OIMLR 111-1 Edition 2004 (€) INTERNATIONAL OIMLR 111-1 RECOMMENDATION Edition 2004 (E) Weights of classes E,, Ey, Fy, Foy My, Myo, Moy Mog and M, Part 1: Metrological and technical requirements Poids des classes E}, Ep, Fy, Fp, My, Min Partie 1: Exigences métrologiques et techniques ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE METROLOGIE LEGALE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF LEGAL METROLOGYwm 111 2004 Contents Foreword General . 1 Scope 2 Terminology 3. Symbols : 4 Units and nominal values for weightS 0. Metrological requirements 5 Maximum permissible errors on verification Technical requirements ssnnnnnnnn eee) 6 Shape 7 Construction 8 Material 9 Magnetism 10 Density I Surface conditions 12 Adjustment... 13. Marking 14 Presentation .. Metrological controls wn. 15. Submission to metrological controls 16 Control marking... Annex A Examples of different shapes and dimensions.. Annex B- Test procedures for weights ... B.1_ Introduction B2 Test sequence — B3_ Document review and visual inspection Ba Cleaning weighis.... BS Surface roughness B6 Magnetism B7. Density,..5 > 2 a : BB Assignment of an OIML R 111 class to old andio Annex € Calibration of a weight or weight set ... C1 Scope athe C2. General requirements C3 Weighing designs C4 Weighing cycles C5 Data analysis C6 Uncertainty calculations Annex D Statistical control D.l Check standard .. D.2_ Precision of the balance ... Annex E CIPM formula and an approximation formula ... El CIPM formula E2 Constants... eee E.3 Approximation formula for air density References‘OME 1111; 2004 Foreword he International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) is a worldwide, intergovernmental organization ‘hose primary aim is to harmonize the regulations and ‘metrological controls applied by the national metrological services, or related organizations, ofits Member States. ‘The two main categories of OIML publications are: + Intemational Recommendations (OIME R), which are ‘model regulations that establish the metrological charac teristics required of certain measuring instruments and which specily methods and equipment for checking their conformity; the OIML Member States shall implement these Recommendations to the greatest possible extent + International Documents (OIML D), which are inform= ative in nature and intended to improve the work of the metrology services. OIML Draft Recommendations and Documents are devel- oped by technical committees or subcommittees which are formed by Member States. Certain international and regional Institutions also participate on a consultation basis. Cooperative agreements are established between OIML and certain institutions, such as ISO and IEC, with the objective of avoiding contradictory requirements; consequently, manu- facturers and users of measuting instruments, test labor- atories, ete. may apply simultaneously OTML publications and those of other institutions. International Recommendations and Intemational Docu- ‘ments are published in French (F) and English (E) and are subject to periodic revision ‘This publication - OIMLR 111-1, Edition 2004 (E) - was developed by TC 9/SC 3 Weights. Itwas directly sanctioned by the International Conference of Legal Metrology in 2004. IML Publications may be downloaded from the OIML web site in the form of PDF files. Additional information on (IML Publications may be obtained from the Organization’ headquarters: Bureau International de Métrologie Légale 11, rue Turgot - 75009 Paris - France Telephone: 33 (0)1 48 78 12 82 Fax: 33 (O)1 42.82 17 27 E-mail: biml@oimlorg Internet: wwwoimlorgOW RTT; 2004 Weights of classes E,, E,, F,, F,, M,, M,_>, M,, M,_, and M, General 1 SCOPE 1.1 This Recommendation contains technical (e.g. principal physical characteristics) and metrological re- quirements for weights used: «As standards for the verification of weighing instruments; * As standards for the verification or calibration of weights of a lower accuracy class; + With weighing instruments 1.2 Application This Recommendation applies to weights with nominal values of mass from 1 mg to 5 000 kg in the E,, Ey, F,, Fy, M,, M, ,,M,, M, ; and M, accuracy classes. 1.3. Minimum accuracy class of weights The accuracy class for weights used as standards for the verification of weights or weighing instruments should be in accordance with the requirements of the relevant OIML Recommendations, 1.3.1 The OIML weight classes are defined as follows: Class E,: Weights intended to ensure traceability between national mass standards (with values derived from the International Prototype of the kilogram) and weights of class E, and lower. Class E ‘weights or weight sets shall be accompanied by a calibration certificate (see 15.2.2.1). Weights intended for use in the verification or calibration of class F, weights and for use weighing instruments of special accuracy class I. Class E, weights or weight sets shall be accom- panied by a calibration certificate (see 15.2.2.2). They may be used as class E, weights if they com- ply with the requirements for surface roughness, magnetic susceptibility and magnetization for class E, weights, and if their calibration certificate gives the appropriate data as specified in 15.2.2.1 Class F Weights intended for use in the verification or calibration of class F, weights and for use with ‘weighing instruments of special accuracy class I and high accuracy class I Class F,; Weights intended for use in the verification or cali ion of class M, and possibly class M, weights, Also intended for use in important commercial transactions (e.g. precious metals and stones) on weighing instruments of high accuracy class TL Class Mj: Weights intended for use in the verification or calibration of class My weights, and for use with ‘weighing instruments of medium accuracy class I. Class Mj: Weights intended for use in the verification or calibration of class M, weights and for use in gener- al commercial transactions and with weighing instruments of medium accuracy class TI. Class M, Weights intended for use with weighing instruments of medium accuracy class IT and ordinary accuracy class HI. Classes M,., Weights from 50 kg to 5.000 kg of lower accuracy intended for use with weighing instruments of and M, °°” medium accuracy class II Nore: The enor ina weight used forthe verification ofa weighing instrument shall not exceed 1/3 of the maximum permissible er ror foran instrument. These values are listed in section 3.7.1 of OIML R76 Nonatuomatic Weighing Instruments (1992)‘om. 11141; 2004 2 ‘TERMINOLOGY ‘The terminology used in this Recommendation conforms to the Intemational Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (1993 edition) [1] and the International Vocabulary of Terms in Legal Metrology (2000 edition) [2]. In addition, for the purposes of this Recommendation, the following definitions apply. 21 Accuracy class Class designation of a weight or weight set which meets certain metrological requirements intended to maintain the mass values within specified limits. 2.2 Balance Instrument indicating apparent mass that is sensitive to the following forces: Ramee Gravity. ’ m Air y ce RaVanne= tone Air buoyancy equal tothe weight ofthe displaced on Vertical component of the magnetic interaction Feomijerexn sa between the weight and the balance and/or the S environment Hand M are vectors; zis the vertical cartesian coordinate, If magnetic effects are negligible, ie. the permanent magnetization (§M) of the weight and the magnetic susceptibil- ity (y) are sufficiently small, and the balance is calibrated with reference weights of well known mass, the balance can be used to indicate the conventional mass, m,, of a body under conventionally chosen conditions, 2.3 Calibration Set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, or values represented by a material measure or a reference mate- rial, and the corresponding values realized by standards. ‘Note I: The result ofa calibration permits ether assignment of values of measurands to the indications or the determination of cor rections with respect to indications Note 2: calibration may also determine other metrological properties such as the effect of influence quantities. Note 3: The result of a calibration may be recorded ina document, sometimes called calibration certificate or calibration report 2.3.1 Calibration certificate (report) Certificate issued only by authorized or accredited laboratories that record the results of a calibration, 24 Certificate of conformity Document provided by the national responsible body indicating confidence that an identified weight or weight set, or samples thereof, is in conformity with the relevant requirements of this Recommendation (see OIML Certificate System for Measuring Instruments) 2.5 Check standard ‘Standard that is used in a statistical control process to provide a “check” to ensure that standards, measurement processes and results are within acceptable statistical limits, 2.6 Comparison Method of measurement based on comparing the value of a quantity to be measured with a known value of the same quantity.ALR 1111: 2004 2.7 Conventional mass (also called the conventional value of mass) Conventional value of the result of weighing in air, in accordance with OIML D 28 Conventional value of the result of weighing in air [3]. For a weight taken at a reference temperature (1,,) of 20 °C, the conventional mass is the mass of a reference weight of a density (p,) of 8 000 kg m- which it balances in air of a reference density (9,) of 12 kgm. 28 Density of a body Mass divided by volume, given by the formula p = 7 2.9 Magnetism Effect that generates an attractive or repulsive force. 2.9.1 Magnetic dipole moment (n,) Parameter of a magnetic dipole. The magnetic field strength generated by a dipole, also the force between the di- pole and a magnetized sample, is proportional to this dipole moment. The force between the dipole and a sample having a magnetic susceptibility is proportional to the square of the dipole moment. 2.9.2 Magnetic field strength (H) Local magnetic intensity, generated by magnetic material, such as a permanent magnet, or by electrical circuits 2.9.3 Magnetic force (F,, F,, Fy, Fy, Fog, and F,) Force produced on magnetic or magnetically susceptible material by external magnetic fields. 2.9.4 Magnetic permeability (1) Measure of the ability of a medium to modify a magnetic field. 2.9.5 Magnetic constant (magnetic permeability of vacuum (1) Hy = 4x 1077 NAP. 2.9.6 (Volume) magnetic susceptibility (z) Measure of the ability of a medium to modify a magnetic field It is related to the magnetic permeability (4) by the relation: s/t = 1+ 7, The quantity s1/ pis sometimes referred to as the relative permeability, 2.9.7 (Permanent) magnetization (M) Parameter that specifies a magnetic state of material bodies such as weights, in the absence of an external magnet- ic field (most generally, magnetization is a vector whose magnitude and direction are not necessarily constant within the material). The magnetization of a body generates an inhomogeneous magnetic field in space and thus ‘may produce magnetic forces on other materials. 2.10 Maximum permissible error (Bm or mpe) Maximum absolute value of the difference allowed by national regulation, between the measured conventional ‘mass and the nominal value of a weight, as determined by corresponding reference weights. 2.11 Roughness parameter or R-parameter (R, of R,) Parameter that describes the assessed roughness profile of a sample. The letter R is indicative of the type of as- sessed profile, in this case R for roughness profile. The assessed profile of a sample can be in terms of different profile types: a roughness profile or R-parameter, primary profile or P-parameter, a waviness profile or W-parame- ter. [4]212 Sensitivity weight ‘Weight that is used to determine the sensitivity of a weighing instrument (see T.4.1 in OIML R 76-1). 213 Set of weights or weight set ‘Series or group of weights, usually presented in a case so arranged to make possible any weighing of all loads be- ‘tween the mass of the weight with the smallest nominal value and the sum of the masses of all weights of the series with a progression in which the mass of the smallest nominal value weight constitutes the smallest step series, The Weights have similar metrological characteristics and the same or different nominal values as defined in 43 ofthis Recommendation, and belong to the same accuracy class 2.14 Temperature (1) In degrees Celsius, is related to the absolute thermodynamic temperature scale, called the Kelvin scale, by t= T-273.15K. 215 Test Technical operation that consists of the determination of one or more characteristics or performance of a given Product, material, equipment, organism, physical phenomenon, process or service according to a specified proce. dure. (Based on 13.1. Test, ISOMEC Guide 2:1996 Standardization and Related Activties—General Vocabulary){3] 2.16 Test weight (m,) ‘Weight that is to be tested according to this Recommendation. 217 Type Definite model of weights or weight set to which it conforms. 2.17.1 Type evaluation Systematic examination and testing of the performance of a type of weights or weight sets against the documented requirements of this Recommendation, the results of which are contained in atest report. 2.17.2 Type approval Process of making a decision by a responsible body, based on a review of a type evaluation test report for the type of weights or weight set and professional judgment, that the type is in conformity with the mandatory require. ‘ments of this Recommendation for legal applications, 2.18 — Verification All the operations carried out by an organ of the national service of legal metrology (or other legally authorized or- ganization) having the object of ascertaining and confirming that the weight entirely satisfies the requirements of the regulations for verification. Verification includes both examination and stamping. (Adapted from VIML 2-4 and 2.3) 2.18.1 Initial verification Series of tests and visual examinations carried out before the equipmentiweight is put into service to determine whether a weight or weight set has been manufactured to replicate a given type and conforms to that type and to regulations, and that its metrological characteristics lie within the limits required for intial verification of copies of that type: If the weights or weight set pass all the tests and examinations, i is given legal character by its accept. ance as evidenced by stamping and/or the issuing of a certificate of verification. (Adapted from OIML D 20 inal «and subsequent verification of measuring instruments and processes (1988))ww 1111; 2004 2.18.2 Subsequent verification or in-service inspection Series of tests and visual examinations, also cartied out by an official of the legal metrology service (inspector), to ascertain whether the weights or weight set, having been in use for some time since the previous verification, con- tinues to conform to, or again conforms to, regulations and maintains its metrological characteristics within the required limits. If the weights or weight set passes all tests and examinations, its legal character is either firmed, or re-established by its acceptance as evidenced by stamping andior the issuing of a certificate of v tion, When sampling is used to verily a population of weights, all elements in the population will be deemed ver fied. 219 Weight Material measure of mass, regulated in regard to its physical and metrological characteristics: shape, dimensions, ‘material, surface quality, nominal value, density, magnetic properties and maximum permissible error. 2.20 Weight of a body (F,) Gravitational force with which the body is attracted by the earth. The word weight denotes a quantity of the same nature as a force: the weight of a body is the product of its mass and the acceleration due to gravity 3. SYMBOLS Symbol Unit Definition A m area B T magnetic induction in medium Be, T —__gaussmeter reading of the ambient magnetic field with the weight absent By T magnetic induction in vacuum ia = correction factor for air buoyancy G = correction factor for air buoyancy for density of air during the weighing cyele in air ics = correction factor for air buoyancy for density of air during the weighing cycle in liquid G = correction factor for air buoyancy for density of sensitivity weight D difference of balance readings between minimum and maximum values from eccentricity test a kg scale interval F N average force calculated using the average mass change on the mass comparator for first set of readings N_ average force calculated using the average mass change on the mass comparator for second set of readings Fr, N average forve used for the magnetic susceptibility F, N average force used for the magnetization FR N gravitational force Fae N maximum force for magnetic susceptibility Fr N magnetic force between a mass comparator and a weight in the vertical or direction & ms? gravitational acceleration h mm orm — height H Amc! magnetizing field strength Hex Am! vertical component of earth magnetic field strength hr relative humidityOWLR 1111: 2008 1 Symbol al mg mg m, m, m, it in Am, R Unit ke Am kg mot kg mot kg Pa orhPa Pa Iemol K) hm Definition indication difference of the balance, where AI indication difference in air of the balance, where Al, indication difference in liquid of the balance, where Al, = Jy change in indication of balance due to sensitivity weight indication of the weighing instruments (scale division) geometric correction factor [6] geometric correction factor [6] indication of balance for displaced liquid difference indication of balance for vessel and contained liquid indication of balance for vessel containing liquid and weight indication of balance for test weight in air (after taring) indication of balance for test weight in liquid (after taring) subscript for number of test weights or number of series of measurements coverage factor, typically 2 or 3 (Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) (1995))7] mass of a rigid body (weight) permanent magnetization (see also jiM) molar mass of water (equation E.1) molar mass of dry air conventional mass of the weight conventional mass of the reference weight conventional mass of the test weight average weighing difference observed between test and reference weight and p,.; density of the reference weight magnetic moment (of the magnets used in the susceptometer) ‘mass, nominal value of the weight (eg. I kg) mass of reference weight for comparisons with test weight, both in air or both sub- mersed in liquid ‘mass of reference weight for comparison against test weight, both in air ‘mass of a combination of reference weights for comparison against test weight, stan- dards in air, test weight in liquid ‘mass of the sensitivity weight ‘mass of the test weight ‘mass of weight in air mass of weight in liquid ‘mass difference, usually between test and reference weight average value of a series of measurements, comprising a number of identical weighing cycles, or a number of series, having approximately the same standard deviation difference of conventional mass subscript for number of measurement sequences, pressure saturation vapor pressure of moist air ‘molar gas constant ‘mean height of roughness profile (R-parameter) (see clause 11)OLR IT: 2004 €) Symbol Unit Definition R, um maximum height of roughness profile (R-parameter) (see clause 11) r = subscript for reference weight s kg standard deviation s subscript for sensitivity weight a thermodynamic temperature using the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITs-90) t - subscript for test weight ' °C temperature in degrees Celsius, where ¢ = 7-273.15 K tet °C reference temperature u kg uncertainty, expanded uncertainty u kg uncertainty, standard uncertainty u(or,) kg uncertainty of the reference weight on ke uncertainty of air buoyancy correction lg kg uncertainty due to the balance um) Kg combined standard uncertainty of the balance Me kg combined standard uncertainty 1 kz uncertainty due to the display resolution ofa digital balance tg kg uncertainty due to eccentricity Hogs kg uncertainty due to instability of the reference weight Igy kg uncertainty due to magnetism 4, kg uncertainty due to the sensitivity of the balance uy kg uncertainty due to the weighing process v m® volume of a solid body (weight) Ve m* volume of the -th reference weight of a combination of weights x = mole fraction of water vapor Zz - compressibility factor ca mm distance from top of weight to center of magnet (Figure B.1) Ze mm distance from center of magnet to the bottom of weight (Figure B.1) a kgm? density of moist air % kgm density of air as a reference value equal to 1.2 kg mr? me kgm? density of a reference weight with mass m, pi kg mr? density ofa reference weight with mass m,, Prot kgm reference density (ie. 8 000 kg m=) Pa kg mr} density ofa reference weight with mass m, a kgm density of the sensitivity weight a kg mr density of the weight being tested a kg mr? density of alloy (x) 2, kgm density of alloy (y) bine, = maximum permissible relative error on the weights ul NA? magnetic permeability h relative magnetic permeability (1/4) Ny NA? magnetic constant (magnetic permeability of vacuum), 4 = 4x 10-7N A? 4M T magnetic polarization x = (olume) magnetic susceptibilityOM 11141; 2008 4 UNITS AND NOMINAL VALUES FOR WEIGHTS. 4.1 Units ‘The units used are: + For mass, the milligram (mg), the gram (g) and the kilogram (kg); + For density the kilogram per cubic meter (kg m™) 42 Nominal values ‘The nominal values of the mass for weights or weight sets shall be equal to 1 x 10" kg, 2 x 10" kg or 5 x 10" k where “n” represents a positive or negative whole number or zero. 4.3 Weight sequence 4.3.1 Asset of weights may consist of different sequences of nominal values. If weight sequences are used in a set of weights, the following individual weight sequences shall be used: (15152; 5) x10 kg; (1545 152; 5) 10" kg, (15252; 5) x 10" kg; or (0515 2;2; 5)» 10" kg where “n” represents a positive or negative whole number or zero, 4.3.2 A set of weights may also comprise multiple weights, all of which have the same nominal value (€.. 10 pieces or members of the set, each piece or member having a nominal capacity of 5x 10” kg). Metrological requirements 5 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ERRORS ON VERIFICATION 5.1 Maximum permissible errors on initial and subsequent verification or in-service inspection 5.1.1 Maximum permissible errors for initial verification of individual weights are given in Table 1 and relate to conventional mass, 5.1.2 Maximum permissible errors for subsequent verification or in-service verification are left to the discretion of cach state. If, however, the maximum permissible errors allowed are greater than those in Table 1, the weight cannot be declared as belonging to the corresponding OTMEL class. 5.2 Expanded uncertainty For each weight, the expanded uncertainty, U, for k = 2, of the conventional mass, shall be less than or equal to one-third of the maximum permissible error in Table 1 Us 13 6m (52-1) 5.3. Conventional mass 5.3.1 For each weight, the conventional mass, m, (determined with an expanded uncertainty, U, according to 5.2) shall not differ from the nominal value of the weight, my, by more than the maximum permissible error, fm, minus the expanded uncertainty: nig (Bm ~ U) Sm,_Sm + (Bm —V) 630) 8.3.2. For class E, and E weights, which are always accompanied by certificates giving the appropriate data (specified in 15.2.1), the deviation from the nominal value, m,~ ny, shall be taken into account by the userome tit 2004 Table 1 Maximum permissible errors for weights («min mg) Nominall Class E, | Class E, | Class F, | Class F, | Class M, [Class M, | Class M, |Class M, ;| Class M, 5.000 kg 25 000 80000 | 250000 | 500000 | 800.000 | 1 600.000} 2 500 000 2.000 ke 10.000 30.000 100 000 | 200000 | 300000 | 600000 | 1 000 000 1000 kg 1600 5.000 16 000 50.000 | 100000 | 160000 | 300000 | 500000 500 kg 800 2500 8000 25 000 50.000 80000 | 160000 | 250000 200 ke 300 | 1000 | 3000 | 10000 | 20000 | 30000 | 60000 | 100000 100 kg 160 500. 1600 | 5000 | 10000 | 16000 | 30000 | 50000 50 kg 25 80. 250 800 2500 5.000 8.000 16.000 25000 20kg Jo 30 100 300 1000 3.000 10.000 10 kg 5.0 16. 50 160 500 1600 5000 Ske | 25 8.0 25 80 250 300 2500 2kg 1.0 3.0 10 30 100 300 1000 Lkg_ | 05 16 50 16 50 160 500 s00g | 025 | 08 25 80 25 80 250 20g | 010 | 03 10 3.0 10 30 100 100g 0.05, 0.16 05. 16 5.0 16 50. 50g 0.03 0.10 03 10 3.0 10 30. 20¢ | 0025 | 008 [ 025 | 08 25 8.0 25 tog | 002 | 006 | 020 | 06 20 60 20 [ sz | oo | 005 | o16 | 05 16 50 16 ze | oo | oo | os | o4 12 40 12 Ig 0.010 0.03 0.10 03 10 3.0 10 00mg | 0.008 | 0.025 | 008 | 025 | 08 25 200mg | 0.006 | 0.020 | 0.06 | 020 | 06 20 100mg | 0.005 0.016 0.05 016 05 16 50mg 0.004 0.012 0,04 O12 o4 20mg | 0.003 | 0010 | 003 | 010 | 03 10mg 0.003 0,008 0.025 0.08 0.25 Smg 0.003 0.006 0.020 0.06 0.20 2mge | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0020 | 006 | 020 img 0.003 0.006 0.020 0.06 0.20 * The nominal weight values in Table 1 specify the smallest and largest weight permitted in any class of R111 and the maximum per- ‘issible errors and denominations shall not be extrapolated to higher or lower values. For example, the smallest nominal value for 4 weight in class M, is 100 mg while the largest is 5 000 kg A.50 mg weight would not be accepted as an R 111 class M, weight and instead should meet class M, maximum permissible ervors and other requirements (e. shape or matkings) for that cl Otherwise the weight cannot be described as complying with R 111 lass of weight 2OWL 111: 2006 (8) Technical requirements 6 SHAPE 6.1 General 6.1.1 Weights shall have a simple geometrical shape to facilitate their manufacture. They shall have no sharp edges or corners to prevent their deterioration and no pronounced hollows to prevent deposits (ie. of dust) on their surface. 6.1.2 Weights of a given weight set shall have the same shape, except for weights of 1 g or less. 6.2 Weights less than or equal to 1 g 6.2.1 Weights less than 1 g shall be flat polygonal sheets or wires, with shapes according to Table 2, which per mit easy handling. 6.2.2 Weights of 1 g may be flat polygonal sheets or wires (see 6.3.1). The shape of weights not marked with their nominal value shall conform to the values given in Table 2. ‘Table 2 Shape of weights of Ig or less Nominal values | _Polygonal sheets Wires 5,50, 500 mg Pentagon Pentagon 5 segments 2, 20, 200 mg. Square Square or 2 segments 1, 10, 100, 1 000 mg Triangle Triangle 1 segment 62.3 Aweight set may comprise more than one sequence of shapes, differing from one sequence to the other. In a series of sequences, however, a sequence of weights of a different shape shall not be inserted between two se- quences of weights that have the same shape. 6.3 Weights of 1 g up to 50 kg 6.3.1 A 1 g weight may have either the shape of multiples of 1 g weights or the shape of sub-multiples of 1 g ‘weights. 6.3.2. The weights of nominal values from 1 g to 50 kg may have the external dimensions shown in the Figures ‘and Tables in Annex A. 6.3.2.1 These weights may also have a cylindrical or slightly tapered conical body (see example in Figure A.1), The height of the body shall be between 3/4 and 5/4 of its mean diameter. 6.3.2.2 These weights may also be provided with a lifting knob which has a height between 0.5 x and 1 x the mean diameter of the body. 6.3.3 In addition to the above shapes (6.3.2), weights of 5 kg to 50 kg may have a different shape suitable for their method of handling. Instead of a lifting knob, they may have rigid handling devices embodied with the weights, such as axles, handles, hooks or eyes, etc. 6.3.4 Class M weights with nominal values from 5 kg to 50 kg may also have the shape of rectangular paral- lelepipeds with rounded edges and a rigid handle. Typical examples of dimensions for these weights are shown in Figures A.2 and A3.comin 111 4 64 Weights greater than or equal to 50 kg 64.1 Weights greater than or equal to 50 kg may have cylindrical, rectangular or other suitable shapes. The shape shall provide for safe storage and handling. 64.2 Weights greater than or equal to 50 kg may be provided with rigid handling devices, such as axles, handles, hooks, eyes, ete 6.443 _ If class M weights are intended to run on flat floor (or on ras), they shall be equipped with roller tracks or grooves of limited atea 7 CONSTRUCTION 71 Class E weights 71.1 Class E weights from I mg to 50 kg Class E weights from 1 mg to 50 kg shall be solid and shall have no cavity open to the atmosphere. They shall con- sist of a single piece of material 7.12 Class E, weights greater than 50 kg 7.1.2 Class Ep weights greater than 50 kg may have an adjusting cavity: The volume of this cavity shall not ex- ceed 1/1000 of the total volume of the weight. The cavity shall be sealable and shall be watertight and airtight (e.g. by means of a joint). A threaded plug with either a screwdriver slot or a handling device such as a knob, a handle, an eye, etc. shall close the adjusting cavity. The material of the plug shall be the same as the body of the weight and shall comply with the surface requirements of class Ey. 7.1.2.2 After initial adjustment, approximately 1/2 the total volume of the adjusting cavity shall be empty. 7.2 Class F weights Class F weights may consist of one or more pieces manufactured from the same material. 7.2.1 Class F weights from 1 g to 50 kg 7.2.1.1 Class F weights from 1 g to 50 kg may have an adjusting cavity. The volume of this cavity shall not exceed 1/4 of the total volume of the weight, The cavity shall be closed either by means of a lifting knob or by any other suitable device. 7.2.1.2 After initial adjustment, approximately 1/2 of the total volume of the adjusting cavity shall be empty, 7.2.2 Class F weights greater than 50 kg Class F weights greater than 50 kg may also consist of a box assembled from several pieces, closed and welded ai Light and watertight. The content of the box may consist of a material different from that of the box and shall com- ply with the requirements for magnetic properties of class F, and F,, The walls of the box shall be sufficiently rigid that deformations due to changes in ambient air pressure, handling, shocks, etc. cannot occur: The ratio between ‘mass and volume shall comply with the density requirements of Table 5. 7.2.21 Class F weights greater than 50 kg may have an adjusting cavity. The volume of this cavity shall not exceed 1/20 of the total volume of the weight. The adjusting cavity shall be sealable and shall be watertight and airtight (cg, by means of a joint). A threaded plug with either a screwdriver slot or a handling device such as a knob, a handle, an eye, ete, shall close the cavity. 7.2.2.2 After initial adjustment, approximately 1/2 of the total volume of the adjusting cavity shall be empl. 4‘OMe 1111; 2004 7.3 Class M weights 7.3.1 Class M,, M, and M, weights from 1 g to 50 kg 731 Class M,, M,and M, weights from 1 to 10 g shall be solid, without an adjusting cavity, For class My, My and M, weights from 20 g to 50 g an adjusting cavity is optional. Class M,, M, and M, weights from 100 g to 50 ke shall have an adjusting cavity. However, the adjusting cavity is optional for class M, and M, weights from 20 g to 200 g that are made of stainless steel. The adjusting cavity shall be designed to prevent the accunmulation of foreign matter or debris, to permit a secure cavity closure and to allow the cavity to be opened for additional adjustments. The volume of the adjusting cavity shall not be greater than 1/4 ofthe total volume of the weight. 7.3.1.2 After initial adjustment, approximately 1/2 of the total volume of the adjusting cavity shall be empty. 7.3.2 Class M,, M, and M, weights from 100 g to 50 kg of the cylindrical type (see Figure A.1) shall have an adjusting cavity Coaxial with the vertical axis of the weight, opening on the upper face of the knob and including a ‘widening of the diameter at the entrance. The cavity shall be closed either by a threaded plug with a screwdriver slot (see Figure A.1, variant 1) or by a disc with a central handling hole (see Figure A.1, variant 3). The plug or disc shall be made of brass or of another appropriate metallic material and shall be sealed by a lead plug or similar material driven into an internal circular groove provided in the widened portion of the diameter. 7.3.3 Class M,, M, and M, weights from 5 kg to 50 kg with the rectangular parallelepiped shape shall have an adjusting cavity either formed by the inside of the tubular handle, or, if the handle is solid, an adjusting cavity shall be cast within one of the uprights of the weight, opening on the side or the top face of the weight (see Figures A.2 and A3), 7.3.3.1 If the adjusting cavity is in the tubular handle (see Figure A.2), the cavity shall be closed either by a threaded plug with a screwdriver slot or by a disc with a central handling hole. The plug or disc shall be made of brass or another appropriate metallic material and shall be sealed by a lead plug (or similar material) driven into an internal circular groove or into the threads of the tube. 73.3.2 If the adjusting cavity is cast within the upright and opens on the side or the top face of the upright (see Figure A.3), the cavity shall be closed by a plate made of soft steel or of another appropriate material, scaled by a lead plug or similar material driven into a housing having a conical section. 7.34 Class M weights greater than or equal to 50 kg. ‘The weights shall not have any cavities that may cause rapid accumulation of dust or debris. 7.34.1 The weights shall include one or more adjusting cavities. The total volume of all adjusting cavities shall not be greater than 1/10 of the total volume of the weight. The cavities shall be sealable and shall be watertight and airtight (e.g. by means ofa joint). The cavities shall be sealable using a threaded phug with either a screwdh ora handling device (e.g. a knob or handle). 7.34.2 After initial adjustment, atleast 1/3 of the total volume of the adjusting cavity shall be empty. 8 MATERIAL 8.1 General The weights shall be corrosion resistant. The quality of the material shall be such that the change in the mass of the weights shall be negligible in relation to the maximum errors permitted in their accuracy class (see Table 1) under normal conditions of use and the purpose for which they are being used. 82 Class E, and E, weights 8.2.1 For weights equal to or greater than 1 g, the hardness of this material and its resistance to wear shall be similar to or better than that of austenitic stainless steel,COMLR 1111; 2004 1) 83 Class F weights The surface of class F weights greater than or equal to 1 g may be treated with a suitable metallic coating in order to improve their corrosion resistance and hardness. 8.3.1 For class F weights greater than or equal to 1 g, the hardness and brittleness of the materials used shall be at least equal to that of drawn brass. 8.3.2. For class F weights greater than or equal to 50 kg, the hardness and brittleness of the materials used for the whole body or for the external surfaces shall be at least equal to that of stainless steel 84 Class M,, M, and M, weights of 50 kg or less The surface of weights equal to or greater than 1 g may be treated with a suitable coating in order to improve their corrosion resistance or hardness, 8.4.1 Class M weights less than 1 g shall be made of material that is sufficiently resistant to corrosion and oxidization, 84.2 Cylindrical class M, weights below 5 kg and class M, and M, weights below 100 g shall be made of brass ‘or a material whose hardness and resistance to corrosion i similar or better than that of brass. Other cylindrical class M,, M, and M, weights of 50 kg or less shall be made of grey cast iron or of another material whose brittle- nese and resistance to corrosion is similar or better than that of grey cast iron. 84.3 Weights with a rectangular parallelepiped shape from 5 kg to 50 kg shall be made of a material that has a re- stance to corrosion that is at least equal to that of grey cast iron. Its brittleness shall not exceed that of grey cast iron. 84.4 The handles of rectangular parallelepiped weights shall be made of seamless steel tube or shall be cast iron, integral with the body of the weight. 8.5 Class M weights greater than 50 kg 8.5.1 The surface of the weights may be treated with a suitable coating in order to improve their corrosion re- sistance. This coating shall withstand shocks and outdoor weather conditions. 8.5.2 The weights shall be made of one or more materials that have a resistance to corrosion equal to or better than that of grey cast iron, 8.5.3 The material shall be of such hardness and strength that it withstands the loads and shocks that will occur under normal conditions of use. 8.5.4 The handles of rectangular parallelepiped weights shall be made of seamless steel tube or shall be cast iron, integral with the body of the weight. 9 MAGNETISM 9.1 Limits of polarization ‘The magnetization, M, expressed in terms of the polarization, yy, should not exceed the values given in Table 3. ‘able 3 Maximum polarization, sg, (KT) Weight class Ee ee ee Maximum polarization, 4M, (nT) | 25 | 8 | 25 | 80 | 250 | 500 | 800 | 1.600| 2500OWL 11-1: 2008 9.2 Limits of magnetic susceptibility ‘The susceptibility of a weight should not exceed the values given in Table 4. ‘Table 4 Maximum susceptibility, ‘Weight class E E, Fr, Fr, msig 0.25 09 10 7 2gcmsi0g 0.06 0.18 7 4 20 gsm 0.02 0.07 0.2 08 9.3 If the values of all local measurements of magnetization and susceptibility are less than these limits, then it may be assumed that the uncertainty components due to the magnetism of the weight are negligible. The maxi- mum permanent magnetization and magnetic susceptibilities given in Tables 3 and 4 are such that, at magnetic fields and magnetic field gradients possibly present on balance pans, they produce a change of the conventional mass of less than 1/10 of the maximum permissible error of the test weight [8] [9] 10 DENSITY 10.1 General ‘The density of the material used for weights is specified in Table 5 and shall be such that a deviation of 10 % from the specified air density (1.2 kg m=) does not produce an error exceeding one-quarter of the absolute value of the ‘maximum permissible error given in Table 1 ‘Table § Minimum and maximum limits for density (yyy ) Prine Prax (10 kg m8) Nominal value Class of weight (for class M,, no value is specified) E, E, F, F, mM, | Ma | M | Ms 210g | 7934-8067] 781-821 | 739-873 | 64-107 | 244 | >30 | 223 | 215 soe | 792-808 | 774-828 | 727-889 | 60-120 | 240 20e | 784-817 | 750-857 | 66-101 | 48-240 | 226 tog | 774-828 | 727-889 | 60-120 24.0 220 5g | 702-842 | 69-96 | 53-160 23.0 2g | 727-889 | 60-120 240 220 1g 69-96 | 53-160 23.0 500mg | 63-109 244 222 200mg | 53-160 23.0 100mg | 244 50mg 234 20mg 223(mM 111: 2008 Nore f: Rule relating to the density of weighs. Let Bn/nbe the value of the maximum permissible relative error on the weights. ‘The density p ofthe weight shal satisfy the following conditions 1-0)

2 KA m! for atypical steel alloy of class E,). Itis recommended, for instance, that tests of class Ey weights be made first at a distance, Z, of about 20 mm between the mid-height of the magnet and the base of the weight (see Figure B.1). Then only decrease Z, if the sample susceptibility is too small to produce a reasonable signal [6], Additional precautions may be necessary when testing weights of higher susceptibility (see B.6.4.5c) B.6.4.3 Apparatus a) Aweighing instrument with a scale interval not langer than 10 1g; 1b) Anon-magnetic table to place the weight on;VLE 11: 2004 ©) Acylinder to place the magnets on; 4) Cylindrical magnets with magnetic moment, ty in the order of 0.1 A m? (this moment is typical of samar- ium-cobalt or neodymium-iron-boron magnets of about 100 mm? in volume) (6). B.6.44 Illustration of the apparatus The height of the magnet should ideally be equal to 0.87 times its diameter [6] although a height-to-diameter ratio of 1 is acceptable. Z, is the distance from the mid-height of the magnet to the base of the weight. Figure B.1 Apparatus for magnet susceptibility and magnetization, the susceptometer method RK <— ‘Top ofthe weight Weight hola Base ofthe weight | fe Magnet —> []. Mid-height of magnet ‘able >} Pedestal Where: fy = Height of weight stance from the top of weight + to mid-height of magnet stance from mid height of magnet Load weer to the hase of the weight ofthe mass caer ius ofthe weight B.64.5 Measurement procedure These tests should be carried out in an area free of large ferrous objects. The operator should not cary or wear fer- rous objec. a) Measure the different parameters (Za, Ry, hi), see the illustration of the apparatus, Figure B.1, see also [6] for measurement of Z, b) The value of the acceleration due to gravity, g, needs to be known to about 1%. ©) Place the magnet with its north pole pointing down (the north pole of a cylindrical magnet is the end which repels the north pole of a compass needle). The dipole moment, my, will be needed. ‘The magnet produces a maximum field at the top surface of the table of: He 2nxZ} (B.6.4-1) where His in units of A mr, for my in Am? and Zp in m. 36OWL 111: 2008 18 4d) e ® h) I is important that initially, H should not exceed 2000 A mt when testing class E, weights, 800 A mm”! ‘when testing class E, weights and 200 A m-! when testing weights of other classes. The field, H, may be in- creased only if the susceptometer signal is too weak. In this case, the field, H, is increased by reducing the height, Zy Set the instrument to zero. Place the weight on the table such that its axis coincides with the magnet’ vertical axis, and take a read- ing. Turn the weight around its vertical axis repeatedly with increasing angles and take the readings at each position. For the following procedures, turn the weight to the angle where the reading shows the ‘maximum deviation from zero. Place the weight on the table, normally three times, directly above the magnet, Be sure weight is centered. 1) Record the time at which the load is placed, the time at which a reading is taken and the time when the load is removed. 2) Calculate An, from the repeated readings. Normally Am, will be negative, indi slightly attracted to the weight 3) The force, Fy, is determined as F, =— Am, xg (B6.42) 3 that the magnet is ‘The measurement should be repeated with the magnet turned upside down. 1) The distance Z, is to be kept constant. 2) Set the instrument to zero. 3) Again, place the weight on the table, normally three times, directly above the magnets. Be sure the weight is centered, 4) Record the time at which the load is placed, the time at which a reading is taken and the time at which the load is removed. 5) Calculate Am, from the repeated readings. Normally Ant, will be negative but may be significantly dif- ferent from Am, 6) The force, F,, is determined as F, am, xg (B6.4-3) Repeat steps d-g above. B.6.4.6 Calculations Calculate the magnetic susceptibility, z, and permanent magneti tion, M,, of the weight by inserting the different ‘parameters in the equations given below. Assume that the susceptibility of air is always negligibly small B.6.4.6.1 If measuring both F, and F,, the expression for the magnetic susceptibility is given by: where: Fac (8.6.44) 3tly mi ‘ oe 45) merzs (8.6.45) (8646) “Tromg (864-7) (86.48) aote 111 Bis the vertical component of the ambient magnetic induction in the laboratory. Usually; Bg can be taken as the vertical component of the earth's magnetic induction at the location of the laborators, in which case = 48 iT < Byz < 60 nT depending on latitude. The magnitude of By, is zero atthe earths equator and maximum at its poles. The sign of Byz is positive in the northern hemisphere and negative in the southern hemisphere. B.6.4.6.2 The geometric correction factors, I, and f, in the above equations are given by, respectively 14 BlZaF > (B.6.4-9) and (B.6.4-10) For more information about /, and f, see [6]. The susceptibility of air may be neglected for all practical purposes. B.6.4.6.3 The formulas given above are for a cylindrical weight. If the weight does not have the form of a perfect cylinder, then additional corrections or a larger uncertainty may be required. For instance, further calculations are necessary to account for recessed base, knob, etc. as detailed in [6]. Corrections for these shape effects are largest for the smallest masses (2 g) where they amount to about 10 %. B6.4.7 Uncertainty ‘This procedure results in an uncertainty for the magnetic susceptibility in the range of 10 % to 20 %. The uncer- tainty associated with this method is larger for small weights [17, 18, 40] B.6.4.8 Recording results Record the measurement results using the forms in R 111-2 Test Report Forma B65 Magnetic susceptibility, the attracting method B6.5.1 Principles of the test being measured by this method is the relative magnetic permeability, as determined by comparing c force exerted by a permanent magnet on the mass standard with a corresponding force on permeabil ity standard (see Figure B.2). The magnetic susceptibility, z, is calculated by using the equation for the relationship between the relative magnetic permeability and the magnetic susceptibility ( ‘This method may be used on weights of 20 g and greater, and for E, - F, weights [18 and 19] (see also Table B.3(b)). Normally, the instruments available for this method may only be used to determine magnetic permeability in the range 1.01 su, 2.5 (0.01 $7 1.5). B.6.5.2 General considerations A disadvantage ofthis method is that the available instruments are difficult to calibrate. Warning: There is also a risk that the procedure will cause permanent magnetization of the test weight. ‘The magnet is attracted to the weight or the reference material depending on which of them has the greater mag- netic permeability %OLR 1111: 2008) B.6.5.3 Apparatus a) Amagnet balanced on a pivot with a counterweight (Figure B.2 b) reference material of known magnetic permeability; ©) Tools for handling weights (e.g. laboratory gloves, lint-free cloth, laboratory tweezers); 4) Awell-it room B.6.5.4 Mlustration of the apparatus igure B.2 gives an illustration of the apparatu rials) that may be used Normally the instrument includes a set of inserts (reference mate- Figure R2. Apparatus for magnetic susceptibility the atracting method Reference co = Barmagnet Counterweight Pivot Weight B.6.5.5 Measurement procedure 1) Insert a suitable reference material with known relative magnetic permeability in the instrument. b) Install the instrument ina stable position with the magnet pointing downwards. ©) Move the weight towards the instrument (bar magnet with the known reference material) until it touches the instrument. 4) Then remove the weight very gently from the instrument. ©) Ifthe bar magnet is attracted to the weight, then the relative permeability of the weight is higher than that of the reference material. {) This test shall be performed at different locations on both the top and the bottom of the weight. To provide traceability to these susceptibility determinations, the procedure should be repeated with measure- ‘ments on a sample of known susceptibility (eg, as determined by the susceptometer in B.6.4), B.6.5.6 Uncertainty ‘The instrument has an associated uncertainty of the permeability of approximately 0.3 % (30 % in the susceptil ility) at the lowest permeability (1, = 1.01) and 8 % (13 % in the susceptibility) at the highest permeabi (u, = 2.5). The measurement proceduire may have large uncertainties [19], B6.5.7 Recording results Record the measurement results using the forms in R 111-2 Test Report Format. #Wwe 111-1; 2004 6 B.6.6 Magnetic susceptibility, the fluxgate method B.6.6.1 Principles of the test The method determines the relative magnetic permeability of an object by use of a fluxgate magnetometer with a permeability probe containing a permanent magnet placed close to the object [20]. Warning: There is a risk that the procedure may cause permanent magnetization of the test weight. B.6.6.2 General considerations Normally, the instruments available for this method may be used to determine magnetic permeability in the range 1.0001 < j4, < 2.00 (0.0001 < 7 1.00). To provide traceability in these determinations, the procedure should be repeated with measurements on a sample of known susceptibility (e.g. an appropriate reference material certified by an accredited laboratory). B.6.6.3 Apparatus a) _Afluxgate magnetometer with a permeability probe containing a permanent magnet; b) __Areference material of known magnetic permeability; ©) Tools for handling weights (e.g. laboratory gloves, lint-free cloth, laboratory tweezers); d) — Awellitroom. B.6.6.4 Measurement procedure Refer to manufacturers specifications. B.6.6.5 Uncertainty instrument has an associated uncertainty of the permeability of approximately 0.2 % ({rom 40 % to 4 % in sus: ceptibility) in the range 1.005 < u, < 1.05 (0.005 < y< 0.05) [20]. Refer to manufacturer's specifications. B.6.6.6 Recording results Record the measurement results using the forms in R 111-2 Test Report Format. B.6.7 Recommended methods for determining magnetization and susceptibility by weight class and weight size B.6.7.1 Measurements are to be made on finished weights. B.6.7.2 The Gaussmeter (B.6.2) can be used to determine the magnetization for all accuracy classes, the Hall sen- sor for nominal values > 1 g, and the Fluxgate for nominal values > 100 g, B.6.7.3 Tables B.3(a), (b), and (c) give recommended procedures for the various weight classes, ‘Table B.3(a) Permanent magnetization, susceptometer method (B.6.4) Weight size Class 220g | E,, Ey, F, and F, weights without adjusting cavity 2gsm<20g | E, E,andF, s2g E, and E, 0COME 1111; 2004 Weight size Class Ey Class E, Class F; 5.000 kg 2.000 ke 1000 kg 500 kg 200 kg 100 ke 50 kg. 20kg 10ks, Ske 2kg ike 5002 200 ¢ 100 ¢ os ae 508 20¢ 10g Sg 2g le 500 mg, 200 mg. 100 mg ‘50. mg 20 mg 10mg Smg 2mg img Sp Sp Sp & Sp Material specification (B.6.3) S __Susceptometer for weights without adjusting cavity (B.6.4) Attracting method (B.6.5) F _Fhuxgate + permanent magnet (B.6.6) S* Methods F and A are preferred for class E, weights from 100 kg to 1 000 kg. This is because the effort re- ‘quired to build an appropriate device and perform the susceptometer measurements exceeds its benefit when compared with methods F and A for class E, weights from 100 kg to 1 000 kg, The susceptometer ‘method is not recommended for multi-piece weights,OWL 111; 2004 8 Table B.3@) Permanent magnetization, Gaussimeter(B.6.2) Weight size Accuracy class > 1 g (Hall sensor) > 100 g (Fluxgate) Ey Ea Bie My eee hy My B.7 Density B.7.1 Introduction Table 5 gives the density limits for weights. Following are six accepted methods for the determination of the dens ty of weights. Alternative methods, for example weighing with a balance immersed in fluorocarbon fluid (21 using an acoustic volumeter [22, 23], may be used if their validity is substantiated in appropriate documentation that is to be attached to the test report. The test methods A, B, C and D use water or another suitable test liquid as. a density reference, Methods E and F are appropriate for a lower class of weights, or if the immersion in a liquid is not acceptable. Table B.4 is a summary of the methods for determining density. Table B. (at the end of B.7) gives the recommended method of density determination by class. Table Bob Methods for determining density Method Description A | Most accurate method. A hydrostatic technique comparing the test weight with a reference weight both in air and in a liquid of known density. B___| Fastest and most suitable method. Weighing the weight in water and verifying that the balance in- ication is within tabulated limit values, or calculating the density from the balance indication and the known actual mass of the test weight. € | Separate determination of the mass and volume of the test weight. The volume is determined from the increase in the balance reading when the weight is suspended into a water bath placed on a balance pan. D__| This technique is suitable for weights > 1 kg. Weighing of a liquid-filled test container of well- defined volume capecity with and without the test weight inside. E _| This technique is appropriate for weights with cavities that must not be immersed in water. Calcu- lating the volume from the dimensions of the weight. F _| Estimating the density based on the known composition of the alloy from which the weight is man- ufactured. B.7.L.1 The verification of density limits has to take into account the uncertainty inherently connected with the test method used. Table B.5 gives a general estimate of uncertainty associated with each method. For each weight, the expanded uncertainty, U (for & = 2), of the density shall be within the limits: Prin USPS Pay —U (B7.1-1) However, if the uncertainty of the density test can be kept low, an increased range of results can be accepted for verification, as illustrated in Figure B.3. Lower uncertainties can be achieved with careful work.COME 1111; 2004 Table BS Estimated typeal uncertainties, U (fork = 2) by method and weight sie (in kgm) Method 50 kg kg 130 to 600 Figure 8.3 Density tolerance and verification limits due to measurement uncertainty Limits for accepted densities RL tolerance + Ap, = 8 000 gm B.7.2 General considerations B.7.2.1 Reference temperature The reference temperature for a density statement is 20 °C. If the measurement is performed at a different tempe: ature (other standard laboratory temperatures are 23°C or 27°C), the density should be recalculated for 20 making use of the volume expansion coefficient, , of the material. If yis not explicitly known, it is suggested for stainless steel weights to use g = 50 x 10°°°C", Pll) = Pllmes)*D+Y Cem ~ ter )] (B.72-1) Measurement uncertainty: AD 41? G 0 en ace 8 (lta) a Pl we tat} #1 meu )P pew? (B.7.2-2) B.7.2.2 Verification requirements for small weights The density of small weights, for which Table 5 gives no limiting values, need not be checked. The density of weights with a mass smaller than 1 g should be assumed according to method F (see below) referring to the manu- facturer’s information on the material the weights are made of. 4%WLR 1111; 2004 B,7.2.3 Immersion liquid ‘The immersion liquid shall have no effect on the weights, Distilled and de-aerated water is preferable, as its density is a well-known function of temperature [24] [25]! and its purity is easy to control (26. The equations in this section assume a constant value for the liquid density. For manual calculations performed with a pocket calculator, Table B.6 lists some density values for water. The air density can be calculated using the approximation formula (E.3-1). ‘Table B. Density of water 4 A Apt, tol kgm) Uke m3 °C] 18.0 998.593 185 998.499. = 0.190 19.0 998.402 195 998.303, = 0.201 20.0 998.201 205 998.096 =0.212 21.0 997.989 215 997.879 = 0.222 22.0 997.767 25 997.652 0.232 23.0 997.535 25 997.415, 0.242 24.0 997,293 B.7.2.4 Water penetration into the adjustment cavity Weights containing an adjustment cavity should not be immersed in water as it may enter the cavity during the measurement. This would affect both the density and the mass of the weight, and it would be harmful for the sta- bility ofthe mass. For weights with a cavity the geometric volume determination is the first choice. If, however all water can be removed afterwards, the hydrostatic weighing should be performed with an open cavity, carefully re- moving trapped air B.7.2.5 Air removal For accurate measurements in water, it is very important to remove air bubbles from the weight and the weight holder. This is also true for the walls in the liquid bath for methods C and D, especially if small weights are con- cerned. A practical way to reduce the risk of air bubbles is to de-aerate the water and the weight in the water by applying a sub-atmospheric pressure to the containing compartment for about 10 to 15 minutes* B.7.2.6 Weight holder and suspension wire Placing the weight on the weight holder under water may accidentally lead to damage to both the weight and the bath (glass). It is advantageous to immerse the weight and the weight holder together. Air bubbles, however, can (1) A-weight that was not cleaned before the test may show a lower weight value after immersion in pure water and following stabilization, (2) Other liquids with well-known and stable densities may be use, Ils essential for small measurement uncertainties (o wrk al constant and well-known temperature conditions. This s en more important if liguid with «higher temperature expansion coelficint than that fof waters used (3) For example, in the case ofa 20 mg weight, a change inthe balance reading of 20 jg would lend toa diference inthe density result of 80kg mr (4) The density of air saturated with water I about 0.0025 kg my” lower than that of airfree waterOWLR 1111: 2008 I) better be detected, if the weight holder and weight are submersed separately: Use a weight holder that can prevent the weight from falling. Ifa low measurement uncertainty is required, the suspension wire should be thin, clean and pass the air/water interface at a right angle’ 1B,7.2.7 Mass or conventional mass In the formulae given below, mass can be taken as conventional mass and vice versa, because considering the un- certainty obtained and required for the density of a weight, the difference between the values of its mass and con- ventional mass is of no concem. For the same reason, the nominal value can be taken for the mass or conventional mass of a weight, provided it can be assumed that its conventional mass complies with the corresponding maxi- ‘mum permissible error given in Table 1 B.7.2.8 Drying the weight After removing the weight from the water bath most of the water will immediately run off the weight’ surface. Re- maining droplets should be wicked off with a fine tissue. For stabilization, the weight can be placed under a suit- able cover (upside down beaker on spacers to allow ventilation). B73. Measurement of a test piece ‘The measurement of the density can be performed on a single test piece taken from the piece of metal used to manufacture the weight. The test piece is taken as close as possible to the weight and has a suitable volume and form for the measurement of its density. The roughness of the test piece is the same or smaller than the roughness, of the weight. The density of the weight is assumed to equal the density of the test piece. The standard uncertainty of this value is obtained by combining a relative standard uncertainty component, equal to 5 x 10°5, with the stan- dard uncertainty of the density ofthe test piece. B.14 Test method A (Hydrostatic comparison) This method can be performed in three different ways: Method Al (two different reference weights weighed in air): Comparison between test and reference weight in air and comparison between test weight in liquid and a second Method A2 (reference weights weighed in air and in the liquid): ‘Comparison between test weight and reference weight in air and comparison between test weight and (same or dif- ferent) reference weight, both in liquid; or Method A3 (direct weighing): ‘Weighing the test weight in air and in liquid using the balance indication instead of the mass of reference weights B.7.4.1 Apparatus 3) Laboratory balance(s) of sufficient capacity and high resolution (typically 2 x 10-* relative resolution), equipped to weigh a load suspended below the balance: b) Water bath capable of thermostatic control within 20 °C + 0.2 °C; ©) Suspension wires and weight holders for the different weight sizes; d) Mechanism to load and unload the weight holder in water; ©) Mass standards of known density; 1) Tools for handling weights (eg. laboratory gloves, lint-ree cloth, laboratory tweezers); ) — AwelHit room. nT ee ee ee een forthe extra force due to the formation of a meniscus atthe aciwater interface, whichis not reflected inthe following equations. A wire diameter, gf 0.1 10.03 mm for weights of up to 2 kg Is suitable in most cass(OMER 111-1: 2004 Figure B4 lustration of method A Weight exchanger Suspension wire Weight holder B.7.4.2 Test method Al (two different reference weights weighed in air) B.7.4.2.1 Measurement procedure Determine the density of the liquid, p,, and the air density, p, at the time of the test: a) First weighing (test weight in air) 1) Weigh test weight (m,) in air (of density p,); 2) Record indication (1); 3) Remove weight (m,,) carefully. b) Second weighing (reference weight in ain 1) Weigh reference weight (m,,) in air (of density p,); 2) Record indication (1); 3) Remove weight (m,,) carefully ©) Third weighing (test weight in liquid): 1) Weigh test weight (m,) in the liquid bath (of density p); 2) Record indication (1,); 3) Remove weight (m,) carefully. @) Fourth weighing (second reference weight in air) 1) Weigh reference weight (7, in air (of density p,); 2) Record indication (I,); 3) Remove weight (1, carefully. The second reference weight (m,) is usually a combination of weights for which the balance indication is close to the balance indication for the submersed weight. %OWLE 1111: 2008 1 B.7.4.2.2 Calculations The symbol nt, represents the total mass of the combination, and p, represents the effective density, The effective density is calculated by: yD) * (B.74-1) where Vj, are the volumes of the weights. The density of the test weight, p, is then calculated by: Pa (B7.42) with: (B7.4-3) (B7.4-4) Pa (B7.45) Anny = Cy —La,— (B.7.4-6) (B.7.4-7) The symbol p, represents the density of the sensitivity weight and p,, represents the air density at the time the bal- ance was calibrated, Pa aes eet. \- &) (negligibly small in most cases) (B.7.49) aly B je oes wine e,)o-Bf 8 eou)= Pa(,-01) (874-10) oa = (= Pr) (B.74-11) boadeeoud 2 .-n) azar) OPE) gsr ul.) ede (B7.4-14) 2 m™, May ‘The masses and densities of the reference weights are assumed to be correlated, u(r.) is the uncertainty due to the surface tension effect on the suspension wire (with a wire having a diameter of 1 mm, the maximum effect may be 23 mg; ifthe wire diameter is 0.1 mm, the effect may be 2.3 mg). Near 20 °C, the uncertainty of water density is approximately related to the uncertainty of its temperature, f, in °C (lemperature of water), as follows: ) (+ pero 2) 4 (B7.4-15) Uncertainties down to 0.05 kg mr may be achieved with equation (B.7.4-2) @‘OWL 1114; 2004} In most cases, the buoyancy correction factors C,, C, and C, do not differ significantly from each other and may be set to unity, thereby simplilying equation (B.7.4-2) as follows: Palit + Atrg, )= pay + 0 PT eg + Aig = hy = Ag BTC Relative uncertainty ln ))* (Ange (arr )) (tw)? (ee) ‘ Sey} <| eran Ap, = 2e{ Poa with: (B7.4-18) Pals (B.7.4-19) (37420) te “(Ga e-%) (7421) BP Pa Uncertainties down to 0.2 kg m- may be achieved with equation (B.7.4-16) B.7.4.3 Method A2 (reference weights weighed in air and in the liquid) B.7.4.3.1 Measurement procedure The same as in B.7.4.2.1, except 4) Fourth weighing (reference weight in liquid): 1) Weigh reference weight (m,) in liquid; 2) Record indication (,); 3) Remove weight (mz,) carefully The reference weight (m,) may be a second reference weight or the same as that used in air (m,,). B743.2 — Caleulations ‘The density ofthe test weight, p, is then calculated by equation (B.7.4-22) or equation (B.7.4-31). i) When the same reference weight is used for air and liquid measurement, m,, = 1m, = m, and P, = Py = Pre then: Caan \ (B742 P with: C, (B7423) CG (B.7-424) 4un,,, and Aon, are defined as in equation (B.7.4-2). Relative uncertainty: Cm) -t (B.7.4.25) 48COLE 1111; 20041 palm Im, +e.) (negligibly small in most cases) (B.7.4-27) team (3.74.29) a Pom Pa of, =P =P. (B.7.4.2 (n,)} ae im Pe Pm ola (B.7.4-30) Uncertainties down to 0.1 kg m- may be achieved with equation (B.7.4-22). ii)" When different reference weights are used for air and liquid measurement, m,, # mand 9,, # 2, then: PuCyIt, + Ato = pa (Coty + Arras) a Cum, + Am, ~Cyma — Ait, Basu, with: Pe (ara32) ci (B.7.4:33) Relative uncertainty: ne) 7 with: br) _ 1 lore) ™. (B.7.4-35) lp.) Pelt Feas Wn = P.+ | (negligibly small in most cases) (B.7.4-36) PL PoP 1 r)=—(a- 0), (negligibly small in most cases) (B.7.4-37) ee e poe es Cay eeesae)) (8.7438) boa) Fe (8.7438) (8.7440) elma, )= (7441) fm, = Pa. P= Bs Pp Mass of the references weights are assumed to be correlated. For 1...) see B.7.4.2.2 ‘Uncertainties down to 0.1 kg m- may be achieved with equation (B.7.4-3/). B.7.44 Method A3 (direct weighing) Instead of using a comparison technique, the procedure can be simplified by directly reading the balance indica- tion. B.7.4.4.1 Measurement procedure ‘The same as in B.7.4.2.1, except that procedures b) and d) are omitted. B.7.44,2 Calculations ‘The corresponding equation governing this situation is: ”WL 111: 2004 p= feB Pinte, Nae TT (B.7-4-42) The prerequisite for this simplification is a well-alibrated balance. /, and /y mean the indicated balance values for the test weight in air (subscript “a”) and liquid (subscript “I’) respectively, ater the balance has been tared without the weight on the pan or on the immersed holder. Relative uncertainty: BN (ov yey -{«. yea + eatGe) fet Pr ‘e i] 4u2 (B74-43) pp pine. (B.7.4-44) Ee) Sra (874-45) (B.7.4-46) (B7447) Uncertainties down to 0.2 kg m- may be achieved with equation (B.7.4-42). B.1.5 Test method B (density verification) B.75.1 Principles Method B is a simplified form of the hydrostatic technique and involves only weighing in liquid. The test weight is suspended by a thin wire of sufficient strength in water of density g, The balance display indicates a mass value, ly, ‘This method can be performed in two different ways: Method BI: Calculation of the density using equation (B.7.5-1) and associated uncertainty equation (B.7.5-2) (mandatory for class E,) Method B2: Verification that the density is within a prescribed range. The limiting values for the balan cation (R 111-2 Test Report Format) ate calculated on the minimum and maximum limits for den- sity that are given in Table 5 of this Recommendation. An estimated measurement uncertainty of the density determination method is taken into account depending on the weight size. As an addi- tional safety measure, the minimum limits are based on an assumed water temperature of 24°C, and the maximum limits are based on a temperature of 18 °C. B.7.5.2 Apparatus a) Laboratory balance(s) of suitable range. A relative resolution of 10 with a corresponding level of repeata- bility, is recommended; b) Liquid bath of stable temperature in the range 18 °C to 24 °C. Ifthe balance is equipped for weighing be- low the balance, it may be elevated on a support above the bath (see Figure B.4) or the bath may be placed on a support platform as shown in Figure B.S; ©) Carrier bracket which can be attached to the balance pan; d) Weight holder(s) of different size(s) with appropriate suspension wire(s); e) Reference weights for balance calibrati Tools for handling weights (e.g. laboratory gloves, lint-free cloth, laboratory tweezers).OWL 1114; 2008 16 Figure B.S lustration of method B Suspension Carrier ‘ire | V bracket Weighe Support LA holder plaiorm \ Balance on ana B.7.5.3 Measurement procedure a) Immerse the weight (or set of weights) in a bath of distilled water which is at 18 °C to 24 °C. The bath may be placed on a support platform according to Figure BS. b) Attach the carrier bracket to the balance pan and suspend the weight holder from the carrier bracket by a thin suspension wire of sufficient strength, so that the weight holder is completely immersed. The \ateriair interface at the suspension wire must be well defined. ©) Tare the balance to read zero*, 4) Remove air bubbles from the weight and place it on the holder. ©) Donot disturb the suspension wire, to avoid breaking the meniscus at the water surface. f) When stable, read and record the balance indication, 1. ©) Using tweezers put the test weight back into its storage position h) Record the environmental conditions of the laboratory (air temperature, pressure and humidity) and the temperature of the liquid. B.7.5.4 Results B.7.5.4.1 Method BI Calculation of density using the nominal mass, mg, of the weight. The density is calculated according to: Pim cS (B75-1) im, = 1y{1-2e Pow Measurement uncertainty of Method B1: (ee m Py = fo HO) foes) ara (©) Note: Ifthe balance does not have a tare function, fs the difference between the second and the fist weighings.OWMLR 11-1: 2008 f) with: lm) (875-4) 3 (B.7.5-3) ls (B75-5) m—Ty u(t) is the uncertainty due to the surface tension on the suspension wire (see also B.7.4.2.2).. ‘The measurement uncertainty for method BI is typically + 5 kg m- or better for the larger weights, and up to + 60 kg m- for a 1 g weight, depending on the size of the weight and the care in handling. The measurement un- certainty increases as the size of the weight decreases. tea) AN Eangy FOr ing values are tabulated in R 111-2 Test Report Format tor weight classes ‘The density, p, of the weight is verified by comparing the value of J, with two limiting values, the corresponding weight size. These li E,W, B.7.5.5 Recording results Record the measurement results using the forms in R 111-2 Test Report Format, Density verification - Method B and Limit density values. B. 6 Test method C (Volume determination by weighing of the displaced liquid) This method is not pract cal for weights of less than 1 g, B.7.6.1 Principles ‘This method can be performed two ways: 1) The mass of the test weight is unknown; or 2) The mass ofthe test weight is known, B.7.6.2 General considerations Instead of measuring the buoyancy force acting on the weight in water, it is possible to determine the volume of liquid that is being displaced by the immersed weight, With the known mass of the test weight, 1m, its density can be calculated, B.7.6.3 Apparatus a) Laboratory balance(s) with a capacity in the range 200 g to 100 kg with a relative resolution of 10° or bet- (er and corresponding repeatability b) Liquid bath(s) of suitable size(s); ©) Stand with height adjustment to hold the weights hanging in water; ) Suspension wire(s) and weight holder(s) of suitable size(s); ©) Tools for handling weights (e.g. laboratory gloves, lint-free cloth, laboratory tweezers); f)— Awelhlit room.