great
○ C++ brings you closer to the raw
computing power that your computer responsibility"
has to offer
What do core programming
fundamentals look like in C++?
What do core programming
fundamentals look like in C++?
Get ready for a whirlwind tour!
Comments, Includes,
and Console Output
Comments
● Single-line comments

// Two forward slashes comment out the rest of the line

cout << "Hello, World!" << endl; // everything past the double-slash is a comment

● Multi-line comments

/* This is a multi-line comment.

* It begins and ends with an asterisk-slash.

*/
Includes
● Utilizing code written by other programmers is one of the most powerful things
that you can do when writing code.
● In order to make the compiler aware of other code libraries or other code files
that you want to use, you must include a header file. There are two ways that
you can do so:
○ #include <iostream>
■ Use of the angle bracket operators is usually reserved for code from the C++ Standard
library
○ #include "console.h"
■ Use of the quotes is usually reserved for code from the Stanford C++ libraries, or code in
files that you have written yourself
Console Output
● The console is the main venue that we will use in this class to communicate
information from a program to the user of the program.
Console Output
● The console is the main venue that we will use in this class to communicate
information from a program to the user of the program.
● In C++, the way that you get information to the console is by using the cout
keyword and angle bracket operators (<<).
cout << "The answer to life, the universe, and everything is " << 42 << "." << endl;
Console Output
● The console is the main venue that we will use in this class to communicate
information from a program to the user of the program.
● In C++, the way that you get information to the console is by using the cout
keyword and angle bracket operators (<<).
● The endl is necessary to put the cursor on a different line. Here is an example
with and without the endl keyword.
cout << "This is some text followed by endl." << endl;
cout << "This is more text.";
cout << "We want to go to the next line here, too" << endl;
cout << "We made it to the next line." << endl;
Console Output
● The console is the main venue that we will use in this class to communicate
information from a program to the user of the program.
● In C++, the way that you get information to the console is by using the cout
keyword and angle bracket operators (<<).
● The endl is necessary to put the cursor on a different line. Here is an example
with and without the endl keyword.
cout << "This is some text followed by endl." << endl;
cout << "This is more text.";
cout << "We want to go to the next line here, too" << endl;
cout << "We made it to the next line." << endl;

Note: In C++, all programming statements must end in a semicolon.

Variables and Types
Variables
● A way for code to store information by associating a value with a name
Variables
● A way for code to store information by associating a value with a name

106 classNum

94.7 tuesdayTemp
Variables
● A way for code to store information by associating a value with a name

We will think of 106 classNum

a variable as a
named
container 94.7 tuesdayTemp
storing a value.
Variables
● A way for code to store information by associating a value with a name

Note: C++ uses 106 classNum

the camelCase
naming
convention 94.7 tuesdayTemp
Variables
● A way for code to store information by associating a value with a name
● Variables are perhaps one of the most fundamental aspects of
programming! Without variables, the expressive power of our computer
programs would be severely degraded.
Types
● As you should know from prior programming classes, all variables have a type
associated with them, where the type describes the representation of the
variable.
Types
● As you should know from prior programming classes, all variables have a type
associated with them, where the type describes the representation of the
variable.
● Examples of types in C++
○ int
42
106
-3
Types
● As you should know from prior programming classes, all variables have a type
associated with them, where the type describes the representation of the
variable.
● Examples of types in C++
○
○
int
double
1.06
4.00
-18.3454545
Types
● As you should know from prior programming classes, all variables have a type
associated with them, where the type describes the representation of the
variable.
● Examples of types in C++ "Hello, World!"
○ int
○ double
○ string "CS106B"

"I love computer

science <3"
Types
● As you should know from prior programming classes, all variables have a type
associated with them, where the type describes the representation of the
variable.
● Examples of types in C++
○
○
int
double
'a'
○
○
string
char '&'
'3'
Types
● As you should know from prior programming classes, all variables have a type
associated with them, where the type describes the representation of the
variable.
● Examples of types in C++
○ int
○ double
○ string
○ char
● In C++, all types must be explicitly defined when the variable is created, and
a variable cannot change its type.
Typed Variables

int
int a; // declare a new integer variable

a
Typed Variables
5

int
int a; // declare a new integer variable
a = 5; // initialize the variable value

a
Typed Variables
5

int
int a; // declare a new integer variable
a = 5; // initialize the variable value

char
char b = 'x'; // b is a char
("character") a 'x'

b
Typed Variables
5

int
int a; // declare a new integer variable
a = 5; // initialize the variable value

char
char c = 'x'; // b is a char ("character")
a 'x'
double d = 1.06; // d is a double, a type
used to represent decimal numbers
c

double
1.06

d
Typed Variables
5

int
int a; // declare a new integer variable
a = 5; // initialize the variable value

char
char c = 'x'; // b is a char ("character")
a 'x'
double d = 1.06; // d is a double, a type
used to represent decimal numbers
string s = "this is a C++ string"; c

double
1.06

string
"this is a
d C++ string"

s
Typed Variables
5

int
int a; // declare a new integer variable
a = 5; // initialize the variable value

char
char c = 'x'; // b is a char ("character")
a 'x'
double d = 1.06; // d is a double, a type
used to represent decimal numbers
string s = "this is a C++ string"; c
double a = 4.2; // ERROR! You cannot

double
redefine a variable to be another type
1.06

string
"this is a
d C++ string"

s
Typed Variables
5

int
int a; // declare a new integer variable
a = 5; // initialize the variable value

char
char c = 'x'; // b is a char ("character")
a 'x'
double d = 1.06; // d is a double, a type
used to represent decimal numbers
string s = "this is a C++ string"; c
double a = 4.2; // ERROR! You cannot

double
redefine a variable to be another type
int a = 12; // ERROR! You do not need the
1.06
type when re-assigning a variable

string
"this is a
d C++ string"

s
Typed Variables
12

int
int a; // declare a new integer variable
a = 5; // initialize the variable value

char
char c = 'x'; // b is a char ("character")
a 'x'
double d = 1.06; // d is a double, a type
used to represent decimal numbers
string s = "this is a C++ string"; c
double a = 4.2; // ERROR! You cannot

double
redefine a variable to be another type
int a = 12; // ERROR! You do not need the
1.06
type when re-assigning a variable

string
"this is a
a = 12; // this is okay, updates variable
value
d C++ string"

s
Functions and
Parameters
Anatomy of a function

input function(input) output

Anatomy of a function

input function(input) output

parameters/
arguments
Anatomy of a function

input function(input) output

Definition
parameter(s)
parameters/ One or more variables that your
arguments function expects as input
Anatomy of a function

input function(input) output

Definition
argument(s)
The values passed into your
parameters/ function and assigned to its
arguments parameter variables
Anatomy of a function

input function(input) output

return value
Anatomy of a function

input function(input) output

Definition
return value
The value that your function return value
hands back to the “calling”
function
Anatomy of a function

input function(input) output

parameters/ return value

arguments
Anatomy of a function
returnType functionName(varType parameter1, varType parameter2, ...);

function
prototype
Anatomy of a function
returnType functionName(varType parameter1, varType parameter2, ...);

function name
Anatomy of a function
returnType functionName(varType parameter1, varType parameter2, ...);

input expected
(parameters)
Anatomy of a function
returnType functionName(varType parameter1, varType parameter2, ...);

Notice that these look very

similar to variable declarations!
input expected
You can think of parameters as a
(parameters)
special set of local variables that
belong to a function.
Anatomy of a function
returnType functionName(varType parameter1, varType parameter2, ...);

output expected
(return type)
Anatomy of a function
returnType functionName(varType parameter1, varType parameter2, ...);

How do you designate a function

that doesn't return a value? You
output expected can use the special void keyword.
(return type) Note that this type is only
applicable for return types, not
parameters/variables.
Anatomy of a function
returnType functionName(varType parameter1, varType parameter2, ...);

returnType functionName(varType parameter1, varType parameter2, ...) {

returnType variable = /* Some fancy code. */
/* Some more code to actually do things. */
return variable;
}

function
definition
Anatomy of a function
returnType functionName(varType parameter1, varType parameter2, ...);

returnType functionName(varType parameter1, varType parameter2, ...) {

returnType variable = /* Some fancy code. */
/* Some more code to actually do things. */
return variable;
}

returned value
Function Example
double average(double a, double b){
double sum = a + b;
return sum / 2;
}

int main(){
double mid = average(10.6, 7.2);
cout << mid << endl;
return 0;
}
Function Example
double average(double a, double b){
double sum = a + b; Order matters! A
return sum / 2;
} function must always
be defined before it is
int main(){ called.
double mid = average(10.6, 7.2);
cout << mid << endl;
return 0;
}
Function Example
double average(double a, double b){
double sum = a + b;

}
return sum / 2;
callee
(called function)
int main(){
double mid = average(10.6, 7.2);
cout << mid << endl;
return 0; caller
} (calling function)
Function Example
double average(double a, double b){
double sum = a + b;
return sum / 2; parameters
}
return value
int main(){
double mid = average(10.6, 7.2);
cout << mid << endl;
return 0; arguments
}
Function Example
double average(double a, double b){

double
double sum = a + b;
return sum / 2; 10.6 a
}

double
int main(){
7.2 b
double mid = average(10.6, 7.2);
cout << mid << endl;

double
return 0; 17.8 sum
}
 These variables only
Function Example
exist inside average()!
double average(double a, double b){

double
double sum = a + b;
return sum / 2; 10.6 a
}

double
int main(){
7.2 b
double mid = average(10.6, 7.2);
cout << mid << endl;

double
return 0; 17.8 sum
}
Function Example
double average(double a, double b){
double sum = a + b;
return sum / 2;
}

double
8.9
int main(){
double mid = average(10.6, 7.2); mid
cout << mid << endl;
return 0;
}
Function Example
double average(double a, double b){
This variable only
double sum = a + b; exists inside main()!
return sum / 2;
}

double
8.9
int main(){
double mid = average(10.6, 7.2); mid
cout << mid << endl;
return 0;
}
Pass by Value
// C++:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std; Zoom Poll!
int doubleValue(int x) {
x *= 2;

}
return x;
What is the console
int main() { output of this block of
int myValue = 5;
int result = doubleValue(myValue); code?
cout << "myValue: " << myValue << " ";
cout << "result: " << result << endl;
}
Pass by Value
// C++:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
myValue: 5 result: 10
int doubleValue(int x) {
x *= 2;
return x;
}

int main() {
int myValue = 5;
Why is this the case?
int result = doubleValue(myValue);

cout << "myValue: " << myValue << " ";

cout << "result: " << result << endl;
}
Pass by Value
// C++:
#include<iostream> ● The reason for the output is that the parameter x
using namespace std; was passed to the doubleValue function by value,
meaning that the variable x is a copy of the variable
int doubleValue(int x) { passed in. Changing it inside the function does not
x *= 2;
return x;
change the value in the calling function.
} ● Pass-by-value is the default mode of operation when
it comes to parameters in C++
int main() { ● C++ also supports a different, more nuanced way of
int myValue = 5; passing parameters – we will see this tomorrow!
int result = doubleValue(myValue);

cout << "myValue: " << myValue << " ";

cout << "result: " << result << endl;
}
Mid-Lecture
Announcements
Break!
Announcements
● Complete the C++ survey and help us plan tomorrow's lecture!
● Fill out your section time preferences by today at 5pm PDT.
○ Make sure to check what time you’ve been assigned tomorrow morning.
● Finish Assignment 0 by Wednesday at 11:59 pm local time.
○ If you’re running into issues with Qt Creator, come to the Qt Installation
Help Session tonight at 7pm PDT. Join the QueueStatus here to get help.
● Assignment 1 will be released later today, and after this lecture is over, you will
have the skills you need to get started on the first part!
○ There be a YEAH (Your Early Assignment Help) session held from 6-7pm
PDT on Wednesday evening to help folks get started on the assignment.
Control Flow
Boolean Expressions

Expression Meaning Operator Meaning

a < b a is less than b

a && b Both a AND b are true
a <= b a is less than or equal to b
a || b Either a OR b are true
a > b a is greater than b

a >= b a is greater than or equal to b !a If a is true, returns false, and vice-versa

a == b a is equal to b

a != b a is not equal to b
Conditional Statements
● The C++ if statement tests a boolean expression and runs a block of code if the expression is true, and, optionally, runs a
different block of code if the expression is false. The if statement has the following format:
○ if (expression) {
statements if expression is true Note: The parentheses around
} else { expression are required.
statements if expression is false
}
Conditional Statements
● The C++ if statement tests a boolean expression and runs a block of code if the expression is true, and, optionally, runs a
different block of code if the expression is false. The if statement has the following format:
○ if (expression) {
statements if expression is true Note: The parentheses around
} else { expression are required.
statements if expression is false
}

● In Python, a block is defined as an indentation level,

where whitespace is important. C++ does not have any
whitespace restrictions, so blocks are denoted with
curly braces, { to begin a block, and } to end a block.
● Blocks are used primarily for conditional statements,
functions, and loops.
Conditional Statements
● The C++ if statement tests a boolean expression and runs a block of code if the expression is true, and, optionally,
runs a different block of code if the expression is false. The if statement has the following format:
○ if (expression) {
statements if expression is true
} else {
statements if expression is false
}

● Additional else if statements can be used to check for additional conditions as well
○ if (expression1) {
statements if expression1 is true
} else if (expression2) {
statements if expression2 is true
} else {
statements if neither expression1 nor expression2 is true
}
while loops
● Loops allow you to repeat the execution of a certain block of code multiple
times
while loops
● Loops allow you to repeat the execution of a certain block of code multiple
times
● while loops are great when you want to continue executing something until a
certain condition is met and you don't know exactly how many times you want
to iterate for
while loops
● Loops allow you to repeat the execution of a certain block of code multiple
times
● while loops are great when you want to continue executing something until a
certain condition is met and you don't know exactly how many times you want
to iterate for

while (expression) {
statement;
statement;
... Execution continues until
} expression evaluates to false
while loops
● Loops allow you to repeat the execution of a certain block of code multiple
times
● while loops are great when you want to continue executing something until a
certain condition is met and you don't know exactly how many times you want
to iterate for
Output:
while (expression) { int i = 0; 0
while (i < 5) {
statement; 1
statement; cout << i << endl;
... i++; 2
} } 3
4
while loops
● Loops allow you to repeat the execution of a certain block of code multiple
times
● while loops are great when you want to continue executing something until a
certain condition is met and you don't know exactly how many times you want
to iterate for
Output:
while (expression) { int i = 0; 0
while (i < 5) {
statement; 1
statement; cout << i << endl;
... i++; 2
} } 3
Note: The i++ increments the variable i by 1, and is the reason C++ got its name!
4
(and there is a corresponding decrement operator, --, as in i--).
for loops
● for loops are great when you have a known, fixed number of times that you
want to execute a block of code
for loops
● for loops are great when you have a known, fixed number of times that you
want to execute a block of code
● for loop syntax in C++ can look a little strange, let's investigate!
for loops
● for loops are great when you have a known, fixed number of times that you
want to execute a block of code

for (initializationStatement; testExpression; updateStatement) {

statement;
statement;
...
}
for loops
● for loops are great when you have a known, fixed number of times that you
want to execute a block of code

for (initializationStatement; testExpression; updateStatement) {

statement;
statement;
...
} The initializationStatement
happens at the beginning of the loop,
and initializes a variable.

E.g., int i = 0.
for loops
● for loops are great when you have a known, fixed number of times that you
want to execute a block of code

for (initializationStatement; testExpression; updateStatement) {

statement;
statement;
...
}
The testExpression is evaluated
initially, and after each run through the
loop, and if it is true, the loop
continues for another iteration.

E.g., i < 3.
for loops
● for loops are great when you have a known, fixed number of times that you
want to execute a block of code

for (initializationStatement; testExpression; updateStatement) {

statement;
statement;
...
}
The updateStatement happens after
each loop, but before
testExpression is evaluated.

E.g., i++.
for loops
● for loops are great when you have a known, fixed number of times that you
want to execute a block of code

for (initializationStatement; testExpression; updateStatement) {

statement;
statement;
...
}

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

cout << i << endl;
}
for loops
● for loops are great when you have a known, fixed number of times that you
want to execute a block of code

for (initializationStatement; testExpression; updateStatement) {

statement;
statement;
...
}
Output:
0
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { 1
cout << i << endl;
} 2
Interactive Example
Try it for yourself!
Write a program that prints out the
calls for a spaceship that is about to
launch. Countdown the numbers from
10 to 1 and then write “Liftoff.”
Try it for yourself! def main():
for i in range(10, 0, -1):
print(i)
print ("Liftoff")
Write a program that prints out the
if __name__ == "__main__":
calls for a spaceship that is about to main()

launch. Countdown the numbers from

Python
10 to 1 and then write “Liftoff.”
Try it for yourself! def main():
for i in range(10, 0, -1):
print(i)
print ("Liftoff")
Write a program that prints out the
if __name__ == "__main__":
calls for a spaceship that is about to main()

launch. Countdown the numbers from

Python
10 to 1 and then write “Liftoff.”
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
/* TODO: Your code goes here! */

return 0;

}
C++
Try it for yourself! def main():
for i in range(10, 0, -1):
print(i)
print ("Liftoff")
Write a program that prints out the
if __name__ == "__main__":
calls for a spaceship that is about to main()

launch. Countdown the numbers from

Python
10 to 1 and then write “Liftoff.”
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {Breakout

/* TODO: Your code goes here! */

return 0;
Rooms!
}
C++
How do we test code in
CS106B?
Testing
Software and cathedrals are much the same – first we build them,
then we pray.
– Sam Redwine
Why is testing important?
Why is testing important?

The hole in the ozone layer over

Antarctica remained undetected for
a long period of time because the
data analysis software used by
NASA in its project to map the ozone
layer had been designed to ignore
values that deviated greatly from
expected measurements.

Source: https://royal.pingdom.com/10-historical-software-bugs-with-extreme-consequences/
Why is testing important?
In 1996, a European Ariane 5 rocket
was set to deliver a payload of
satellites into Earth orbit, but problems
with the software caused the launch
rocket to veer off its path a mere 37
seconds after launch. The problem was
the result of code reuse from the
launch system’s predecessor, Ariane 4,
which had very different flight
conditions from Ariane 5.

Source: https://royal.pingdom.com/10-historical-software-bugs-with-extreme-consequences/
Why is testing important?
A 2002 study commissioned by the
National Institute of Standards and
Technology (referred to here) found
that software bugs cost the U.S.
economy $59.5 billion every year
(imagine the global costs…). The
study estimated that more than a
third of that amount, $22.2 billion,
could be eliminated by improved
testing.

Source: https://royal.pingdom.com/10-historical-software-bugs-with-extreme-consequences/
Why is testing important?
● Testing can save money

● Testing can save lives

● Testing can prevent disasters

● Testing is a programmer's responsibility.

○ You must think about ethical considerations when you
develop code that impacts people.
What are good testing strategies?
What are good testing strategies?
● Write tests that cover a wide variety of use cases for your function!
What are good testing strategies?
● Write tests that cover a wide variety of use cases for your function!
○ Use your critical thinking and analysis skills to identify a diverse
range of possible ways in which your code might be used.
What are good testing strategies?
● Write tests that cover a wide variety of use cases for your function!
○ Use your critical thinking and analysis skills to identify a diverse
range of possible ways in which your code might be used.
What are good testing strategies?
● Write tests that cover a wide variety of use cases for your function!

● Consider:
○ Basic use cases
○ Edge cases
Testing strategies
● Write tests that cover a wide variety of use cases for your function!

● Consider:
○ Basic use cases
○ Edge cases
Definition
edge case
Uses of your function/program that
represent extreme situations
Testing strategies
● Write tests that cover a wide variety of use cases for your function!
For example, if your function takes in an
● Consider: integer parameter, test what happens if the
○ Basic use cases value that is passed in negative, zero, a large
○ Edge cases
positive number, etc!
Definition
edge case
Uses of your function/program that
represent extreme situations
SimpleTest
What is SimpleTest?
● SimpleTest is a C++ library developed by some of the lecturers here at
Stanford that allows standalone, C++ unit testing
● For those of you coming from CS106A in Python, this is similar in
functionality to the doctest infrastructure that you learned
● We will see SimpleTest a lot this quarter! You will learn how to write
good, comprehensive suites of tests using this library, starting from the
very first assignment.
How does SimpleTest work?

CS106B Testing Guide

– make sure to read it!
How does SimpleTest work?
main.cpp

#include "testing/SimpleTest.h"
#include "all-examples.h"

int main()
{
if (runSimpleTests(SELECTED_TESTS)) {
return 0;
}

return 0; NO_TESTS
} SELECTED_TESTS
ALL_TESTS
How does SimpleTest work?
main.cpp all-examples.cpp

#include "testing/SimpleTest.h" #include "testing/SimpleTest.h"

#include "all-examples.h"
int factorial (int num);
int main()
{ int factorial (int num){
if (runSimpleTests(SELECTED_TESTS)) { /* Implementation here */
return 0; }
}
PROVIDED_TEST("Some provided tests."){
return 0; EXPECT_EQUAL(factor(12), 16);
} EXPECT(isPerfect(6));
EXPECT(!isPerfect(12));
}

STUDENT_TEST("student wrote this test"){

// student tests go here!
}
How does SimpleTest work?
main.cpp all-examples.cpp

#include "testing/SimpleTest.h" #include "testing/SimpleTest.h"

#include "all-examples.h"
int factorial (int num);
int main()
{ int factorial (int num){
if (runSimpleTests(SELECTED_TESTS)) { /* Implementation here */
return 0; }
}
PROVIDED_TEST("Some provided tests."){
return 0; EXPECT_EQUAL(factorial(1), 1);
} EXPECT_EQUAL(factorial(2), 2);
EXPECT_EQUAL(factorial(3), 6);
EXPECT_EQUAL(factorial(4), 24);
}

STUDENT_TEST("student wrote this test"){

// student tests go here!
}
How does SimpleTest work?
main.cpp all-examples.cpp

#include "testing/SimpleTest.h" #include "testing/SimpleTest.h"

#include "all-examples.h"
int factorial (int num);
int main()
{ int factorial (int num){
if (runSimpleTests(SELECTED_TESTS)) { /* Implementation here */
return 0; }
}
PROVIDED_TEST("Some provided tests."){
return 0; EXPECT_EQUAL(factorial(1), 1);
} EXPECT_EQUAL(factorial(2), 2);
EXPECT_EQUAL(factorial(3), 6);
EXPECT_EQUAL(factorial(4), 24);
}

STUDENT_TEST("student wrote this test"){

// student tests go here!
}
What’s next?
Strings, Vectors, C++ Review