A PROJECT WORK ON

A STUDY OF LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI CULTURE AT

BAPATLA AQUACULTURE PONDS, BAPATLA(Dist.)
By
KOMMU KOTESWARAMMA
Reg. No: Y22AC20009

Project work Submitted to the Department of Zoology & Aquaculture in

Partial Fulfilment for the Award of Degree of Master of Science in
Aquaculture
MAY 2023
Department of Zoology and Aquaculture
Acharya Nagarjuna University
Nagarjuna Nagar-522510
Andhra Pradesh
India

1
 ACHARYA NAGARJUNA UNIVERSTY
NAGARJUNA NAGAR-522510,
GUNTUR, A.P., INDIA.

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “A STUDY OF LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI
CULTURE AT BAPATLA AQUACULTURE PONDS, BAPATLA DISTRICT”, records
of work done by Ms. KOMMU KOTESWARAMMA under the Project supervisor of Prof.
P.V. KRISHNA SIR Department of Zoology and Aquaculture, Acharya Nagarjuna University,
Guntur. This project work has not been previously submitted in part or full’s the award of any
Diploma of any other university.

Date:
Place:

KOMMU KOTESWARAMMA

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project work entitled “A STUDY OF LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI
CULTURE AT BAPATLA AQUACULTURE PONDS, BAPATLA DISTRICT”is a
benefited work of Ms. KOMMU KOTESWARAMMA submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Aquaculture (IV Semester)
Acharya Nagarjuna University during the Academic year 2021-2023.

Project Supervisor Head of the Department

Prof. P.V.KRISHNA Prof. K. SUNITHA
M.Sc., Ph.D. M.Sc., Ph.D.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my project supervisor, Prof.

P.V.KRISHNA SIR Associate Professor Department of Zoology and Aquaculture, Acharya
Nagarjuna University for suggesting me the problem and keen supervision at every stage of this
work and also providing necessary facilities to carry out this project work and her valuable
suggestions.

I am grateful to Prof. K.SUNITHA MAM , Head of the Department of Zoology & Aquaculture
for providing necessary facilities to carry out this project work for his valuable suggestions.

I am grateful to Prof. K. VeeraiahSir, Prof. P. Padmavathi Madam, , Prof

.G.Simhachalam Sir, . Prof.K. Sumanth kumar Sir, Prof.V.Venkatarathnamma,
Dr.M.Jagadesh Naik Sir, Dr.N.Gopalarao Sir department of Zoology and Aquaculture,
Acharya Nagarjuna university for the encouragement, help and valuable suggestions during my
project work.

I am also thankful to my friends and family members, for their support throughout my project
work and also grateful to Research scholars and other non-teaching staff of the Zoology &
Aquaculture Department.

KOMMU KOTESWARAMMA

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 CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. CLASSIFICATION
2.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY
2.3. AREA OF THE STUDY
2.4. ABOUT THE AREA
2.5. MAP
III. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
3.1. POND MANAGEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION
3.2. POND PREPARATION
3.3. INSTALLATION OF EQUIPMENTS
3.4. WATER MANAGEMENT
3.5. MAINTAINING PLANKTON BLOOM
3.6. POST LARVAL SELECTION AND STOCKING
3.7. FEED AND FEED MANAGEMENT
3.8. DISEASES AND DISEASES MANAGEMENT
3.9. HARVESTING AND HARVESTING HANDLING
3.10. CAA REGULATIONS FOR VANNAMEI CUKTURE
3.11. TRACEABILITY
IV. ECONOMICAL VALUES
V. DISCUSSION
VI. CONCLUSSION
VII. REFERENCES

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6
I. INTRODUCTION:
The Litopenaeus vannamei is a native of Pacific coast of Mexico and South
America. Traditional culture of vannamei is prominent in those areas. Asia has been
traditional culturing Black Tiger. As Black Tiger is prone to disease incidences and also
lack of SPF and SPR strains has made the farmers to take up alternative species. this
made vannamei a most favourite candidate species for shrimp culture.
L.vannamei was introduced into Asia experimentally from 1978-79, but
commercially since 1996 into Mainland China and Taiwan province of China followed
by most of the other costal Asian countries in 2001. Whereas, Indian shrimp farmers
were geared up raise Pacific white shrimp after the government cleared the way for the
species introduction into the country in 2008.
Availability of quality SPF brooders and ease seed production technique made
availability of seed round the year. Being euryhaline species can tolerate wide range of
salinities allowed it to produce in even low saline areas and in inland saline areas. Higher
resistance to disease compared with many other shrimp and low protein requirement,
cheaper production cost and column habitat of vannamei allows it for intensive
production in short periods. Where intensification led to the culture system is more
sustainable by lowering the usage of water and land resources. With the advent of CAA
frame work and Best Managing Practices regulations made by CAA helped the farmers
to overcome repeated crop failures. With these major advantages vannamei become a
favourite candidate species for farmers.
Litopeneaus vannamei and Peneaus vannamei are the same one & there are many
common names such as Pacific white shrimp, white shrimp, vanamei shrimp In India,
aquaculture industry is growing at an alarming rate surprising some major hurdles
(disease outbreak and pollution) during its development (Lightne r& Redman 1998). The
higher stocking density and poor water quality management might be the reason for
disease outbreak. To overcome these problems there is a need of good and sustainable
shrimp farming unit. The present study deals with shrimp farming practice in a pond at,
“SIVA FARMS, BAPATLA VILLAGE, BAPATLA DISTRICT, ANDHRA

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PRADESH, INDIA”. Shrimp farming has grown a traditional, small-scale business in
Southeast Asia into a global industry. In India extensive production systems of shrimp
culture is more profitable than the other culture systems. Technological advances have
led to growing shrimp at even higher densities.
Almost all the farmed shrimp are ponied group of the family Penaeidae and only
two shrimp species tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon and Pacific white shrimp
Litopennaeus vannamei occupied more than 90% of the farmed shrimp production.
Krishnan and Birthal (2002) have also explained that due to the demand and growth of
coastal aqua culture in India, it also has been quite a promising sector for accelerating
the exports and improving the foreign exchange. The shrimp has been introduced and
farmed in Asia since the mid 1990s. Development of shrimp farming is an important
activity in coastal waters of Andhra Pradesh in India. The shrimp production has grown
at phenomenal rate during the year 1992-1994 and later started decreasing due to
outbreak of diseases. The rapid growth of shrimp farming led to an economic boom but,
the out Break of viral diseases has increased the economic risks and slowed the industry
development.
The commercial shrimp culture was introduced in late 1990s and reaching a peak
in 1994 and thereafter it was suddenly declined in the Andhra Pradesh. The series of
white spot disease outbreaks, lack of quality seed and feed, problems in quality brood
stock, increased cost of production on account of feed, labour and the mandatory
certificates requirements are suggested to be some of the important factors leading to the
production decline. While majority of the output comes from Andhra Pradesh,
particularly the East Godavari West Godavari, Krishna and Nellore districts. The present
work was carried out on data collected from different shrimp farms along with farmers
in different villages of Guntur district. The present trends indicate that the sector is set
to revival, but the future prospectus of shrimp farming will also depend on the sustenance
of white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei that was introduced recently in India.

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MATERIALS
AND
METHODS

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II. SELECTED ANIMAL

Fig.1. Litopenaeusvannamei

2.1. Classification:
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthopoda
Sub-phylum : Crustacea
Class : Malacostraca
Sub-class :Eumalacostraca
Order : Decapoda
Sub-order :Dendrobranchiata
Family :Penaeidae
Genus :Litopenaeus
Specie :vannamei

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2.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY:
A. To observe the techniques involved in pond construction &Preparation.
B. To find out the optimum requirements of water quality parameters in
Litopeneaus vannamei culture.
C. To observe and identifying the pathogen free seed.
D. To observe the feed and feeding management.
E. To observe the disease management.
F. To know the harvesting procedures of Litopeneaus vannamei

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2.3. AREA OF STUDY:
The current study carried out at “SIVA FARMS, BAPTLA VILLAGE, BAPATLA
DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA”.

2.4. ABOUT THE AREA:

BAPATLA have the many of aquaculture systems. The 100s of acres aquaculture ponds
can be culture the L. Vannemei culture.
I choosed the siva farms for the better project.

2.5. MAP:

Showing the study area

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III. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:

The Management Practices for shrimp aquaculture as specified by the international

agencies such as FAO, NACA etc... Were selected based on the published literature and
following Managements were selected for the present study to evaluate the implementation
status by observing the specified parameters and their optimal values at each step of shrimp
aquaculture.

3.1. POND MANAGEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION:

The pond was initially subjected to dry and crack to increase the capacity of oxidation of
hydrogen sulphide gas and eliminate fish eggs, predators, crab larvae and some other aquatic
living. The bottom of the pond was scrapped using tractor blade up to 5 - 10 cm depth to avoid
top soil. Subsequently the pond bottom was ploughed vertically and horizontally of a depth of
30 - 50 cm to remove the toxic gases, oxygenate the bottom soil, discoloration of the black soil
to remove the hydrogen sulphide odour and to increase the fertility of the soil. The soil pH was
recorded in the pond with the help of cone type pH meter. The average pH was noted and
calculated around the pond and required amount of pond lime was applied to maintain the
optimum pH in the soil. Initially the water level in the pond was maintained at 50 - 70 cm level
for blooming and was fertilized with fertilizers. Commonly used fertilizers were ground nut oil
cake, rice bran, dry cow dung and they were soaked in water overnight and the extract was
applied to the culture pond. After three days the water colour of the pond turned to light green
colour it shows blooms were adapted (Phytoplankton). The water level was raised up to 150 cm
high of the pond and some quantity of molasses and urea were added to improve the
phytoplankton growth. After the optimal algal blooms were set in the pond by using organic
fertilizer, and the transparency was checked by using “Secchi disk” which ranged from 30 - 50
cm depth. These parameters were checked and maintained before seed stocking in the pond.

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Soil should be completely dry so as to prevent diseases and black soil is mostly preferred
• Pond cleaning method in the form is dry method
• No fertilizers are used till the pl-15 stage are for further stages
• Number of aerators used in the farm are 4/acre and 25/hectare
• Liming depends on the water pH:
• Calcium carbonate (neutral)
• Bleaching powder
• Hydrated lime (below 5 pH)
• In the above farm bleaching powder is used.
3.2. POND PREPARATION:
Pond preparation includes a number of activities that must be carried out before each
subsequence op. The main objective of preparation is to provide the shrimp with a clean pond
bottom and appropriate stable water quality.
There is a high amount of organic matter deposition in pond bottom during culture period
in intensive culture systems. These sediments should be removed and treated after every crop.
In the pond preparation several steps are involved like drying, liming, ploughing and soil
enrichment by using some essential elements and microbial products. The main purpose of
ploughing / tilling during the pond preparation is to allow the oxygen to penetrate the bottom of
pond and accumulated waste. Ploughing helps soil to absorb more oxygen and oxidize the
organic matter in the soil faster.

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3.2.1. POND BOTTOM PREPARATION:
Two methods are commonly used to clean the pond bottom after a production cycle.

Dry Method:
In this process the pond is allowed to dry out and then waste (sludge) is remove required.

Wet Method:
In this process the waste remain after harvest is washed away without drying (Flushing the water
2-3 times or jet flushing). This method is only applicable during monsoon or rainy Season.
Out of above two practices dry method is commonly used. During this process the pond
is allowed to dry till the soil cracks. Sludge removed is required in the ponds stocked with high
stocking density or accumulation of high organic matter on the pond bottom or disease
outbreak in the previous crop. Thus, the sludge should Be completely removed and disposed
outside the ponds.
After removal of the sludge completely the pond should be ploughed (tilling) thoroughly
in both ways (i.e. horizontally and vertically), then the soil is allowed to dry on 2 -3 sunny days
for better oxidation of black soil or organic matter, this allows diffusion/removal of obnoxious
gases.
Check the pH of the soil by pH meter by randomly selecting 5-10 spots. The optimal soil
pH should fall within the range of 6.5-7.0 Application of lime is done if required and the dosage
of lime application recommended for soil pH adjustment Liming Requirements MT/ha).

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 Pond Drying
After adjustment of soil pH compaction can be done. Soil compaction is done by rolling
a roller in pond bed or levelling by tractors in dry ponds. After the pond is ready soil enrichment
process is carried out in pond bottom which is a very important aspect in present aquaculture
practice. Ponds in which Shrimp culture is been practiced regularly, there is a chance that the
essential nutrient may lose in consecutive crops. These nutrients in soil maintain the pH,
alkalinity and phytoplankton production in pond ecosystem and also required in shrimp body
metabolism. In order to retain the required amount of nutrient loss in every crop it is advised to
go for a soil enrichment practice every crop in the following manner.
Ex: Rice Powder- 125 Kg/Ha.
Rice bran - 50 Kg/Ha.
Avant Pro W-1 Kg. /Ha.,
Avant Miner mate - 5 Kg. Ha.
Add the above mixture in 125 litres of water and broadcast the mixture evenly over the
wet soil in1 Ha. Area. Maintain wet soil condition for 5 -7 days.

3.3. INSTALLATION OF EQUIPMENTS

3.3.1. BIOSECURITY

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 Biosecurity is a essential group of tools for the prevention, control and eradication of
infectious diseases and the preservation of shrimp, culturing pond and environmental health. It
helps in prevention of the entry or spread of unwanted pests and infectious disease agents from
the system. The cumulative steps keep disease away from a farm and to prevent the transmission
of disease within an infected farm to neighbouring farms.

3.2. BIOSECURITY STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES

Reservoirs to facilitate water treatment to maintain water quality and to control
diseases.Crab fencing around each pond and around the farm to eliminate crabs/other carriers in
pond.Bird fencing on the ponds to prevent birds from spreading diseases too their pond sand
farms.
Fences and barriers to control human and animal entrants into the culture area or the
farm.Foot and hand washes, wheel baths and net wash in entrances to the farm and the culture
areas to avoid contamination.Usage of screens and filters for removing insect vectors and
eggs.Selection and stocking of certified SPF seed.

Bird and Crab fencing

3.3.3. Aerator and Types:
1. Short arm paddlewheels
2. Long arm paddlewheels
3. Spiral paddlewheels

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4. Air lifts
5. Blower/perforated pipe/air stones
6. Submersible aerators
7. Splashing aerators and also other equipment like generators and transforms and catwalks
...etc.... Installation….

3.4. WATER MANAGEMENT

3.4.1. PRESTOCKING MANAGEMENT:
Once the pond bottom is ready with all aspects water is allowed to run into the pond by
means proper filtration (3 stage filter) i.e.1st-20 mesh, 2nd- 60 mesh, 3rd- 100-120 mesh cloth,
and fill water is required levels (1.5-2.5 m). After water filling has reached to the optimum level,
aerators are installed in respective positions as per requirement (i.e. stocking density), a trail run
to be carried-out to check and effect in installation.

Creak water filtering

Reservoir practice is strongly recommended for code of conduct (COC). Reservoir aids
in many ways as storage, biosecurity, treating /conditioning the water. The source water must
be treated the reservoir itself before pumping to the pond. Water source with high load of
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dissolve solids are organic load should be allowed to settle down for 2-3 days in a reservoir then
disinfect the water before pumping into culture pond.

Fermented yeast and Probiotic application:

After pumping the water to the culture pond, application of fermented yeast
(yeast1kg+Jaggery-10kg +DOB-50+GOC-10kg/ ha) in ponds aids in plankton development
prior to 1 week of stocking for ex: Avanti pro w 1kg for ha applied 48hrs prior to stocking for
getting stable water colour. If the plankton bloom doesn’t develop the good colour (35-45cm
Secchi disc reading) application of fermented yeast is to be repeated.
Water quality must be maintained throughout the crop period which can be obtained by
Regular usage of Avant Pro W 0.5 kg per ha every week.

Application Pro-biotic

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3.4.2. POST-STOCKING MANAGEMENT
Maintenance of good water quality is essential for the survival and optimal growth in
shrimp. For Water management one must understand the pond ecosystem. The water quality is
measured by using standard methods. The water quality parameters like salinity, pH,
temperature, dissolved oxygen and light transparency are measured by using refractometer, pH
pen, thermometer and dissolved oxygen meter and Secchi disc respectively. Alkalinity,
hardness, ammonia, nitrite, H, S, Ca and Mg can be measured by using standard test kits
available in the market. Alternatively, farmers can go to lab to test all these parameters.

Salinity obseravtion

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Optimum levels of water parameters for culture of L. vannamei.
Water parameter Optimum level Comment

Salinity 10 - 25 ppt Daily fluctuation

<5 ppt

PH 7.5 – 8.5 Daily fluctuation

,0.5
DO > 4 ppm Not less than 4 ppm
Alkalinity >100 ppm Not more than 200
ppm

Hardness >1000 ppm

Secchi disk 35 – 45 cm
H2S <0. 02 ppm More toxic at low
pH
Total Ammonia < 1.0 ppm More toxic at high
pH and temperature

Unionized <0.1 ppm

Ammonia

Nitrite < 0.01 ppm More toxic at low

salinity and low pH
Ca: Mg 1.2: 3.5 Minimum Mg is
350 ppm
Na: K 30: 1 Minimum K is 50
ppm

3.4.3. DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Dissolved oxygen is one of the most common causes of mortality and growth reduction shrimp
ponds. Air which contains about 21% of oxygen serves as a big reservoir for oxygen. Oxygen
in water is limited by its solubility. A major source of oxygen in pond water is through
21
photosynthesis of phytoplankton. Mechanical aerators are the other source for dissolved oxygen
in culture ponds.
3.4.4. AERATORS
Aerators can increase DO when below saturation level and also help in mixing water avoid
stratification. The number of aerators used in the shrimp pond depends on the stocking density.
It is strongly recommended that 1 Hp aeration holding 450 kg biomass.

Running Aerators

3.4.5. AERATOR POSITION

In high yield ponds the position and orientation of aerators should encourage the
maximum water current in the circular direction within the pond. Aerators are also used for
sludge content and to clean feeding zone. The aerators position should be approximately 5m
from the dike of the pond and minimum distance between each aerator must be 5-50m.

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3.5. MAINTAINING PLANKTON BLOOM
The plankton bloom is essential for successful shrimp culture. Plankton helps in providing
and serves the primary food base and it inhibits light penetration to pond bottom. Phytoplankton
producers in pond ecosystem have a direct impact on the pH of pond water. A pond with a heavy
bloom of plankton shows wide diurnal fluctuation of DO levels and susceptible to sudden
plankton die off. Ponds with the level of phytoplankton have low and stable DO levels, but are
unsuitable for shrimp culture because phytoplankton are also needed for a food base and also
provide shade to control the high penetration of sunlight to the pond bottom.
It is generally observed that light green or yellow green blooms are easier to maintain than
bio blooms. As the age of the bloom increases the bloom appears to be darker. In a very low
salinity system blue green algae often appear, giving the water a dark bluegreen colour. This
type of bloom is harm to the shrimp due to toxins Blue green algae can also give the shrimp an
unpleasant smell, lowering the market value.
It is advised to maintain good colour quickly during water fertilization otherwise the
benthic algae at the shallow areas will start developing. If colour is not developed in expected
time, then chain dragged is recommended. This allows leaching of nutrients from soil to water
and also creates turbid colour in avoiding light penetration to the pond bottom. If required
organic/ inorganic fertilizer can be used plankton growth in culture ponds. In order to maintain
a healthy bloom, it is necessary to supply sufficient nutrient, CO, and go sunlight. The nutrients
can be supplied in the form of fertilizers (Organic or Inorganic). To maintain good and stable
phytoplankton bloom the Ç and N ratio should be maintained in pond.

3.5.1. WATER EXCHANGE

Water exchange during culture period helps in diluting toxic compounds in pond water
exchange is required. If the pH varies by more than 0.5 in a day or if it is outside the range of
7.7, if the pond water becomes darker.The water becomes more transparent (80cm) or more
turbid.Foam appears on the surface of the pond. Dissolved Oxygen is below 4 ppm even with
good aeration.

3.6. POST LARVAL SELECTION AND STOCKING:

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Larvae selection an important as it will determine the performance and production of the
ponds. The objective of larvae selection larvae is to obtain best survival and growth in the
pond. Obtain post larvae from licensed SPF hatcheries and choose the hatcheries which have
produced good shrimp in the past or have good reputation.

3.6.1. POST LARVAL SELECTION

There are several characteristics of good quality post larvae, and visual observation can be used
in identifying good quality or healthy post-larvae for stocking. Given below is a guide for good
healthy post larvae.
1.Activity:
Place some PL (about 100 pcs) in a basin stir the water and check. Healthy
PL will swim against the current. Weak PL will gather at the centre
2.Size:
Good and healthy shrimp Larvae should be even in size. Gills off are developed. After PL 9
stage, hence ideal size for stocking is PL 10, which will give farmer better survival in the farm.
To ascertain the PL Stage, we have to find out spine on the rostrum of the PL. Each spine
indicates 3 stages of PL, so PL 10 shows3 spines and developing 4th spineon the rostrum .Un
even size may be due to Different Stage, under feeding, disease, poor water quality and Over-
aged Post Larvae.
While selecting the PL from hatchery check out the above PL's age with the table with acceptable
levels of + 1 PL stage. The above table indicates the ideal length and weight corresponding to
its stage.

3.Stress Test:
Once the post larvae reach PL10, a stress test can be carried out. There are several stress tests,
and the most common method is to place a randomly selected sample of about 300 animals in a
beaker with reduction/ increment of 10 ppt salinity, leave them for 1 hour. The survivors are
counted and the percentage of resistant individuals calculated (90% is recommended). Also, 100
ppm of formalin for 1 h as the stress test can be used with similar survival percentage. Stress
24
tests should not be carried out when the post larvae are moulting, as they are unduly stressed at
this time.

4.External Features:
For a healthy PL, the antennal scales of head portion are closed together. Whereas the tail fan
(uropod) is widely opened. Closed uropods are indicative of younger fry which is not suitable
for stocking.

Stress test

25
 Seed Sample

3.6.2. TRANSPORTATION
Transport of the larvae should be done in the early morning in order to avoid the heat
shock upon reaching the grow out pond post larvae should be counted, checked for vigour
acclimatized and evenly distributed over the pond area.
The most common method of transportation is by placing the post larvae in plastic bags
filled with 1/3rd of water and filling the other 2/3rd with oxygen before sealing them. The packing
density with depend on the age of post larvae and the expected transportation time. As a guide
the following are recommended for transportation time.
In situations where the transportation time is longer, these plastic bags can be placed into
Polystyrene (Themacol) boxes and cooled to around 20°C by placing small ice bags to the box.
In case where transport time exceeds 4 hours, live food should be added into the transport bags.
3.6.3. ACCLIMATIZATION AND STOCKING IN POND:
• Ensure before stocking the following parameters to achieve high survival rates
• Temperature difference (hatchery - pond) Less than 20C
• Salinity difference (hatchery-pond) Less than 2-3 ppt
• PH difference (hatchery-pond) less than 0.5
Adjust the temperature in PL bag to pond water by floating the bag in the pond for 30min
(do not open the bags). Avoid weather conditions like strong wind and sunny day, aerator must

26
be switched on at least fore stocking. During stocking in low salinity water, salt bags can be
placed a 4 hrs before stocking. During stocking in low salinity water, salt bags can be placed
around the stocking area (sea salt only).

3.7. FEED & FEED MANAGEMENT

Management of feed is one of the most important aspects of successful shrimp production,
Feed is major inputs in the culture system. Initial first month, blind feeding is practiced based
on the stocking density in the pond.

27
 Feed Observation
3.7.1. FEED STORAGE
Feed should be stored in farm warehouse with proper ventilation. Feed bags to be placed
without touching the side walls or roof warehouse should be clean and dry to avoid moisture
coming in contact with feed bag. Proper air circulation should be maintained
Total Culture Feeding Chart for L. Vannamei:

Total Age Feed Total Avg.size of Daily feed Check Checking

days number /feed in shrimp for 1 lakh tray feed time hours
kgs, weight seed in grams
(gm)
1-7 1 20 0.02-0.4 - 1 3 hours
8-14 1+2 0.7 6 2 3
15-21 2 75 1.2 8 3 3
22-28 2+ 3 2.0 12 4 2½
29-35 3 180 3.1 16 5 2½
36-42 3 + 3P 4.4 20 5 2½

28
 43-49 3P 270 5.8 24 5 2
50-56 3P + 3S 7.5 26 5 2
57-63 3S 9.2 28 6 2
64-70 3S 600 10.9 29 7 2
71-77 3S+3M 12.6 33 8 2
78-84 3M 1100 14.5 36 10 2
85-91 3M 16.6 40 10 2

92-98 3M 18.7 41 10 2
99-105 3M +3L 900 20.8 42 10 2
106-112 3L 22.9 44 10 1½
113-120 3L 25 45 10 1½
.
.

3.7.2CHECK TRAY FEED MANAGEMENT:

If feed is finished in all check trays, increase feed by 5-10% in next meal. If feed is left out in
the check trays, reduce next meal by 10-20%. If 10-20% of feed is left out in the check trays,
reduce next meal by 30-50%. If feed more than 50% is leftover in all the check trays, stop next
meal.

29
 Check tray observation

CHECK TRAY INCREASEMENT BASED ON BODY WEIGHT

30
Faecal length: short feeding (proper feeding); full length (over feeding);
Faecal colour: feed colour (proper feeding); Black / dark brown colour; (under feeding) presence
of sand and small stones/pebble in check tray indicates underfeeding.

3.8. ROLE OF MINERALS IN VANNAMEI CULTURE:

Minerals in organic components required for shrimp. They are present in fresh feed,
artificialfeed or feed supplements.Based on requirements classified into two
Micro Minerals: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Nitrogen
and Sulphur
Trace Minerals: Iron, iodine, Manganese, Copper, Cobalt, Zinc and Selenium

31
 Observing Moulting
Balance of minerals in water is always be concern as calcium and magnesium Ca, Mg ratio
must maintain in water as 1:2-3.5. Whereas, sodium, potassium ratio must be 30:1. As these 4
macro minerals play key role in survival and growth in shrimp. In addition to these macro
minerals supplementation of trace minerals to water provides good condition of shrimp. To
avoid mineral deficiencies.

ROLE OF MINERALS IN SHRIMP:

Minerals play an important role in shrimp physiology, i.e., moulting, osmoregulation, and
nervous, muscular system, Blood pH regulation.

32
3.9. DISEASEAND DISEASES MANAGEMENT:
An abnormality in the structure or the function of the animal is called Disease. Diseases are
caused by many factors broadly classified into two classes Infectious, Non-infectious. Infectious
diseases (viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic) are caused by pathogens. Non-Infectious diseases
are caused by poor environment, nutritional imbalances and genetic disorders.
Control of disease must involve improving the environmental conditions.Treating the disease
is always performed by proper diagnosis and controlling the causative factor. Once a disease
problem has arisen it is too late to do anything about it. It is therefore advised to maintain best
management practices to minimize the disease occurrence.
The objective of disease diagnose is to identify disease in early stage which helps in minimizing
the loss. A particular disease can be detected by a small number of animals therefore the shrimps
must be examined regularly in check trays and in weekly sampling periods.
VannameiDiseases are mainly categorized into:
1.Viral Disease
2.Bacterial Disease
3.Fungal Disease
4.Protozoan Disease
5.Nutritional, Toxic and Environmental Disease

3.9.1. VIRAL DISEASES OF VANNAMEI

1. White Spot Disease:
33
Causative Agent: White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is a DNA virus.
Symptoms:
• Actual affected shrimps demonstrate anorexic and lethargy
• Have a loose cuticle with white spots sizes (0.5-3mm)
• Dying shrimps may also show a pink to red discoloration
• Susceptible shrimp species displaying these clinical signs and are likely to undergo high
level of mortality.

White spot diseased Shrimp

Control Measures: No treatment is there till date. However, a number of preventive/
Biosecurity methods are recommended to reduce spreading of the disease.

2.Infectious Hypodermal and Haematopoietic:

Causative Agent:

34
 Infectious Hypodermal and Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus is a DNA virus.
Symptoms:
High variation in shrimp size, slow growth, bent rostrum, curved body, reduced feeding
and fouling by epi-commensals. In general, during vertical transmission shrimp shows runts or
stunted growth whereas in horizontal transmission it shows rostrum and appendages deformities.
Control Measures:
No treatment is there till date. However, a number of preventive/ Biosecurity measures
are recommended to reduce spreading of the disease.

3.HepatopancreaticParvo like Virus (HPV) Disease:

Causative Agent:
Parvovirus is DNA virus
Symptoms:
• Retarded/ Stunted growth
• Loss of appetite
• Loss of appetite
• Occasional white opaque areas on the abdominal muscles.
Effect on Host:
• The viruses cell death and shrinkage of the hepatopancreas
• Damage in this organ can cause abnormal metabolism and ultimately death to the
organism No mortality, but correlated with stunting (can result in 20-60% decreased profit.
Control Measures: No treatment is there till date. However, a number of preventive/
Biosecurity measures are recommended to reduce spreading of the disease.

3. Taura syndrome virus

Causative Agent:
Taura syndrome virus is a RNA virus
Symptoms:
35
Signs offset from 20-30 days
3-4 days post infection animal eats excess feed but becomes weak and reddish.
Often come to surface
Rapid mortality when moult
Survivors carry black spots.
Control Measures:
• No treatment - only prevention
• Use of SPF/SPR (TVR) or screened brood stock
• Disinfection and washing of eggs/ Nauplius
• Stop moulting by increasing pH to 8; avoid water exchange and chemicals, not to feed
for 2-3 days, increase aeration.

5. Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV):

Causative Agent:
IMNV is an RNA virus
Symptoms:
• The muscle of shrimps become white to reddish (like boiled) at the last part of joints
• Motility (motor nerve) getting worst and lose appetite.
• The virus attacks 60-80 days shrimp, initially mortality starts at 7-10 pcs/day and
continues.
Control Measures:
No treatment - only prevention
Biosecurity measures and SPF stock

3.9.2. BACTERIAL DISEASES OF VANNAME:

1. Vibriosis [Red disease]
Causative Agent: Vibrio algynolyticus and other species
Symptoms:

36
• Shrimp become weak, empty gut and telson and body turns reddish
• Heavily infected shrimp exhibit a continuous yellowish/reddish colour and accompanied
by anorexia and antennal cuttings. When viewed under the microscope the internal tissue and
telson.
Effect on Host: Acute infection results in mortalities in cultures shrimp reducing up to 100% of
affected population.

Preventive Method:
• Reduce feed 50%
• Run continuous aeration.
• Application of Avant pro W 1kg per ha along first day and conjugative 4 days application
of jaggery 10 kg per ha.

2.White Gut (Vibrio sps.):

Causative agent:
Gut bacteria belonging to (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, vulnificus, mimicus, and fluvialis)
Symptoms:
White faeces around pond banks and in netted shrimp (yellowish mid and
hindgut esp. at end with lesions).
Serve reduction in feed intake (-30%) leading to empty guts and shrunken HP,
• Soft and thin shell
• Slow dribbling mortalities with poor or negative growth

Preventing Methods:
• Increase aeration and maintain optimum DO levels
• Maintain good water quality
• Reduce organic load of pond
• Avant pro W application to reduce pathogenic bacteria and organic load.
• Use Avant Bact in feed periodically
• Use hercozyne in feed - 4 grams per 1 kg feed

37
3.9.3. PARASITIC DISEASES OF VANNAMEI

1. Protozoan fouling:
Causative Agent:
Vorticella, Epistylis, Zoothamnium Species.
Symptoms:
• Fuzzy matt on shell and gill Reddish to brownish gill.
• Microscopically protozoans are observed attached to any external part of the shrimp.
• Protozoan cause respiratory and locomotory difficulties when present in large number
on the gills and appendages. Particularly at low dissolved oxygen levels loss of appetite.
Preventive Measures:
• Maintain good water quality
• Avoid high organic load and low oxygen levels.
Treatment: Improve Pond environment and induce moulting.
3.9.4. Nutritional, Toxic and Environmental diseases:
1.Black Gill Disease:
Causative Agents:
Black gill disease

38
• Chemical contaminants like cadmium, copper, oil, zinc, potassium permanganate, ozone,
ammonia, and nitrate in rearing water.
• Ascorbic acid deficiency.
• Heavy siltation.
• High organic load due to residual feed, debris and faecal matters on pond bottom (i.e.,
black soil)
• Myco bacterial infection.
Symptoms:
Gill shows brownish or black discolouration in advanced cases most of the filaments are affected
and the gills become totally black Loss of appetite Mortalities.

Effect on Host:
• Blackening of the gills may be due to the heavy deposition of black pigments at sites of
heavy haemolytic activity.
• Extensive accumulation of blood cells in gill filaments may result in respiratory
disturbances.
• Absorption of silt on the gills may also result in respiratory difficulties.
• Secondary infection by bacteria, fungi and protozoan to the dying cells of the gills.

Preventive Methods:
• Avoid over feeding
• Remove black soil by scrapping after harvest and draining from the
bottom during culture period
• Flush out ponds several times during pond preparation
• Avoid heavy metal discharge of nearby factories from getting into the
pond system
• Induce moulting
3.9.5. Problems due to pH:
High pH can lead to:
• Moulting problems - shrimp moults normally at pH 7.7- 8.0 if any means

39
water pH exceeds.
• Beyond 8.3, shrimp find some stress to moult and become hard shell and if
the problem continues shrimps set loose shell and further it becomes
lathery and ultimately die off.
• Plankton die off or bloom crash will fluctuate the pH and lead to high
stress in shrimps, BOD and COD level, gill clog water quality
deterioration etc.
• Blue shell, soft shell and hard shell are observed in high pH due to
imbalance of minerals
• High pH causes mineral sedimentation on shrimp shell. (Rough shell)
High pH leads to Ammonia toxicity
• Malfunction of digestive system due to improper functioning of digestive
enzymes. Shrimp life depends on surrounding environment, and the algae
population plays a significant role in stabilizing.
The ecosystem and elimination of toxic components. Water quality to a
great extent is regulated by the pH of the pondsystem.

Remedy:
• pH Handling
• Maintaining a good phytoplankton bloom
• Maintain demand feeding
• Maintain optimum alkalinity level
• Maintain pH through water exchange
• Supplementing the pond with a good carbon source like jaggery / sugar/ rice powder and
good
• Probiotic like Avant Pro W 1 kg per ha.
3.9.6. Problems related to Oxygen:
• Long exposure to low oxygen level (under 3ppm) cause shrimp immunity decline and
susceptible to the infection

40
 • In low oxygen level ponds anaerobic layer of soil get exposed and start releasing toxic
gases like
• NH3, H2S and etc., which ultimately leads to stress in shrimps.
• Lethargic condition in shrimps due to low oxygen in pond bottom makes shrimp to but
the anaerobic soil layer and get infected like gill clogging, tail rot, gut infection, protozoan
infection and hepato pancreatic infection.
• Acute DO depletion causes shrimp surfacing and die.
Oxygen Handling Method:
• Increase aeration by adding aerators
Maintaining a good phytoplankton bloom
Enough aeration system with proper speed and running time. Maintain speed of 70- 80RMP
• for long arm and 110 RPM for one HP aerators
• Always use DO meter at site for checking oxygen level.
• Always maintain oxygen level > 4 ppm

3.9.7. Problems related to Alkalinity:

1. Low alkalinity leads to pH fluctuation, thin shell, soft shell and moulting problem.
2. High alkalinity causes problem like hard and thick shell surface, and moulting problem.
3. Mineral deficiency
4. Acute DO problem stress in shrimps observed for 2-3 days therefore 50% feed to be given
5. Alkalinity Handling Method.
6. Maintain ideal pH with good phytoplankton bloom.
7. Increase CO2 production and carbon source for bacteria growth.
8. Removal of snail’s tube warms and barnacles from the system during culture period.
9. Avoid over of Liming by checking soil pH before liming during pond preparation period.
3.9.8. Problems Related to Temperature:
• Low temperature reduces shrimp appetite and activity.
• In high temperature metabolic activity increases and stress observed in shrimps.

41
• Feeding behaviour affects in low &high temperature.

Handling Method:
• Maintain optimum water level in ponds
• Maintain optimum water colour to prevent sunlight penetration.
• Run aerators to reduce the effect of water stratification.
Problems related to Turbidity:
Water turbidity can result from plankton and suspended clay particles.
• Higher turbidity can cause temperature and DO stratification in ponds.
• Plankton is desirable when not excessive, but suspended clay particles are undesirable.
• It can cause clogging of gills or direct injury to tissues of prawns.
• Erosion of the soil itself can be the source of small (1-100 nm) colloidal particles
responsible for
• The unwanted turbidity. The particles repel each other due to negative-charges: this can
be
• Neutralized by electrolytes resulting in coagulation.

3.9.9. Turbidity Control Methods:

Reduce aeration during Day time so that water circulation reduced thereby suspended
colloidal particles gets settled. Inoculate phytoplankton by pumping water from neighbouring
pond.
Example: Apply Avanti Catcher 22-40 kg s per hectare and repeat after 3 days
• Use of PE linings / Sheets on the pond dikes and in the bottom.
• Increase water depth
• Place aerators in a way that currents should not hit on dikes.
• Aerator should not be placed on slope of the dyke.
• Application of organic and Inorganic Fertilizers:
• Always maintain Carbon and Nitrogen ratio 20:1 If Carbon is deficient use rice powder,
tapioca

42
• Generally, nitrogen is deficient in freshwater and phosphorus is deficient in seawater.
Use of poultry manure in vannamei ponds is banned as they contain pesticides and antibiotics.
3.10. HARVESTING AND HANDLING PRACTICES:
The goal of harvesting is to harvest good quality shrimps with maximum average body
weight within a short culture period fetching a good or higher price. In India, where shrimp are
mainly exported the quality of the material can determine significant differences in prices. The
postharvest techniques used must therefore be appropriate to ensure farmers get maximum value
for shrimp.

3.10.1. TIMING OF HARVEST:

As a normal practice or under normal circumstances the shrimp should be sampled
regularly e.g. weekly to determine to the average body weight and general condition. Once the
desired average bodyweight is achieved, the shrimps are ready for harvest. However, harvest
time is also greatly influenced by condition of shrimp, condition of pond and market price. It is
advisable to harvest at least three days after moulting to avoid soft shell and pre-moulting
conditions.

3.10.2. METHODS OF HARVEST:

Harvesting may be carried out in two methods either Partial or Complete based on the
situation

1. Partial Harvest:
Partial harvest is usually done after taking into consideration the existing biomass relative
to the pond carrying capacity as well as the pond condition and to increase opportunity profit. It
can be carried out effectively using a lift net to avoid disturbing the pond bottom. In some
countries, the lift net is used to remove shrimp for the live market, where shrimp quality is of
utmost importance. Partial harvest should be carried out when the pond and animal condition is
very good like optimum water quality parameters (DO (>4ppm), total ammonia (1ppm), etc.).

43
Feed intake must be good Animal health condition must be good (Take few shrimp and keep
out of water for 30sec which may show normal means healthy and opaqueness or whitish muscle
indicates unhealthy animal)

2. Complete Harvest:
The most common method of harvesting is through the use of bag net at sluice gate. In
this method the presence of proper pond slope will ensure fast and efficient harvest.
Ideally that harvest should begin in the early morning and should be completed before noon.
The shrimps collected regularly in chilled condition and placed in creates before loading on to
the insulated trucks for subsequent shipment to the market or processing plants
The other common method of harvest is by drag netting the shrimp in the pond. In this
method the water level of the pond is brought down to about 0.5m and an electric net or normal
seine net is used. In this method the pond bottom is distributed thus the quality of prawn will be
reduced if harvest is not completed fast
In these two methods once, the pond were completely drained and left out shrimps had to
be handpicked fast, cleaned and iced to safeguard the quality and freshness completely drained
and left out shrimps had to be handpicked fast, cleaned and iced to safeguard the quality and
freshness.

44
Harvesting

45
 CAA REGULATIONS FOR VANNAMEI CULTURE
3.11.1. COASTAL AQUACULTURE AUTHORITY (CAA):
The Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA) was established under the Coastal Aquaculture
authority Act, 2005 and notified vide Gazette Notification dated 22nd December, 2005. The
main objective of the Authority is to regulate coastal aquaculture activities in coastal areas in
order to endure sustainable development without causing damage to the coastal environment.
The Authority is empowered to make regulations for the construction and operation of
aquaculture farms in coastal areas, inspection of forms to ascertain their environmental impact,
registration of aquaculture farms, fixing standards for inputs and effluents, removal or
demolition of coastal aquaculture farms, which cause pollution etc. Hence, it is must to obtain
permission from CAA to start vannamei culture and for obtaining permission follow these rules
mentioned below.
• The Farm must have CAA permission letter
• No culture of native species (Black tiger/crab) near around.
• Farm should have a reservoir & an ETS.
Bio-security measures:
• Crab fencing
• Bird fencing
• Use of SPF seed from certified hatcheries is compulsory
• Reservoir management
• Pump Only treated water, Never Raw water.
• After chlorination, De chlorinated water to be pumped.
• Use Bleaching only. Don't use liquid chlorine.
• In reservoirs minimum aeration required.
• Settlement Tank
• Any kind of water exchange in culture period you should drain in to settlement tank
(never directly into creeks) after settlement through the over flow pipe supply to ETS only.
• From ETS Treated water only can drain to protect the environment.

46
3.11.2. DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR CAA PERMISSION:
Filled in CAA vannamei application form Attachments
1) Photocopy of CAA certificate of registration for Black Tiger shrimp.
2) Demand draft of Rs 500/- only for 1 hectare of WSA
vannamei farm lay-out with specifications:

Steps to CAA permission:

Step 1: applying CAA with proper document and demand draft.
Step2: letter from CAA regarding the visit of technical team from CAA, Chennai for inspection.
Step 3: Visit of Technical team from CAA for inspection.
Step 4: Issue of CAA approval letter for SPF vannamei culture.
3.12. TRACEABILITY:
CHECKLIST:
• Record the water quality parameters
• Record the diseases.
• Record the day-to-day activities and applications Etc...
• Record the aeration timings
• Weekly growth rate should record in the book
• Pond identification number & Details
• Post larvae quantity stocked
• Post larvae source (hatchery)
• Antibiotic and drug use
• Herbicide, algaecide, other pesticide use
• Feed quantity used
• Harvest date
• Harvest quantity
• Processing plant or purchaser receipt.
• Culture Record keeping related to day-to-day activities.

47
48
IV.ECONOMIC VALUES
Farmer name :HaranathBabu
Place : Bapatla
1 Pond length : 1 acre

CAPITAL COST

CONSTRUCTION COST:
Pond design and construction amount = 50,000 Rs
Fencing = 10,000 for 1 acre
Gate formation = 5,000 Rs
Watch man shed construction = 30,000 Rs
Power Installation =20,000 Rs
Total construction cost = 1,15,000 Rs
EQUIPMENTS and TOOLS COST:
Thermometer, pH meter, ammonia kits,
Secchi disk cost = 10,000 Rs
Nets (hand nets& Catch nets) = 10,000 Rs
Buckets and tools for feed purpose = 1,000 Rs
Bore well = 60,000 Rs
PVP pipes and fittings =5,000 R s
Check trays = 1,200 Rs
Cat walks = 1,800 Rs
Aerators cost (4 X 20,000) = 80,000 Rs
Generators = 50,000 Rs
Feed boats = 2,000 Rs
Total equipment tools cost = 2,21,000 Rs
Total capital cost for 1 Acre = 3,36,000 Rs

Yearly payments

49
Corporate tax = 5,000 Rs
Insurance = 5,000 Rs
Total yearly payments = 10,000 Rs
Monthly payments
Helpers = 10,000 Rs
Current Bill = 5,000 Rs
Fisher man = 8,000 Rs
Other cost = 12,000 Rs
Total monthly payments = 35,000 Rs
4 monthly payments = 1,40,000 Rs
1st culture:
Pond preparation = 15,000 Rs
Pro biotic cost = 30,000 Rs
Seed management = Seed method based on density = 35 m square
1acr = 4000 m square = 1, 60,000 pieces (20,000 mortality)
Each seed cost 40 paisa
Total seed for 1 acre cost = 64,000 Rs
Fertilizers (Organic &Inorganic) = 33,000Rs
Feed management:
Total culture period using feed = 5200 kgs
for 1,40,000 seed in 1 acre
1 kg feed cost = 90 Rs
Total 5,200 kg s feed cost = 4,68,000 Rs
Harvesting :
Complete harvesting = (35 m square) for 1Acre
Harvesting cost =10,000 Rs
(Workers 7,000 + Food &Trasnport 3,000)
Total Production: 4000 Kgs (35 Count)
Total Investment = 7,70,000 Rs
Total Income = 4,000 kgs X 320 Rs (1kg 320 /- Market Price)
50
 = 12,80,000 Rs

Total economical profit = 12,80,000 – 7,70,000 = 5,10,000 Rs

Total economical profit of L. vannamei culture =5,10,000 Rs

51
V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
There has been considerable increase in the culture of brackish water shrimp due to its
taste, market demand both in national and international markets. In order to prevent many
problems faced by shrimp cultivation, sustainable shrimp farming is the need of the hour. When

52
a pond is ready for operation, the optimum stocking density of seeds in a pond was determined
in accordance with the production capacity of the pond and the culture system, which included
the soil and water quality, food availability and seasonal variations, target production and
farmers experience.
The stocking density between 10- 20 PLs/m2 is ideal for successful shrimp farms. In the
present study the seeds were stocked at the stocking density of 20/m2. The maintenance of good
water quality is essential for optimum growth and survival of shrimps. The levels of physical,
chemical and biological parameters control the quality of pond water. The level of metabolites
in pond water can have an adverse effect on the growth. Good water quality is characterized by
adequate oxygen and limited level of metabolites.
Excess feed, faecal matter and metabolites exert tremendous influence on the water
oxygen in all the culture ponds. Hence critical water quality parameters are to be monitored
carefully as adverse conditions may have disastrous effect on the growing shrimps. Salinity is
one of their important parameters to control growth and survival of L.vannamei.

India is the second largest country in aquaculture production in theworld.In the present
scenario L.vannameiis the most extensively farmed Crustaceanspecies. It has attracted the
farmers attention because of its fast growth, low incidence of native disease,availability
of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) domesticated strains and culture feasibility in wide
salinity range.The production levels of L. vannameiis 10-12 tonnes/ha/crop of 3 - 4 months
duration.The production of this pecies has reached to a level of 406.044 tonnes during
2015-16. Asian ow produces 75% of the world’s L.vannamei with only 25% being
produced in its original western hemisphere. India with its 8.118 km of coastal line and
1.24 million ha of brackish water are a is the second largest shrimp producer in the world
,with Andhra Pradesh having India’s largest vannamei farming area.Among the coastal
states West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh are the largestproducers or P.monodon and L.
vannameishrimp respectively in India duringtheyear2015-16.L. vannameiis an exotic
species and is amenable to culture in both fresh waterand salinewaters in the country.
MPEDA [Marine Products Export Development Authority]– RGCA [Rajiv Gandhi Centre
For Aquaculture] established first Brood stock Multiplication Centre [BMC] for
L.vannamei in 2012 in Visakhapatnam and the BMC facility of MPEDA - RGCA is

53
supplying domestically raised SPF L. Vannamei brooders in a cheaper rate than the
imported brooders.

As the size of females increased from 30 gm to52 gm the mean number of eggs per
spawning increased from 150000 to 442000. Water quality parameters play an important
role in vannamei shrimp culture.The poor water quality is the real cause of disease, leading
to poor feeding, high FCR, retardation of growth, mortality, crop failure and economical
loss.

The maintenance of good water quality is essential for both survival and optimum growth
of culture organisms. Dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, temperature, alkalinity, hardness,
hydrogen sulphide, salinity & turbidity are considered as the most important water quality
parameters in shrimp culture. The scraping of pond bottom is made up to 3-4 inches and
is treated with lime as well as other bleaching powders. Bird netting and crab fencing are
generally used in farms as biosecurity. The stocking of quality L.vannamei post
larvae(PL)09-12 is advisable and also farmer should seek help of government aqua labs
for PCR tests to know the quality of the seed.The stocking of post larvae should be under
taken after proper acclimatization process. The stocking density of vannamei post larvae
is 1 lack per acre. Farmers use formulated commercial pellet shrimp feeds from various
companies for routine feeding purposes. Generally feeding is given 4 times a day.

Most of the farmers adopt a combination of broad casting and check traymethodasfeeding
strategies.1 hp - 3 hpaerators are usedin culture pondsaccording toculture area,density,
farm size, in different corners of the pond. Aerators are placed 5 mawayfromthedyke
andalmost10mdistancefrom eachother.

Sludge formation is controlled in pond by applying sludge digesting probiotic products

and by using sludge motors.Weekly sampling is done to know the shrimp health, growth
and survival. The first sampling has been carried out in all ponds at the 60th day of culture.

The average shrimp body growth rate will be in range of 18-20gm in 90 days of culture
with a survival rate of 70- 90%. The frequent out breaks of diseases such as White Spot
Syndrome Virus (WSSV), Black Gill Disease (BGD), Running Morality Syndrome
54
(RMS), Loose Shell Syndrome (LSS), White Faecal Syndrome (WFS), White Muscle
Disease(WMD)and Infectious Hypodermal and Haemato poietic Necrosis (IHHN) in
shrimps are causing severe economic loss to aqua culture industry. Farmers are losing 15-
25 percent of their investment due to these diseases in every crop in the season. Shrimps
are harvested by the dragnets in most of the pond sand the harvested shrimps are packed
with ice in trays. The shrimps are sold according the count and size.

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