(HISTORY)

LESSON – 1 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

➢ Key Concepts of the lesson:- In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu a French artist prepared a series of four
prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of democratic and social Republic. During 19th
century nationalism emerged forcing many changes in Political and mental world of Europe.
➢ The French Revolution and the Idea of Nation:-
(1) Growth of nationalism in France
(2) Introduction of various measures and practices created sense of collective identity among the
people of France.
(3) Rise of Napoleon and his reforms. Revolutionaries help other peoples of Europe to become
nation.
➢ The making of Nationalism in Europe:-
(1) Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into Kingdom, duchies and cantons these divisions
were having their autonomous rulers.
(2) Industrialization in England, Emergence of a working class and liberalism.
(3) After the defeat of Napoleon, the European government follows the spirit of conservations
conservative regimes were autocratic Revolutionaries at that time fight for liberty and freedom. E.g.
Mazzini,s young Italy and Young Europe.
➢ The age of Revolution (1830- 48)
Liberalism and Nationalism, occurrence of revolutions in Brussels and Greece and development of
cultural movement in Europe, Hunger Hardship and Popular revolt, Demand for constitutionalism
and national unification. Rights for women Results- Frankfurt Parliament (May 1848)
➢ Unification of Germany and Italy:- Germany and role of Bismarck and his policy unification of
Germany Unification of Italy- Role of Mazzini Garibaldi and victor Emanuel II Separate case and
condition of Britain - Glorious revolution of 1688, Act of union of 1707.

VERY SHORT QUESTION

Q.1 Who was Frederic Sorrieu?

Ans. A Painter
Q.2 Write one feature of Romanticism.
Ans. A Cultural movement.
Q.3 What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives?
Ans. They stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and customs.
Q.4 Who was count Cavour?
Ans. The chief Minister of Italy
Q.5 Which state lead the unification of Germany?
Ans. Prussia
Q.6 Who hosted the congress of Vienna in 1815.
Ans. Duke Metternich
Q.7 What was this main objective of the treaty of Vienna of 1815?
Ans. To undo the changes brought about in Europe during Napoleonic war.
Q.8 Which of the following treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation?
Ans. Treaty of Constantinople
Q.9 At which places was the Frankfurt assembly convened ?
Ans. At the church of St paul.
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Q.10 ”When France sneezes the rest of the Europe catches cold” Who said this?
Ans. Metternich
Q.11. What is Liberalism?
Ans. For the now middle classes liberalism stood for freedom and equality of al before the law.
Q.12. Which secret society dial Mazzini found?
Ans. Young Europe and Young Italiy.
Q.13. Which country/counties defeated Neopleon?
Ans. Prussia Britain, Russia and Austria.
Q.14. What is suffrage movement?
Ans. The movement is related to “The right to vote”.

SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS

Q.1 Explain the concept of a nation-state.

Ans. Most of its citizens developed a common identity. They shared history. This commonness came as a
result of great struggle by the leaders and the common people.
Q.2 Explain the measures and practices creating sense of collective identity among the people of France.
Ans. The ideas of the father land (la patrie) le citioyen (the citizen) a new French flag emphasized the
nation of a united community. A new French flag, New hymns were composed, A centralized
administrative was set up, Internal customs duties were abolished.
Q.3 Explain the decision of the congress of Vienna.
Ans. The bourbon dynasty was restored in France, A number of states were set up on the boundaries of
France Prussia was given important new territories, Austria got control) of northern Italy, Russia was given
part of Poland.
Q.4 Why the 1830s was the year of great economic hardship in Europe?
Ans. Increase in population, unemployment migration, price rise, stiff competition in the market, Bad
condition of peasants.
Q.5 Why did national tensions emerge in the Balkan?
Ans. Ethnic variation spread of nationalism Disintegration of Ottoman Empire, claim of independence by
using history to prove that they had once been independent. Area of intense conflict, Mutual jealousy
matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.
Q6. What do you mean by Nation-state?
Ans.:-
I.Citizens of a nation enjoys a sense of collective belongingness and identity.
II.It evolved from either common history, struggles descent or action of leaders.
Note :- Ernst Renan gave the definition of nation-state.
Q7 :- Write a short note on jacobin club.
Ans :- JACOBIN CLUB
I. When the news of the French Revolution reached the various parts of Europe, people over there, started
gathering in forms of small clubs, called Jacobin clubs.
II. Their main aim was to prepare way for French army.

Note :- According to the artist of the time of the French Revolution, they personified Liberty as a female
figure.
Note :- According to the print of frederic sorrieu in 1848, the leader of the procession were United states
and Switzerland which were already nation-state at this time.

Q7 :- What were the major reasons for Napoleon losing the territories he conquered?
Ans :- There were three reasons.
I. Increased taxation.
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II. Censorship. (प्रतिबंध)
III. Forced conscription. (जबरन भिी)

*The Aristocracy (सामन्ि)

I. The landed aristocracy was socially and politically dominant class on the continent.
II. They were united by a common way of life.
III.They had estates in the countryside which were cultivated by serfs and town-houses.
IV. Their families were connected by the bond of marriage.
V. They were a small groups numerically.

*The New Middle Class

I.New type of commercial classes was emerged with the industrial growth after 1850s.
II. Their existence was based on production for the market.
III. A new social groups as a working class population called middle class.
IV. They were Industrialists, businessman and professionals.
V. They were also educated & liberal by ideas.
VI.They wanted national unity and was against aristocratic privileges.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q1. What were the various steps taken by the French revolutionaries to promote the idea of
nationalism/collective belongingness/ collective identity?
Ans:- Following various steps were taken by the French revolutionaries to promote the idea of nationalism.
I.The ideas of La patrie and le citoyen emphasised.
II. A new tricolour French flag was introduced.
III. A new Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and was renamed as the National
Assembly.
IV. New hymns were composed and oaths were taken, martyrs commemorated (शहीदों को याद करना), all in
the name of the nation.
V. Uniform laws were formulated for all the citizens.
VI.Internal customs duties and dues where abolished.
VII. Uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
VIII. French was promoted as national language.

Q2 :- What was Napoleonic Code?

OR What do you understand by the Civil Code of 1804?
OR What were the changes made under the Civil Code of 1804 by Napoleon?
Ans :- Napoleonic Code/ Civil Code of 1804
I. Also known as Civil Code of 1804 was introduced by Napoleon to maintain its control.
II. He removed all privileges based on birth.
III. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasents from
serfdom and manorial dues.
IV. Transport and communication facilities were improved.
V. Guild restrictions were removed from towns.
VI. He established equality before the law.
VII. He secured the right to property.
VIII. Common national currency was introduced.
IX. Uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
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Q3 :-"Ideas of national unity in the early 19th century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of
liberalism". Support this statement with arguments.
/OR What did liberal nationalism stand for?
Ans :- Liberalism
I. Socially, it stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
II. Politically, it stood for government by consent.
III. Economically, it stood for free movement of goods and capitals.
IV. It derived from Latin word 'Liber', means free.
V. In a broad sense, we can say that Liberalism means all kinds of freedom to all the citizens like equal
political rights, a democratic representative govt. through parliament under constitution and freedom of
market.

Q4 :- What was Zollverein? Why was it formed?

/OR What was Zollverein? How did it solve the problem of economic exchange?
Ans :- Zollverein
I. Germany was a confederation of 39 States.
II. Each of these possessed its own currency, weights and measures.
III.These conditions were obstacles to economic exchange.
IV. In 1834, a customs union was introduced by Prussia and later joined by other states.
V. It abolished tariff barriers.
VI.They reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
VII.They created a network of railways to stimulated economic growth.
VIII.They also promoted the idea of nationalism.

Q5 :- What do you mean by conservatism? highlight the main features of the beliefs.*
Ans:- Conservatism
I.Conservatism was a political philosophy that emphasised the importance of the tradition and Customs.
II. It also preferred gradual development to quick change.

● Features of the believers of conservatism

▪They believed in established, traditional Institutions of state and Society.
▪They believed monarchy, the Church, property and family should be preserved.
▪They did not propose a return to the society of Pre-Revolutionary days.
▪In fact,They wanted the modernization and strengthen the traditional institutions.
▪They also wanted to modernise the Army, Bureaucracy and economy too.

Q6 :- How did the Treaty of Vienna (1815) come into being?

OR Describe the main clauses of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.
OR Who hosted Vienna Congress in 1815? Analyse the main changes brought by the 'Vienna treaty'?
Ans :- Treaty of Vienna
▪Britain,Russia, Prussia and Austria had collectively defeated Napoleon in 1815.
▪They met to draw up a settlement for Europe at Vienna.
▪The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Matternich.
● The main clauses (Objects) of the Treaty of Vienna signed in 1815 were :
▪They undid most of the changes that had done during Napoleonic wars.
▪The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
▪France lost the territories which had annexed under Napoleon.
▪Some states were setup to prevent French expansion in future.
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▪German confederation of 39 States was left untouched.
▪The main intention was to restore the monarchies and create a new conservative order in Europe.

Q7 :- What kinds of conservative regimes was setup in 1815? What did liberal think about them?
Ans :-
▪Conservative regimes were autocratic set up in 1815.
▪They sought to repress activities that was against monarchical government.
▪Most of them imposed censorship on newspapers, books and songs.
▪They repressed the ideas of liberty and freedom of French Revolution.
● View of liberal-nationalists for conservatives.
▪The memory of the French Revolution continued to inspire liberals.
▪They criticized conservatives for banning freedom of press.

Q8 :- Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? What was his role in the unification of Italy?*
Ans :- Giuseppe Mazzini
▪He was an Italian Revolutionary.
▪He played an important role in promoting the idea of unification of Italian state.
▪He was born in Genoa in 1807.
▪He became a member of a secret society of the carbonari.
▪He was sent into exile in 1831 at the age of 24.
▪He founded two secret societies, first young Italy in Marseilles and young Europe in Berne.
▪Metternich described him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'.

● Role of Mazzini in the unification of Italy.

▪He believed that God had intended Nations to be the natural units of mankind.
▪So,Italy could not continue to be a Patchwork of small states and kingdom.
▪He wanted to be forged Italy in a single unified. republic.

Q9 :- Explain the statement "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold."
Ans :-
▪This was the statement of Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
▪This statement shows the importance of France over the world.
▪The first uprising took place against the Bourbon kings in France in July 1830.
▪It sparked an uprising in Brussels.
▪Result was that Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
▪So, once Metternich remarked, "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold."

Q10 :- How did the Greek War of Independence mobilise nationalist feeling among the educated elite
across Europe?
Ans :- Greece was the part of Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.
▪The Greeks were influenced by the growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe.
▪They started a struggle for their Independence in 1821.
▪Nationalists in Greece got support from the Greeks residing in different countries.
▪Even the West European countries sympathised with the Greek and their ancient culture.
▪Poets and artists also admired Greece as the cradle of the Europe.
▪They also mobilised public opinion to support Greek struggle against a Muslim empire.
▪Finally, Greece became an independent Nation through a treaty of Constantinople in 1832.

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● Note :- The English poet Lord Byron organised funds for the Greek War of independence and later he
went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.

Q11 :- How did romanticism seek to develop a particular form of Nationalist sentiment during 18th
century?
/OR Explain the role of romanticism in national feeling.
/OR "The development of nationalism did not come about only through war and territorial expansion.
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation." Elaborate upon the statement.
Ans :- Romanticism : A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist
sentiment.
▪Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation apart from war and
territorialexpansion.
▪Art and poetry, stories & music. They all helped us to express nationalist feelings.
▪Romantic artists and poets created a sense of shared collective heritage.
▪It criticised glorification of reason and science.
▪It focused on emotions and mystical feelings.
▪It also emphasised on vernacular language and collection of folklore to carry the nationalist message.

Q12 :- Explain the ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th
centuries.
/OR How were the feelings of nationalism kept alive by the people of Poland?
Ans :-
▪Poland had been partitioned at the end of the 18th century by the great powers- Russia, Prussia and
Austria.
▪It lost national identity and didn't exist as an independent state.
▪In such situations, Polish people used their culture, music and language to keep alive their nationalist
feelings.
▪Karol Kurpinski staged his Polish operas and music for national struggle.
▪The Polish people used dances like "polonaise" and "mazurka" making them nationalist symbols.
▪The use of Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russia dominance.

Q13 :- Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity.
Ans :-
▪Language played an important role in developing nationalist feelings.
▪In Russian dominance, Russian was imposed everywhere and Polish was forced out of schools.
▪After this, Many clrgys started using Polish as a weapon of national protest.
▪Popular traditions too played an important role in creating the idea of nation.
▪Art, poetry, stories and music all helped us to express and shape nationalist feelings.

Q14 :- Describe any three Economic Hardship faced by Europe In the 1830s.
/OR Describe the great economic hardship that prevailed in Europe during the 1830s.
/OR The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. Explain how?
/OR "The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe." Support the statement with
arguments.
Ans :- Economic hardship faced by Europe in the 1830s
▪There was enormous increase in population all over the Europe.
▪In most countries there were more job seekers than employment.
▪Population from rural areas migrated to the cities in search of work.
▪In towns, small producers faced tough competition of cheap machine-made goods from England.

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▪In some regions of Europe, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues.
▪The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread poverty in town and countryside.

Q15 :- What conditions prevailed in 1848 France?

Ans :-
▪It was food shortage and widespread unemployment in 1848.
▪It brought the population of Paris on the roads.
▪Barricades were erected and Louis Phillippe was forced to flee (run away).
▪A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic.
▪It granted right to vote to all adult males above the age of 21 and right to work.
▪National workshops were set up to provide employment.

Q16 :- Describe the Silesian weavers' uprising.

Ans :- Silesian weavers' uprising.
▪In 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors.
▪Contractors supplied raw materials to the weavers and got finished goods.
▪But suddenly, they reduced their payments.
▪A crowd of weavers marched toward the houses of contractors.
▪They smashed their window glasses and looted the supply of cloth.
▪As a result, the contractors fled away from their houses.

●Note :- Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the
Czech Republic and Germany.

Q17 :- Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals?*

Ans :-
▪The idea of national unity were closely related to the ideology of liberalism in 19th century Europe.
▪A revolution led by the educated middle classes started in the year 1848.
▪People rejected monarchy and established a republic based on universal right to vote.
▪In other parts of the Europe, people were demanding constitution with national unification.
▪They wanted a nation-state based on parliament, constitution and freedom of the press and association.

Q18 :- Write down the significance of Frankfurt parliament.

/OR Write a note on Frankfurt parliament.
Ans :- Frankfurt Parliament
▪In German regions, associations of liberal middle class professionals came together in the city of Frankfurt.
▪They decided to vote for the all German National Assembly.
▪831 elected representatives marched towards Frankfurt parliament on 18th May,1848.
▪They drafted a constitution for a German Nation.
▪This nation was a monarchical based on Parliamentary rule.

Q19 :- How did women retaliate for their rights in Germany?

/OR Writhe a note on "The role of women in nationalist struggle."
Ans :-The role of women in nationalist struggle
▪An important role was played by women in the national struggle all over the world.
▪A large number of women participated activitely in the liberal movement.
▪They formed their own political associations and founded newspapers.
▪They took part in political meetings and demonstrations.
Despite that, they were denied the right to vote.
▪Though they were given either very little or no political rights.

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▪For example, women were admitted only as observers standing in visitors' gallery in the Frankfurt
parliament.

Q20 :- Briefly trace the process of German unification.

/OR Examine the 'Nation State Building' process in Germany after 1848.
Ans :- German Unification
▪ Nationalism moved away with the ideas of democracy and revolution in Europe after 1848.
▪Middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state
governed by an elected parliament in 1848.
▪This nation-building process was repressed by monarchy supported by the large landowners (called
Junkers) of Prussia.
▪After this, the chief minister of Prussia, Otto Von Bismarck took the leadership of German unification.
▪Bismarck was the architect of this process and took the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
▪Prussia won three wars against Austria, Denmark and France over seven years and completed the
process of unification.
▪The Prussian king, William I was declared German Emperor in January 1871.

Q21 :- Briefly explain the process of unification of Italy.

/OR Examine the 'Nation State Building' process of Italy.
Ans :- Unification of Italy
▪Political Fragmentation :- Italy was also politically fragmented like Germany. Italy was divided into seven
states, of which only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by Italian Prince during middle of 19th century.
▪Role of Mazzini :- Giuseppe Mazzini tried to unite Italian Republic. He had formed a secret society called
'Young Italy' to achieve his goal.
▪Role of Count Cavour :- He was the chief minister who led the movement of Italian unification. He
formed a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and defeated the Austrian forces.
▪Role of Garibaldi :- A large number of armed volunteers joined the war under the leadership of Garibaldi.
They defeated the Spanish rulers in South Italy in 1860.
▪At the end, Victor Emmanuel II was declared the King of United Italy in 1861.

Q22 :- How was the history of national unification in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
/OR Write down the Unification process of Britain.
Ans :-
▪The formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden revolution in Britain.
▪It was a long process of unification.
▪British were divided into different ethnic groups such as English, Welsh, Scottish & Irish.
▪All they had their own cultural and political traditions.
▪English nation steadily grew its wealth, importance and power and was able to dominate other nations of
the islands.
▪The English parliament had taken power from the monarchy in 1688 and started the process of unification
of Britain.
▪By the Act of Union 1707, Scotland merged with Britain which formed Great Britain.
▪A revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen in 1798 was repressed by Great Britain and Ireland
forced to be a part of United Kingdom.
▪A new 'British Nation' was came with the domination of English culture.
▪Union Jack as the British Flag, God Save Our Noble King as national anthem and English language were the
symbols of the new Britain or UK.

Q23 :- What do you understand by the term 'allegory'? How did the female figure become an allegory of
a nation?

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Ans :- Allegory :- When an abstract idea is expressed through a person or a thing. It is called an allegory.
▪It is the personification of a country.
▪It is difficult to give a face to a nation in comparison to represent a ruler through a portrait or statue.
▪Artist in the 18th and 19th centuries found a way out by personifying a nation.
▪They represented a country as if it were a person.
▪Nations were then portrayed as female figures.
▪The female form to personifying the nation did not stand for any particular women in real life.
▪This is how the female figure became an allegory of the nation.

Q24 :- Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

Ans :-
▪The most serious nationalist tension in Europe came after 1871.
▪The inhabitants of this region were known as the Slavs.
▪A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
▪After the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, Nationalism in Balkans made it very explosive.
▪The nationalities in the Balkans were struggling to win back their independence.

Q25 :- What conditions of Balkan areas led to World War First?

Ans :-
▪The different slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and freedom.
▪This made the Balkan area most explosive.
▪The Balkan states were jealous of each other tried to dominate others by territorial expansion.
▪During this period, European powers became rivals over trade and colonies.
▪These rivalries were very evident in the way the Balkan problem unfolded.
▪This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.

Q26 :- Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

Ans :- The people of Balkans aspired to nationalism. This one is the main reason for the tension.
▪Ethnic Variation:- The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations.
Their inhabitants were known as slaves.
▪Disintegration of Ottoman Empire :- A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman
Empire. Spreading of nationalism & disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region vere explosive.
▪Subjugation :- Soon many foreign powers attempted to subjugate these newly independent states.
▪Jealousy :- There was a jealousy among the Balkan states and each tried to expand their boundaries.
▪Power Struggle :- Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Britain, the European powers were very
interested to expand their own imperialism.

Note :-
●Imperialism :- Subjugation by a nation of other nation/ Government/ territories economy and cultural
power by force.

●Nationalism :- Feelings towards our nation and its political, economic and cultural system by promoting
common interests.

Q27 :- Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were
portrayed?
Ans :- Marianne & Germania
▪Both were female allegories invented by artists to represent the nation in the 19th century.
▪In France, Marianne is a popular Christian name means the idea of people's nation.
▪Both were characterised for Liberty and the Republic.

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▪Germania was the allegory of German nation. She wore a crown of oak leaves.

LESSON – 2 NATIONALISM IN INDIA

➢ Brief Concepts of the Lesson- Nationalism in India developed in the colonial context. Mahatma
Gandhi arrived in India from Africa in 1915. Under his leadership several mass movements were
organized.

1. The first world war, Khilafat and Non Cooperation

War and its effects- Huge increase in defenses expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing
taxes. Through the years the prices increased doubling between 1913- 1918 leading to extreme hardship
for the common people.

2. Gandhiji and Satyagraha- Champaran in Bihar (1916) Kheda in Gujarat (1917), In 1918 in
Ahmedabad. In 1919 nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlett Act was launched by Gandhi.
13th April and Jallianwalla Bagh massacre world war I and Khilafat issued, At the Congress session Nagpur
in Dec 1920, a compromise was worked out and Non-cooperation programme was adopted. Movements in
towns, Rebellion in country side

3. Towards civil Disobedience-

(i) Swaraj Party was founded by CR Das and Moti Lal Nehru for return to council Politics.
(ii) Arrivel of Simion Commission in 1928 in India and its boycott by India because the commission did not
have single Indian member.
(iii) Lahore congress and demand for purna swaraj
4. Dandi march and the civil Disobedience movements-
(i) Governments repressive policy
(ii) Gandhi Irwin Pact and failure of round table conference.
(iii) Re-launching of movements.
5. Who participated in the movements - The rich peasant communities, the poor peasantry, the
industrial workers in Nagpur and a large scale participation of women took active part in the movement.
6. Limits of the movements less participation by untouchables - Ambedker for separate
electorate and Poona pact in 1932.
7. The sense of collective belonging - This sense of collective belonging came partly through the
experience of united struggles role of folklore and songs.
2. Identity of India and Bharat Mata.

VERY SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.1 What is meaning of Satyagraha?

Ans. It emphasized the Power of truth and Gandhi ji successfully fought the racist regime of South Africa
with the novel method.
Q.2 At which place congress session of September 1920 held.
Ans. Calcutta
Q.3 Who was the leader of the Peasant Movements of Awadh?
Ans. Baba Ramchandra
Q.4 Under which act the Plantations workers of Assam were not permitted to leave the tea garden?
Ans. The Inland Emigration Act
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Q.5 Name the leaders who founded Swaraj Party?
Ans. CR Das and Motilal Nehru
Q.6 At which place did Gandhi ji make salt out of sea water?
Ans. Dandi
Q.7 Who wrote 'Hind Swaraj?
Ans. Mahatma Gandhi
Q.8 Which incident forced Gandhiji to halt the Non – cooperation movement?
Ans. Chauri Chaura
Q.9 Who led the civil disobedience movement in Peshawar ?
Ans. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
Q.10 Who first created the image of Bharatmata?
Ans. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Q.11. What method was adopted by Dr B.R. Ambedkar to uplift the Dalits?
Ans. He demanded separate electorates for them and He organized them into Depressed classes
association in 1930.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q.1 What were the effects of non-cooperation on the economic front?

Ans. Foreign goods were boycotted, Liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfire many
traders refused to import foreign cloth the import of foreign cloth reached to half.
Q.2 What were the causes for the gradual slowing down of the Non- cooperation movement in the
cities?
Ans. (1) Khadi was more expensive than the mill produced cloth and the poor could not afford it.
(2) British institutions were boycotted but the process of establishing Indian institutions was slow so
the students and teachers started joining the British institution again.
Q.3 Describe the main events leading to civil disobedience.
Ans. (1) Worldwide economic depression
(2) Simon commission was constituted in 1927 in London and no Indian member was appointed.
(3) Lord Irwin announced that Dominion State would be granted to India.
(4) At the Lahore congress session resolution for purna swaraj was passed.
Q.4 What did freedom mean to Plantation workers in Assam?
Ans. (1) Right to move freely in and out of their enclosures.
(2) Retaining link with their villages.
(3) They were not allowed to leave the tea garden without permission which they wanted.
Q.5 What was the role of women in the civil Disobedience movement?
Ans. (1) Participated is the salt Satyagraha in large number.
(2) They participated in protest marches and also manufactured salt.
(3) Many women went to jails.
(4) In rural areas the women considered service to the nation a sacred duty.
Q.6 Explain the problems faced in unifying people.
Ans. All credits of glorious past were attributed to the Aryans and their contributions therefore it became
difficult to bring all communities on a single platform.
Q.7 Why and how is the identity of a nation symbolized in a Figure?
Ans. (1) It helps create an image with which people can identify the nation.
(2) With the growth of nationalism identify of India came to be associated with the image of Bharat
Mata.

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 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1.How did the First world war help in the growth of national movement in India?
OR State the implications of the first world war on India’s freedom struggle?
OR How the post first world war scenario in India was responsible in instigating (उकसाना) the Anti-
British feelings among Indians?
ANS.:- Implications of World War first
1.World war created a new economic and political situation all around the world.
2. Britain was under a huge war expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes.
3. Custom duty were raised and Income Tax was introduced.
4. The price rise was double during the war years. It lead to extreme hardship for the common people.
5. Forced recruitment of soldiers in the rural areas caused widespread anger.
6. At the same time failure of crops in many parts of India.
7. Same time, influenza epidemic broke out.
All the factors together were responsible to the growth of anti-British feeling among the Indians.

2. What is meant by the idea of ‘Satyagraha’?

OR ‘A Satyagrahi wins the battle through non-violence.’ Explain with examples.
ANS.:- The idea of Satyagraha
1.The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
2. If the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight
the oppressor.
3. A satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence.
4. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
5. People, including the oppressors, had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept
truth through use of violence.
6. By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph.

3. Mention some of the early political agitations of Mahatma Gandhi in India.

ANS.:- Early political movements of Mahatma Gandhi in India
1. After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organized Satyagraha movements in various places.
2. In 1916, he traveled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive
plantation system.
3. In 1917, He organized a Satyagraha to support the peasants of Kheda district of Gujarat.
they were affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic so the peasants of Kheda could not pay the
revenue and they were demanding for relaxation in revenue collection.
4. In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organize a Satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill
workers.

4. Write a note on the Rowlatt Act.

OR Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
ANS.:- The Rowlatt Act
1. British government hurriedly passed an act in respect to Gandhiji's idea of Satyagraha.
2. This act gave the government enormous power to repress political activities.
3. It also allowed detention of political Prisoners without trial for 2 years.

21
*Protest of Rowlatt Act/Rowlatt Satyagraha :- Gandhi ji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha
against the proposed act in 1919.
He wanted nonviolent civil disobedience against search unjust laws.
Which would start with hartal on 6 April.
*Steps taken in Rowlatt Satyagraha
1. Rallies were organized in various cities.
2. Workers went on strike in railway workshop.
3. Shops closed down.
4. Afraid of this moment, the British administration decided to start repression on Nationalists.
5. Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi and Martial Law was imposed.

5. Write a note on Jallianwala Bagh incident. ( 13 April 1919)

OR What were the circumstances that led to the the Jallianwala Bagh mascare?
OR Why was the the Rowlatt Satyagraha launched? Why was it called off?
ANS.:- I. Hartal was started in Amritsar on 6th April.
II. Most of the local leaders of Amritsar were arrested on 10th April and Martial Law was imposed.
III. General Dyer took command of law and order.
IV. Jallianwala Bagh is a small bag outside of Amritsar.
V. On 13th April, villagers were gathered to celebrate Baisakhi and some were present to protest against
Rowlatt Act.
VI. villagers were au aware of the Martial that had been imposed in Amritsar.
VII. General Dyer entered the area, block the exit points and ordered fire on the crowd.
VIII. Hundreds of people were killed and thousands were injured.
IX. Later dyer’s remark was that it was all done to produce terror among Indians.
Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.

6. What was Khilafat issue? How did it become part of the Nationalist movement?
ANS.:- I. Turkey was under Ottoman Empire.
II. The ruler of Turkey was called Khalifa.
III. He was the spiritual leader of Muslims all around the world.
IV. Britain defeated Turkey in world war.
V. Britain deththroned the existing Khalifa and appointed A new Khalifa in his place.
VI. It caused the wide spread anger among the Muslims all over the world.
VII. In India also Muslims started protesting against the British by forming Khilafat committee under the
leadership of Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
VIII. Gandhiji saw this as golden opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified struggle
against British. IX. Gandhiji convinced all Congress leader to support Khilafat movement in support of
Swaraj.

7. What were the reasons for the launching of the Non-cooperation movement?
OR What was Gandhiji's idea behind launching it as stated in his book Hind Swaraj?
OR Why Gandhiji decided to launch non co-operation movement?
ANS.:- I. Gandhi ji declared in his book “Hind Swaraj” in 1909.
II. He believed that British rule was established in India with the co-operation of Indians and had survived
only because of this cooperation.
III. If Indian refused to co-operate British rule in India, it would collapse within a year.
IV. And finally we would achieve Swaraj.

22
8. How did the non-cooperation movement unfold? Who participated in it? How did different social
group conceive of the idea of Non-Cooperation?
OR How did non co-operation movement become a mass movement?
OR How did different social groups conceive the idea of non- cooperation?
ANS.:-Movement in towns steps taken for the success of non cooperation movement
I. In towns, the moment started with middle class participation in the cities.
II. Thousands of students left their government controlled schools and colleges.
III. Headmaster and teachers resigned.
IV. Lawyers give up their legal practices.
V. Foreign goods were boycotted.
VI. Foreign clothes were burnt in huge bonfire.
VII. Liquor shops were picketed.
VIII. The Council elections were boycotted.

9. Why the non-cooperation movement failed early in towns?

OR Why was the non-cooperation movement slowed down in cities?
ANS.:- The non-cooperation movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons.
I. Khadi was too much expensive than the British produced mill cloth.
II. Poor people could not afford to wear Khadi.
III. For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be opened but its process was
very slow.
IV. Teachers and children started going back to their schools.
V. Lawyers started going back to their courts.

Movement in countryside (villages)

10. What were the causes for the peasants movement in Awadh? How did they organize it?
ANS.:- I. The movement in Awadh was against talukdars and landlords.
II. They demanded high amount of revenue from the peasants.
III. The movement was led by Sanyasi Baba Ramchandra.
IV. Peasants had to do begaar and work at landlords’ farms without any payment.
V. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begaar and social boycott of
oppressive landlords.
VI. In many places 'Nai-dhobi bandhs' were organized by panchayats.

11. Give an example to prove that the tribal peasants interpreted the message of non-cooperation
Movement in different way.
OR How did the non-cooperation Movement unfold in hills or among the tribals?
ANS.:- Movement among tribals-
I. NCM among the tribals was started in gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.
II. Started in the form of militant guerrilla movement against the British .
III. British had closed large area of forest land and they also prevented the tribals to enter into it.
IV. This caused the wide spread anger among the tribals against the British .
V. Not only the livelihood was affected But the tribal saw it as the attack on their traditional right.
VI. Hence, tribals joined the non-cooperation movement.

23
12. Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju?
OR Write a short note on Raju's contribution in the NCM among the tribals.
ANS.:-I. Alluri sitarama Raju was an interesting character.
II. He led the NCM among the tribals in gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.
III. He claimed that he had a variety of special power.
IV. He could make correct astrological predictions.
V. He could Heal treat the people he could even survive Bullet shots.
VI. Raju was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi and his non-cooperation movement.
VII. He told the hill people to wear Khadi and give up drinking.
VIII. But, Raju believe that Swaraj could be achieved only through the use of violence.
IX. Raju was captured and executed in 1924.

13. How did the plantation workers conceived the idea of non-cooperation movement?
OR What did Swaraj mean for the workers of plantation?
ANS.:- I. Under the inland emigration act of 1859, plantation workers were not allowed to leave the tea
gardens without permission & they were rarely given such permission .
II. When the heard of non-cooperation, they believed that Gandhi raj is coming and everyone would given
land in their own villages.
III. Thousands of workers disobeyed the owners, left the plantations and went home.
IV. They never reached their homes. They were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

14. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the non-cooperation movement?
OR Why was non-cooperation movement called off by Gandhi ji ?
ANS.:- Non-cooperation movement was called off by Gandhi ji because of the following reason-
I. He felt that the moment was turning violent in many places.
II. Gandhi ji was firm believer of peaceful opposing the British.
III. Gandhiji believed that the Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for
mass struggle.
IV. Mahatma Gandhi called off the non-cooperation movement because of the Chauri-Chaura incident in
February 1922.

15. With what aim was the Swaraj Party setup? Who formed Swaraj Party?
ANS.:- I. Swaraj Party was setup by Motilal Nehru and CR Das in 1923.
II. They wanted to participate in election to the provincial Council.
III. They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the Council.

16. What was Simon Commission? Why Indians opposed it?

OR Why did Simon Commission visit India? Why was it boycotted?
ANS.:- I. Britain constituted a statutory commission under John Simon.
II. It was set up in response to the Nationalist movement.
III. The main objective of this Commission was to review the constitutional system of India and suggest
changes.
III. The problem was that there was no single Indian member in the commission. They were all British.
IV. So Indians started to oppose this Simon Commission.

24
17. What were the two important decisions taken at Lahore session of the Indian National Congress in
1929?
OR Discuss the significance of the congress session in 1929 in the freedom struggle of India.
ANS,:- I. The congress session of Lahore was held under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929.
II. In the session, the Indian National Congress demanded for Purna Swaraj or full Independence for India.
III. It was declared that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as the Independence Day.
IV. People would take a pledge to struggle for complete Independence.

18. Why did Gandhi ji start the civil disobedience movement?

OR Why did Gandhi ji considered salt as a powerful symbol of national movement against the British?
OR What was the Salt Satyagraha ( The Dandi March)
ANS.:- I.Congress declared full Independence at the Lahore session in 1929.
II. Congress decided to launch civil disobedience movement to get complete Independence.
III. Gandhiji send the letter to Lord Irwin stating 11 demands on 31 January 1930.
IV. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax.
V. Salt was consumed by the rich and the poor and it was one of the most essential items of food.
VI. Mahatma Gandhi found salt as a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
VII. The government imposed tax on salt and monopoly over its production.
VIII. Mahatma Gandhi declared it as the most oppressive face of British rule.
IX. Gandhiji give an ultimatum to the British that if the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March Congress
would launch a civil disobedience campaign.
X. Since the demands were not accepted, Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Dandi March accompanied
by 38 of his trusted volunteers.
XI. The march was over 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi.
XII. The volunteers walked for 24 days about 10 miles a day.
XIII. Gandhiji reached Dandi and violated the law producing salt by boiling sea water on 6 April.
XIV. This marked the beginning of the civil disobedience movement.
(Point no. VII to XIV are answer for the salt Satyagraha or Dandi March)

19. How was civil disobedience movement different from the non-cooperation movement?
ANS.:- I. The Non-cooperation movement was started to support the Khilafat movement in 1920 while
the civil disobedience movement was started to get complete Independence in 1930.
II. The non-cooperation movement was the first mass Movement in which large number of peasants
participated where as in civil disobedience movement a large number of women participated.
III. People were asked not to co-operate with British during the non-cooperation movement, whereas
people were asked not to co-operate and to violate colonial laws in civil disobedience movement.

20. Describe the civil disobedience movement. How did it become a mass movement?
ANS.:-I. The Dandi March marked the beginning of the civil disobedience movement.
II. People asked not only to refuse co-operation with the British but also to break colonial laws.
III. Thousands people broke the salt law and manufactured salt in different part of the country.
IV. They also demonstrated in front of government salt factories.
V. As the movement spread, foreign clothes were boycotted.
VI. Liquor shops were picketed.
VII. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari Taxes.
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VIII. Village officials resigned in many places.
IX. Forest people violated forest laws by going into reserved forest to collect wood and graze cattles.

21. Why did Gandhi ji call off civil disobedience movement?

ANS.:- I. Most of the Congress leaders were arrested in April 1930.
II. Angry crowds demonstrated in the street of Peshawar, facing police firing.
III. Hundreds were killed and thousands were injured.
IV. When Mahatma Gandhi was arrested, industrial workers in Solapur attacked police post, municipal
buildings, law courts and railway stations.
V. The frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression.
VI. Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten up and 1 lac people were
arrested.
in such situation, Mahatma Gandhi decided to call of the moment.

22. what were the main features of the Gandhi-Irwin pact?

ANS.:- I. Gandhi-Irwin pact which was signed in March 1931.
II. By this fact, the Congress agreed to join the second round table conference in London.
III. According to this agreement the government agreed to release all political Prisoners.
IV. Gandhi ji should attend the second round table conference.
V. And he should call of the civil disobedience movement.

23. Why did Gandhi ji re-launch civil disobedience movement?

ANS.:- I. The failure of second round table conference disappointed Gandhi ji.
II. When he came back to India, he saw that the government had begun a new cycle of repression.
III. Gaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail.
IV. Congress had been declared illegal.
V. A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts.
With great apprehension (आशंका), Mahatma Gandhi re-launched the civil disobedience movement.

24. Describe the participation of different social groups in the civil disobedience movement. Why did
they join the movement?
ANS.:- I. In the countryside, rich peasant communities like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar
Pradesh were active in the movement.
II. They were producers of commercial crop and they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling
price.
III. Indian merchants and industrialists wanted protection against Import of foreign goods. They also
financially help the movement. They wanted to end colonial control over Indian economy. They joined civil
disobedience movement and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
IV. Another important feature of the civil disobedience movement was the large scale participation of
women. During Gandhiji’S salt march, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him. They
participated in the protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
V. There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dock workers in 1932. In 1930 thousands of workers
in chhotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.

26
25. Why did the rich peasant communities join the civil disobedience movement? Why did not they join
when it was re-launched in 1932?
Ans.:- I. In the countryside, rich peasant communities like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar
Pradesh joined the movement.
II. Being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices.
III. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand.
IV. The government refused to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread anger among them.
V. These rich peasants were actively participated in the boycott programs.
VI. For them the fight for Swaraj was a struggle against high revenues.
VII. But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without the deduction
in revenue rates. Therefore, when the movement was restarted in 1932, many of them refused to
participate.

26. Why did the poor peasants not join the civil disobedience movement? Why the relationship between
the poor peasants and the Congress was remained uncertain during civil disobedience movement?
ANS.:- I. The poor peasants were not just interested in the lowering of the revenue demand.
II. Many of them were small tenants cultivating land they had rented from landlords.
III. As the depression continued and cash incomes decreased, the small tenants found it difficult to pay
their rents.
IV. They wanted to be remitted (छुटकारा) from the unpaid rent of the landlord.
V. They joined a variety of radical movements and campaigns.
VI. Congress did not want to upset that rich peasants and landlords and was unwilling to support “no rent
campaigns” of the poor peasants in most places.
So the relationship between the poor peasants and Congress remained uncertain.

27. Why did the business class support the civil disobedience movement? Why did the business class not
support the civil disobedience movement when it was re-launched?
ANS.:- I. Indian merchants and industrialists wanted protection against Import of foreign goods.
II. They wanted to end colonial control over Indian economy.
III. They joined civil disobedience movement and give financial help and refused to buy or sell imported
goods.
IV. Most Businessman came to see Swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer
exist, trade and industry would gain without any barriers.
V. They were afraid of the spread of militant activities and worried by giving influence of socialism among
the younger members of the Congress.
VI. After the failure of the Round table conference, business group were no longer uniformly enthusiastic
in the civil disobedience movement.

28. How did the Indian merchants and industrialists protect their interest?
ANS.:-I. To organize business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and commercial Congress in 1920
end the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and industries (FICCI) in 1927.
II. These organizations were led by Purushottam Das Thakur Das and G.D. Birla.
III. The Industrialists attacked the Colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the civil
disobedience movement when it was first launched.
IV. They gave financial help and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
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29. Describe the participation of women in the civil disobedience movement. Why did the participation
of women in large numbers in the movement not bring any radical change in the position of Indian
women?
ANS.:- I. An important feature of the civil disobedience movement was the large scale participation of
women.
II. Thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him during Gandhiji's salt march.
III. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, picketed foreign cloths and liquor shops.
IV. Many of them went to jail.
V. In urban areas, these women were from high caste families and in rural areas they came from a rich
peasant household.
VI. Moved by Gandhi Ji's call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.
VII. Gandhiji believed that it was the duty of women to look after home and be a good mother and wife.
VIII. After discouraged by Gandhiji and Congress, women did not hold any position of authority within the
Congress. Women remained their symbolic presence in congress.

30. Why did Gandhiji and Dr Ambedkar come into a conflict in the second round table conference? What
was the result?
OR Explain the circumstances leading to the Poona pact 1932. What are its provisions?
ANS.:- POONA PACT
I. Dr. Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for the Dalits.
II. Gandhi ji opposed it because Gandhi ji believed that separate electorates for the dalits would slow down
the process of their integration into society.
III. When the British government granted Ambedkar's demand, Gandhi ji began a fast unto death.
IV. Ambedkar finally accepted Gandhiji's position and the result was the Poona pact of September 1932.
VI. It give the depressed a reserved seats in provincial and Central legislative councils but they were to be
voted in by the general electorates.

31. What were the limits of the civil disobedience movement?

ANS.:- I. For long, the Congress had ignored the dalits, fearing of offending the Sanatanis, the conservative
high-caste Hindus. Therefore dalits did not participate in the movement.
II. Some of the Muslim political organizations did not respond to the civil disobedience movement since
Congress is more associated with Hindu associations.
III. The relationship between the poor peasants and Congress remained uncertain during this period.
Congress did not want to upset the rich peasants and landlords and was unwilling to support campaigns of
the poor peasants in most places.

32. Describe briefly any three economic effects of the non-cooperation movement.
ANS.:- I. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in the huge bonfires.
II. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921and 1922.
III. Its value dropped from rupees 102 crore to Rupees 57 crore.
IV. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.

Que33 :- How had a variety of cultural processes developed a sense of collective belongingness in India
during the 19th century? Explain with examples. (CBSE 2019, 32/2/3)

28
OR/ "Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation."
Support the statement.
Ans :- We had a variety of cultural processes that developed a sense of collective belongingness in India
during the 19th century these are following:
■ Cultural Processes: Figures or images helped to create an image with which people identify their Nation.
Abanindranath Tagore painted the famous image of Bharat Mata as she is calm, divine and spiritual.
■ Indian Folklore: Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to receive Indian folklore. Folk
tales gave a true picture of the traditional culture.
■ National Symbols: During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolor flag was designed. Gandhi ji also
designed the Swraj flag in 1921.
■ Reinterpretation of History: The British saw Indians as backward, primitive and incapable of governing.
In response, Indian began looking into the past to discover India's great achievements.
■ New Hymns: "Vande Mataram" and "Jan gan man" wrote to create a sense of collective belonging in
Indians.

■ IMPORTANT MAP ITEMS:

● Initial Movements of Mahatma Gandhi
1 Champaran Movement 1916
2 Kheda Movement 1917
3 Ahmedabad Satyagraha 1918
● Congress sessions
1 Calcutta- September 1920
2 Nagpur- December 1920
3 Madras- December 1927
4 Lahore- December 1929
● Centres of Indian National Movement
1 Chauri Chaura
2 Dandi
3 Amritsar
4 Bardoli

29
 (GEOGRAPHY)
LESSON – 1 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
Very Short Type Questions
Q.1. Resources which are found in a region but have not been utilized are called?
Ans:- Potential Resources.
Q.2:- On the basis of exhaustibility, resources can be classified into ………………..
Ans:- Renewable and Non Renewable.
Q.3. Rio de Janeiro Earth summit was held in ………………………
Ans:- 1992.
Q.4:- What is the full form of UNCED?
Ans:- United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.
Q.5. What is resource planning?
Ans:- Judicious use of resources is known as resource planning.
Q.6. Coal, iron ore, petroleum, diesel etc. are the examples of …………………
Ans:- Renewable resources
Q.7. Which term is used to identify the old and new alluvial respectively?
Ans:- Bangar & Khadar
Q.8. Which soil is the best for cotton cultivation?
Ans:- Black soil
Q.9. How much percentage of forest area should be in the country according to the National Forest
Policy.
Ans:- 33%
Q.10. Which type of soil develops due to high temperature and evaporation?
Ans:- Arid Soil
Q.11. Which resources can be acquired by the Nation?
Ans:- National resources
Q.12. Which is responsible for sheet erosion?
Ans:- Water
Q.13. Which method is used to break up the force of wind?
Ans:- Strip Cropping
Q.14. Which is the main cause of land degradation in Madhya Pradesh ?
Ans:- Deforestation
Q.15. Which is a special feature of the sustainable development?
Ans:- Development should take place without damaging the environment.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?
Ans. 1) Terracing on hilly area
2) Building dams on hilly areas
3) Afforestation
Q2. When and why was the Rio-de-Janeiro Earth summit held?
Ans. 1992, Rio-de-Janeiro (Brazil) Earth Summit to achieve sustainable development in order to combat environment
damage, poverty and disease, it laid emphasis on global cooperation mutual needs and shared responsibilities.
Q3. Write two characteristics each of Khadar and Bangar ?
30
Ans. Khadar (New Alluvium)
1) New Alluvium, a new soil
2) Very fertile soil, less Kankar nodules.
Bangar (Old Alluvium)
1) Old Alluvium or Old soil
2) Not so fertile, often contains Kankar nodules
Q4. What type of soil is found in river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type
of soil.
Ans. Alluvial Soil.
Its main features are:-
1) Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash and lime which are ideal for the growth of
sugarcane, paddy, wheat etc.
2) Such a soil is the result of deposits of river.
3) Very fertile soil.
Q5. What do you mean by land use pattern? Name the factors that determine the use of land.
Ans. Utilization of land for various purposes, such as cultivation, grazing of animals, mining, construction of
roads etc.
Factors:- 1) Topography 2) Climate 3) Human Factor 4) Accessibility

Long Answer Type Questions

Que1 :- What are resources? What are its characteristics?

Ans :- RESOURCES : Everything available in our environment, which can be used to satisfy our needs if it is,
➢ Technologically accessible
➢ Economically feasible
➢ Culturally acceptable, is termed as resource.

Que2 :- Examine the interdependent relationship among nature, technology and institutions in the
economic development. [ in the resource transformation]
Ans :- a) Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate
economic development.
b) They transform material available in our environment in to resources by using technology and use them.

Que3 :- How can be resources classified?

Ans :- Resources can be classified in the following ways-
On the basis of origin – Biotic & Abiotic

On the basis of exhaustibility - Renewable & Non-Renewable

RESOURCES
On the basis of ownership – Individual, Community, National & International

On the basis of status of development – Potential, Developed, Stock & Reserves

Que4 :- Distinguish between biotic and abiotic resources.

Ans :- Difference between Biotic and Abiotic.
➢ Biotic resources have or had living characteristics whereas abiotic resources are composed of non-
living things.
➢ Biotic resources are normally obtained from the biosphere whereas abiotic resources obtained from
the lithosphere.

31
 ➢ Examples of biotic resources are human beings, flora, fauna, fisheries and livestock.
➢ Examples of abiotic resources are rocks, metals, minerals etc.

Que5:- Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources.

Ans :- Difference between Renewable and non-renewable resources.
➢ Renewable resources are those resources, which can be regenerated in a given period of time
whereas
non- renewable resources cannot be re generated.
➢ Renewable resources are abundant and replenishable whereas non-renewable resources are
scarce and non-replenishable.
➢ Renewable resources are non-exhaustible whereas non- renewable resources are exhaustible.
➢ Solar and wind energy, water, forest and wild life are examples of renewable resource and
minerals and fossil fuels are examples of non-renewable resources.

Que6 :- How are resources classified on the basis of ownership?

Ans :- There are four types of resources on the basis of ownership
➢ Individual resources:
▪ These are privately owned resources.
▪ Village people own land and cattle whereas urban people own plots, flats or other
property.
▪ Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in the wells are individual resources.
➢ Community owned resources:
▪ These are resources accessible to all the members of the community.
▪ Grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, public parks, play grounds, picnic spots
etc are community owned resources.
➢ National Resources:
▪ All the minerals, water resources, forests, wild life, all the resources with in the political
boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles from the coast belong to national
resources.
▪ Roads canals, railways and properties of public character belong to national resources.
➢ International resources:
▪ The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to
international resources.
▪ No individual or country can claim it. There are international institutions to regulate these
resources.

Que7 :- How are resources classified based on the status of development?

Ans :- There are four types of resources on the basis of the status of development.
➢ Potential resources:
▪ Resources, which are found in a region, but have not been utilized, are potential resources.
▪ These resources will be widely used shortly.
▪ Wind and solar energy potential in Rajasthan and Gujarat have not been developed and
exploited properly so far.
➢ Developed resources:
▪ These are the resources surveyed; quality and quantity have been measured and have
been determined for utilization. The development of resources depends on technology and
level of their feasibility.
➢ Stock Resources:
▪ Resources in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but do not
have the appropriate technology to have an access come under this category. We haven’t

32
 so far developed the technology to make inflammable gases like hydrogen and oxygen on a
large scale from water . So it is considered a stock.
➢ Reserve resources :
▪ These are the subdivision of stock resources and can be put into use by applying the
existing technology but their use has not yet been started. These can be used to meet our
future requirements.
▪ River water can be used for generating hydroelectric power but presently, it is been utilised
only to a limited extent. Thus, the water & forest etc. is a reserve.

Que8 :- What is meant by Exclusive Economic Zone?

Ans :-
➢ The UN Convention of the Law of the Sea, 1982, allowed coastal nations to claim a territorial sea
of up to 12 nautical miles.
➢ It also allowed jurisdiction over resources, control over fishing right, scientific research and
environmental protection in a zone up to 200 nautical miles (370.4 km) offshore.
➢ It is known as Exclusive Economic Zone. Beyond this zone, seabed mineral development will be
regulated by an international body.

Que9 :- What are the major problems developed out of exploiting resources indiscriminately?
OR/ State any two effects of indiscriminate exploitation of resources.
Ans :- Effects of indiscriminate exploitation of resources-
➢ Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.
➢ Accumulation of resources in few hands, which in turn divided the society in to rich and poor.
➢ It has led to ecological crisis such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution
and land degradation.

Que10 :- What is sustainable development?

Ans :- Sustainable Development
➢ The development that takes care of the needs of the present generation without compromising the
needs of future generations is termed as sustainable development.
➢ It emphasizes on prevention of pollution and avoidance of wastages.
➢ The development that takes place without damaging the environment, is termed as sustainable
development.

Que11 :- Write a note on Rio de janeiro Earth Summit, 1992.

Ans :- Rio de janeiro Earth Summit, 1992
➢ It was held in Rio de jeneiro in Brazil in June 1992.
➢ More than 100 heads of states assembled in the first international Earth summit.
➢ It was convened for addressing urgent problems of environmental protection and socio- economic
development at the global level.
➢ The assembled leaders signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change & Biological Diversity.
➢ This summit adopted Agenda 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in the 21 st century.

Que12 :- Write a note on Agenda 21.

Ans :- Agenda 21
➢ It was the declaration signed by the world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development.
➢ It took place at Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in 1992.
➢ It was an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, diseases through global cooperation
on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities in the 21 st century.

33
 ➢ One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw its own local
Agenda 21.

Que13 :- What is resource planning? Why is it essential?

OR/ Explain any three reasons responsible for making resource planning in India.
Ans :-
➢ Resource planning is a technique or skill of proper utilization of resources.
➢ An equitable distribution of resources has become essential for a sustained quality of life and global
peace.
➢ If the present trend of resources depletion by a few individuals and countries continues, the future
of the planet is in danger.
➢ Therefore resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.
➢ Since the resources are limited and unevenly distributed, effective and efficient planning is
necessary.
➢ Resource planning includes conservation of resources too.
➢ We have to exploit resources in such a way that future generation will not suffer.
➢ Resource planning is essential to prevent environmental pollution and to avoid wastages in the
exploitation of resources.

Que14 :- Examine the diversity in the availability of resources in India. Give examples.
OR/ Why is a balanced resource planning essential in India?
OR/ Why is it necessary for a balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and local levels?
Ans :-
➢ There are regions in India which are rich in certain type of resources but are deficient in some other
resources.
➢ There are some regions in India which can be considered self-sufficient in terms of availability of
resources and there are some other regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources.
➢ The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits.
➢ Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructural developments.
➢ Rajasthan has a lot of solar and wind energy potential but lacks in water resources.
➢ The cold area of Ladakh has very rich cultural heritage but is deficient in water, infrastructure and
minerals.

Que15 :- What are the processes ( stages) involved in the resource planning?
Ans :-
➢ Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country.
➢ This involves surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative estimation, and measurement of
resources.
➢ Evolving a planning structure with appropriate technology, skill and institutional setup for
implementing resource development plans.
➢ Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

Que16 :- ‘Mere availability of resources will not bring economic development’. Give reasons.
Ans :-
➢ Along with the availability of resources corresponding changes in technology and institutions are
required for economic development.
➢ There are many regions in India that are rich in resources but are economically backward. Some
other areas have poor resources but they are economically developed.
➢ It was primarily the higher level of technological development of the colonizing countries that
helped them to exploit resources of other regions and establish their supremacy over the colonies.

34
Que17 :- What was Gandhi ji’s opinion about conservation (or over exploitation) of resources?
Ans :-
➢ Gandhi ji said, ‘There is enough resources in India for every body’s need and not for any body’s
greed’.
➢ He placed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the
root cause for resource depletion at the global level.
➢ He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.

Que18 :- Why is it important to use the available land with careful planning?
Ans :-
➢ We live on land, perform all economic activities on land and use it for variety of purposes.
➢ Land is a natural resource of utmost importance.
➢ It supports natural vegetation, wild life, human life, transport and communication systems.
➢ 95% of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land.
➢ Land available is limited in quantity compared to the size of the population and hence it requires
careful planning.

Que19 :- What is the land utilization pattern in India?

Ans :-
➢ Total area of land in India is 3.28 million sq.km., but only 93 % is available for use.
➢ The Net sown area in India is 45.5 % in 2014-15.
➢ The Forest share in the land use pattern is 23.3% in 2014-15.
➢ Area under non-agricultural use is 8.7 % in 2014-15.
➢ Permanent pastures and grazing land is 3.3 % only.
➢ Culturable Waste land is 4.0% in 2014-15.
➢ Fallow Land : The share of the current fallow land is 4.9 % in 2014-15.
➢ Fallow other than current fallow is 3.6 % 2014-15.

Que20 :- Give two reasons why we are not able to utilize the total geographical area of India.
Ans:-
➢ The land use reporting for most of the north- eastern states except Assam has not been done fully.
➢ Some areas of Jammu & Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have not been surveyed.

Que21 :- What is land degradation? Explain any three causes for land degradation.
Ans:-
➢ Land degradation is the process of losing the fertility and productivity of land and turning it unfit
for proper use.
➢ It is otherwise lowering the quality of land.
➢ Deforestation, careless management of forests, overgrazing by animals, soil erosion, surface
mining and industrial effluents cause land degradation.
➢ At present there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India.
➢ 28 % of it belongs to forest degraded area, 56 % water eroded area, 10 % wind eroded area and the
rest 6% is affected by saline and alkaline deposits.

Que22 :- How does surface mining and industry lead to land degradation?
Ans :-
➢ The mining sites are abandoned after excavation is completed.
➢ Processed soil or waste materials are dumped unscientifically causing the land used and the land
nearby unfit for any use.

35
 ➢ The mineral processing, like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone
for ceramic industry generates heavy amount of dust and releases in the atmosphere.
➢ It settles down in the surrounding areas, affecting infiltration of water and crop cultivation.
➢ The industrial effluents released to the air causes acid rain and air and water get polluted.

Que23 :- What measures can be adopted for preventing land degradation?

Ans :-
➢ Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes, preparation of shelterbelts for plants and
control over grazing of animals are some methods of controlling land degradation in arid areas.
➢ Moisture conservation and weed control in agricultural lands, regularization of grazing and proper
management of wasteland and control of mining activities are the methods for semi arid areas.
➢ Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land
and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.

Que24 :- What are soils? How are they formed?

OR// Describe the factors that contribute to the formation and fertility to the soil.
Ans :- SOIL :
➢ Loose and fragmented uppermost layer of the earth’s crust, which is useful for plants, is called soil.
➢ It is the basic resources of agriculture.
➢ It consists of both organic and inorganic substances.
➢ The factors that contribute the formation and fertility of soil are rocks, climate, plants and animals,
local topography, chemical and organic changes which takes place in the soil and long period of
time.
➢ FACTORS :-
• Soils are formed by the disintegration and decomposition of rocks under the process of
weathering and erosion.
• Climate determines the rate of weathering and the type of vegetation.
• Time provide maturity to soils.

Que25 :- Describe the characteristics of alluvial soil.

OR// What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coasts? Give three main features of
this type of soil.
OR// Which is the most widely spread and important soil in India?
Ans :-
➢ Alluvial soil is confined to northern plain, coastal strips, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
➢ It is the most widely spread and important soil in India.
➢ It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay.
➢ As we move inlands towards the valley soil particles appear some bigger in size.
➢ In the upper reaches of the river valley the soil are coarse.
➢ Such soils are common in piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai.
➢ Alluvial soil as a whole are very fertile Mostly these soil contain adequate proportion of potash,
phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other
cereal and pulse crops.
➢ Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and
irrigation.
➢ Alluvial soil is divided into Bhangar and Khadar according to their age.

Que26 :- Differentiate between Bhangar and Khadar.

Ans :-
➢ The Bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules than the Khadar.
36
 ➢ Bhangar is older alluvium & is found away from rivers and Khadar is new alluvium found closer to
the rivers.
➢ Bhangar is clayey and dark while Khadar is sandy and light in colour.
➢ Bhangar is less fertile compared to Khadar.
➢ Khadar is renewed frequently in the flood plain.
Que27 :- What are the characteristics of Black soil? (Regur soil)
Ans :-
➢ It is good for cultivation of cotton and also known as cotton soil.
➢ It is rich in potash, calcium carbonate, magnesium and lime and poor in phosphoric content.
➢ It has the ability to retain moisture.
➢ On drying these soil develops large and deep cracks and becomes sticky when wet.
➢ Climatic condition along with the parent rock material is the important factors for the formation of
black soil.
➢ This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap spread over northwest Deccan plateau and is made up
of lava flows.

Que28 :- Describe the major features of Red soil. Where is it found?

Ans :-
➢ Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern
parts of the Deccan plateau.
➢ It is red in colour due to the diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow
when it occurs in a hydrated form.
➢ Red soils are highly porous and fertile and they are fine grained and deep.
➢ It is deficient in phosphoric acid, organic matter and nitrogen and rich in potash.
➢ They occur in parts of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Jharkhand.

Que29 :- What are Laterite soils? What are its features?

Ans :-
➢ Laterite soils are intensely leached soils of the monsoon climate.
➢ The humus content of this soil is low because most of the micro-organisms particularly the
decomposers like bacteria get destroyed due to high temperature.
➢ It has low value for crop production.
➢ They are red in colour with high content of iron oxide.
➢ It is poor in nitrogen and lime and has high contents of acidity.
➢ It doesn’t have the ability to retain moisture.
➢ It is composed of little clay and much gravel of red sand stones.
➢ These soils develop in areas of high temperature and heavy rainfall.
➢ They occur in Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa and part of Assam and Meghalaya.

Que30 :- Describe the characteristics of forest (mountain) soil.

Ans :-
➢ These are the soils found in the mountainous region of India like Meghalaya, Arunachel Pradesh
and Jammu and Kashmir.
➢ These soils are characterized by deposition of organic materials derived from vegetative cover.
➢ These are heterogeneous in nature and vary from place to place.
➢ They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.
➢ In the snow covered areas of Himalayas these soils experience denudation and are acidic with low
humus content.

Que31 :- What are arid (desert) soils?

37
Ans :-
➢ These are the soils found in the arid areas of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana.
➢ These sands are partly of local origin and partly have been blown from the Indus Valley.
➢ In some areas, the soil contains high percentage of soluble salt.
➢ It is sandy, coarse and porous and poor in organic matter.
➢ These soils can be used for cultivation with irrigation facilities.

Que32 :- What is meant by soil erosion? How is it caused?

Ans :-
➢ Removal of soil from one place to another by some natural agent is called soil erosion.
➢ It is the process of taking away or washing away of soil cover by wind or water flow.
➢ Soil erosion is caused by deforestation, heavy rains and running water, overgrazing, winds and
slope of the land.

Que33 :- Suggest a few measures of controlling soil erosion.

Ans :-
➢ Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines is known as contour Ploughing, which
reduces the flow of water. (hilly areas)
➢ Terrace farming: It restricts soil erosion in hilly areas.
➢ Strip Cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the
crops.
➢ Shelter belts and planting thorny bushes: Planting lines of trees reduce wind force and stream
flow. Planting of thorny bushes help stabilize sand dunes in the desert areas.
Que34 :- How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?
Ans :-
➢ It was primarily the higher level of technological development of the colonizing countries that
helped them to exploit resources of other regions and establish their supremacy over the colonies.
➢ Technical development led to mechanization and over exploitation of resources. Economic
development led to invention of modern machineries which accelerated over exploitation of
resources.
➢ Economic development increases the standard of living of the people. It helps them to enjoy
number of facilities and use more resources.

38
 LESSON – 2 AGRICULTURE
Key concepts of the lesson –
✓ Primitive Subsistence Farming, Intensive Subsistence Farming
✓ Classification of crops /Types of crops
✓ Cropping seasons: Rabi, Kharif and Zaid
✓ Geographical condition & production area of wheat, rice, paddy, tea, sugarcane, jute, rubber,
cotton etc. important fibre crops
✓ Impact of globalization on Indian agriculture
✓ Contribution of agriculture to the national Economy, employment and output
✓ Identification and also for locating and labeling in outline map of India
✓ (a) Major areas of rice and wheat.
✓ (b) Major producer states of sugarcane, tea, coffee, rubber, cotton, jute, millets and maize.

✓ Note: Items for locating and labeling may also be asked for identification.

Very Short Type Questions

Q.1. Write the name of cash crops?

Ans:- Cotton, Jute, Sugar cane.
Q.2. What do you mean by white revolution?
Ans:- Maixmum production of Milk
Q.3. Name the two beverage crops produce in India?
Ans:- Tea and Coffee.
Q.4. What is the other name of operation flood?
Ans:- White revolution.
Q.5. The main producer of groundnut in India is?
Ans:- Madhya Pradesh.
Q.6.Wheat is related to which type of crops ?
Ans:-Rabi crops .
Q.7. In which types of soil does maize grow well?
Ans: Old Alluvial Soil (Banger Soil)
Q.8. Name the two example of plantation agriculture?
Ans:- Tea and Coffee.
Q.9. What is the other name of package technology?
Ans:- Green revolution.
Q.10.Name two fibre crops
Ans:- Cotton and Jute.
Q.11. What is Sericulture?
Ans:- Rearing of silkworm for the production of silk is known as sericulture.
Q.12 What part of total population of India is engaged in agriculture activities
Ans:- 2/3
Q.13 Write the name Agro-based industry
Ans:- Cotton textile Industry, Jute Industry, Sugar Industry
Q.14 It‘s type of agriculture where farmers clear a patch of land and produce food crops to sustain that
family that is………..
Ans:- Slash and burn farming
39
Q15 Agriculture, where a single crop is grown on large area:
Ans:- Plantation agriculture
Q.16 Write one name of “Kharif” crop
Ans:- Maize
Q.17 Maximum consumption of natural rubber is made of –
Ans:- Auto tyres & tubes
Q.18 India is the larger producer as well as the consumer of the world?
Ans:- Pulses

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1 What are three cropping seasons of India? Explain any one in brief.
Ans: India has three cropping seasons:-
(1) Rabi (2) Kharif and (3) Zaid
(1) Rabi crops:- Sown in winter from October to December. - Harvest in summer from April to June. - Main
crop-wheat, barley, peas, gram, mustard
(2) Kharif crop:- Grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country. - Harvest in
September-October. - Maize, jawar, bajra, cotton, Soya been
(3) Zaid crops:- Sown between rabbi and kharif seasons. Crops: Watermelon, Muskmelon, cucumber,
fodder etc.
Q.2 Discuss three main impacts of globalization on Indian agriculture.
Ans: 1.Indian agricultural products are not able to compete with the developed countries.
2.Bad condition of marginal and small farmers
3.Caused land degradation due to overuse of chemicals.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q1. ‘India is an agricultural country' Comment.

Or Why is agricultural development a precondition for our national prosperity?
Or What is the importance of agriculture in India?
Ans :- 1) India is an agricultural country. Nearly two-third of its population depends directly on agriculture
for its livelihood.
2) Agriculture is the mainstay of India's economy. It accounts for 26 % of the Gross Domestic Product.
3) Agriculture provides 10 % of our total exports and a source of fodder for animals.
4) Its share in providing employment and livelihood to the population is 63 per cent in 2001.
Q2. Define the term agriculture.
Ans :- The term agriculture is derived from two Latin words 'ager' meaning land and 'culture' meaning
cultivation. Agriculture thus means land cultivation. However, it includes animal husbandry, forestry,
horticulture and pisciculture.
Q3. State any two reasons for the change in the methods of cultivation.
Ans :- i. Change in the physical environment
ii. Change in the technological know-how
iii. Change in the socio cultural practices. (Explain)
Q4. Differentiate between net sown area and gross cropped area.
Ans :-1) The total land cultivated in a year is called net sown area. The net sown area and the land in the
net sown area cultivated more than once together make gross cultivated area.
2) The net sown area in India at the present is 143 million hectares. It is about 46.6 % of the total
geographical area.

40
Q5. Mention in brief, the various limitations from which the Indian agriculture suffers presently.
(Drawback of Indian agriculture)
Ans :- I. Agriculture is not generating sufficient employment opportunities in the country. The growth rate
in agriculture is decelerating which is an alarming situation.
II. Today, Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition and our government is
going ahead with reduction in the public investment in agriculture sector particularly in irrigation, power,
rural roads, market and mechanization.
III. Subsidy on fertilizers is decreased leading to increase in the cost of production. Moreover, reduction in
import duties on agricultural products have proved detrimental to agriculture in the country.
IV. Farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture causing a downfall in the employment in
agriculture.
Q6. What is primitive subsistence farming? Why do majority of Indian farmers follow it?
Ans :- i. Subsistence farming is the cultivation of crops for domestic use and not for sale. It is practiced in
small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, digging sticks and family labour.
ii. This type of farming depends on monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other
environmental conditions to the crops grown.
iii. Majority of Indian farmers practise subsistence farming because they have scattered land holdings and
they use only primitive tools.
iv. They are poor farmers and they can't use fertilizers and machinery. Facilities like electricity and
irrigation are not available to them.
Q7. Name any two local names of primitive subsistence farming.
Ans :- i. It is Jhumming in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.
ii. In Manipur it is Pamlou.
iii. It is Dipa in Bastar districts of Chattisgarh and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Q8. What is intensive subsistence farming? Why do the farmers follow this type of farming?
Ans :- i. It is a type of farming practiced in the areas of high population pressure on land. It is a labour
intensive farming, where high dozes of bio-chemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining high
production.
ii. The farmers follow this type because their holding of land is very small due to continuous family
partition and the ‘right of inheritance’ and the absence of alternative sources of livelihood.
9. What is commercial farming? What are its characteristics?
Ans :- It is the type of farming practised mainly for sale. So they produce more than what they require for
domestic consumption. Plantation agriculture is an example of commercial farming. Its characteristics are
the following:
i. Modern inputs like High Yielding Varieties of seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides are
used.
ii. The yield per hectare or productivity is very high.
iii. It is a mechanized farming system in which modern machinery is used.
iv. Irrigation facilities are available to this farming technique.
Q10. What are the features of plantation agriculture?
Ans :- Plantation agriculture is bush or tree farming. The British introduced it in the 19th Century. Its
features are the following:
1) It is a single crop farming in a large area. It includes tea, coffee, cocoa, spices, coconut, apples, grapes,
oranges etc.
2) It is a capital-intensive agriculture and requires good managerial ability.
3) It requires technical know-how, sophisticated machinery, fertilizes, irrigation and transport facilities.
4) It is normally developed in hilly areas of north-eastern India, Nilgiri, Aanamalai and Cardamom hills.
5) Since the production is on large quantity processing factory also is built with in or close to it.
6) All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries and has an interface of agriculture and
industry.

41
Q11. Which are the different crop seasons in India?
Ans :-
i. Kharif Crop season: The 'Kharif' season starts with the onset of monsoon and continues till the
beginning of winter i.e. from June – July to September -October. Crops like rice, maize, millet, cotton,
groundnut, moong, urad etc. are grown in Kharif season.
ii. Rabi Crop Season: Rabi season starts in winter from October to December and harvested in
summer from April to June. Crops such as wheat, barley, grain, linseed, rape seed and mustard seeds are
grown in rabi season.
iii. Zaid season: It is a crop season between Rabi and Kharif seasons practised during the end of
summer in March to May. Crops like watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables, and fodder crops are
grown during this period.
Q12.Name an important staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.
Or Describe the temperature and rainfall conditions necessary for the growth of rice. Name the major
areas of rice production.
Or What are the features of rice cultivation in India?
Ans :-
✓ Rice is the most important staple crop in India.
✓ It is a tropical plant. It requires high temperature and high humidity for its successful growth.
✓ The mean monthly temperature of about 25°C, with minor variations during, sowing, growing and
harvesting seasons, is ideal for its cultivation.
✓ It grows well in areas of 100 cm of rainfall.
✓ In the areas of less rainfall, it is grown with the help of irrigation.
✓ The most important rice producing areas are Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and
Tamil Nadu ( BUPAT)
Q13. Describe the temperature and rainfall conditions necessary for the growth of wheat. Name the
major areas of wheat production.
Ans :-
✓ India is the second largest producer of wheat after China.
✓ It is a rabi crop. The ideal temperature at the time of sowing wheat is 10 to 15° C and at the time of
harvest, it is 20 to 25° C.
✓ The crop grows well in areas where rainfall is 50 to 75 cm.
✓ It requires well-drained fertile lands.
✓ This crop requires cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
✓ It grows well in two wheat growing zones in India viz. the Ganga Satluj plains in the north-west and
the black soil region in the Deccan.
✓ The major areas of wheat cultivation is Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and
Bihar.(PHURB)
Q14.. What are millets? Why are millets a very important food crop in India?
Ans :-
a) Millets are the third most important food crops in India, after rice and wheat. Jowar, bajra and ragi are
some of the important millets grown in India. They have high nutritional value. Ragi is rich in iron, calcium
and other micro nutrients.
b) Jowar is produced in many states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.
c) Rajasthan is the largest producer of Bajra. It is also produced in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and
Haryana.
d) Ragi is produced mainly in the drier parts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
e) Rice and Wheat cannot provide the total food of India. So millets are important to support the food
requirements.
42
Q15. Describe the characteristics of maize and its cultivation.
Ans :-
(a) Maize is a coarse grain and used as both food and fodder.
(b) It is grown under varied soil and climatic conditions.
(c) It grows well in areas of 50 to 100cm of rain and in areas of less rain it is grown under irrigation.
(d) It grows well under temperature between 21 and 27°C and grows well in old alluvial soil.
(e) It requires well-drained fertile soil.
(f) It is cultivated mainly as a kharif crop.
(g) Major maize producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Andhra
Pradesh(KUMBA)
Q16. Name an important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.
Ans :- Tea is an important beverage crop in India.
(1) Tea cultivation in India is a classic example of plantation agriculture. It is a tropical as well as a sub-
tropical plant.
(2)Tea grows well in deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.
(3) It requires warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year.
(4) It is a labour intensive crop and requires cheap and skilled labour.
(5)The ideal temperature for its growth is 20 to 30°C and annual rainfall of 150 to 300 cm.
(6) High humidity is good for the rapid development of tender leaves.
(7)Major tea producing states are Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
Q17. Which are the important fibre crops in India. Mention the major producing areas of any two crops.
Ans :-
i) Cotton, Jute, Silk and Wool are the important fibre crops of India. Cotton is grown in tropical and sub-
tropical areas.
ii) It requires at least 210 frost-free days. It is grown well in black and alluvial soils.
iii) It requires 6 to 8 months to mature and it is a kharif crop. It requires a lot of cheap and efficient labour
at the time of plucking of cotton balls. At the time of harvest, the weather should be fine to maintain the
luster of cotton.
iv) The main cotton producing states are Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.
a) Jute is a crop of hot and humid climate. The crop takes 8 to 10 months to mature.
b) The fibre is obtained from the retting of the plant.
c) It is used in making bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artifacts.
d) It is produced in Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam, and Meghalaya.
Q18. How have the technological and institutional reforms been able to improve the conditions of Indian
agriculture? Explain with suitable examples.
Ans :-
➢ Technological Reforms
a) Modern machineries are used in agriculture for ploughing, sowing, harvesting and thrashing.
b) Indian farmers have started to use chemical fertilizers on a large scale.
c) High Yielding Varieties and early maturing quality seeds have been introduced to increase the
agricultural production.
d) Irrigation facilities have improved with the constructions of canals and the introduction of motor
pumps, drip irrigation and use of sprinklers.
➢ Institutional Reforms. ( inlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the
Government in the interest of farmers).
a) The govt. abolished the Zamindari system to protect the interest of the farmers.
b) The Govt. encouraged the consolidation of smallholdings of land to make them more profitable.
c) The widespread use of radio and television acquainted farmers in new and improved techniques
of cultivation.

43
 d) The crop insurance against drought, flood, fire, cyclone and diseases was another set up to
protect the farmers in new and improved techniques of cultivation.
e) Easy availability of capital or investment, through a well-knit network of rural banking like
‘Grammen banks’ was introduced.
f) Special bulletins for farmers were introduced in T.V. and radios to take precautionary measures.
g) Minimum support price for various crops is introduced to remove uncertainty of prices and sales.
h) Issue of Kisan Credit Cards and introduction of Personal Accident Insurance Scheme are some
other measures taken.
Q19. Explain any four features of the comprehensive land development programmes initiated in our
country during 1980s and 1990s.
Ans :-
i. Comprehensive land development programmes, which included the institutional and
technological reforms, were introduced in 1980s and 1990s.
ii. The widespread use of radio and television acquainted farmers with new and improved
techniques of cultivation.
iii. The crop insurance against drought, flood, fire, cyclone and diseases was another schemes to
protect the farmers against crop failures.
iv. Easy availability of capital or investment through a well-knit network of rural banking like
‘Grammen banks’ were introduced.
v. Special bulletins for farmers were introduced in T.V. and radios to make precautionary measures
and to get the farmers acquainted with modern techniques of farming.
vi. Issue of Kissan Credit Cards and introduction of Personal Accident Insurance Scheme are some
other measures taken.
vii. The government also announced minimum support price for important crops to check the
exploitation of farmers by speculators and intermediaries. (Any four)

44
 Lesson – 3 Manufacturing Industries

Very Short Type Questions

Q.1. Name the agro based industry?

Ans:- Cotton textile industry, Jute industry, Sugar Industry, Edible Oil.
Q.2. Maximum number of Jute mills is located in:
Ans:- Hugli basin.
Q.3. Which city has emerged as electronic capital of India?
Ans:- Bengaluru.
Q.4. Name the private Iron and Steel Industry?
Ans:- Tata Iron and Steel industry in Jamshedpur.
Q.5. Which industry is called the basic industry?
Ans:- Iron and steel industry is called basic industry.
Q.6. Name the mineral based industry?
Ans:- Iron and Steel Industry, Aluminum industry, cement industry.
Q.7. In 1857 where the first cotton mill of India was founded
Ans:- Bombay
Q.8. Largest producer of Jute and Jute made goods
Ans:- India
Q.9. Iron and steel is a………
Ans:- Basic industry
Q.10. Durgapur is situated in…………
Ans:-West Bengal
Q.11. Chemical industries usually are located near
Ans:- Oil refineries
Q12. STP is the Abbreviation of………….
Ans:- Software Technology Park
Q13. NTPC is the Abbreviation of
Ans:-. National Thermal Power Corporation
Q14. Atomic power plant causes
Ans:- Heat Pollution
Q15. Manufacturing industries includes
Ans:- Sugar Production
Q16. Manufacturing industries includes
Ans:- Converting raw material into ready good

SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS

Q1. “Industrialisation and urbanization go hand in hand.” Explain.

Ans:
(i) Cities provide market and also provide services such as banking, insurances, transport, labour,
consultants and financial advice etc. to the industries.
(ii) Industrial workers need houses and other facilities. The provision of these facilities can convert a
small town into big cities.
Q2. What is agglomeration economies?

45
Ans: Cities provide market and other facilities like banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants, and
financial advice etc. to the industry. Many industries tend to come together to make, use of the advantages
offered by the urban institutions. This is known as agglomeration economies.
Q3. Name three physical factors and three human factors that affect the location of industries.
Ans: Physical factors and three human factors that affect the location of industries are:
(i) Availability of raw materials
(ii) Availability of power resources
(iii) Suitable climate
(iv) Availability of water Human
➢ Factors that affect the location of industries are:
(i) Availability of labour
(ii) Availability of market
(iii) Government policies
Q4. What is the large scale and small scale industries? Give examples.
Ans: Those industries that employed large number of workers in each unit and having large production
level are known as large scale industries. e.g. cotton textile industry. The industry that employs small
number of workers in each unit and having small production level is known as small scale industry. e.g.
readymade garment industries.

LONG ANSWERS TYPE QUESTION

Q1. What is manufacturing? What is the importance of manufacturing?

Or Why is manufacturing considered the backbone of economic development of the country?
Ans :-
(i) Production of goods in large number by using machines is called manufacturing.
(ii) Raw materials are converted into usable goods in this process.
(iii) We manufacture cloth from cotton, sugar from sugarcane, paper from wood etc.
➢ The importance of manufacturing is the following:
(i) Industries play an important role in the economy of a country. The economic strength of a
country is judged by the development of manufacturing industries.
(ii) Industries provide employment opportunities and reduce poverty in India. Thus, solve
unemployment problem. It helps reduce dependence of people on agriculture and provide them
job in secondary and tertiary activities.
(iii) Industries bring foreign exchange. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce
and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
(iv) It provides tools and implements for agriculture.
(v) It brings down regional differences by establishing industries to tribal and backward areas.
Q2. How are industries and agriculture complimentary to each other?
Ans :-
i. The industries in India have given a boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. It supplies
irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, machines and tools, and pipes to farmers, thus increases its
efficiency.
ii. Agriculture provides raw materials to agro based industries. It provides jute for jute industries,
cotton for cotton textile industries, and sugar cane for sugar industries.
Q3. Name the physical and human factors that affect location of industries.
Or Explain any four factors which influence the industrial location.
Ans:-
i. Availability of raw materials, power resources, water facilities, and favourable climatic condition
are the physical factors that affect the location of industries.

46
 ii. The human factors that control the location of industries are labourers, transport facilities,
market, capital, banking facilities and government policies.
iii. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban
centres known as agglomeration economies.
iv. Least cost of production, Government policies and availability of specialized labour also influence
location of industries.
Q4. On what bases are industries classified? Industries are classified on the following basis:
Ans :-
(i) Number of labourers employed or on the bases of capital investment - large scale or small scale
industries.
(ii) Source of raw material used- agro based or mineral based industries.
(iii) Nature or type of raw material used. Or based on the bulk and weight of raw material and
finished goods- light or heavy industries.
(iv) Ownership of industries- public, private, joint, or co-operative industries
(v) According to their main role in the economy – basic industries or consumer industries.
Q5. How are industries classified based on ownership?
Ans :- Based on owner ship, industries are classified as the following:
(a) Private companies: It is completely owned and controlled by private individuals. e.g. Bajaj Auto,
Tata Iron & Steel Company, Maruti Udyog Ltd., Bata Shoe Company (BSC), Bombay Dyeing, Mahindra &
Mahindra etc.
(b) Public sector industries: These are owned and controlled by the government. e.g. Bhilai Steel
Plant, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited(BHEL) , H.M.T (Hindusthan Machine Tools) , Steel Authority of India
Limited (SAIL) etc.
(c) Joint sector industries: These are owned and controlled by both government and private
individuals jointly on a share basis. e.g. Oil India Ltd.
(d) Co-operative sector industries: These are owned collectively by people on voluntary
membership. Democratic set up, service motive, and equality of opportunity are its features. e.g. Milk
marketing federations and sugar industries are normally under co- operative sector.
Q6. How are industries classified based on capital investment?
Ans:-
(i) Industries are classified into small scale and large scale industries based on the capital
investment.
(ii) Large-scale industries employ large number of labourers whereas small-scale industry employ a
small number of people.
(iii) Large-scale industries produce both capital goods and consumer goods. But small-scale
industries generally produce consumer goods only.
(iv) Latest machines, tools and equipments and huge capital are used in large-scale industries
where as in small-scale industries small capital less than one crore and simple machines are used.
(v) Manufacturing of cotton textiles is a large-scale industry and preparation of Gur and Khandsari is
a small-scale industry.
Q7. Differentiate between ago based and mineral-based industries.
Ans:-
➢ Agro based industries are those industries in which agricultural products are used as raw materials.
e.g. cotton, jute, silk, sugarcane and vegetable oil industries are agro-based industries where as
Mineral-based industries are those industries in which minerals are used as raw materials. Iron and
Steel, Cement and Chemical industries are mineral-based industries.
Q8. How are industries classified according to their main role in economy?
Ans:-
i. Basic or key Industries: These industries provide basic materials for other industries like iron and
steel, copper smelting and aluminium smelting.

47
 ii. Consumer industries: These industries produce goods for direct use by consumers. E.g. sugar,
toothpaste, paper, sewing machine, fans etc.
Q9. Describe the importance of cotton textile industries in India? Where is it distributed?
Ans :- Importance:
(a) It is the largest industry in India. It gives employment to over 1.5 million people, which is about
20% of the industrial labour force in India.
(b) There are about 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country, of this 79% are
in the private sector, the rest in the public and co- operative sectors.
(c) This industry support many other industries like chemical and dyes, packing material and
engineering works.
Distribution:
(a) There are about 1946 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country as on 30th
November 2011 , of this 80% are in the private sector, the rest in the public and cooperative sectors.
(b) Cotton textile industries are spread over 80 towns and cities in India, but most of them are
concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
(c) While spinning continued to be concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu weaving
is in decentralized sector.
Q10. State any two factors contributed towards the localization of cotton textile mills in India. Examine
some of the problems faced by the cotton textile industries today.
Ans:-
(a) Wide demand or market and it is one of the traditional occupation.
(b) Better transport facilities including accessible port facilities,
(c) Adequate banking facilities and moist climate.
(d) Availability of raw cotton, electricity, labour and capital contributed towards the localization of
cotton textile industries in India
(e) There are about 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country, of this 80% are
in the private sector, the rest in the public and co- operative sectors.
Problems faced by the cotton textile industries:
(a) Scarcity of good quality of cotton.
(b) Obsolete machinery.
(c) Erratic powers supply.
(d) Low productivity of labour and
(e) Stiff competitions with synthetic fibre industry are the problems faced by the cotton textile
industries in India.
Q11. Why are the jute textile mills concentrated along the Hughli River? Explain by giving four examples.
What are the challenges facing jute industry in India?
Ans:-
(a) Jute producing areas are located at the bank of the river Hughli and the textile mills should be
closer to the producing areas.
(b) Hughli River is used for inexpensive transportation supported by a good network of railways and
roadways to help movement of raw materials and finished products.
(c) Jute mills required a lot of water for processing jute. It is available here.
(d) Cheap labour is available in West Bengal and the neighbouring states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar
Pradesh.
(e) Banking facilities are adequate.
(f) Port facility and banking facilities are also available in West Bengal.
Challenges of jute industries:
(a) Demand for jute carpets and packing materials declined in the international market.
(b) Cost of production has increased.

48
 (c) Stiff competition in international markets especially from Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt
and Thailand reduced overall demand for Indian jute products.
(d) Synthetic substitutes also posing threat to jute industry.
Q12. Why are sugar industries located near to sugarcane producing areas? Why are sugar industries
migrating to South India? Name the sugar producing states in India.
Ans :-
➢ Sugar industries are based on sugarcane as the raw material, which is very heavy. So industries are
close to its producing areas.
➢ More over sugarcane is a perishable and weight losing products.
➢ It should be processed without delay to prevent losing of sugar content.
➢ Therefore, industries are located very close to its producing areas.
Sugar industries are migrating to South India due to the following reasons:
i. The sugar content in the sugarcane in south India is more than that of north India. So it is more
profitable there.
ii. The cooler climate in this region ensures a longer crushing season.
iii. The cooperative societies are more successful in south India.
iv. Sugarcane requires a lot of water for its processing. It is available in south India.
v. Sugar industry is a labour intensive industry it requires a lot of cheap labour, which is available in
south India. Hence, sugar industry is migrating to south India.
(a) There are over 662 sugar mills in the country in 2010-11. About 60% of them are located in Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, and
Madhya Pradesh also produce sugar.
Q13. Why are iron and steel plants located in the north eastern and southern part of Indian Peninsula?
Or
What are the relative advantage of the Chhotanagpur plateau for the development of iron and steel
industry?
Ans :-
• Iron and steel industry requires low cost iron ore, high-grade coal, limestone and manganese ore as
raw materials.
• It also demands cheap labour and wide market. These are available in the north eastern and
southern part of Indian peninsula.
• Since raw materials and finished products are heavy good transport system is required for its
distribution.
• These areas have inland waterways and good network of roads. Except Vishakapatanam steel
plants, all steel plants are located to in the mineral rich northeastern and southern part of Indian
peninsula.
• These industries make use of sea ports of the Indian peninsula like, Haldia, Paradip, Vishakapatnam,
Chennai etc.
Q14. Why is aluminium smelting gaining popularity?
Ans :- It is gaining popularity due to the following reasons:
i) It is the second most important metallurgical industry in India. Bauxite from which aluminium is
obtained is widely available in India. India has vast reserves of bauxite.
ii) Aluminium is used as a substitute to steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.
iii) It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when
mixed with other metals.
iv) It is used in manufacturing of airplanes, utensils, electrical wires and other equipments, house
fabrications etc. Hence its demand is increasing. India produced 15.29 lakh million tonnes of aluminium in
2008-09.
v) It is a cheap metal compared to copper, bronze and iron.
For all these reasons aluminium smelting is gaining popularity.
49
(Which is the second important metallurgical industry of India? Why is it getting popularity? Write the
answer above)
Q15. State two prime factors that determine the location of Aluminium industry. Name the states where
aluminium plants are located.
Ans :-
a) Availability of regular supply of cheap electricity
b) Availability of bauxite. (Explain points)
➢ The aluminium plants are located.in Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra
and West Bengal (C.T. KUMB)
Q16. Name any two heavy organic and inorganic chemicals produced in India. What is its use? Where is
it manufactured?
Ans :-
i. Petrochemicals are heavy organic chemicals, which is used for manufacturing of articles like
synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyestuff, drugs and pharmaceuticals. The organic chemical
industries are located near oil refineries and petro-chemical plants.
ii. Sulphuric acid is a heavy inorganic chemical, which is used for the manufacturing of fertilizers,
synthetic fibres, plastics, paints and dyestuffs. Soda ash is used in the manufacture of glass, paper, soap
and detergents. Other inorganic chemicals are nitric acid and alkalis.
Q17. How has chemical industry gained an important position in the Indian economy? Explain any six
points in this regard.
Ans:-
i) Chemical industry is growing fast. Rapid growth has been recorded in both organic and inorganic
chemical industries.
ii) Petrochemicals are heavy organic chemicals, which is used for manufacturing of articles like
synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyestuff, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
iii) Sulphuric acid is a heavy inorganic chemical, which is used for the manufacturing of fertilizers,
synthetic fibres, plastics paints and dyestuffs.
iv) Soda ash is used in the manufacture of glass, paper, soap and detergents. Other inorganic
chemicals are nitric acid and alkalis.
v) Production of pesticides has contributed much to agriculture by controlling harmful insects and
weeds.
vi) In the production of pharmaceuticals India leads in the developing countries. It contributes 14 %
of production of entire manufacturing sector and its share in export is also 14%
Q18. How does industrial pollution degrade environment?
OR How do manufacturing industries contribute to polluting and environmental degradation?
Ans:- Manufacturing industries are responsible for environmental degradation and pollution.
There are four types of pollution created by these industries.
(a) Air pollution: It is caused by the smoke or gases emitted by industries which contain poisonous gases
like carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide. Air-borne particulate materials consist of both solid and liquid
particles. Dust, fume, mist, spray and smoke contain both types of particles. Air pollution affects human
health, animals, plants, materials and the atmosphere.
(b) Water pollution: The industrial effluents are discharged into rivers. They contain both organic and
inorganic materials. Coal, dyes, soaps, pesticides, fertilizers, plastics and rubber are the common pollutants
of water. The principal industries, which create water pollution are paper pulp, textiles, chemical,
petroleum, refining, tannery and electroplating. Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel stags are the
major solid wastes in India. Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal
power plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling
(c) Land and soil pollution: Industrial wastes containing toxic metal, glass, and harmful chemicals pollute
land and soil. Unscientific processing in many industries like ceramic industry and cement industry create a

50
lot of dust containing chemicals, settle down the land which causes pollution. Industrial effluents even
cause acid rain, which degrade the land.
(d) Noise pollution: Unwanted noise arise from industry and transport vehicles create a lot of problems.
The noise from mechanical saws and pneumatic drills is unbearable and it may cause impairment of
hearing (deafness)
Q19. Suggest a few measures to control environmental degradation and pollution that is caused by
industries.
Or Discuss the steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industries.
Ans:-
(a) There should be proper planning in the selection of industrial sites. It should not be in a congested area.
(b) Equipments used in industries should be designed better to prevent smoke.
(c) Avoid using coal in industries and use of oil as fuel to prevent smoke.
(d) Equipments like inertial separators, fabric filters, smoke stags, electrostatic precipitators and scrubbers
should be used to control particulate matter in the air.
(e) Discharge the industrial effluents after proper treatment.
(f) Equipments or generators should be fitted with silencers.

51
 Lesson – 4 LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

Very Short Type Questions

Q1. Write the name of major three types of railway?

Ans: Broad guage(1.676Mts), Metre guage(1 mts), Narrow guage(0.75mts)
Q2. Write the name of two types of mass media?
Ans: Print Media:- Newspaper, Magzine and books.
Electronic Media:- TV, Redio, Internet etc.
Q3. What are the problem product in India?
Ans: Petroleum product mostly imported as crude oil from gulf country.85% of petroleum products
imported in India
Q4. Six Lane Highways are called
Ans: Golden quadrilateral super highways
Q5. Golden quadrilateral super highways are maintained by
Ans: National Highway Authority of India.
Q6. Villages are connected to a major town through this scheme of roads
Ans: PMGSY
Q7. Border Roads are constructed by
Ans: BRO
Q8. Provides door-to-door connectivity
Ans: Roadways
Q9.Bulk carrier across nations
Ans: Waterways
Q10. Bulk carrier within India
Ans: Railways
Q11. Principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India
Ans: Railways
Q12. Width of two tracks of Broad Gauge is
Ans: 1.676 m
Q13. Natural harbour in India
Ans: Mumbai
Q14. Biggest natural port in India
Ans: Mumbai
Q15. Largest producer of feature film in the world
Ans: India
Q16. AIR stands for
Ans: All India Radio
Q17. Terminal stations of East-West corridor
Ans: Silcher and Porbandar
Q18. Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays?
Ans: Pipeline

SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS

Q1.What is international trade? What do you mean by Balance of trade? What is the importance of
trade? Ans. Trade between two countries is called international trade. It includes exchange of
52
commodities, services, information and knowledge. Relation or difference between nation’s exports and
imports is called balance of trade.
It has two types:
(i) Surplus trade: when the value of exported goods and services is more than the value of
imported goods and services. It is called favorable trade balance.
(ii) Trade Deficit: when the value of exported goods and services is less than the value of
imported goods and services. It is called unfavorable trade balance.
The importance of trade is:
1. No country can survive without international trade because resources are space bound.
2. Advancement of international trade of a country leads to its economic prosperity because such a trade
provides so many jobs to workers as well as business to traders.
3. It is through international trade that we earn much of our foreign exchange which is required for
importing many essential goods.
4. Foreign trade helps in transfer of technology.
Q2. Mention the different means of transport in India.
Ans. Means of transport in India are:- (i) Roadways, (ii) Waterways, (iii) Airways, (iv) Pipelines, (v) Railways.
Q3. What are the means of mass communication? Explain features of any two media.
Ans. These are those means of communication through which one can communicate with several people at
the same time.
For example- Radio, newspaper and T.V.(Television):-
(i) It is one of the largest and essential networks in the world.
(ii) It provides entertainment and keeps the viewers well informed about the world.
Radio:-
(i) It is the cheapest and the most effective means of communication.
(ii) Besides entertainment, it also provides information and promotes social education.
Q4. What are the different types of roads in India?
Ans. There are six types of roads
1. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways or Expressway National Highways
2. National Highways
3. State Highways
4. District Roads
5. Other Roads or Rural Roads or Village Roads
6. Border Roads
Q5. What do you mean by pipeline transport?
Ans. Transportation of liquid, gases or slurries through pipes made of durable metal or a plastic tube is
called pipeline transport. It is the most convenient mode of transport for crude oil, petroleum products
and natural gas even solids like iron ore in slurry form to refineries, fertilizer factories, industries and big
thermal power plants.
For example:
➢ From oil field in From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and
Sonipat. It has branches to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and other places.
➢ Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Vijaipur in Madhya
Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar
Pradesh (HVJ).
LONG ANSWERS TYPE QUESTION

1. Why is ‘transport and communication’ called the lifelines of an economy?

Or Why is transport a necessity? (Why is it considered a pre requisite for economic development?)
Ans:-

53
 i. Transport helps in the movement of people goods and materials. It helps in the production and
distribution of goods and services.
ii. It is the basic arteries of an economy. It provides link between producers and consumers of
goods.
iii. The pace of development of a country depends on the production of goods and services as well
as their movement over space.
Q2. What are the advantages of roads over railways?
Or (How does road transport score over railways?) What are the problems faced by the road
transportation in India?
Ans:-
(a) Roads are important for transport of goods and passengers for short and medium distances.
(b) Road transport is relatively cheap and easy both in construction and maintenance.
(c) It can be constructed even in mountainous terrain whereas railways are not possible in these
areas. Railways require levelled ground.
(d) Roads connect areas of production with market, factories with farms and provide door-to-door
service.
(e) Road transport is used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a link
between railway stations, air port and seaports.
(f) For easy transportation of perishable goods, roads provide better service than the railways.
The problems faced by road transportation are the following:
(a) The road network in India is inadequate keeping in view of the number of passengers and
volume of traffic.
(b) About half of the roads in India are un-surfaced which becomes muddy during the rainy season.
(c) The National Highways are inadequate and highly congested in the cities and their bridges and
culverts are narrow.
(d) The road side amenities like telephone ,books ,emergency health services and police protection
on the national highways are very poor and need improvement.
Q3. Name the different types of roads in India.
Ans:-
(a) Super Highways: (Express ways) The Golden Quadrilateral connecting Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai,
Kolkatta and Delhi is a six lane super highway. North South Corridor connecting Srinagar and Kanyakumari
and East West Corridor connecting Silcher in Assam and Porbandhar in Gujarat are also super highways.
These are maintained by the National Highway Authority of India.
(b) National Highways: These connect one state with another and are of national importance.
These are constructed and maintained by the Central Public Works Department. There are about 52,000
Km of National Highways in India. e.g. N.H. 17, N.H..47 etc.
(c) State Highways: These roads are constructed and maintained by state Governments. It connects
state capital with district head quarters and with other important cities of the states. There are about 1.3
lakh Km of state highways in India.
(d) The District Roads: These roads connect district headquarters with cities and other places of the
district. These roads are constructed and maintained by the District administration.
(e) Other Roads: Village roads connect villages with neighboring towns and cities. These roads
receive special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana.
(f) Border Roads: The border roads link the frontiers of the country. The border roads are
constructed and maintained by the Border Roads Organization (BRO).
Q4. State the characteristics of the North –South Corridor.
Ans:-
a) It connects Srinagar in Jammu Kashmir and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
b) It is the longest express way in India.
c) It is a four to six lane road.

54
 d) It is meant for fast movement of traffic.
e) Much roundabouts or junctions are not seen
f) Roads are not cut at right angles and no fear of vehicles crossing- accidents are less.
Q5. How do physiographic and economic factors influence the distribution pattern of Indian railway
network? Explain with suitable examples.
Ans:-
➢ Physiographic factors:
(a) Railways require level land for its construction. It is not possible to construct a railway
line in the mountains terrains. Flood plains of Bihar and Assam and rugged topography of the
Himalayan region are not good for railway service.
(b) Sparsely populated areas like sandy deserts of Rajasthan are not good for railway
network. It requires high density of population for its growth.
(c) Northern plains of India have dense network of railway, because their vast level land ,
high density of population and rich agricultural resources.
➢ Economic factors:
a) Rich agriculture ensures the development of railways for easy and cheap transportation
of agricultural goods.
b) Greater industrial activity is required in areas where development of railways is expected.
Movements of goods and passengers support the railways.
Q6. What are pipelines used for? Describe two important network of pipeline transportation in India.
Ans:-
(a) In the past pipelines are used for transporting water to cities and industries.
(b) Now pipelines are used also for transportation of crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas
from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and to big thermal power plants. Solids also
can be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
(c) Though initial cost of laying pipeline is high, the running and maintenance cost is very low. It
saves trans-shipment loses and delays.
(a) Assam to Kanpur: There is a pipeline transportation from oil fields in upper Assam to Kanpur in Uttar
Pradesh via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad for the transportation of petroleum. It has branches from
Barauni to Haldia via Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri.
(b) HBJ pipeline (HVJ): It is a gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat to Jagadishpur in Uttar Pradesh via
Bijaipur(Vijaypur) in Madhya Pradesh . It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahjahanpur, Babrala and
other places in Uttar Pradesh . It is also connected with Mumbai High and South Bassein in Maharashtra.
Q7. Why are inland waterways significant? Mention any four National Water ways.
Ans:-
(a) Waterways are the cheapest means of transport, most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky
goods.
(b) It is a fuel efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.
(c) India has inland navigable waterways of 14,500 km in length. Out of these 3700 km are
navigable by mechanized boats.
(d) The Government has declared the following waterways as National Waterways.
(1) The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia covering 1620 Km. (NW.1)
(2) The Brahmaputra river between Sadia and Dhubri covering 891 km. (NW.2)
(3) The West Coast canal between Kollam and Kottayam in Kerala with 168 km. The
Champakara canal with 14 km and the Udyogmandal canal with 22 km in Kerala. (Total 205 Km in
Kerala) All NW No.3
(4) Specified stretches of Godavari and Krishna rivers along with Kakinada and Puducherry
stretches of canals with 1078 km is NW. No.4.
(5) Specified stretches of river Brahmani along with Matai river, delta channels of Mahandi
and Brahmani rivers and East coast canal, all with 588 km is NW No.5.

55
 (6) There are some other inland waterways like Mandavi, Zuari and Cumberjua, Sunderbans,
Barak, backwaters of Kerala and tidal stretches of some other rivers.
Q8. Why is air travel preferred in north eastern states?
Ans:-
i. Air transport is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport.
ii. It can travel very high terrains, vast deserts dense forests, and large oceanic stretches with great
ease where other modes of transportation are difficult.
iii. The north eastern part of India is marked with the presence of big rivers, frequent floods
dissected relief, rugged topography, dense forests and international frontiers. Other modes of
transportation is impossible especially at times of emergencies.

56
 (CIVICS)
LESSON – 1 POWER SHARING
Very Short Type Questions

Q1. What is the proportion of Tamil in Srilanka’s total population.

Ans: 18 %
Q2. Who elects the community Government in Belgium?
Ans: People belonging to 1 language community only.
Q3. The word “Ethnic” Signifies.
Ans: Social Division on shared culture
Q4. How many people speak French and Dutch in the capital city of Brussels?
Ans: 80 % French 20 % Dutch
Q5. How many times leaders of Belgium amended their constitution?
Ans: Four times.
Q6. Which is correct regarding power sharing?
Ans: It helps to reduce the conflict between different groups.
Q7. Which was the only official language of Sri Lanka?
Ans: Sinhala (Shinghali).
Q8. Which community was rich and powerful in Belgium?
Ans: French

Short Answer Questions

Q.1 What was a community government?

Ans- It was elected by the people belonging to language community – Dutch French and German speaking
no metter where they live. It deals with cultural, educational and language related issues.
Q.2 What was the political problems faced by Belgium?
Ans- Problems of ethnic composition
1. 50% Dutch speaking, 40% French speaking, 1% German speaking
2. But in its capital- 80% French speaking, 20% Dutch speaking
3. French community was rich and powerful
Q.3 Explain the ethnic problem of Srilanka.
Ans:-
1. In Srilanka, there are two communities' Sinhala and Tamil.
2) Among Tamils, the Tamil natives who are called Srilankan Tamils and the Indian Tamils whose
forefathers come from India as plantation workers during the colonial period.
3) Most of the Sinhalas are Buddhist and Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. So in Srilanka the problem
was who is going to hold power and enjoy the economic benefits.

Long Answer Questions

■ Power Sharing :- It is the distribution of powers among organs, levels of the government or some
groups as an agreement.

57
 :- A small country in Europe. It is smaller in area than the state of Haryana. It has borders with
France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg. It has a population little over one crore, about half the
population of Haryana.
■ Ethnic :- Social division based on common culture. People belonging to the same ethnic group believe in
their common descent because of similarities in physical type or culture. They need not always have the
same religion or nationality.

Que1 :- Describe the ethnic composition of the people in Belgium.

Ans :- Ethnic composition of Belgium
■ The ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex.
■ 59% of the total population, lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language.
■ Another 40% people live in the Wallonia region and speak French.
■ Remaining 1% of the Belgians speak German.
■ In the capital city Brussels, 80% people speak French while 20% are
Dutch-speaking.
■ The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful.

Que2 :- State the basic reason for the tension between the French speaking and Dutch speaking
communities in Belgium.
Ans :-
■ The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful.
■ This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who got the benefit of economic
development and education much later.
■ This led to tension between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities during the 1950s and
1960s.
■ In the capital city Brussels, Dutch-speaking people are in a minority as they are a majority in the country.

:- An island nation situated in the southern coast of Tamil Nadu in the Indian Ocean. It has
about two crore people just equal to Haryana.

Que3 :- Describe the ethnic diversity of the people in Sri Lanka.

Ans:- Ethnic variations in Sri Lanka
■ The major social groups in Sri Lanka are:
● The Sinhala-speakers (74%)
● The Tamil-speakers (18%)
■ Among Tamils, there are two subgroups.
■ Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ (13%).
■ The rest(5%), whose forefathers
came from India as plantation workers are called ‘Indian Tamils’.
■ Most of the Sinhala-speaking people are Buddhist, whereas the Tamils are Hindus
or Muslims.
■ There are about 7% Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhala.

Note:- Name the conflicting group of people in Srilanka: Sinhala-speakers and the Tamil-speakers

Que4 :- Define the term ‘majoritarianism’.

Ans :- Majoritarianism: A belief that the majority community should be able to rule the country in
whichever ways it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority.

:- Sri Lanka became free in 1948.

58
Que5 :- What steps/measures were adopted to establish Sinhala supremacy?OR/ What were the
majoritarian measures adopted by the Sri Lankan Government? OR/ Mention three steps taken by the
Srilankan government to achieve majoritarianism.
OR/ What is the principle that is being followed by the government in Sri Lanka ? Describe.
Ans :- In Sri Lanka, the Sinhala community enjoyed a bigger majority and could impose its will on the
entire country.
■ As a result, the democratically elected government adopted a series of majoritarian measures to
establish Sinhala supremacy.
■ In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, disregarding Tamil.
■ The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions
and government jobs.
■ A new constitution stipulated that the state should protect and foster Buddhism.
■ All these government measures, coming one after the other.

Que6 :- 'The relations between Sinhala and Tamil communities strained(िनावपूर्ण) over time.' Explain.
OR/ State the basic reasons for the tension ( Civil War ) between Sinhala and Tamil speaking people in Sri
Lanka.
OR/ Why do the Sri Lankan Tamils feel alienated in their country?
OR/ What factors led to a civil war in Sri Lanka?
Ans :-
■ The measures taken by Sri Lankan govt increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.
■ The felt that none of the major political parties were sensitive to their language and culture.
■ They felt that the constitution and the govt policies denied their equal political rights.
■ They felt that govt are against them in getting jobs and other opportunities.
■ As a result, The relations between Sinhala and Tamil communities strained (िनावपूर्ण) over time.

Que7 :- How did the Tamils make efforts to gain power in Sri Lanka?
Ans :-
■ The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language.
■ They struggled for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in education and jobs.
■ By 1980s several political organisations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam (state) in
northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.
■ The distrust between the two communities turned into widespread conflict.

Que8 :- What do you understand by 'A CIVIL WAR'? What were the results of civil war in Sri Lanka
between the two communities?
Ans :- The distrust between the two communities over the majoritarianism issue turned into widespread
conflict which resulted a civil war.
■ The results were as follows:
● Thousands of people of both the communities were killed.
● Many families were forced to leave the country and many more lost their livelihood.
● Sri Lanka suffered from an economic crisis caused by the civil war.

Que9 :- What do you mean by the Belgian model? Examine the interesting elements of Belgian
government.
OR/ How did the Belgian Government resolve the ethnic diversities and tension between them?
OR/ How was power shared between the people in Belgium?
Ans :- After the four amendments between 1970 and 1993 in the constitution, the Belgian leader worked
out a very different and innovative power sharing arrangement known as Belgian model.
59
The elements of Belgian government are:
■ Equal Distribution of Seats :- According to the new arrangement, Dutch and French speaking Ministers
have been given equal status in the central government. No single majority can make decisions.
■ Concept of Federal government :- Besides, State Government for the two regions have been given
maximum power and state governments are not treated as the subordinate to the central government.
■ Equal Representation in Brussels :- In the new arrangements, Brussels, the capital city of Belgium, has
given equal representation on both the French and Dutch speaking people.
■ Community Government :- The Belgian model introduced a new concept of third kind of government i.e.,
the community government. This government is elected by the people belonging to one language
community.
These arrangements ensure the promotion and protection of cultural and linguistic diversity.

Brussels was chosen as the headquarter during the formation of European Union only because of
of their innovative governing rule for their country to accommodate with linguistic and cultural diversity.

Prudential:- Based on Prudence or on careful calculation of gains and losses Prudential decisions are
usually contrasted with decisions based on moral consideration

Que10 :- Why power sharing is desirable?

OR/ "Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy." Justify the statement with four suitable points.
OR/ State one Prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example for Indian
context?
Ans :-
■ Prudential Reasons
● The Prudential reason for power sharing is a precautionary measure.
● Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
● Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
Reserved seats for minorities and women in assemblies is the best example of Prudential reason of power
sharing in India.
■ Moral Reasons
● Moral reason of power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.
● A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise.
● People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
● A legitimate government is one where citizens participate in the system.

Que11 :- Differentiate Horizontal and Vertical power sharing in modern democracies.

OR/ Explain the horizontal power sharing of government.
OR/ Explain the vertical power sharing of government.
Ans :-
● Horizontal Division of Power
■ Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive
and judiciary.
■ We call this horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at
the same level to exercise different powers.
■ The powers are equally distributed in all the organs.
■ Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power.
■ Each organ checks the others. This results in a balance of power among various institutions.
■ This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.
■ Horizontal power sharing ensures the concept of the expansion of democracy.
60
● Vertical Division of Power
■ Power is shared among the different levels of the government, such as the central or union govt, the
state govt and the local government.
■ The powers are distributed higher to lower levels of government vertically.
■ In a vertical division of powers constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of
government.
■ This arrangement is called federal division of power.
■ Vertical power sharing promotes the concept of deepening of democracy.

Que12 :- Describe the different forms of power sharing in democracies. Give examples.
Ans :-
● Power sharing among different organs of government
■ Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive
and judiciary.
■ We call this horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at
the same level to exercise different powers.
■ The powers are equally distributed in all the organs.
■ Horizontal power sharing ensures the concept of the expansion of democracy.

● Power sharing among different levels of government

■ Power is shared among the different levels of the government, such as the central or union govt, the
state govt and the local government.
■ The powers are distributed higher to lower levels of government vertically.
■ This arrangement is called federal division of power.

● Power sharing among different social groups

■ Power may be shared among different social groups, such as the religious and linguistic groups.
■‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement.
■ In some countries, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially
weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration.

● Power sharing among Political parties, pressure groups and movements

■ Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure
groups and movements control or influence those in power.
■ In contemporary democracies, political competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.
■ In a democracy, we find interest groups such as those of traders, businessmen,
industrialists, farmers and industrial workers. They also will have a share in governmental power.

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 LESSON – 2 FEDERALISM
Very Short Type Questions

Q.1. What is the system of Panchayati Raj.

Ans:- The Village, Block and District level.
Q.2. List the two countries which does not federalism?
Ans:- China and Sri Lanka.
Q.3. How many languages are mentioned in the eighth schedule of the Indian constitution?
Ans:-22 Languages.
Q.4. How many scheduled languages are recognized by the constitution?
Ans:- Besides Hindi, there are 21 scheduled languages.
Q.5 What is the government at Block level called?
Ans:- Panchayat Samiti
Q.6. Which local govt works at district level?
Ans:- Zila Parishad
Q.7. By what name local govt. at urban area called?
Ans:- Municipality and Municipal corporation
Q.8. Who is the chairperson of Municipal Corporation?
Ans:- Mayor

Short Answers Questions

Q.1 What is the real reason for the successes of federalism in India?
Ans.
1) The constitutional provisions are laid out very clearly
2) The nature of democratic politics has ensure its success
3) There is respect for diversity
Q.2 what are the objectives of the federal system?
Ans. Federal system has dual objectives to safeguard and promote unity of the country and accommodate
regional diversity. It is based on mutual trust and agreement to live together.
Q.3 What happened to the centre state relations when different parties ruled at the centre and state
levels till 1990?
Ans. When different parties ruled at the centre and state levels the parties at the centre tried to
undermine the power of states. The central government misused the constitution often to dismiss the
state governments that were controlled by other parties. This is against the spirit of federalism.

Long Answers Questions

Q1. What are the objectives of federalism? What are the two aspects that are crucial in the practice of
federalism?
Ans:-
i. To safeguard and promote unity of the country, while at the same time accommodate regional
diversity, are the objectives of federalism.
ii. The two aspects that are crucial in the practice of federalism are:
(A) Governments at different levels should agree to some rules of power sharing.

62
 (B) They should also trust that each would abide by its part of the agreement. An ideal
federal system has both aspects : mutual trust and agreement to live together.
Q2. What are the two kinds of routes through which federations have been formed?
Or What are the two types of federations?
Ans:-
i. Coming together’ federations: The first route involves independent States coming together on
their own to form a bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity they can increase
their security. This type of ‘coming together’ federations include the USA, Switzerland and Australia. In this
first category of federations, all the constituent States usually have equal power and are strong in
comparison with the federal government.
ii. Holding together’ federations: The second route is where a large country decides to divide its
power between the constituent states and the national government. India, Spain and Belgium are
examples of this kind of ‘holding together’ federations. In this second category, the central government
tends to be more powerful in comparison with the States. Very often different constituent units of the
federation have unequal powers. Some units are granted special powers.
Q3. Distinguish between federal and unitary governments.
Ans:-
i. Under the unitary system, either there is only one level of government or the sub-units are
subordinate to the central government. The central government can pass on orders to the provincial or the
local government.
ii. But in a federal system, the central government cannot order the state government to do
something. State government has powers of its own for which it is not answerable to the central
government. Both these governments are separately answerable to the people.
Q4. What are the key features of federalism?
Ans:-
i. There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
ii. Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in
specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
iii. The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the constitution.
So the existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed.
iv. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of
government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.
v. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of
government. The highest court acts as an umpire if disputes arise between different levels of government
in the exercise of their respective powers.
vi. Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial
autonomy.
Q5. Describe the three fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and State
Government.
Or How is the power sharing arrangement done in India?
Ans:-
i. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government
(or what we call the Central Government) and the State governments.
ii. Later, a third tier of federalism was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. As in any
federation, these different tiers enjoy separate jurisdiction. The Constitution clearly provided a threefold
distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments. Thus, it
contains three lists.
iii. Union List includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign
affairs, banking, communications and currency. They are included in this list because we need a uniform

63
policy on these matters throughout the country. The Union Government alone can make laws relating to
the subjects mentioned in the Union List.
iv. State List contains subjects of State and local importance such as police, trade, commerce,
agriculture and irrigation. The State Governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned
in the State List.
v. Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as
the State Governments, such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. Both
the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list. If their
laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government will prevail.
Q6. How is federalism practiced in India?
Or Explain any three practices that have strengthen federalism in India.
Ans:-
i. By organizing Linguistic States: The creation of Linguistic States was the first and a major test for
democratic politics in our country. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived
in the same State. Some States were created not on the basis of language but to recognize differences
based on culture, ethnicity or geography. It has actually made the country, more united. It has also made
administration easier.
ii. By developing a language policy: A second test for Indian federation is the language policy. Our
Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Hindi was identified as the
official language. But Hindi is the mother tongue of only about 40 per cent of Indians. Therefore, there
were many safeguards to protect other languages. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognized
as Scheduled Languages by the Constitution. States too have their own official languages.
iii. By re-structuring the Centre-State relations: Restructuring the Centre-State relations is one
more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice. The constitutional arrangements for
sharing power work in reality depends to a large extent on how the ruling parties and leaders follow these
arrangements. Rise of a number of regional parties and establishment of coalition governments led to a
new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of the state governments.
Q7. How is Panchayati Raj constituted?
Ans:-
i. It is a three tier system of administration. At the lower level, it is the Village Panchayat. Each
village, or a group of villages in some States, has a Gram Panchayat. This is a council consisting of several
ward members, often called panch, and a president or sarpanch. They are directly elected by all the adult
population living in that ward or village.
ii. Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti: A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form what is
usually called a Panchayat Samiti or block or mandal. The members of this representative body are elected
by all the panchyat members in that area.
iii. Zilla Parishad: All the Panchayat Samitis or Mandals in a district together constitute the Zilla
(district) Parishad. Most members of the Zilla Parishad are elected. Members of the Lok Sabha and MLAs of
that district and some other officials of other district level bodies are also its members. Zilla parishad
chairperson is the political head of the Zilla Parishad.
iv. Similarly, local government bodies exist for urban areas as well. Municipalities are set up in
towns. Big cities are constituted into municipal corporations. Both municipalities and municipal
corporations are controlled by elected bodies consisting of people’s representatives. Municipal
chairperson is the political head of the municipality. In a Municipal Corporation such an officer is called the
mayor.
Q8. Describe any four measures taken to decentralize power in India.
Ans:-
i. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government
(or the Central Government) and the State governments. Later, a third tier of federalism was added in the

64
form of Panchayats and Municipalities. As in any federation, these different tiers enjoy separate
jurisdiction.
ii. Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for the
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
iii. At least one-third of all positions in the local government bodies are reserved for women.
iv. An independent institution called the State Election Commission has been created in each State
to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.
v. The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government
bodies. The nature of sharing varies from State to State.

65
 LESSON – 3 POLITICAL PARTIES
Very Short Type Questions

Q.1.Which of the following is the most visible institutions in a democracy?

Ans: Political parties
Q.2. How many political parties are registered with the election commission of India?
Ans: More than 750
Q3. What is the full form of BJP?
Ans: Bhartiya Janta Party.
Q.4. How many political parties were recognized as National parties in India in 2019?
Ans: 07
Q.5. How many Lok sabha constituencies are there in India at present?
Ans: 543
Q.6. Which state consists of the largest Lok sabha constituency in India?
Ans: Uttar Pradesh
Q.7. What is the full form of NDA
Ans: National Democratic Alliance
Q.8. Which party system followed in India
Ans: Multiparty system
Q.9. What is Bye-election?
Ans: Elections held to fill a vacancy caused by the death or any other reasons.
Q.10. Who is the founder of the Bahujan Samajwadi Party (BSP)
Ans: Kanshi Ram
Q.11. Who chooses the candidate for contesting elections in India?
Ans. Top party leaders.
Q.12. USA has _______________.
Ans. Two party system.
Q.13. Which political party is famous in Great Britain?
Ans. Labour Party
Q.14. How many parties are registered with the election commission of India?
Ans. More than 750 parties.
Q.15. Write two components of political party.
Ans. (i) Leaders (ii) Active Members.

Short Answers Type Questions

Q.1. Why do we need political parties?

Ans.:-
1. Political parties are easily one of the most visible institutions in a democracy.
2. For most ordinary citizens, political parties are equal to democracy.
3. Political parties helped in making public opinion and farming the govt.
Q.2. Describe the merits of a multiparty system in three points.
Ans.:-
1. More than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own
strength or in alliance with others
2. This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.

66
 3. In India we have multi-party system and the coalition govt. for last 15 years which benefits all
sections of the population.
Q.3: - What are the characteristics of a political party?
Ans.:-
1. It is a group of people coming together to contest elections and share power.
2. It agrees on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote collective
good.
3. It lends to implement their policies by viewing popular support through elections.
4. It is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interest it upholds.
Q.4. What is the role of opposition party in democracy
Ans.:-
1. Constructive criticism of govt.
2. Restriction of arbitrariness of ruling party
3. Safeguard, liberty and rights of the people
4. Well prepared to form govt. 5. Expression of public opinion
Q.5. Give an account of the functions (any four) of political parties.
Ans.:-
1. They educate the masses, through their meetings and propaganda about various problems facing
the country
2. Helps in the formation of public opinion
3. They contest elections and try to get the maximum number of their candidates elected
4. They serve as a link between the govt. and the people
5. The party which gets as absolute majority forms the govt. others form opposition
Q.6. “The rise of political parties is linked to the emergence of representative democracies.” Comment
on the statement.
Ans.:-
1. As a society become large and complex they also need some agenesis together with different
views on various issues and to present these to the govt.
2. They need some ways to bring various representatives together so that a responsible govt. can
be formed.
3. They need a mechanism to support and restrain the govt. make policies, justify or oppose them.

Long Answers Type Questions

Q1. What are the characteristics of a political party?

Ans:-
i. All political parties have a symbol allotted by the Election Commission.
ii. They have some programmes and policies regarding the formation of a government.
iii. All political parties are registered and have large number of supporters with a leader.
iv. Normally they contest in the elections
Q2. What are the functions of political parties?
OR ‘Political parties play a major role in democracy’. Give four points to justify this statement.
OR Modern democracies do not exist without political parties. Justify the statement.
Ans:-
i. Parties contest elections. In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates
put up by political parties.
ii. Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. A
party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it supports.
iii. A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the ruling party.

67
 iv. Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Formally, laws are debated and passed
in the legislature.
v. Since most of the members belong to a party, they go by the direction of the party leadership,
irrespective of their personal opinions.
vi. Parties form and run governments. Parties recruit leaders, trains them and then make them
ministers to run the government in the way they want.
vii. Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power, by
voicing different views and criticizing government for its failures or wrong policies.
viii. Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues. Parties have lakhs of members
and activists spread all over the country.
ix. Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by
governments. For an ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer.
That is why they feel close to parties even when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to be responsive
to people’s needs and demands.
Q3. Differentiate between a national and a regional party.
Ans:-
i. A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly
of a State and wins at least two seats is recognized as a State party (or regional party).
ii. A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly
elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognized as a national party.
iii. Regional party will have influence in less than three states where as national parties will have
influence in more than three states.
iv. Indian National Congress (I) and Communist Party of India (Marxist) are examples of national
parties and Telugu Desam of Andhra Pradesh and Akali Dal of Punjab are examples of regional parties.
Q4. What are the various challenges faced by political parties in India?
Ans:-
i. The first challenge is lack of internal democracy within parties. All over the world, there is a
tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top. Parties
do not keep membership registers, do not hold organizational meetings, and do not conduct internal
elections regularly.
ii. Dynastic succession: Since most political parties do not practice open and transparent
procedures for their functioning, there no ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party. Those
who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even
their family members.
iii. The third challenge is about the growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially
during elections. Since parties are focused only on winning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win
elections. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or who can raise lots of money. Rich people
and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the
party. In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections.
iv. The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the
voters. In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different. In recent years, there
has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world. For example,
the difference between the Labour Party and the Conservative Party in Britain is very little.
Q5. Suggest some reforms to strengthen parties so that they perform their functions well.
Ans:-
i. A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. It should be made
compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members, to follow its own constitution.
ii. It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about
one-third, to women candidates. Similarly, there should be a quota for women in the decision making
bodies of the party.

68
 iii. There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money to
support their election expenses. This support could be given in kind: petrol, paper, telephone etc. Or it
could be given in cash on the basis of the votes secured by the party in the last election.
Q6. What are the measures taken by the Government to reform political parties and its leaders?
Ans:-
i. The Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties. Now the
law says that if any MLA or MP changes parties, he or she will lose the seat in the legislature according to
the Anti-Defection Law.
ii. The Supreme Court passed an order to reduce the influence of money and criminals. Now, it is
mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an affidavit giving details of his property and
that no criminal cases pending against him.
iii. The Election Commission passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold their
organizational elections and file their income tax returns.

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 LESSON – 4 OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY
Very Short Type Questions

Q.1 Which forms of government is responsible towards public welfare.

Ans. Democracy
Q.2 The most important outcome of democracy is being a _______________
Ans. Accountable and Responsive government
Q.3 Democracy is based on the idea of _____________
Ans. Deliberation and negotiation
Q.4 In a democratic government, a citizen has the right and the means to examine the decisions taken by
the govt. It is known as _________
Ans. Transparency
Q.5 “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.” is said by……….
Ans. Abraham Lincoln
Q.6 Which country in South Asia does not prefer democracy over dictatorship?
Ans. Pakistan
Q.7 What is the government ruled by a King called?
Ans. Monarchy.
Q.8. When was democracy introduced in India?
Ans. 1950.
Q.9. Which type of Government is dominant in contemporary world?
Ans. People’s representative government.
Q.10. Name the association of South Asian Developing countries.
Ans. SAARC
Short Answers Type Questions

Q.1 How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government?
Ans.:-
1. Democracy is a form of govt. in which people rule themselves through the representatives who
are elected by them.
2. The elected members from the govt. and make policies and run the administration of the
country.
3. The govt. elected by the people is also accountable to them.
Q.2 List the various aspects and qualifications which help in giving a clear definition of democracy.
Ans.:-
1. The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions
2. Elections must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the existing rulers.
3. Choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis
4. Besides political rights, some social and economic rights are offered to the citizens by the
democracy.
5. Power sharing is the spirit of democracy and is necessary between government and social groups
in a democracy.
Q.3 “Democratic governments are better than its alternatives”. Explain the statement?
Ans.:-
1. Democratic government is a legitimate government
2. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean. But it is the people’s own govt.
3. There is overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world; in countries with
democratic regimes as well as countries without democratic regimes.

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Q.4 How democracy accommodates social diversity?
Ans.:-
1. It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The majority
always needs to work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general view.
2. It is also necessary that rule by majority does not become rule by majority community. In terms
of religion, or race or linguistics groups. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of
every election, different persons or groups may and can form a majority.
3. Democracy remains a democracy only as long as every citizen has a choice of living in majority, at
some point of time.
Short Answers Type Questions

Q1. Why is democracy a better form of Government?

Ans:-
i. Democracy promotes equality among citizens;
ii. It enhances the dignity of the individual;
iii. It improves the quality of decision making;
iv. It Provides a method to resolve conflicts; and
v. It allows room to correct mistakes. Hence, it is a better form of Government.
Q2. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government?
Ans:-
i. In a democracy, we are most concerned with ensuring that people will have the right to choose
their rulers and people will have control over the rulers. If they do not work properly, people can
overthrow them. Whenever possible and necessary, citizens should be able to participate in decision
making, that affects them all. Thus, democracy produces an accountable, government.
ii. Democracy is a government that is attentive to the needs and demands of the people and is
largely free of corruption. Democracies should not frustrate the needs of the people and ignore the
demands of a majority of its population. Thus it a responsive Government.
iii. Democratic government is a legitimate government. It is people’s own government. People elect
the rulers. The party that gets majority seat in the legislature forms the government. If they lose the
majority, they have to resign.
Q3. How does democracy help reduce inequality and poverty?
Ans:-
i. Economic inequality and poverty are the twin problems of India. Different political parties are
committed to remove these since it is included in their election manifesto. They are responsive to the
needs of the people. The elected Government from time to time started a number of poverty alleviation
programmes to reduce poverty in India.
ii. More over many employment schemes like Rural Works Programme, National Rural Employment
Programme etc. are started by democratic Government in India.
Q4. What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities?
Ans:-
i. It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply a rule by majority opinion. The majority
always needs to work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general view.
Majority and minority opinions are not permanent.
ii. It is also necessary that rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of
religion or race or linguistic group, etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of
every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority.
iii. Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at
some point of time. If someone is barred from being in majority on the basis of birth, then the democratic
rule ceases to be accommodative for that person or group.

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Q5. How are social diversities accommodated in democracies?
Or How does democracy lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens?
Ans:-
i. No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. However, we can
certainly learn to respect these differences and we can also evolve mechanisms to negotiate the
differences. Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome.
ii. Non-democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences. Ability
to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point of democratic Government.
iii. Social diversities can be accommodated by deliberation, negotiation, and mutual understanding.
iv. It can be accommodated by power sharing as in the case of Belgium.
Q6. What are the expected outcomes of democracy?
Ans:-
i. It helps to form an accountable, responsive and legitimate Government.
ii. It brings economic growth and development.
iii. It helps to reduce inequality and poverty in society.
iv. It allows to accommodate social diversity.
v. It upholds dignity and freedom of citizens. (Explain points)
Q7. Examine with the help of three examples, how dignity and freedom of citizens are best guaranteed
in a democracy.
Ans:-
i. In a democratic country people have the freedom to choose their representatives on the basis of
universal adult franchise.
ii. Most societies across the world were historically male dominated. Equal treatment of women
became the necessary requirement of a democratic society. Thus, their status in democratic countries
improved.
iii. In a non-democratic setup, there is no legal basis for freedom and dignity of individuals.
Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal
status and equal opportunity.
iv. Democracy transforms people from the status of subjects under a king or a dictator to the status
of citizens with rights and duties. Many Fundamental rights are granted to citizens in a democratic country.
v. One such right is the right to freedom, which is a cluster of many rights like freedom to travel
anywhere, freedom to assemble anywhere, freedom to choose any profession, to choose any religion etc.

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 (ECONOMICS)
LESSON – 1 DEVELOPMENT
Very Short Type Questions

Q.1 The total income of the country divided by its total population is Called
Ans. Per capital income
Q.2 Which organization publishes the Human Development Report?
Ans. UNDP
Q.3 Which state in has the highest literacy rate?
Ans. Kerala
Q.4 As per Human Development Report 2006 which neighboring country has the highest income?
Ans. Sri Lanka
Q.5. What is sustainable development?
Ans. Development that does not compromise the needs of the future generation.
Q.6. Development of a country can generally be determined by ____________
Ans. Per capita income
Q.7. Which of the state has low infant mortality rate?
Ans. Kerala
Q.8. What is the full form of HDI?
Ans. Human Development Index
Q.9. Which areas of the world has the largest crude oil reserves?
Ans. The Middle East.
Q.10. Besides money what are the other developmental goals?
Ans. Respect, Security, Pollution Free environment, etc.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Why do different people have different goals for development?

Ans: Different people have different goals for development because:
✓ Different people have different aspiration and desire.
✓ Some may like to have more income and better quality of education for their children, while others
may require no social discrimination and high support price for their crops.
✓ So according to the living conditions and the environment in which the person stays, he or she
pursue for the goals.
✓ People seek things that are most important for them i.e., that which can fulfill their aspiration or
desires.
Q.2 Why average income is taken into consideration instead of total income while making comparison
between countries?
Ans: The total income of the country is the income of all the residents of the country. For comparison
between countries, total income is not such a useful measure. Since countries have different population,
comparing total income will not tell us what an average people is likely to earn. Hence we compare the
average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population.
So, Average income = Total income
Total population
✓ The average income is also called per capita income.
Q.3 Write a paragraph on your nation that what should India do, to become a developed country?
Ans.
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 (i) Control the rate of increasing population.
(ii) Use of latest technology, irrigation facility, chemical fertilizers, and all information should be
provided to farmers.
(iii) New economic policy, international trade, liberalization and globalization should be adopted
sincerely and effectively.
(iv) Adequate facilities related with infrastructure, education, health, electricity, water, transport
etc. should be provided to all people of all regions and areas.
Q.4 What is the main criteria used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the
limitations of this criterion, if any?
Ans: Per capita income is the main criteria used by World Bank.
✓ Limitations of per capita income:
(I)It enables to show how income is distributed among the people of the country.
(II)Cost of pollution is not considered in this average.
(III)Some other important aspects like infant mortality rate, literacy rate, net attendance
ratio etc. are not considered while calculating per capita income.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q1. How did World Bank classify countries? What criterion did they use? What are its limitations?
ANS :-
▪ The World Bank classified countries in to High Income countries, Medium Income countries and
Low-Income countries.
▪ Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are called rich
countries.
▪ India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2017
was just US$ 1820 per annum.
▪ Those with per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income countries.
▪ They used per capita income as the criterion to classify countries.
▪ Limitations of this criterion are the following:
➢ Per capita income alone can’t bring development.
➢ Even though per capita income of many countries is very high, it is noticed that
the standard of living of the people remained low.
Q2. Give three examples where an average income is used for comparing situations.
Or Why do we use average income? What are the limitations to their use?
ANS :-
▪ The per capita income or the average income is used to compare economic development of
countries.
▪ We use averages to identify and analyse performance level in different areas.
▪ It is used to compare different situations and to find out the strong and weak points.
▪ We use averages to make calculations easier and averages reveal general performance level.
▪ There are limitations to their use.
▪ Averages will not represent the actual performance.
▪ When we take the average of similar performance or similar amount, it is meaningful.
▪ However, when we calculate two extremes or a number of very low performances and a very high
performance, the average will not tell the exact situation.
Q3. Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
ANS :-
▪ Average income represents the total income of a country keeping in view of the total population.

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 ▪ If the average income is adequate to meet the basic requirement and other facilities that country is
considered developed.
▪ More income means more of all things that human beings need.
▪ Whatever people like and should have, they will be able to get with greater income.
Q4. Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.
OR Prove by giving examples that income itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods
and services that citizens were able to use.
ANS :-
▪ The per capita income of Haryana and Kerala is Rs. 1,80,174 and Rs. 1,63,475 by the year 2018–19.
▪ Though the per capita income of Haryana was much higher than Kerala.
▪ But their infant mortality rate is 30 and it is higher than 10 in Kerala and literacy rate is 82 % in
Haryana and 94 % in Kerala.
Money cannot buy all the goods and services that we need to live well. It cannot buy a pollution free
environment or ensure that we get unadulterated medicine.
Q5. What are the three components of Human Development Index?
OR What are attributes of regional or national developmental aspirations or goals?
ANS :-
▪ Per capita income or the average income of a citizen.
▪ Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also done
in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in any country.
▪ Life expectancy at birth denotes, as the name suggests, average expected length of life of a person
at the time of birth.
▪ Infant Mortality Rate or the number of children dying before the age of one year per thousand
births.
▪ Gross Enrolment Ratio or literacy rate for three levels means enrolment ratio for primary school,
secondary school and higher education beyond secondary school.
Q6. Find out the present source of energy used by the people in India. What could be the possibilities
fifty years from now?
ANS :-
▪ At present we use conventional source of energy mostly like coal and petroleum as the major
source of energy.
▪ Since it is an exhaustible and non-renewable source of energy it may not be available after fifty
years.
▪ We use non-conventional source of energy like solar energy, wind energy, and hydel energy to a
small extent.
▪ After 50 years we have to depend on non-conventional sources of energy only or we have to
develop a new source of energy.
Q7. Why has Kerala a low infant mortality rate and a high literacy rate even though the per capita
income is comparatively low?
ANS :-
▪ Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and
educational facilities.
▪ The Government spent a fair amount of money in the field of health and education.
▪ The Public Distribution System functions properly in Kerala and essential goods are supplied at a
lower price than the market prices.
▪ Therefore, the health and nutritional status of the people is very high.
Q8. How do public facilities stand as a clear indicator of development?
ANS :-
▪ Money cannot protect you from diseases unless the whole community takes preventive steps.

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 ▪ You cannot get good education if the provision is not available to all or no one else, other than you,
is interested in education.
▪ Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and
educational facilities.
▪ The Government spent a fair amount of money in the field of health and education.
▪ The Public Distribution System functions properly in Kerala and essential goods are supplied at a
lower price than the market prices.
▪ Therefore, the health and nutritional status of the people is very high.
Q9. What should India do to achieve to become a developed country?
ANS :-
▪ Per capita income of India should be increased by achieving rapid industrial development and
increasing national income and by reducing the population to the size of the resources available in
the country.
▪ Life expectancy of the people of India should be increased by improving the health status of the
people through awareness and immunization programmes, maternal and child health care and
improving overall medical facilities in India.
▪ Literacy rate and Gross Enrolment Ratio should be increased by effective implementation of the
constitutional provision to provide free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of
14 and by launching various education programmes.
Q10. ‘The earth has the resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of one
person’. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development?
ANS :-
▪ The statement warns against the modern technology of production, which leads to over
exploitation of resources and further leads to environmental pollution and wastages of resources.
▪ It is due to the greed of human beings that the resources are over exploited and the environment is
polluted.
▪ It is not sustainable. Sustainable development take scare the needs of the present generation as
well as the future generation.

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 LESSON – 2 SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
Very Short Type Questions

Q.1 During the period between 1973 to2003, the production has increased most in the ________
Ans. Tertiary Sector
Q.2 GDP is the value of……….. produced during a particular year
Ans. All final goods & services
Q.3 The sectors are classified in to public and private sectors on the basis of ___________
Ans. Ownership of enterprises
Q.4 NREGA 2005 guarantees work for how many days in a year?
Ans. 100 days.
Q.5 Which one of the following is a public sector enterprise?
Ans. Indian Railway
Q.6 Which was the largest producing sector in 1973?
Ans. Primary Sector

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1 What is the differences between public and private sectors?

Ans. Public Sector :-
(i) The government owns most of the assets and provides all the services.
(ii) The purpose of the public sector is not just to earn profit, but also to raise the welfare of the
economy.
(iii) Railways or post office is an example of the public sector.
Private Sector :-
(i) Ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies.
(ii) Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profit.
(iii) Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited or Reliance Industries Limited are privately owned.
Q.2 Though maximum share of GDP is coming from tertiary sector, but still the share of employment in
the primary sector is maximum. Discuss.
Ans.
(a) This situation is because not enough jobs are created in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
(b) Though the industrial production of goods went up by eight times, but employment in the
industry went up by only 2.5 times.
(c) Similarly in the tertiary sector, production rose by 11 times but employment rose less than three
times. As a result, more than half of the population is dependent on the primary sector which
contributes only a quarter of GDP.
Q.3 Why does only final goods and services are included while calculating National Income?
Ans: Only final goods and services are included while calculating National Income because:
(a) Final goods are those goods which have crossed the boundary line of production and are ready
for final consumption and investment.
(b) The value of final goods already includes the value of all the intermediate goods that are used in
making the final goods. This would lead to the problem of double counting if all the goods of the
economy will be included while calculating national income.
(c) This should be avoided because if the value of any commodity is counted more than once it will
result in overestimation of national income.
Q.4 What is the meaning of under employment? In which economic sector is under employment
conditions more prevalent? & Why?
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Ans. A condition in which each individual appears working but no one is fully employed. This is the
situation of under employment. People under such type of employment cannot utilize their potential and
capacity in full.
It is in primary sector because-
(i) This sector comprises the poorest section of society in majority.
(ii) People engaged in this sector are illiterate or semi-literate.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What are the different sectors of an economy?

Or How are economic activities classified on the basis of the nature of the activity?
Ans:-
i. Primary Sector: When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources it is an activity of
primary sector. It forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make. E.g. farming,
fishing, forestry, mining, etc.
ii. Secondary Sector: The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed
into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. It is the
next step after primary activity. Using sugarcane as a raw material, we make sugar or gur. We
convert earth into bricks and use bricks to make houses and buildings. Since this sector gradually
became associated with the different kinds of industries that came up, it is also called as industrial
sector.
iii. Tertiary Sector: These activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors.
These activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they are an aid or a support for the
production process. Transport, storage, communication, banking, trade are some examples of
tertiary activities. Since these activities generate services rather than goods, the tertiary sector is
also called the service sector.
Q2. How is tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.
Ans:-
i. Tertiary activities, by themselves, do not produce goods but primary and secondary sectors
produce goods.
ii. Tertiary sector is the largest producing sector in India in 2010-11, which shares 58% in the G.D.P
whereas primary and secondary sectors contribute 18 % and 24 % respectively.
iii. Development of primary and secondary activities leads to the development of tertiary activities
like transport, trade, storage etc.
iv. Cultivation of wheat is a primary activity and producing bread is a secondary activity.
Transportation, storing and selling bread are tertiary activities.
Q3. Describe the transition of different sectors in the path of development of countries.
Or What are the historical changes in the different sectors in the course of development?
Or What is the general pattern of shift in the importance of sectors observed in developed countries?
Ans:-
i. Generally, it has been noted from the histories of many developed, countries that at the initial
stages of development, primary sector was the most important sector of economic activity.
ii. As the methods of farming changed and agriculture sector began to prosper, it produced much
more food than before. Many people could now take up other activities. There were increasing
number of craft persons and traders.
iii. Over a long time, and especially because new methods of manufacturing were introduced,
factories came up and started expanding.
iv. People began to use many more goods that were produced in factories at cheap rates.
Secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and employment.

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 v. In the past 100 years, there has been a further shift from secondary to tertiary sector in
developed countries. Buying and selling activities increased many times. Besides, there were also
transporters, administrators, army etc.
Q4. Why is the tertiary sector becoming so important in India?
Ans:-
i. In any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph
services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, defence,
transport, banks, insurance companies, etc. are required. These can be considered as basic services.
ii. In a developing country the government has to take responsibility for the provision of these
services and thus provide employment opportunities.
iii. The development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services such as
transport, trade, storage and the like. Greater the development of the primary and secondary
sectors, more would be the demand for tertiary services.
iv. As income levels rise, certain sections of people start demanding many more services like eating
out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc. We can see this
change quite sharply in cities, especially in big cities.
v. Over the past decade or so, certain new services such as those based on information and
communication technology have become important and essential.
vi. The production of these services has been rising rapidly.
Q5. What do you understand by under employment? Why is it called disguised unemployment? Explain
with an example each from urban and rural areas.
Ans:-
i. If more people are employed in an activity than required it is known as under employment. In this
situation of underemployment, where people are apparently working, but all of them are made to
work less than their potential. The production will not be affected even if the surplus workers are
thrown out.
ii. This kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does not have a job and is
clearly visible as unemployed. Hence, it is also called disguised unemployment.
iii. All members in a family work in a plot of land throughout the year in rural areas since they have
nowhere else to go for work. Each one is doing some work but no one is fully employed. This is the
situation of underemployment.
iv. There are thousands of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas who search for daily
employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers, repairpersons and others doing odd jobs.
v. Many of them do not find work daily. Similarly, there are people on the street pushing a cart or
selling something where they may spend the whole day but earn very little. They are doing this
work because they do not have better opportunities.
Q6. Suggest a few measures that can be adopted to tackle the problem of under employment.
(Measures to solve problem of unemployment in Rural areas)
Ans:-
i. The Government can spend some money or banks can give loans to improve the methods of
cultivation and to absorb surplus workers in new areas.
ii. Construction of canals and dams can improve agricultural activities and create more employment
opportunities.
iii. If Government invests some money in transportation and storage of crops or make better rural
roads helps the farmers to sell their crops in the towns and create more job opportunities.
iv. Identify, promote and locate industries in semi-rural areas where a large number of people may
be employed.
v. Adopt measures to bring all children to schools, which require more buildings, more teachers and
other staff. It can create 20 lakh job opportunities in India.
vi. Development of tourism can create additional employment to 35 lakh people every year.

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 vii. Improve health facilities in India, which will provide a large number of employment
opportunities.
Q7. What is the importance of National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005?
Ans:-
a. Under NREGA 2005, all those who are able to, and are in need of, work have been guaranteed
100 days of employment in a year by the government.
b. If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowances
to the people. The types of work that would in future help to increase the production from land will
be given preference under the Act.
Q8. How are activities in an economy classified based on employment conditions?
Ans:- Organized Sector:
i. Organized sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are
regular and therefore, people have assured work.
ii. They are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations which are
given in various laws such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of Gratuity Act,
Shops and Establishments Act etc.
iii. It is called organized because it has some formal processes and procedures. Workers in the
organized sector enjoy security of employment. They are expected to work only a fixed number of
hours. If they work more they have to be paid overtime by the employer.
iv. They get paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity etc. They are supposed to
get medical benefits and, under the laws, the factory manager has to ensure facilities like drinking
water and a safe working environment. When they retire, these workers get pensions as well.
Unorganized Sector:
i. The unorganized sector is characterized by small and scattered units which are largely outside the
control of the government.
ii. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed. Jobs here are lowpaid and often not
regular.
iii. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. Employment is
not secure. People can be asked to leave without any reason.
iv. This sector includes a large number of people who are employed on their own doing small jobs
such as selling on the street or doing repair work. Similarly, farmers work on their own and hire
labourers as and when they require.

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 LESSON – 3 MONEY AND CREDID
Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. The exchange of goods for goods is ____________.

Ans. Bills of exchange
Q2. Currency is issued by ______________.
Ans. Currency is issued by RBI on behalf of Central Government
Q3. National Sample Survey Organization is a __________.
Ans. An institution responsible to collect data on formal sector credit.
Q4. Gold Mohar, a coin so named was brought in circulation by _________.
Ans. Akbar
Q5. Which agency is not included in informal loan sector or agency?
Ans. Bank
Q6. In SHG most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by __________.
Ans. Non-government organizations
Q7. Formal sources of credit include _______________.
Ans. Banks, Co-operatives and LIC
Q8. Security (pledge, mortgage) against loan:
Ans. Collateral

SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTION

Q1. Give the meaning and functions of money.

Ans. Meaning of money: Money may be anything chosen by common consent as a medium of exchange
and measure of value.
Functions of money:
(A) Primary functions: (a) Medium of exchange (b) Medium of value
(B) Secondary functions: (a) Store of value (b) Standard of deferred payments (c) Transfer of value
(C) Contingent functions: (a) Basis of credit (b) Liquidity (c) Maximum utilization of resources (d) Guarantor
of solvency (e) Distribution of National Income
Q2. What monetary system does India follow?
Ans.
(a) India has adopted a representative paper currency or the managed currency standard.
(b) The monetary standard is synonymous with the standard money adopted. Paper currency in
India is the unlimited legal tender i.e. it is used to settle debts and make payments against all
transactions.
(c) RBI (The Reserve Bank of India) issues all currency notes and coins except one rupee notes and
coins which are issued by the ministry of finance.
(d) The system governing note issues the minimum reserve system viz. certain quantity of gold is
kept in reserve.
Q3. What is banking? Give the main features of commercial banking.
Ans. Banking is defined as the accepting of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment of deposited
money by the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawal by cheque, draft order or
otherwise.
Main features of commercial banks are as follows:
(i) It deals with money, it accepts deposits and advances loans.
(ii) It also deals with credit, it has the power to create credit.
(iii) It is a commercial institution, whose aim is to earn profit.

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 (iv) It is a unique financial institution that creates demand.
(v) It deals with the general public.

LONG ANSWERS TYPE QUESTION

Q1. What is double coincidence of wants? How does money solve double coincidence of wants?
Ans:-
i. It was a situation that existed in the barter system of exchange, before the introduction of money.
What a person desires to sell and buy is exactly what the other wishes to buy and sell.
ii. In this situation, it is difficult to find a person who is willing to exchange two commodities each
other.
iii. Where money is in use goods can be bought and sold to different people. Whatever one person
wants to sell, he can sell it to anyone who wants it and get money.
iv. He can use the money to buy something from a different person. Here money acts as a medium
of exchange and double coincidence of wants is eliminated.
Q2. How do banks mediate between the depositors and borrowers?
Or Describe the mechanism at work in the banks.
Or What do banks do with the public deposits?
Ans:-
A. Banks accept deposit from depositors, by offering interest.
B. A small percentage of all the deposits (15 %) will be kept as reserves in the banks to pay when
depositors demand it, hoping all depositors will not withdraw money at a time.
C. Banks use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans. People take loan from banks for various
purposes.
D. Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits.
E. The difference between what is charged from borrowers and what is paid to depositors is their main
source of income for the banks.
Q3. What is credit? Explain the various terms of credit with examples.
Ans:- Credit (loan) refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or
services in return for the promise of future payment.
The terms of credit are the following:
i. Interest rate: Formal sector demands less rate of interest compared to informal sector. At
present, they demand 8 to 12 % interest rate.
ii. Collateral and documentation requirement: It refers to the security against the loan demanded
and kept by the lender until the loan is paid back. It can be gold or documents of properties or
other certificates attached with the application.
iii. The mode of repayment: The borrower should pay back the interest and the principal amount
weekly or monthly by cash or cheques as decided at the time of making agreements.
Q4. Differentiate between formal and informal sectors of credit in India.
Ans:-
i. Formal Sector of credit includes Commercial banks, Grammeen Banks, Cooperative societies etc.
who provide loan to farmers. Informal sector includes moneylenders , traders, employers, relatives
and friends who provide loans.
ii. There is no organization, which supervises the credit activities of lenders in the informal sector.
However, Reserve Bank of India supervises the formal sector and issue guidelines.
iii. Compared to the formal lenders, most of the informal lenders charge a much higher interest and
put other terms on loans. Thus, the cost to the borrower of informal loans is much higher. This may
push them in to debt trap.
iv. Informal lenders adopt unfair means to get their money back. On the other hand, Banks follow
only legal measures to recover loans.
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 v. Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development. It is available in banks and
cooperatives. It reduces the dependence of rural households in the informal sector.
Q5. Describe the functioning of Self Help Group. (SHG)
Ans:-
i. A typical SHG has 15-20 members, usually belonging to one neighbourhood, who meet and save
regularly.
ii. Saving per member varies from Rs 25 to Rs 100 or more, depending on the ability of the people
to save.
iii. Members can take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs. The group charges
interest on these loans but this is still less than what moneylenders charge.
iv. Loan is sanctioned in the name of the group and is meant to create self-employment
opportunities for the members.
v. Most of the important decisions regarding the savings and loan activities are taken by the group
members. The group decides as regards the loans to be granted — the purpose, amount, interest to
be charged, repayment schedule etc.
vi. Also, it is the group which is responsible for the repayment of the loan. Any case of non-
repayment of loan by any one member is followed up seriously by other members in the group.
Because of this feature, banks are willing to lend to the poor women when organized in SHGs, even
though they have no collateral as such.
vii. Thus, the SHGs help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral. They can get timely
loans for a variety of purposes and at a reasonable interest rate. Moreover, SHGs are the building
blocks of organization of the rural poor.
viii. Not only does it help women to become financially self-reliant, the regular meetings of the
group provide a platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as health, nutrition,
domestic violence, etc.
Q6. In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is it
necessary? (Explain any 4 main functions of the RBI)
Ans:-
i. The RBI monitors that all banks actually maintain the minimum cash balance. No bank is allowed
to lend from the cash reserves.
ii. Similarly, the RBI sees that banks give loans not just to profit-making businesses and traders but
also to small cultivators, small scale industries, to small borrowers etc.
iii. Periodically, banks have to submit information to the RBI on how much they are lending, to
whom, at what interest rate, etc.
iv. It is necessary to make the activities of all banks uniform in the country. It also helps to prevent
unfair practices in banking.
Q7. Why is moneylender still the largest single source of credit?
Or Why are the poor households still depending on informal sources of credit in India?
Ans:-
i. Banks are not present everywhere in rural India. Even if it is present, it is not easy to get loans
from a bank since many procedures are required.
ii. Absence of collateral and documentation required in formal sector, forces poor households to
depend on informal sectors like moneylenders where such collateral and documentations are not
required.
iii. Since the lender and the borrower in informal sector are personally known to each other
availability of loan is easy at any time required.

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 LESSON – 4 GLOBALIZATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY
Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. MNC stands for _____________

Ans. Multinational Corporation
Q2. Investment made by MNCs is called ____________
Ans. Foreign Investment
Q3. Process of integration of different countries is called ____________
Ans. Globalisation
Q4. MNCs increase _______________
Ans. Competition, Price war and Quality
Q5. This helps to create an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic market.
Ans. Foreign trade
Q6. Foreign Trade ________
Ans. Increases earnings
Q7. Globalisation was stimulated by _____________
Ans. Transportation
Q8. Production of services across countries has been facilitated by ____________
Ans. Information and Communication Technology
Q9. Tax on imports is an example of ___________
Ans. Trade barrier
Q10. Liberalisation does not include ______________.
Ans. Introducing quota system

SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTION

Q.1 Write four functions of WTO.

Ans. Four functions of WTO are:
(i) Administering trade agreements between nations.
(ii) Forum for trade negotiations.
(iii) Handling trade disputes.
(iv) Maintaining national trade policy.
Q.2 What is the impact of WTO on Indian economy?
Ans. The impact of WTO on Indian economy is:
(i) An opportunity to India for trading with other member countries.
(ii) Availability of foreign technology to India at a reduced cost.
(iii) Many laws of WTO are unfavorable to the developing countries like India.
(iv) Certain clauses of WTO agreement on agriculture put restrictions on the provision of subsidized
food grains in India.
Q.3 What is trade barrier? How governments can use trade barriers?
Ans. Any kind of restrictions imposed on trade is called a trade barrier. Governments can use trade barriers
to increase or decrease (regulate) foreign trade and to decide what kinds of goods and how much of each,
should come into the country.
Q.4What is privatization and liberalization?
Ans. Privatization means allowing the private sector to set up industries which were earlier reserved for
the public sector. Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government on trade is called liberalization.
Thus, privatization and liberalization results in freedom from closed and regulated economy.

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Q.5 How MNCs can spread their production?
Ans. MNCs can spread their production by:-
1. Setting up joint production units with local companies.
2. To Buy up local companies and expanding its production base.
3. Placing orders with small producers
Q.6 Mention three factors responsible for globalization.
Ans.
(i) Growth of MNCs.
(ii) Growth of technology.
(iii) Development in transport and communication technology.

LONG ANSWERS TYPE QUESTION

Q1. How have Indian markets been transformed in recent years? Explain with examples.
(What changes do you notice in the markets in India recently?)
Ans:-
i. We have a wide choice of goods and services before us in the Indian markets now. The latest
models of digital cameras, mobile phones and televisions made by the leading manufacturers of the
world are within our reach. Electronics goods became cheaper. Every season, new models of
automobiles can be seen on Indian roads.
ii. A similar explosion of brands can be seen for many other goods: from shirts to televisions to
processed fruit juices. Many international food-processing companies like Coco Cola entered Indian
markets.
Q2. How do MNCs control production all over world?
Or State the ways by which MNCs expand production all over the world?
Ans:-
i. The most common route for MNC investments is to buy up local companies and then expand
production. To take an example, Cargill Foods, a very large American MNC, has bought over smaller
Indian companies such as Parakh Foods.
ii. There’s another way in which MNCs control production. Large MNCs place orders for production
with small producers. They purchase goods like garments and footwear from these small
companies and then sell these under their own brand names to the customers.
iii. These large MNCs have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery, and labour
conditions for these distant producers.
iv. They set up partnerships with local companies and expand production in some cases. Thus MNCs
are exerting a strong influence on production at distant locations.
Q3. Why is foreign trade necessary?
Or What are the functions of foreign trade?
Or What are the advantages of foreign trade?
Ans:-
i. Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets,
and reach international markets.
ii. Producers can sell their produce not only in markets located within the country but can also
compete in markets located in other countries of the world.
iii. Similarly, for the buyers, import of goods produced in another country is one way of expanding
the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced. Foreign trade thus results in connecting
the markets or integration of markets in different countries.
iv. Foreign trade promote international understanding and economic inter dependence between
countries.
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Q4. What are the factors that have enabled globalization?
Ans:-
i. Rapid improvement in transportation technology has made much faster delivery of goods across
long distances possible at lower costs.
ii. Even the developments in information and communication technology helped a lot. In recent
times, technology in the areas of telecommunications, computers and Internet has been changing
rapidly. Telecommunication facilities (telegraph, telephone including mobile phones, fax) are used
to contact one another around the world, to access information instantly, and to communicate
from remote areas. This has been facilitated by satellite communication devices.
iii. Liberalization of foreign trade and foreign investment policy and the removal of trade barriers by
many countries helped globalization.
iv. Establishment of World Trade Organization played an important role in encouraging
globalization.
Q5. What is trade barrier? Why did India Government put barrier to foreign trade?
Ans:-
i. Restricting foreign trade by imposing tax on imports is called trade barrier. Governments can use
trade barriers to increase or decrease (regulate) foreign trade and to decide what kind of goods and
how much of each, should come into the country.
ii. The Indian government, after Independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign
investment. This was considered necessary to protect the producers within the country from
foreign competition.
iii. Industries were just coming up in the 1950s and 1960s, and competition from imports at that
stage would not have allowed these industries to come up. Thus, India allowed imports of only
essential items such as machinery, fertilizers, petroleum etc.
iv. All developed countries, during the early stages of development, have given protection to
domestic producers through a variety of means.
Q6. Examine the impact of globalization in India.
Or Impact on producers, consumers and workers.
Or How do we feel the direct impact of globalization on our daily life?
Ans:-
i. Firstly, Multinational Companies have increased their investments in India over the past 15 years,
MNCs have been interested in industries such as cell phones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks,
fast food or services such as banking in urban areas.
ii. In these industries and services, new jobs have been created. Also, local companies supplying raw
materials, etc. to these industries have prospered.
iii. Secondly, several of the top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the increased
competition. They have invested in newer technology and production methods and raised their
production standards. Some have gained from successful collaborations with foreign companies.
iv. Moreover, globalization has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals
themselves! Tata Motors (automobiles), Infosys (IT), Ranbaxy (medicines), Asian Paints (paints),
Sundaram Fasteners (nuts and bolts) are some Indian companies which are spreading their
operations worldwide.
v. Globalization has also created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly
those involving IT. The Indian company producing a magazine for the London based company is an
example.
vi. Besides, a host of services such as data entry, accounting, administrative tasks, engineering are
now being done cheaply in countries such as India and are exported to the developed countries.
vii. For a large number of small producers and workers globalization has posed major challenges.
Batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, tyres, dairy products, and vegetable oil are some examples of
small manufacturers, who have been hit hard due to competition.
86
 viii. There is a greater choice before the consumers who now enjoyed improved quality and lower
prices for several products. As a result, these people today enjoy higher standards of living than
before.
Q7. What are the negative effects of globalization? (Impact of globalization on small producers and
workers)
Ans:-
i. Globalization and the pressure of competition have changed the lives of workers. To stand in the
global competition many companies cut down the benefits given to workers, reduced their salaries
and treated as temporary workers.
ii. Jobs are no longer secure to them. Working conditions in organized sector resemble the
unorganized sector.
iii. For a large number of small producers and workers globalization has posed major challenges.
Batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, tyres, dairy products, and vegetable oil are some examples of
small manufacturers, who have been hit hard due to competition.
iv. Several of the units have shut down rendering many workers jobless.
Q8. What is meant by SEZ?
Ans:-
i. It is the short form of Special Economic Zone. Such industrial zones are set up by the government
to attract foreign companies to invest in India.
ii. SEZs are to have world-class facilities: electricity, water, roads, transport, storage, recreational
and educational facilities. Companies who set up production units in the SEZs do not have to pay
taxes for an initial period of five years.
iii. Government has also allowed flexibility in the labour laws to attract foreign investment.
Q9. What is fair globalization? What role can the Government play to have a fair globalization?
Or Describe any 3 ways in which the flexibility of labour laws help companies.
Ans:-
i. Fair globalization is a measure to eliminate the negative effect of globalization. It would create
opportunities for all, and ensure that the benefits of globalization are shared better by all countries.
ii. The government policies must protect the interests, not only of the rich and the powerful, but all
the people in the country.
iii. The government can ensure that labour laws are properly implemented and the workers get
their rights. It can support small producers to improve their performance until the time they
become strong enough to compete.
iv. If necessary, the government can use trade and investment barriers. It can negotiate at the WTO
for ‘fairer rules’.
v. It can also align with other developing countries with similar interests to fight against the
domination of developed countries in the WTO.

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