(eBook PDF) Database Administration

The Complete Guide to DBA Practices

and Procedures (2nd Edition)
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To my wife, Beth, for her unending love, constant support, and beautiful
smile.
Contents
Preface
How to Use This Book
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Chapter 1 What Is a DBA?
Why Learn Database Administration?
A Unique Vantage Point
DBA Salaries
Database Technology
The Management Discipline of Database Administration
A Day in the Life of a DBA
Evaluating a DBA Job Offer
Database, Data, and System Administration
Data Administration
Database Administration
System Administration
DBA Tasks
Database Design
Performance Monitoring and Tuning
Ensuring Availability
Database Security and Authorization
Governance and Regulatory Compliance
Backup and Recovery
Ensuring Data Integrity
DBMS Release Migration
Jack-of-All-Trades
 The Types of DBAs
System DBA
Database Architect
Database Analyst
Data Modeler
Application DBA
Task-Oriented DBA
Performance Analyst
Data Warehouse Administrator
Staffing Considerations
How Many DBAs?
DBA Reporting Structures
Multiplatform DBA Issues
Production versus Test
The Impact of Newer Technology on DBA
Procedural DBAs: Managing Database Logic
The Internet: From DBA to eDBA
The Personal DBA and the Cloud
NoSQL, Big Data, and the DBA
New Technology Impacts on DBA
DBA Certification
The Rest of the Book
Review
Bonus Question
Chapter 2 Creating the Database Environment
Defining the Organization’s DBMS Strategy
Choosing a DBMS
DBMS Architectures
DBMS Clustering
DBMS Proliferation
 Hardware Issues
Cloud Database Systems
Installing the DBMS
DBMS Installation Basics
Hardware Requirements
Storage Requirements
Memory Requirements
Configuring the DBMS
Connecting the DBMS to Supporting Infrastructure Software
Installation Verification
DBMS Environments
Upgrading DBMS Versions and Releases
Features and Complexity
Complexity of the DBMS Environment
Reputation of the DBMS Vendor
Support Policies of the DBMS
Organization Style
DBA Staff Skill Set
Platform Support
Supporting Software
Fallback Planning
Migration Verification
The DBMS Upgrade Strategy
Database Standards and Procedures
Database Naming Conventions
Other Database Standards and Procedures
DBMS Education
Summary
Review
Bonus Question
 Suggested Reading
Chapter 3 Data Modeling and Normalization
Data Modeling Concepts
Entity-Relationship Diagramming
The Components of a Data Model
Entities
Attributes
Keys
Relationships
Discovering Entities, Attributes, and Relationships
Conceptual, Logical, and Physical Data Models
What Is Normalization?
The Normal Forms
First Normal Form
Second Normal Form
Third Normal Form
A Normalized Data Model
Further Normal Forms
Normalization in Practice
Additional Data Modeling Issues
Summary
Review
Bonus Question
Suggested Reading
Chapter 4 Database Design
From Logical Model to Physical Database
Transform Entities to Tables
Transform Attributes to Columns
Build Referential Constraints for All Relationships
Build Physical Data Structures
 Database Performance Design
Designing Indexes
Hashing
Clustering
Interleaving Data
Denormalization
When to Denormalize
Prejoined Tables
Report Tables
Mirror Tables
Split Tables
Combined Tables
Redundant Data
Repeating Groups
Derivable Data
Hierarchies
Special Physical Implementation Needs
Denormalization Summary
Views
Data Definition Language
Temporal Data Support
A Temporal Example
Business Time and System Time
Summary
Review
Bonus Question
Suggested Reading
Chapter 5 Application Design
Database Application Development and SQL
SQL
 Set-at-a-Time Processing and Relational Closure
Embedding SQL in a Program
SQL Middleware and APIs
Application Infrastructure
Object Orientation and SQL
Types of SQL
SQL Coding for Performance
Querying XML Data
Defining Transactions
Transaction Guidelines
Unit of Work
Transaction Processing Systems
Application Servers
Locking
Types of Locks
Lock Time-outs
Deadlocks
Lock Duration
Lock Escalation
Programming Techniques to Minimize Locking Problems
Locking Summary
Batch Processing
Summary
Review
Bonus Question
Suggested Reading
Chapter 6 Design Reviews
What Is a Design Review?
Rules of Engagement
Design Review Participants
 Knowledge and Skills Required
Types of Design Reviews
Conceptual Design Review
Logical Design Review
Physical Design Review
Organizational Design Review
SQL and Application Code Design Review
Pre-Implementation Design Review
Post-Implementation Design Review
Design Review Output
Additional Considerations
Dealing with Remote Staff
Mentorship and Knowledge Transfer
Summary
Review
Suggested Reading
Chapter 7 Database Change Management
Change Management Requirements
The Change Management Perspective of the DBA
Types of Changes
DBMS Software
Hardware Configuration
Logical and Physical Design
Applications
Physical Database Structures
Impact of Change on Database Structures
The Limitations of ALTER
Database Change Scenarios
Comparing Database Structures
Requesting Database Changes
 Standardized Change Requests
Communication
Coordinating Database and Application Changes
Compliance
DBA Scripts and Change Management
Summary
Review
Suggested Reading
Chapter 8 Data Availability
Defining Availability
Increased Availability Requirements
Cost of Downtime
How Much Availability Is Enough?
Availability Problems
Loss of the Data Center
Network Problems
Loss of the Server Hardware
Disk-Related Outages
Operating System Failure
DBMS Software Failure
Application Problems
Security and Authorization Problems
Corruption of Data
Loss of Database Objects
Loss of Data
Data Replication and Propagation Failures
Severe Performance Problems
Recovery Issues
DBA Mistakes
Outages: Planned and Unplanned
 Ensuring Availability
Perform Routine Maintenance While Systems Remain Operational
Automate DBA Functions
Exploit High-Availability Features
Exploit Clustering Technology
Database Architecture and NoSQL
Summary
Review
Suggested Reading
Chapter 9 Performance Management
Defining Performance
A Basic Database Performance Road Map
Monitoring versus Management
Reactive versus Proactive
Preproduction Performance Estimation
Historical Trending
Service-Level Management
Types of Performance Tuning
System Tuning
Database Tuning
Application Tuning
Performance Tuning Tools
DBMS Performance Basics
Summary
Review
Bonus Question
Suggested Reading
Chapter 10 System Performance
The Larger Environment
Interaction with the Operating System
 Allied Agents
Hardware Configuration
Components of the DBMS
DBMS Installation and Configuration Issues
Types of Configuration
Memory Usage
Data Cache Details
“Open” Database Objects
Database Logs
Locking and Contention
The System Catalog
Other Configuration Options
General Advice
System Monitoring
Summary
Review
Bonus Question
Suggested Reading
Chapter 11 Database Performance
Techniques for Optimizing Databases
Partitioning
Raw Partition versus File System
Indexing
Denormalization
Clustering
Interleaving Data
Free Space
Compression
File Placement and Allocation
Page Size (Block Size)
 Database Reorganization
Determining When to Reorganize
Automation
Summary
Review
Suggested Reading
Chapter 12 Application Performance
Designing Applications for Relational Access
Relational Optimization
CPU and I/O Costs
Database Statistics
Query Analysis
Joins
Access Path Choices
Additional Optimization Considerations
View Access
Query Rewrite
Rule-Based Optimization
Reviewing Access Paths
Forcing Access Paths
SQL Coding and Tuning for Efficiency
A Dozen SQL Rules of Thumb
Additional SQL Tuning Tips
Identifying Poorly Performing SQL
Summary
Review
Suggested Reading
Chapter 13 Data Integrity
Types of Integrity
Database Structure Integrity
 Types of Structural Problems
Managing Structural Problems
Semantic Data Integrity
Entity Integrity
Unique Constraints
Data Types
Default Values
Check Constraints
Triggers
Referential Integrity
Temporal Database Systems
Summary
Review
Suggested Reading
Chapter 14 Database Security
Data Breaches
Database Security Basics
Database Users
Granting and Revoking Authority
Types of Privileges
Granting to PUBLIC
Revoking Privileges
Label-Based Access Control
Security Reporting
Authorization Roles and Groups
Roles
Groups
Other Database Security Mechanisms
Using Views for Security
Using Stored Procedures for Security
 Encryption
Data at Rest Encryption
Data in Transit Encryption
Encryption Techniques
SQL Injection
SQL Injection Prevention
Auditing
External Security
Job Scheduling and Security
Non-DBMS DBA Security
DBMS Fixpacks and Maintenance
Summary
Review
Suggested Reading
Chapter 15 Regulatory Compliance and Database Administration
A Collaborative Approach to Compliance
Why Should DBAs Care about Compliance?
Metadata Management, Data Quality, and Data Governance
Metadata
Data Quality
Data Governance
Database Auditing and Data Access Tracking
Database Auditing Techniques
Privileged User Auditing
Data Masking and Obfuscation
Data Masking Techniques
Database Archiving for Long-Term Data Retention
The Life Cycle of Data
Database Archiving
Components of a Database Archiving Solution
 The Impact of e-Discovery on DBA
Closer Tracking of Traditional DBA Tasks
Database Change Management
Database Backup and Recovery
Summary
Review
Suggested Reading
Chapter 16 Database Backup and Recovery
The Importance of Backup and Recovery
Preparing for Problems
Backup
Full versus Incremental Backups
Database Objects and Backups
DBMS Control
Concurrent Access Issues
Backup Consistency
Log Archiving and Backup
Determining Your Backup Schedule
DBMS Instance Backup
Designing the DBMS Environment for Recovery
Alternate Approaches to Database Backup
Document Your Backup Strategy
Database Object Definition Backups
Recovery
Determining Recovery Options
General Steps for Database Object Recovery
Types of Recovery
Index Recovery
Testing Your Recovery Plan
Recovering a Dropped Database Object
 Recovering Broken Blocks and Pages
Populating Test Databases
Alternatives to Backup and Recovery
Standby Databases
Replication
Disk Mirroring
Summary
Review
Suggested Reading
Chapter 17 Disaster Planning
The Need for Planning
Risk and Recovery
General Disaster Recovery Guidelines
The Remote Site
The Written Plan
Personnel
Backing Up the Database for Disaster Recovery
Tape Backups
Storage Management Backups
Other Approaches
Some Guidelines
Disaster Prevention
Disaster and Contingency Planning Web Sites
Summary
Review
Suggested Reading
Chapter 18 Data and Storage Management
Storage Management Basics
Files and Data Sets
File Placement on Disk
 Raw Partitions versus File Systems
Temporary Database Files
Space Management
Data Page Layouts
Index Page Layouts
Transaction Logs
Fragmentation and Storage
Storage Options
RAID
JBOD
Storage Area Networks
Network-Attached Storage
Tiered Storage
Planning for the Future
Capacity Planning
Summary
Review
Suggested Reading
Chapter 19 Data Movement and Distribution
Loading and Unloading Data
The LOAD Utility
The UNLOAD Utility
Maintaining Application Test Beds
EXPORT and IMPORT
Bulk Data Movement
ETL Software
Replication and Propagation
Messaging Software
Other Methods
Distributed Databases
 Setting Up a Distributed Environment
Data Distribution Standards
Accessing Distributed Data
Two-Phase COMMIT
Distributed Performance Problems
Summary
Review
Bonus Question
Suggested Reading
Chapter 20 Data Warehouse Administration
What Is a Data Warehouse?
Analytical versus Transaction Processing
Administering the Data Warehouse
Too Much Focus on Technology?
Data Warehouse Design
Data Movement
Data Cleansing
Data Warehouse Scalability
Data Warehouse Performance
Data Freshness
Data Content
Data Usage
Financial Chargeback
Backup and Recovery
Don’t Operate in a Vacuum!
Summary
Review
Suggested Reading
Chapter 21 Database Connectivity
Multitier, Distributed Computing
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