Lesson Note on Data Processing

SS2 First Term

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Data Processing Lesson note SS2 First

term – Edudelight.com
SUBJECT: DATA PROCESSING

CLASS: SS 2

SCHEME OF WORK DATA PROCESSING SS 2

FIRST TERM
WEEKS TOPICS

1 REVISION

2 DATA MODELS I

3 DATA MODELS II

4 DATA MODELING I

5 DATA MODELING II

6 DATA MODELING III

7 NORMAL FORM

8 NORMAL FORM II

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10 ENTITY – RELATIONSHIP MODELS
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11 REVISION
 12 EXAMINATION

REFERENCE BOOK

Data processing for Senior Secondary Education by HiiT Plc.

WEEK ONE

TOPIC: REVISION

History of computing

Abacus – Napier’s Bones – Slide Rule – Schickard’s Calculating Clock –

Pascal’s calculator – Leibnitz Multiplier – Analytical Engine – Herman
Hollerith Punch Card – John Von Neumann Machine

Concepts of Number System: Binary (or Base 2) – Octal (or Base 8) –

Decimal (or base 10) – Hexadecimal (or base 16)

History of Computer

First Generation – Vacuum Tube

Second Generation – Transistors

Third Generation – Integrated Circuits

Fourth Generation – Microprocessor

Fifth Generation (Artificial intelligence)

Classification of Computer

Classification Based on Type (Analogue, Digital and Hybrid)

Classification Based on Size (Micro, Mini, Mainframe and Super

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on Purpose (General and Special)

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ICT Application in Everyday Life
 Uses of ICT (Education, Banking, Industry, Commerce)

Read Also

SECOND TERM SCHEME OF WORK FOR BOOK KEEPING

SS3

Lesson Note on Social Studies JSS3 (Basic 9) Second

Term

Impact of ICT on the Society

Faster Communication Speed

Lower Communication

Effective Sharing Information

Paperless Environment

Borderless Communication

Social Problem

REVISON QUESTIONS

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 1. Identify the Concrete device used in computing.

2. Convert the following decimal to Hexadecimal i.

4D5 ii 5F

3. Convert the following decimal to Octal i.

476 ii 57

4. Convert the following decimal to Binary i. 35.5 ii 37

5. Who invented the Pascal Calculator?

6. What is the name of the first mechanical calculating device?

7. How many generation of computer do we have?

8. List the device or major component that was used building the
computer in each generation.

9. Another name for the Fifth generation computer is ______________

10. List the classification of computer according to types, size and

functionality

11. State five (5) impact of ICT on the society.

12. List the benefits of ICT to the society.

13. List the procedure for information processing.

14. List five advantages and three disadvantages of using computers

for information processing.

15. Define information transmission and list the methods of

information transmission with five examples each.

16. List three types of information transmission.

17. Define Operating System and give four examples of an operating

system.

18. Mention five types of operating system (OS).

19. State four functions of an Operating System.

20. State the steps on how to carry out the following in MS- Word.

21. Load / open an MS-Word application

22. Open both new and existing document

23. Save a document

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 28. Differentiate between Word processing and Word processor.

29. List four examples of word processor and mention four examples
of MS Office.

30. List five major methods involved in copying a document in MS-

Word.

31. List five features of a typical Word Processor.

32. Define Spreadsheet and state three uses of spreadsheet.

33. List five examples of a spreadsheet package.

34. State the steps on how to carry out the following in MS-Excel

35. To delete cells, rows and columns

36. To insert cells, rows and columns

37. Find data or find and replace data

38. Differentiate between Database and Database Management

System.

39. List five examples of a DBMS.

40. Define the following basic terms used in database management

system;

Character, field, record, database file, key

State three uses of database management system.

Define Computer ethics and state three Computer room

Management Ethics.

List three proper ways of using the computer and four ways of
misusing computers.

State four safety measures for computer users

State four safety rules when using the computer lab.

WEEK TWO

TOPIC: DATA MODELS I

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INTRODUCTION TO DATA MODELLING
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 The main effort during the system development life cycle (SDLC) was to
produce a set of programs that automates a business process.
Processing was the key drivers for information systems, not the data or
information. As the technology and complexity of system grew,
methodologies and modelling techniques were invented to improve the
quality of the deliverables and to ensure that inexperienced
programmers could follow repeatable SDLC processes.

Definition of Data Modelling

Data Modelling is the process of structuring and organizing data. The

data structures are then typically implemented in a database
management system. In addition to defining and organising the data,
data modelling may also impose constraints or limitations on data
placed within the structure.

Managing large quantities of structure and unstructured data is a

primary function of information systems. Data Models describe
structured data for storage in data management system such as
relational databases. They do not describe unstructured data such as
word processing documents, email messages, pictures, digital audio and
video.

Concept of Data Modelling

Data modelling techniques and tools help to capture and translate

complex system designs into easily understood representation of
data flows and processes, creating a blueprint for construction and
re-engineering.

Data Models provide a structure for data used within information

system by providing specific definition and format.

Data Model shows the dataflow and logical interrelationship among

different data elements.

Compatibility of data can be achieved, if a data model is

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The term data model actually refers to two different things: a description
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of data structure and the way data are organized using Database
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 Data Structure

A data model describes the structure of the data within a given domain
and, by implication, the underlying structure of that domain itself.

Data Organisation

A data Model also describes how to organized data using a database

management system.

EVALUATION

1. State the concepts of data modelling.

2. Describe the following; Data Structure and data Organization.

APPROACH IN DATA MODELLING

There are different approaches to data modelling, including;

Conceptual Data Modelling: The conceptual data modelling identifies

the highest level relationships between different entities. This is the first
step in organising the data requirements.

Logical Data Modelling: The logical Data modelling illustrates the

specific entities, attribute and relationships involves in a business
function. It serves as the basis for the creation of the physical data
model.

Physical Data Modelling: The physical Data Modelling represents an

application and database-specific implication of a logical data model and
describes the physical means used to store data.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Explain the different approaches to data modelling.

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 Data Processing for Senior Secondary Education by HiiT Plc. Chapter
One, page 55

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Instruction: Choose the correct option from the ones lettered A to D

1. In the approach of data modeling ____ data modeling illustrate the

specific entities, attribute and relationship involved in business
function.

2. Conceptual Data Modeling (b) Logical Data Modeling (c) Flat

data Modeling

(d)Physical Data Modeling

The processing of structuring and organizing data is referred to as

______

(a)Data Structure (b) Data Organization (c) Data Manipulation (d)

Data Modeling

3. The major concept for data modeling is to _____________________

(a) Translate simple system design to complex representation of

data

(b) Translate complex system design to simple representation of

data

(c) Translate simple system design to simple representation of data

(d) Translate complex system design to complex representation of

data

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 The term “Data Model” refers to two different things- data
organization and ________

Data Model (b) Data Processing (c) Data Structure (d) Data
Organization

The following are unstructured data Except

Video (b) email message (c) Picture (d)

Database

SECTION B

1a. Define data modeling.

List three (3) approaches to Data modeling.

2. State the major concept of Data Modeling.

Data Processing Lesson note SS2 Second term – Edudelight.com

WEEK THREE

TOPIC: DATA MODELS II

TYPES OF DATA MODELLING

Flat Model: The flat Model (or Table) model consists of a single, two-
dimensional array of data elements, where all members of a given
column are assumed to be similar in values, and all member of row are
assumed to be related to one another.

Flat Model

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HIERARCHICAL MODEL
 In a hierarchical database, data is organized into an upside-down tree-
like structure, implying a single upward link in each record to describe
the nesting, and a sort field to keep the records in a particular order in
each same-level list. Hierarchical structures were widely used in the
early mainframe database management systems.

Hierarchical Model

Network Model: This model organizes data using two fundamental

construct, called records and sets. Records contain fields, and sets
define one-to-many relationships between records: one owner, many
members.

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EVALUATION
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1. Differentiate between Hierarchical and Network Model.
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Explain
 Relational Model

The relational model or relational data base model is based on first-

order predicate logic. Its core idea is to describe a database as a
collection of predicates over a finite set of predicate variables, describing
constraints on the possible values and combinations of values.

Object-Relational Model

The object relational model is similar to relational database model, but

objects, classes and inheritance are directly supported in database
schemas and in the query language. An object-relational database can
be said to provide a middle ground between relational databases and
object-oriented databases (OODBMS)

Star Schema

The star schema is the simplest style of data warehouse schema. The
star schema consists of a few “fact table” (possibly only one, justifying
the name) referencing any number of dimension tables”. The star
schema is considered an important special case of the snowflake
schema.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. List and explain the types of data model.

2. With the aid of a chart, using the school setting as a case study,
explain Network model.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Data Processing for Senior Secondary Education by HiiT Plc. Chapter

One, pages 56

WEEKEND
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 1. One of the following is an example of a DBMS package.

2. Ms Word (b) Ms Power-point (c) Ms access (d) Ms

Outlook

2. In the approach of data modeling ____ data modeling identifies the

highest level relationship between different entities.

Conceptual Data Modeling

Logical Data Modeling

Flat data Modeling

Physical Data Modeling

3. ____ model organizes data using two fundamental construct called

record and set.

4. Network (b) Relational (c) Object Oriented (d) Star

Schema

5. ____model consists of a single, two-dimensional array of data

elements.

6. Network (b) Relational (c) Object Oriented (d) Star

Schema

7. ____database model is organized into an upside-down tree-like

structure

8. Network (b) Relational (c) Object Oriented (d)

Hierarchical

SECTION B

1. List and explain four types of database model

2. Define the following; Data, Field, record, File.

WEEK FOUR

TOPIC: DATA MODELING I

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 ORGANIZATION OF DATABASE USING MS ACCESS

To create a database on the computer with MS Access

Load MS Access: do the following;

Click on the Start Menu

Point to All program

Point to Microsoft Office

Click on Microsoft office Access

Creating Database

From the displayed window, click on blank database.

By the right hand side of the windows, where the arrow is pointing
in the picture-screen above, click inside the file name text box and
type the desired database name.

Click on Create command button. A database with the filename

given will be created

Files are created as tables in the database

Creating a file

Click on Create menu and select Table

At all Tables tab, right click on any of the table.

Select design View

In the Save As dialog box, type a desired table name (e.g. Student Table)
in the Table Name text box and click ok.

Tables in database on a computer are composed of rows and columns. A

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A row contains records or diverse fields. The rows specify the number of
records in the table. For example, in the picture-screen above, there are
 six records in the student table.

A column usually represents a field in a database table. It contains

specify the type of information. For example, in the picture screen
above, there are three fields (data fields), REG. No., Surname, and first
name.

EVALUATION

1. List the steps on how to lad MS-Access.

2. List three (3) examples of Database package.

Create Fields with Data Types

Fields are assigned field names relevant to the information they keep.
Field names are assigned data types which determine the kind of data
they accept as input. For example in MS Access table above, Surname
are alphabetic, the fields will not accept numeric (numbers) inputs 10 or
500 as surname. To set data type for field in MS Access, follow the steps
below;

After creating the table in design view under the field name tab,
then type the field name and under the data type tab next to the
field name, click the drop down menu and select AutoNumber as
shown below.

For example, using the above picture screen, the field name ID Number
will be assigned Number data type since the ID Numbers will be
numeric. In the same way, TEXT data type will be assigned to Surname
and First name.

Unique Identifier

A table contains a unique identifier i.e. a KEY. In MS Access, a default

primary key is usually specified for the first field. To set another field of
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 Note: The symbol of a key should appear beside the field, after setting
that field as a unique identifier. If it does not appear repeat previous
steps.

Creating Database

Generally, creating database using any DBMS entails the following basic
steps:

Define the Database Structure

The database structure specifies the type of database organization that

should be used. If the relational form is selected, the database structure
will include RDBMS, structure of table, number of rows, number of
columns, the key, and relationship of the database etc.

Specify Field Type

When a database is being created, all fields are set to accept a particular
type of input by specifying a field type. A field type is also known as a
Data type. The essence of a data type is to prevent a wrong input from
being stored in a database (i.e. database integrity). Usually the name of a
data type varies with DBMS but portrays a general meaning. These
include;

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 Alpha numeric/ text field: Fields that accepts both numbers and
text e.g. ASP2548.

Numeric Fields: Fields that accepts numbers in two forms: Real

number i.e. decimal numbers e.g. 8.15, 9.1 and integers’ i.e. whole
numbers e.g. 125, 80 etc.

Date Fields: They store data in date format e.g. 11-04-2009

Boolean fields: The data accepted by these fields are either Yes/No
or True/False.

Memo: Long text. Use for long pieces of text. Such as notes and
long description. Can store up to 64,000 characters.

Currency: Use for currency.

AutoNumber: Unique sequential numbers or random number

automatically inserted when you create a record. Use to create
primary key.

Hyperlink: Use to store hyperlink

Attachment: use to store attachments e.g files, images etc.

OLE Object: Use to attach an OLE object such as word document,

Spreadsheet, or Powerpoint Presentation

Input Data

After the field names and their data types have been specified, then
records are stored in the database by specifying the appropriate input.
In MS Access, to input a data:

Double click on the Student Table at the left hand pane of MS

Access windows

Enter the data beneath the field names and click on the next cell to
populate data.

To keep database updated, data inputted into the database must be

saved regularly. Keyboard command CTRL + S is used. Alternatively, you
click on the Office button and save.
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EVALUATION
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1. How is a database created?
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2. What are data types you can specify in Ms-Acess
 BASIC OPERATION

The basic operations to be considered are:

Searching

Sorting

Modifying

Generate report

Searching

On the Tools Menu, click Options

Click the Edit/Find tab

Under Default find/replace behave, do one of the following:

Select Fast Search to search the current field and match the whole
field.

Select General search to search all fields and match any part of the
field.

Select Start of Field Search to search the current field and match
the beginning characters of field.

DBMS have certain command for saving a database. For example in

MS Access, select the save option on the MS Access window to save.

Sorting

To sort records in form view or in datasheet view, follow these steps:

1. Start MS Access, and then open the database that you are working
with.

2. Open the table or the form whose data you want to view.

3. Click the field that you want to use for sorting records. To sort
records in sub-form, click the field that you want to sort. To sort
records in a sub-datasheet, display the sub-datasheet by clicking
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 Sorting with sub-datasheet

In datasheet view, when you sort the sub-datasheet for one record, MS
Access sorts all the sub-datasheets at that level. In a datasheet or sub-
datasheet, you can select two or more adjacent columns at the same
time, and then sort them. Access sorts records starting with the leftmost
selected column. When you save the form or datasheet, Access saves
the sort order.

Sorting Records on a Report

1. Start MS Access, and then open the database that you are working
with.

2. Open the report in Design View.

3. On the View menu, click “Sorting and Grouping” to display the

sorting and Grouping dialog box.

4. In the first row of the Field/Expression column, select a field name

or type an expression. NOTE: When you fill in the Field/Expression
column, MS Access sets the sort order to Ascending.

5. You can sort up to10 fields or expression in a report. To sort your

report on more than one field, add another field or expression to
the Field/Expression column. The field or expression in the first row
is the first sorting level. The second row is the second sorting level,
and so on.

Modifying Data

How to Add or edit Data in a Datasheet (Table or Query) or in a Form

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 1. Open a table or a query in datasheet View or a form in Form View.

2. Do one of the following:

3. In MS Office Access 2003 or in earlier versions of Access, to add a

new record, point to Go to on the Edit menu, and then click New
Record. Type the data, and then press TAB to go to the next field.
At the end of the record, press TAB to go to the next record.

4. In MS Office Access 2007, to add a new record, click the Home tab,
and then click New in the Records group.

5. To edit data within a field, click in the field that you want to edit,
and then type the data.

6. To replace the entire value, move the mouse pointer to the leftmost
part of the field until the pointer changes into the plus pointer, and
then click. Type the data.

NOTE: To correct a typing mistake, press BACKSPACE. To cancel your

changes both in current field and in the entire record, press ESC.

How to save a record in a Datasheet or in a Form

NOTE: MS Access automatically saves the record that you are adding or
editing as soon as you move to a different record or close the form or
table that you are working on.

Explicitly, to save the data in a record while you are editing, In

Access2003 or earlier versions,

Click Save Record on the Records menu.

In Access 2007, Click the HOME tab, and then click Save in the Records
group.

How to Delete a Record in a Datasheet or in a Form

1. Open a table or a query in Datasheet view or open a form in Form

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3. In Access 2003 or in earlier versions, Click Delete Record on the Edit

Cookie Settings menu. In 2007,

Accept All click the Home tab, and then Click Delete Record in
the Delete list in the Records group.
 Generating reports

1. AutoReport

2. Open the database window (F11) and click on the Report tab.

3. Click New. A dialog box appears.

4. Choose between Columnar and Tabular.

5. Select the table or query that you want to use for you report.

6. Click OK.

7. Create Your Own Report

8. Repeat the first two steps above.

9. When the dialog box appears, click Design View.

10. Select the table or query that you intend to use.

11. Click OK.

12. Report Wizard

13. Repeat the first two steps above.

14. Click the wizard that you want to use for your report.

15. Select the table or query that you want to use for your report.

16. Click OK.

17. Follow the instructions that the wizard provides.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. State the operations that can be performed in a database.

2. List five (5) datatype.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Data Processing for Senior Secondary Education by HiiT Plc. Chapter

Two, pages 58 – 63

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

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 1. Another name for field type is known as ____ (a) File type (b) Name
type (c) Record type (d) Data type

2. Another name for unique identifier is known as ____ (a) Key (b) Data
(c) Field (d) Record

3. ____ is an attribute or field that can be used to identify a record in a

database table or file. (a) Data (b) Field (c) Key
(d) Table

4. ____ is used to design a database in a computer. (a) Database

package (b) Graphics package (c) Spreadsheet package (d) Word
Processing package

5. ____model organizes data using two fundamental constructs, called

records and sets.

(a) Hierarchical (b) Relational (c) Network (d) Optical

SECTION B

1. Define database Model.

2. List and explain types of database Model.

3. All fields are set to accept a particular type of input, list and explain
the data types.

Data Processing Lesson note SS2 Second term – Edudelight.com

WEEK FIVE

TOPIC: DATA MODELING II

Editing data type in fields

When creating tables, you should define the data types of the table to
the most closely match the type of data that will be entered in the field.

To edit
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 1. Click the field you wish to define.

2. Click the Datasheet tab on the Ribbon.

3. Click the down arrow next to Data type.

4. Choose the type of data that will be entered into the field.

To edit the data of the format,

1. Click the field you wish to define.

2. Click the datasheet tab on the ribbon.

3. Click the down arrow next to the format.

To edit Data type in the design View,

1. Click design View.

2. Click the field name you wish to define or create (for new field).

3. Click the Data Type.

4. Choose the appropriate Data Type.

5. Format the field in the Field Properties dialog Box.

To Delete a Table,

1. Open the desired database by clicking the Microsoft office button

and clicking Open.

2. Right click on a table and choose Delete.

To Rename a table,

1. Open the desired database by clicking the Microsoft office button

and clicking Open.

2. Right click on a table and choose Delete.

3. Type in the new name.

EVALUATION

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a table and to rename a table

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Write down steps on how to load MS Access.
 Creating Forms

Forms allows you to enter, edit or display data. They are based on
tables. With forms, you can choose the format and arrangement the
fields will take or will be displayed.

To create a form

1. Open the navigation pane

2. Click the table or query on which you want to base your form

3. Activate the create tab

4. Click form in the forms group

After you create a form, you can save it. You can also open a saved form
at any time.

1. Click the save button on the Quick Access toolbar.

2. Type the name you want to give the form.

3. Click OK. You can access the form by clicking the navigation pane.

Form Wizard

You can create forms with the help of a form wizard

On the create tab, click the more forms down arrow.

1. Click Form Wizard

2. Choose the Table/ Queries that you wish to have on the form

3. Choose the field you wish to have on the forms

4. Click Next

5. Choose the layout for the form

6. Click Next

7. Choose Style
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 EVALUATION

(1) What is a form?

(2) How would you create a form?

Creating Queries

A query allows you to select and filter data from multiple tables. Queries
can be saved and utilized as often as you need them.

Creating using Query Wizard

The Query Wizard walks you through the steps to set up a query. To run
a query using the query wizard

1. Click the create tab

2. Click the query Wizard button under other group

3. Choose the type of query you wish to run

4. Click OK

To choose the field you wish to include from each table

1. To select fields from different tables, click the Tables/Queries down

arrow

2. Click OK

To insert picture of query wizard

1. Type in a title for the query

2. Click Finish

3. The query will be displayed

CREATING REPORT

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 1. Click the Blank report button on the Create Tab

2. Click the Add Existing Fields button

3. From the field list, click and drag the fields to the report

Creating using Report Wizard

1. On the Create tab, click ,the report Wizard button

2. Choose the Tables/Queries that you wish to have on the form

3. Choose the field you wish to have on the forms

4. Click Next

5. Choose the sort order for your report

6. Choose the layout for the form

7. Click Next

8. Choose a style

9. Click Next

10. Create a title

11. Choose whether you want to o[pen the form to view it or modify
the form’s design

12. Click Finish

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. State the operations that can be performed in a database.

1. List five (5) data-type.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Data Processing for Senior Secondary Education by HiiT Plc. Chapter

Two, pages 58 – 63

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Another name for field type is known as ______ (a) File type (b)
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 3. ____ is an attribute or field that can be used to identify a record in a
database table or file. (a) Data (b) Field (c) Key (d) Table

4. ____ is used to design a database in a computer. (a) Database

package (b) Graphics package (c) Spreadsheet package (d) Word
Processing package

5. ____ model organizes data using two fundamental constructs, called

records and sets. (a) Hierarchical (b) Relational (c)
Network (d) Optical

SECTION B

1. Define database Model.

1. List and explain types of database Model.

1. All fields are set to accept a particular type of input, list and
explain the types of data types you know.

WEEK SIX

TOPIC: DATA MODELING III

Significance of Data Model

Data model is a great communication tool because it facilitates

interaction and communication between the designers, programmers
and end users. In essence it does not allow one party’s bias towards a
certain view of a data (whether they consider to be most important) to
take hold.

A well-developed data model can even foster improved

understanding of the organization for which the database design is
developed.

Data model help in structuring and organizing data. These data

structure are then typically implemented in a database
management system which is used mostly by organization for

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Standard Data Model

 A standard data model or industry standard model (ISDM) is a data
model that is widely applied in some industry, and shared amongst
competitors to some degree. They are often defined by standard bodies,
database vendors or operating system vendors. The most effective
standard model have developed in the banking, insurance,
pharmaceutical and automotive industries, to reflect the stringent
standards applied to customer information gathering, customer privacy,
customer safety, or just in time manufacturing.

They enable easier and faster information sharing because

heterogeneous organizations have a standard vocabulary and pre-
negotiated semantics, format, and quality standards for exchanged data.

EVALUATION

1. State the significance of Data Model.

1. What is another name for “standard data model”?

Example of Standard Data Models

1. ISO 10303: ISO 10303 is an ISO standard for the computer-

interpretable representation and exchange of product
manufacturing information.

2. ISO 15926: The ISO 15926 is a standard for data integration,

sharing, exchange, and handover between computer systems.

3. IDEAS Group: The IDEA Group is the international Defence

Enterprise architecture Specification for exchange Group. The
deliverable of the project is a data exchange format for military
Enterprise Architectures.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Explain the significance of data model.

1. State two examples of standard data model.

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Data Processing for Senior Secondary Education by HiiT Plc. Chapter
Two, page
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 WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Instruction: Choose the correct option from the ones lettered A to D

1. Standard Data model can also be called ____.

2. Manufacture Standard data Model

3. Industry Standard data Model

4. Structured Standard data Mode

5. Enhanced Standard data Model

1. ____ are great communication tool because it allows interaction

and communication between designers, programmers and end
users.

6. Data Model (b) Normal Form (c) Database (d)

Attribute

1. What is the full meaning of ISDM?

7. Industry Significant Data model

8. International Standard Data Model

9. International Significant Data Model

10. Industry Standard Data Model

1. ____ is the international defense enterprise architecture

specification for exchange group. (a) Ideas Group (b) Standard
Group (c) Best Group (d) Normal Group

1. The following are significance of data model except

11. It can foster improved understanding of the organization for which

the database design is developed

12. It also imposes constraints or limitations on the data placed within

the structure

13. It helps in structuring and organizing data

14. It creates database management system for organization

SECTION B

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WEEK SEVEN
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 TOPIC: NORMAL FORM

A database management system is a collection of computer software

that enables users to define, create and maintain a database. Defining a
database involves specifying constraints for the data stored in the
database, and normalization is a logical design method which minimizes
duplicate, or redundant, data and design flaws. Normalization is the
process of effectively organizing data in a database. The primary
purpose of normalization is to allow update, insert and delete
operations to be performed on a single database table and propagated
throughout the database by means of the defined relationship.

There are two goals of the normalization process:

1. Eliminating redundant data ( for example storing the same data in

more than one table)

2. Ensuring data dependencies make sense (only storing related data

in a table)

EVALUATION

1. Define Normalization.

1. Define Database Management System.

NORMAL FORM

The normal form (NF) of relational database theory provide critical for
determining a table’s degree of vulnerability to logical inconsistencies
and anomalies. The higher the normal form applicable to a table, the
less vulnerable it is. Each table has a “Highest Normal Form”(HNF): by
definition, a table always meets the requirements of its HNF and all
normal forms lower than its HNF; also by definition, a table fails to meet
the requirement of any normal form higher than its HNF.

Normal form theory deal with how to reduce the amount of redundancy
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 that is to be held in the database, and then works through the normal
forms until he can no longer break the data down into smaller table.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Explain Normal Form.

2. State the two goals of normalization process.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Data Processing for Senior Secondary Education by HiiT Plc. Chapter

Two, Page 65

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Instruction: Choose the correct option from the ones lettered A to D

1. ____ is a collection of computer software that enables users to define,

create and maintain a database. (a) Database Management System (b)
Normalization(c) Data Model (d) Normal Form

2.____ is the logical design method which minimizes duplicate or

redundant data and design flaws. (a) Database (b) Normalization (c)
Form (d) Data Model

3. One of the goals of normalization process is ____ (a)Eliminate

redundant data (b) Ensure data independencies (c) Allow Update,
insertion and deletion(d) Create tables

4. The primary purpose of normalization is to ____ (a) Eliminate

redundant data (b) Ensure data dependencies (c) Allow Update, insertion
and deletion (d) Create tables

5. ____ is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database.

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1. What is Normal Form?
 2. Differentiate between a common sense and systematic normalization

Data Processing Lesson note SS2 Second term – Edudelight.com

WEEK EIGHT

TOPIC: NORMAL FORM II

Types of Normal Form

First Normal Form (1NF)

First Normal Form (1NF) says that all column values must be atomic. 1NF
dictates that, for every row by column position in a given table, there
exist only one value, not an array or list of values i.e in 1NF, the following
rules are observed;

1. Eliminating repeating information

1. Create separate tables for related data.

Second Normal Form (2NF)

The second normal form (2NF) further addresses the concept of

removing duplicate data. The rule for the second normal form is;

1. Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table and

place them in separate table.

1. Create relationships between these new tables and their

predecessors through the use of foreign keys.

EVALUATION

1. State the rules for carrying out first normal form (1NF).

1. State the rules for carrying out second normal form (2NF).

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Third Normal Form (3NF)
 There are two basic requirements for a database to be in Third Normal
Form:

1. The requirements of both 1NF and 2NF must have been met.

2. Remove columns that are not fully dependent upon the primary
key.

The Fourth Normal Form (4NF) and Fifth Normal Form (5NF)

The fourth and the fifth normal form are beyond the scope of this
syllabus.

Note: Both the fourth and the fifth normal form still follows the goal of
normalization process, which are;

1. eliminating redundant data.

2. ensuring data dependencies make sense.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. State the goal of normalization process.

1. State the rules for carrying out the first normal form (1NF)

READING ASSIGNMENT: Data Processing for Senior Secondary

Education by HiiT Plc. Chapter Three, pages 65 – 67

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Instruction: Choose the correct option from the ones lettered A to D

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 1. ____ normal form says that all column values must be atomic.

2. 1NF (b) 2NF (c) 3NF (d) 4NF

1. ____ normal form must meet the requirement of first and

second.

3. 1NF (b) 2NF (c) 3NF (d) 4NF

1. ____ normal form are beyond the scope for the syllabus.

4. 1NF and 2NF (b) 2NF and 3NF (c) 3NF and 4NF (d) 4NF and
5NF

1. One of the following is a basic requirement for database to be

in the third normal form.

5. Remove columns that are not fully dependent upon the primary
key

6. Create relationship between these new tables

7. Eliminate repeating information

8. Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows

1. How many value(s) exist in 1NF for every row-by-column

position in a given table?

(a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four

SECTION B

1. State the rules for carrying out first normal form.

2. State the rules for carrying out second normal

form.

Data Processing Lesson note SS2 Second term – Edudelight.com

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TOPIC: NORMAL FORMS III

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 KEY

A key is an attribute or field that can be used to identify a record in a

database table or file.

The primary Key is a unique attribute that can be used to identify a

record in a database table. For Example, in the student database table
above, the attribute that is unique to identify each record is the Student-
ID or RegNo.

CONCEPTS OF FOREIGN KEY

A foreign key is a field in a relational table that matches a candidate key

of another table. A foreign key (FK) is a column or combination of
columns that is used to establish and enforce a link between the data in
two tables. You can create a foreign key by defining a FOREIGN KEY
constraint when you create or modify a table. The foreign key can be
used to cross-reference table. The foreign key identifies a column or set
of columns in one (referencing or child) table that refers to a column or
set of column in another (referenced or parent) table. The columns in
the child table must reference the columns of the primary key or other
super key in the parent table.

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 Primary
Key

STUDENT INFORMATION

1 StudentID

2 StudentName

3 Address

STUDENT COURSE

1 StudentID

2 CourseID

3 CourseName

Foreign Key

EVALUATION

1. Define Key as regards to database.

1. Differentiate between primary key and foreign key

EXPLAIN THE DETERMINATION OF NORMAL FORM

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 1. The minimal number of attributes necessary to support the data
requirements of the enterprise

1. Attributes with a close logical relationship are found in the

same relation.

1. Minimal redundancy with each attribute represented only

once with the important exception of attributes that form
all or part of foreign keys.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Data Processing for Senior Secondary Education Hiit Plc. Chapter Four
Page 67.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Instruction: Choose the correct option from the ones lettered A to D

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 1. ____ is a unique attribute that can be used to identify a record in a
database table.

2. Foreign Key (b) Primary Key (c) Secondary Key (d)

Elementary Key

1. ____ is a field in a relational table that matches a candidate key

of another table.

3. Foreign Key (b) Primary Key (c) Secondary Key (d)

Elementary Key

1. ____ is a technique for producing a set of suitable relations that

support the data requirements of an enterprise.

4. Normal Form (b) Entity (c) Attribute (d)

Normalization

1. One of the following is not a part of the characteristics that

support the data requirements of an enterprise.

5. The minimal number of attributes necessary to support the data

requirements of the enterprise

6. Attributes with a close logical relationship are found in the same

relation.

7. Minimal redundancy with each attribute represented only once

with the important exception of attributes that form all or part of
foreign keys.

8. Attributes with a open logical relationship are found in the same

relation.

1. ____ is an attribute or field that can be used to identify a record

in a database table or file. (a) Key (b) Attribute (c)
Entity (d) Relationship

SECTION B

1. Using tables, explain the differences between primary key and

foreign key.

2. State two characteristics of suitable relations that support the data

requirements of an enterprise.
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WEEK TEN
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 TOPIC: ENTITY – RELATIONSHIP MODELS

Entity-Relationship is a graphical representation of entities and their

relationships to each other. Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs) illustrate
the logical structure of database. Diagrams created to design these
entities and relationships are called entity-relationship diagrams or ER
diagram.

Uses of Entity Relationship Diagram

1. The Entity-Relationship Diagram is used to identify the data that

must be captured, stored and retrieved in order to support the
business.

2. The Entity-Relationship Diagram is also used to identify the data

required to derive and generate report on the performance
measures that an organization should be monitoring.

Components of Entity-Relationship

Entity- Relationship diagrams have three different components;

Entities

Attributes

Relationships

Entities: Entities are objects or concepts within the data model. Each
entity is represented by a box with in the ERD. An entity might be
considered a container that holds all of the instances of a particular
thing in a system.

Attributes: a key attribute is the unique, distinguishing characteristics

of the entity. Primary key is always the attribute of ER. Entities are
further described by their attributes (sometimes called data element).
These are the smallest units of data that can be described in a
meaningful manner.
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one or more entity types that is of interest to the organization. A
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Accept the association between entities or entity occurrence
 Cardinality: The cardinality defines the relationship between the
entities in terms of numbers.

EVALUATION

1. Define the following; Entity, Attribute and relationship.

1. State the uses of entity-relationship diagram.

Types of cardinality relationship

There are potentially three types of relationship which can exist between
different entities;

One-to-One Relationship

One-to-Many Relationship

Many-to-Many Relationship

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. What is Cardinality?

2. Mention and explain three types of relationship with example.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Data Processing for Senior Secondary Education Hiit Plc. Chapter Four
Pgs69 – 70.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Instruction: Choose the correct option from the ones lettered A to D

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 1. ____ is the unique, distinguishing characteristic of the entity.

2. Entity B. Relationship C. Attribute D.

cardinality

3. Another name for data Element is ____.

4. Attribute B. Key C. Entity D. Relationship

5. ____ are objects or concepts within the data model.

6. Attributes B. Relationship C. Cardinality D.

Entity

7. A roof covering a building will be considered in relationship as?

8. One-to-Many

9. Many-to-Many

10. One-to-One

11. Many-to-One

12. A pastor preaching to his congregation will be considered in

relationship as?

13. One-to-Many

14. Many-to-Many

15. One-to-One

16. Many-to-One

SECTION B

1. List with example, the types of cardinal relationship.

2. State the uses of entity-relationship diagram.

WEEK ELEVEN

REVISION

WEEK TWELVE

EXAMINATION
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