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MSE 201A

Niks pre midsem iU week 7)

We studied Macrostates, o a system Codiu0
genura and not at atmu Level
F: 32
C k-273.15

Su 6q- du
So
cdhoric Procea W Pav:O qdiz protuT U=0
adiahatic proce tl:0- NOn ito loted tyskm
dvsys
aUsur:0
Iterrad Enerqy H CpT Entalpy-
Cp-Gv R

AG AH TAS Cribbs free Enerqu

Kirdhoff's equatun
ST
AHm AHT

Hessla AU 2H prpdu HTeactanth

AG - RTnkp .

Endo Heraiz xo Hermic

Expansian 2 Cempressi on
ZWcurr 2 *AP.Vm P dP 2WsuTY 2olP

Evapotation: Work dlon by tte Nstem=Axt - dP) Vn

Comdensakuon WovK doe on e sylkem (Peattde) Vn
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Tsotuenma Evaporation

Reversi ble ) Asss re ASsur rev

T

TsteNersible )_ASSus 9fev ASsur -o ASToto (uA>0

T

Tsoteiesmal Conden satun

Reveisi ble ASsys- 4rev

T
ASturTew T
ASTota :0

IrteveYsible =) ASsus Tev ASsur ASTetal (-40

T T

Ieversble Adiahatic epansion=)

ASTotal 0

SW <_Tdsys du equalty in ewerslble case

iabatizd Ssys 0 -dU= Sw
Tsolkr rad du=o Su : TdSsys 9

ombined s oand 2 law Thermodyna micA

du TdS - Pdy-
U:{Sv) du ovs
P

S: P(v.v) olS (3S)du + s dv

V ovu

T PT

X- X X
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Week7

4S CvdlnT +R dunv
S w LnT+ RnV+ So > tonstant-
S

CpnT R nP +(RInR tS )(s,)

S: Cpln V CuknP + S"

ASAS miuing two gau[lonsfant T)

AS-naRenA DARLn(pa
AS= -nRXa lnXA t Xg lnXa (n:nath

ASm- - nRIxiLnKi_| For n: No

N.R: K

Standasd state enwo Py Sp-Slata -

Rln P (AS)

STa Cp enT

foT clunicd rouess mA+ n8 C +QD

A_pS+4S-m S nSg(1atm

Statistial_nucanius deide equiubrum in_unselt-

QuantumTheory Aa 9N_quantipied valus o
aNA Orete Valu o eneyau_at ead stare n *

MicrostatesLampleu
Total No arangemens
most mostproba
8u 3 3 3 (wTU deide
31 e q u i u b r i u

Total an y
N arrang emi No. an energy Chaus
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n)
U>
Interral eapesatttte nevay
KT Temptatue
e0Hananm lanstant

whn volumd taLmstont aN)= dy S4y

KT kT

Boltzmann equalM S- km) h 138x 1*2]K|

(ArHixd values o_u,V,n) Aux quilbrip RNv
Physial tnterpretatto) enropy_

TA Ts
r a dored System VA Vs

dSteisd 4SA +dSg : k dlnbat klnks

:kdln(axla) Enropy max Jlallg max

UTota VA+ Us = dixed

dula SGa
for oat-foo Total iRed KTA
nTo ixed
KTe
k d (ln (laAs)) k dknla * k dnls

dSanti -Sa4kTB TA-Ta

kTA TaTe

dSToral : 0 for Ta: Ts

NEEK3
Ni uN aluoy hal uiubnuM
dist at Sla:2 as l2: 2 max
310o
N DAt ng N_
na lns

ASmi
mix: Smia -Sa -Sg klnln k Aa klu

Nv Nv Nv Nv.
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state I to state 2
S4stem chargeorm
AStotad ASteemal + AStonig

Thermad equubrium J

AS - RXAn XA + Xg,lnXB
AMia ) ive tutectod_pase diagr am A
AH ) eiw s Conaruent plade _diagfam (ALike 8

X torresponding toVa Vg (Bassal vs Kakuiol

N. atom to ft n x bors rom x boxea inihal
n X - ln X* Ns4ki
VA No NI
AS= No k nVe Rn/Vg Nolal
VA) VA

Hemeltz ree Enerau VT eASIy_torollable para

eters
A U-TS
Ar- At w- T(Sa-Si -T(S-S) <0
(uiry tor r
A2-A S-W

W
Grv-4 0Sirr )A-Ai -TASirr-
SOL
A-A SWPdv Vfixa_AL-ALS
AT O
AAv,T 0 for Sp0ntaneeus_proces AAv TE 0
eguilib
Aminimum at equubium dAv
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Cetiguahonaf

enopy AS mix >fral - S inital (auloie)

| VapoY
kln_ Dmix -k noud solid
kln Amix
en
-u nv
serling appToAnnatuon n n! nnn- n
apply
T aboe ASix knlnn-0-nv) Lu(n-n)
- nvunv/

pavtially dtfeentlate wrt hv

nv n-n
a (AS w) k lnh-nv
ny hy

A
ASmix

n
TS
Equilibrium tHttriaa
U minimum (SV Cevstant)
S = m a u mum D V tonstant)
ompromse between above 2)
A m)nimum
(ViT ined)

AS tempenature inereases A v
vapor id@al g E my k.T
VTo a-Vs)

nsat -C 2 T1 Pal
there
T at wiia n:nv andA A_u'n
Amitng
V - TS A U Min Aquilbina
As temp>ok_A Mn U lonots

for tomki ned sYstem VHxed A -TASi

equlbiA min
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WeexI
Strtndard state G at T temp and latmp
AH s at 25 C_and latm rou

G GT GG +
RT&nP

ntial
ferfor total G pak1al chenucal pote
i ) : aG')
n i P,T, n

V
On/ i
SdT
r VdP -

Ateasttep: V 2 Vi

dGiViaP

autons lau d: Xrd

dgi dla: V^dP VAdPA_ RTdp
XA PA

dn-duA RTdnpa

G G RTkna/xa
or pure_material_at \atm A

Gibas Hlmhaltz Reatin

OT /P

T P T

HA - -
HA --
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ACrhix 2 niRTAn Pi
Pi

for aa binary xturena nA

RT nXa +
nRTLAI3
Aamux t ole Ki RTLuXi

a4 NdP- Sdt
S7 (AGwu)_ ASm
T

Smis -R(EXiknXi)_ mel as

n total.

D G : na Ga + ne Gs

Gbbs Duy barn Equation -|Xa dGa +Xgdta O

d dn Ga+ dkBGs t|dúAXA dasX

dla: paXAt HedKg

Xg ol
Ct X d&_ L8= Crt+ XA du
MA XA

Loution AG,= RTAn KA T RT n QA

anporation_&conderhon terms at eguubium
Jer

k PA

dev CA
6evl
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pu)
EAAteB: taAe ev ( ÄA ) LMentoatio

AB bo srergth 2 A-A 6- bondshrerae

Teu (soutton)< Yew pure)
At Tonst evny XA : kh PAZ Ty (H_XA

HennysLaw
Henry a: ka a k
Yewla) mall ,

A-8 bond shengt << A-A 8-B bond shrengtt,

euCaySolutunn) TeLm pAre)_

AbA8E A- bond shrngh A-A 66

A
PA (Henr¢law)> pa (Raauls law) A 60 A-B
A Hnsau) prRaoul Law) AA 68 SA B

fAgacuy
tugady o tuMent
Tdea donditionm di: pi f p¢° |a:4ipiki N
Raoufian bhawiov
P:

Henry's bhauior kiXi

AL Fin KA ( ZALad)
RT Ln i ( Nm idal
P:

Binary olut ton

AG RT LnXa er RTlnXg
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KACIA tXe Cn t AHux TASnix

(+RT XanKa+ Kaln a )
H O _
AH Xn Xg N -interaitun tazarnchei
A Oe Eae> |Emt Gee
2

- TAS

Weck Ii ohnu

Gb GA Cin souhon) CGAG RTAnXA

he Ga
G na TA +
Fted rnmaltum e telutunn
G" naCR MeG Bure fymat Lon e olukm
AFnsT
AGM
AGm G'-G"_
andhd AGmix
presuft-
nA AG NA
(nA t ) Natne)
XA RTAn XA + Xe RTAn Yg

Tal 0utum mizing AVmiy s 0 LNA: VA

ASmi= -RXAenXA tXe lnre) Gib6s
AHmix 0 HA HA_ HR: H6 om uehoft
eactiua

Ga=Xnt+Xg 105mix
0H
lAKe)
XAtA Xgg +RT(btnxn.Xg
XAGA + XgGe XAMA t Ks u6
for solids XA M A AMA
XA
for quiasM XA XA