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 Crime and
Criminology
EDITORIAL ADVISORS

Alida V. Merlo
Indiana University of Pennsylvania

George E. Higgins
University of Louisville

G. Larry Mays
New Mexico State University
 Criminal Justice Series

Crime and
Criminology

Fifteenth Edition

Sue Titus Reid, JD, Ph.D

Reubin O’Donovan. Askew School of Public Administration & Policy
The Florida State University
Copyright © 2018 CCH Incorporated.

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 To Dr. Walter C. Hellinger

my internist at the Mayo Clinic Jacksonville (Florida) for almost 30

years

Thanks for your excellent medical care

 About the Author

Sue Titus Reid, a professor in the Reubin O’Donovan Askew School of

Public Administration and Policy at Florida State University,
Tallahassee, has taught law students, graduate students, and
undergraduate students in many states. She has served on the board of
the Midwest Sociological Society and the executive staff of the
American Sociological Association. She has served as chairperson,
associate dean, and dean. In 1985, she held the prestigious George Beto
Chair in criminal justice at the Criminal Justice Center, Sam Houston
State University, Huntsville, Texas. From 1976 to 1977, she served as a
visiting distinguished professor at the University of Tulsa College of
Law and then joined the faculty as a professor and later served as an
associate dean. In 1979, Dr. Reid received the Distinguished Alumna
Award from Texas Woman’s University, and in 2000, she received a
university award “for excellence in teaching” at Florida State University.
Dr. Reid’s formal training in criminology began in graduate school,
but her interest in the field dates back to her early childhood. She was
strongly influenced in her career by her father, who was born in the jail
where his father, the undersheriff of a small east Texas county, lived with
his family. As a child, she helped her father in his grocery store and was
quite disturbed when, on three separate occasions, he was victimized by
criminals, one an armed robber. In each instance, the offender took all
the cash and checks; no one was ever apprehended, and the family was
temporarily left homeless as a result of the business failure.
Dr. Reid graduated with honors from Texas Woman’s University in
1960 and received graduate degrees in sociology (MA in 1962 and PhD
in 1965) from the University of Missouri-Columbia. In 1972, she
graduated with distinction from the University of Iowa College of Law.
She was admitted to the Iowa Bar that year and later to the District of
Columbia Court of Appeals. She has also been admitted to practice
before the U.S. Supreme Court.
Dr. Reid is unique among authors in the criminal justice field
because of her distinguished qualifications in both law and the social
sciences. She launched her text publishing career with Crime and
Criminology in 1976, and this edition is the fifteenth, making it the first
text in criminology to go into that many editions. Dr. Reid’s other titles
include The Correctional System: An Introduction; Criminal Law: The
Essentials 3d edition; Criminal Justice Essentials, 10th edition; and
Criminal Law, 9th edition. She has contributed articles to the
Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice and the Encyclopedia of American
Prisons, as well as to other books, in addition to publishing scholarly
articles in both law and sociology.
Dr. Reid’s contributions to her profession have been widely
recognized nationally and abroad. In 1982, the American Society of
Criminology elected her a fellow “for outstanding contributions to the
field of Criminology.” Other national honors include the following:
Who’s Who Among Women; Who’s Who in America; Who’s Who in
American Education; Who’s Who in Criminal Law; 2,000 Notable
Women (Hall of Fame for Outstanding Contributions to Criminal Law,
1990); Personalities of America; and Most Admired Woman of the
Decade, 1992.
Her international honors include numerous recognitions from the
International Biographical Centre (IBC), Cambridge, England, including
the prestigious International Order of Merit. The IBC named Dr. Reid an
inaugural member as one of the Top 100 Educators—2008, an honor
limited by the IBC “to those individuals who, in our belief, have made a
significant enough contribution in their field to engender influence on a
local, national or international basis.” Among the other international
honors received by Dr. Reid are the following: International Woman of
the Year, 1991-1992; International Who’s Who of Intellectuals;
International Who’s Who of Professionals; International Who’s Who of
Professional and Business Women; International Order of Merit, 1993;
Who’s Who in the World; International Biographical Centre, England,
Marquis Who’s Who in the World; and the Manchester Who’s Who
Among Executive and Professional Women.
Dr. Reid has traveled extensively to widen her knowledge of
criminal justice systems in the United States and in other countries. In
1982, she was a member of the Eisenhower Foundation sponsored
People-to-People Crime Prevention delegation to the People’s Republic
of China. Her international travels included a three-month study and
lecture tour of ten European countries in 1985. She has served as a legal
consultant, and she is an honorary member of the Jackson, New
Hampshire Police Department.
In August 2010, the Commission on Physical and Mental
Disabilities of the 400,000-member American Bar Association featured
Dr. Reid as its monthly spotlight on lawyers and judges who, despite
disabilities, have made significant contributions to the legal profession.
Dr. Reid lives in Texas and New Hampshire while continuing her
teaching as a Professor at Florida State University.
 Brief Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments

Part I Introduction to the Study of Crime and

Criminology
1. Crime, Criminal Law, and Criminology
2. The Measurement of Crime and Its Impact

Part II Explanations of Criminal Behavior

3. Early Explanations of Criminal Behavior and Their
Modern Counterparts
4. Biological and Psychological Theories of Criminal
Behavior
5. Sociological Theories of Criminal Behavior I: The
Social-Structural Approach
6. Sociological Theories of Criminal Behavior II: The
Social-Process Approach

Part III Types of Crime

7. Violent Crimes
8. Property Crimes
9. Business- and Government-Related Crimes
10. Drug Abuse, Drug Trafficking, and Organized Crime

Part IV Criminal Justice Systems

 11. U.S. Criminal Justice Systems
12. Police
13. Court Systems

Part V Social Reaction to Crime: Corrections

14. The Confinement of Offenders
15. Corrections in the Community

Appendix A Amendments to the U.S. Constitution

Appendix B How to Read a Court Citation

Glossary
Case Index
Name Index
General Index
Photo Credits
Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments

Part I Introduction to the Study of Crime

and Criminology

Chapter 1: Crime, Criminal Law, and

Criminology

Chapter Outline
Introduction
The Concept of Crime
An Act or Omission
The Intent Requirement and Its Exceptions
Violation of the Elements of Criminal Law
Without Justification or Defense
Felony or Misdemeanor
The Judge or Jury as Final Decision Maker
The Concept of Law
Law as Social Control
The Extent of Criminal Law
Criminology and the Study of Crime
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Brief Essay Assignments
Internet Activities
Notes

Chapter 2: The Measurement of Crime and Its

Impact

Chapter Outline
Introduction
Sources of Crime Data
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
The National Incident-Based Reporting System
(NIBRS)
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
Self-Report Data (SRD)
The National Criminal History Improvement
Program (NCHIP)
Crime in the United States: An Overview
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Data
Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Data
Characteristics of Offenders
Characteristics of Crime Victims
Criminal Justice Systems and Crime Victims
Analysis of Crime Data Collection
Research in Criminology
Basing Policy Decisions on Research
The Search for Explanations
Selection of a Research Method
Errors in Interpreting Data
 The Importance of Research Methods
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Brief Essay Assignments
Internet Activities
Notes

Part II Explanations of Criminal Behavior

Chapter 3: Early Explanations of Criminal

Behavior and Their Modern Counterparts

Chapter Outline
Introduction
The Historical Background of Punishment and
Criminal Law
The Classical Beginnings
The Neoclassical School
The Positivist School
The Classical and Positivist Schools Compared
Punishment Philosophies
Incapacitation
Retribution
Just Deserts
Rehabilitation
Deterrence
Research on Deterrence
Policy Implications of Deterrence Theory
Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories
Moral Filtering and Deterrence
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Brief Essay Assignments
Internet Activities
Notes

Chapter 4: Biological and Psychological Theories

of Criminal Behavior

Chapter Outline
Introduction
Biological Factors and Criminal Behavior
Lombroso and the Positivists
Physique and Crime
Genetic Factors
Studies of Families
Studies of Twins
Studies of Adoptees
Genetics and Behavior: A Modern View
Biosocial Factors
Obstetric Factors
Neurological Factors
Psychological Factors and Criminal Behavior
Mental Illness: A Brief Look
Personality Theory
Intelligence and Crime
Cognitive Development Theory
Behavior Theory
Learning Theory
Implications of Biological and Psychological Theories
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Brief Essay Assignments
Internet Activities
Notes

Chapter 5: Sociological Theories of Criminal

Behavior I: The Social-Structural Approach

Chapter Outline
Introduction
Statistical Background of Studies of Crime
Ecological Theories
The Chicago School and Its Impact
Contemporary Research on Urban Crime and
Delinquency
Anomie/Strain Theories
The Study of Gangs
Cultural Transmission Theories
Crime and the Family
The Routine Activity Approach
The Conflict Perspective
Critical Criminology
Social-Structural Theories and Female Criminality
Women’s Liberation Theory
Strain Theory
Critical Theory
Feminist Theory
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Brief Essay Assignments
Internet Activities
Notes

Chapter 6: Sociological Theories of Criminal

Behavior II: The Social-Process Approach

Chapter Outline
Introduction
Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory
Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory
Akers’s Social Learning Theory
Control Theory
Hirschi’s Bonding Theory
Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Self-Control Theory
Labeling Theory
Emergence and Early Development
Braithwaite’s Restorative Justice
Sampson and Laub’s Cumulative Disadvantages
Evaluation
Integrated Theories
Akers: Conceptual Absorption
Developmental and Life-Course Theories
Sampson and Laub: Age-Graded Theory
Moffitt: Developmental Theory
Cullen and Colvin: Social Support or Coercion
Tittle: Control Balance
Elliott, Ageton, and Cantor: Integrated Strain/Control
Conclusion to Integrated Theories
Conclusion to Criminal Behavior Theories
Policy Implications of Criminal Behavior Theories
Summary
 Key Terms
Study Questions
Brief Essay Assignments
Internet Activities
Notes

Part III Types of Crime

Chapter 7: Violent Crimes

Chapter Outline
Introduction
The Study of Types of Crime
Serious Violent Crimes
Murder and Nonnegligent Manslaughter
Rape
Robbery
Aggravated Assault
Explanations of Violent Crime
Other Violent Crimes
Domestic Violence
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
Child Abuse
Elder Abuse
Violence on Campus
Kidnapping
Hate Crimes
Stalking
Terrorism
The Fear of Crime
Guns and Violent Crime
The Media, Pornography, and Violent Crime
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Brief Essay Assignments
Internet Activities
Notes

Chapter 8: Property Crimes

Chapter Outline
Introduction
Serious Property Crimes
Burglary
Larceny-Theft
Motor Vehicle Theft
Arson
Lesser Property Crimes: A Sample
Identity Theft
Computer and Cyber Crimes
Types of Crimes
Controlling Computer and Cyber Crimes
Professional and Career Criminals
Professional Criminal Behavior: The Early Approach
Contemporary Conceptualizations of Professional
Thieves
Career Criminals: The Modern Approach
Recent Research
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Brief Essay Assignments
Internet Activities
Notes

Chapter 9: Business- and Government-Related

Crimes

Chapter Outline
Introduction
Business-Related Crimes: An Overview
Definition and Extent
A Sociological Analysis
Types of Business-Related Crimes: A Selection
Conspiracy
Bribery and Extortion
Embezzlement
Securities and Investment Crimes
Environmental Crime
Workplace Violations
Mail and Wire Fraud
Fraud Against the Elderly
Health Care Fraud
Government-Related Crimes
Obstruction of Justice
Contempt of Court
Treason
Political Crimes and Official Misuse of Power
Civil Rights Violations
Controlling Business- and Government-Related Crimes
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Brief Essay Assignments
Internet Activities
Notes

Chapter 10: Drug Abuse, Drug Trafficking, and

Organized Crime

Chapter Outline
Introduction
Drug Abuse
Data
The Impact of Drug Abuse
Effects on the Abuser
Fetal Abuse
Campus and Intimate Partner Violence
Economic Cost
Criminal Activity
The Debate over Drug Laws
The Federal Approach: The War on Drugs
State Approaches: The Legalization Debate
The Treatment Approach
Drug Trafficking
The Control of Drug Abuse and Drug Trafficking
Organized Crime
The Concept of Organized Crime
The History and Organization of Organized Crime
The Control of Organized Crime
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Brief Essay Assignments
Internet Activities
Notes
Part IV Criminal Justice Systems

Chapter 11: U.S. Criminal Justice Systems

Chapter Outline
Introduction
Concepts of U.S. Criminal Justice
The Philosophy of the Adversary System
The Reality of the Adversary System
Other Special Characteristics of U.S. Criminal
Justice Systems
The Stages in U.S. Criminal Justice Systems
Investigation Prior to Arrest
Arrest
Booking
Initial Appearance
Preliminary Hearing
Information
Indictment
Arraignment
Reduction of the Charge
Trial
Sentencing
Appeals and Remedies
Incarceration
Release
Selected Constitutional Rights of Defendants
The Right to Be Free from Unreasonable Searches
and Seizures
Vehicle Searches
Person Searches
Home Searches
 Cell Phone Searches
The Right Not to Testify Against Oneself
The Right to Counsel
The Right to Trial by Jury
Victims’ Rights
Defendants’ Rights Versus Victims’ Rights
U.S. Criminal Justice Systems: An Assessment
The U.S. Criminal Justice Systems and Terrorism
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Brief Essay Assignments
Internet Activities
Notes

Chapter 12: Police

Chapter Outline
Introduction
The Emergence of Formal Policing
Public Policing in the United States
Rural, County, Municipal, and State Policing
Policing at the Federal Level
Campus Security
International Policing
Private Security
Police Personnel
Qualifications, Recruitment, and Training
Female and Minority Officers
The Nature of Policing
Police Functions
Policing Models
Police Decision Making
The Right to Stop and Question
The Sociology of Arrest
Racial Profiling
The Use of Force
Intervention in Intimate Partner Violence Cases
Intervention in Mental Health Cases
Police Misconduct
The Control of Policing
Police Professionalism and Departmental Control
Community Control
Control Through the U.S. Department of Justice
Control Through the Courts
Intelligence Led Policing (ILP)
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Brief Essay Assignments
Internet Activities
Notes

Chapter 13: Court Systems

Chapter Outline
Introduction
Court Systems
Focus on Specialized Courts
Juvenile Courts
Domestic Violence Courts
Drug Courts
Mental Health Courts
Veterans’ Courts
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